Thèses sur le sujet « The concept of certainty »
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1
LO, ALICE. « Self-Concept Certainty in Adaptive and Maladaptive Perfectionism ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19743.
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Typically defined as a personality trait that is characterised by the setting of exceedingly high performance standards and overly critical self-evaluation tendencies, perfectionism has been associated with an increased risk for a variety of psychopathology, including anxiety disorders, depression, and eating disorders. However, due to the various ways in which the achievement-based construct has been defined and conceptualised in the literature, questions remain about its nature, structure, measurement, specific maintaining factors, and treatment. For example, it is unclear as to the extent to which dimensions of perfectionism are considered “functional” and “pathological” and more importantly, the nature of the relationship between the more adaptive facets of perfectionism and unfavourable performance situations (e.g., situations that imply a failure to meet performance expectations or standards). The present thesis had three broad aims. First, to investigate potential measurement issues with self-report instruments commonly used to assess multidimensional perfectionism. Second, the present research focused on broadening understanding of the cognitive, affective, and behavioural constructs that underlie both adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism, and particularly how these are impacted during performance situations. Third, this thesis sought to gain a better understanding of the role of self-relevant constructs (i.e., self-concept and self-concept certainty) across adaptive and maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism. Findings from the present thesis contribute to a better understanding of the measurement issues associated with perfectionism measures and extend upon models of perfectionism by suggesting the role that a series of affective, cognitive (including the self-concept and self-concept certainty), and behavioural processes play in maintaining adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism
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Petrie, Bianca. « The role of self-concept content, certainty and stability in academic procrastination ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11786.
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Academic procrastination has been associated with a variety of negative outcomes. While theorists have proposed that those with an unstable self-concept engage in procrastination due to the fear that they will be unable to meet the required standard, a systematic review conducted as part of the present study (Chapter 2) revealed that all research pertaining to the self-concept in academic procrastination has been correlational, thereby limiting the validity of such theories. As such, the present study employed an experimental design to investigate the self-concept of academic procrastinators (Chapter 3). Ninety-nine undergraduate students completed trait, symptom and academic procrastination inventories as well as measures of state-based affect and cognition, and self-concept content, certainty and stability before and after receiving feedback for a writing task. Compared to low procrastinators, high procrastinators described a self-concept characterised by a greater number of negative and procrastination-related attributes, higher levels of fear of negative evaluation, lower levels of self-concept clarity, self-efficacy and self-esteem and more severe symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress. Furthermore, both the content and certainty associated with procrastinators’ self-concept descriptions changed significantly as a result of receiving randomly allocated feedback for a writing task. While high procrastinators reported significant improvements to their self-concept after receiving a positive evaluation, low procrastinators showed a more positive self-concept which did not change after feedback. These results provide the first empirical evidence for the presence of an unstable self-concept in academic procrastinators, providing support for the aforementioned theory and emphasising the importance of addressing self-concept stability in the psychological treatment of academic procrastination. Further research may investigate mindfulness-based interventions.
3
Lin, Min. « A comparative analysis of the concept of certainty in the traditions of western and Chinese philosophy ». Thesis, University of Leeds, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293865.
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Kuklik, Robert G. « Capital Asset Prices Modelling - Concept VAPM ». Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-196945.
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The key objective of this thesis is the outline of an alternative capital market modeling framework, the Volatility Asset Pricing Model, VAPM, inspired by the innovative dual approach of Mandelbrot and Hudson using the method based on synthesis of two seemingly antagonistic factors -- the volatility of market prices and their serial dependence determining the capital markets' dynamics. The pilot tests of this model in various periods using the market index as well as a portfolio of selected securities delivered generally satisfactory results. Firstly, the work delivers a brief recapitulation regarding the concepts of a consumer/investor choice under general conditions of hypothetical certainty. Secondly, this outline is then followed by a description of the "classical" methodologies in the risky environment of uncertainty, with assessment of their corresponding key models, i.e. the CAPM, SIM, MIM, APTM, etc., notwithstanding results of the related testing approaches. Thirdly, this assessment is based on evaluation of the underlying doctrine of Efficient Market Hypothesis in relation to the so called Random Walk Model. Fourthly, in this context the work also offers a brief exposure to a few selected tests of these contraversial concepts. Fifthly, the main points of conteporary approaches such as the Fractal Dimension and the Hurst Exponent in the dynamic framework of information entropy are subsequently described as the theoretical tools leading to development of the abovementioned model VAPM. The major contribution of this thesis is considered its attempt to apply the abovementioned concepts in practice, with the intention to possibly inspire a further analytical research.
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Cally, Jean Romain. « La certitude des consommateurs : concept et analyse des effets dans le cas de la nationalité de la marque ». Thesis, La Réunion, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LARE0029/document.
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Pour communiquer efficacement, les responsables marketing ont grand besoin de connaître les processus selon lesquels les consommateurs perçoivent et choisissent les marques. Au sein de ces processus, la certitude que le consommateur accorde à ses croyances joue un rôle important, notamment dans la déterminance des caractéristiques du produit. Dans la présente thèse, ce rôle est analysé à travers une variable que la mondialisation contribue à la fois à déformer et à amplifier : la nationalité de la marque. Il s'avère que la certitude dans la croyance envers la nationalité d'une marque est un élément capital du succès d'un positionnement stratégique sur les marchés internationaux. L'analyse des données et les statistiques effectuées ont permis d'identifier : • L'effet médiateur de l'attitude envers la marque, qui indique « comment » l'image du pays et la certitude qui s'y attache peuvent influencer les intentions d'achat de la marque, • L'effet modérateur de la certitude de la croyance envers la nationalité de la marque, qui indique « quand » les consommateurs risquent d'utiliser l'image du pays d'origine dans le processus de choix. Les implications théoriques et managériales de ces résultats sont discutées, de sorte que les managers puissent surveiller les origines nationales associées à leurs marques et éviter qu'elles soient défavorables ou en contradiction avec la stratégie marketing de la firmeTo communicate effectively, marketers need to know the process according to which consumers perceive and choose brands. Within these processes, consumer certainty plays an important role, particularly in the determinacy of product items. In this thesis, this role is analyzed through a variable that globalization contributes both to distort and amplify: brand's nationality. Data analysis and statistics indicates: The « mediating » effect of attitude toward the brand, which indicates "how" the country's image and certainty can influence consumer purchase intentions, The « moderating » effect of certainty of belief, which indicates "When" consumers can use an image of the « country of origin » in a decision process. Managerial and theoretical implications are discussed, so that managers can monitor the nationality associated with their brands and avoid negative effects for the company
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Loussaif, Catherine. « Concept et réalité des droits de l'enfant : approche pluridisciplinaire de certains droits économiques, sociaux et culturels ». Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010279.
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Les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels trouvent leur origine dans le régime juridique de protection des droits de l'homme. Ils seront officiellement reconnus aux enfants, personne de moins de 18 ans, par la convention internationale des droits de l'enfant, adoptée à l'unanimité par l'assemblée générale des Nations Unies, le 20 novembre 1989. L'examen des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels doit prendre en considération l'esprit de cet instrument onusien, contenu dans le préambule : l'enfant, en raison de son manque de maturité, a besoin d'une protection spéciale laquelle incombe en priorité à sa famille. Or, celle-ci doit faire face, aujourd'hui, a de graves problèmes, tels que le chômage et la pauvreté. L'évolution de la situation économique mondiale et la compression des dépenses se répercutent, en effet, sur la capacite des familles à remplir leur rôle avec efficacité, et par la même rendent critique l'application effective des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels des enfants. Nous aborderons en particulier quatre domaines, en distinguant les pays industrialisés et les pays en développement : la maltraitance, l'adoption internationale, l'exploitation économique et sexuelle et l'éducation des enfantsThe economic, social and cultural rights are originated from the system of human rights protection. They have been officially recognized to the children, under 18 years aged persons, by the convention on the rights of the child unanimity adopted, on the 20th november 1989, by the general assembly of the united nations. The study of the economic social and cultural rights should pay attention to the spirit of this united nations instrument, contended in its preamble : the child, due to his lack of maturity, needs a special protection which falls in priority on his family. But, today, it has to face serious issues, like unemployment and poverty. The evolution of the world economic situation and the spending cuts pass on the family's ability to play its role with efficience, and then on the effective enforcement of the economic, social and cultural rights of the children. Within a distinction between the industrialized countries and developing countries, we will specially study four themes : the maltreatment, the international adoption, the economic and sexual exploitation, and the education of the children
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Qin, Zhao-Kai. « The Influence of Oriental Art and Ideas on Robert Motherwell's Work : An Investigation of Certain Affinities Between His Work and Chinese and Japanese Calligraphy and Ink Painting ». VCU Scholars Compass, 1997. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd_retro/166.
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This study is an examination of the influence of Oriental (specifically Chinese and Japanese) art and ideas on Robert Motherwell's work. To a certain extent, it is also an effort to balance previous interpretations that have mainly focused on the influence of Surrealists, Mondrian, and Picasso and to shed new light on the understanding of Motherwell's art. Consideration is given to the historical background of Motherwell's interest in Oriental art and ideas as well as the relation between this interest and his major artistic concerns. Among other things, the thesis investigates the influence of Oriental concept of the void on Motherwell's spatial conception, especially in the sense of using empty space. It also gives an account of the influence of Oriental calligraphy and ink painting on Motherwell's work in terms of pictorial languages and physical action.
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Emiliou, Nicolaos. « The concept of proportionality in the law of European communities with comparative material from certain member states ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308079.
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Templeton, John Wilson. « Intuitionism and certainty ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0018/MQ27546.pdf.
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Pan, Mengqi. « Wittgenstein and Certainty ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/640.
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This thesis discusses the idea of certainty in Wittgenstein's On Certainty and various interpretations of this text. Many deny a relativist reading of Wittgenstein because they think such reading fails to achieve Wittgenstein's goal, which is refuting skepticism. This thesis suggests the possibility of maintaining the certainty of our notion of truth while at the same time being open to the metaphysical possibility of relativism.
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Schub, Robert Jay. « Certainty and War ». Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493541.
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Does greater certainty about an adversary’s attributes cause peace? What states believe they can secure through force dictates the diplomatic settlements they will accept. In prevailing accounts which preclude assessment errors, certainty promotes peace as states can readily identify agreements preferable to war. Yet, empirically, high-certainty assessments often contribute to bargaining failure, rather than success. This dissertation resolves the tension. Assessments are not objectively given; leaders must form them through subjective processes. Consistent with behavioral studies, leaders are often more certain than available information warrants. Incorporating these overprecision errors, I show certainty can increase the risk of war. Hence, the relationship between certainty and war is conditional.
Whether estimates are overprecise depends on the information leaders receive from advisers who have specialized expertise due to a division of labor. Failure to tap into this expertise generates overprecise estimates. This is particularly likely when leaders fail to gather information pertinent to an adversary’s political (versus military) attributes by marginalizing a state’s diplomats—such as US State Department officials. Bureaucracies affect state behavior through the substantive expertise they provide, not through parochial preference divergences which dissipate during crises.
To test the argument I construct a measure of certainty using an original corpus of declassified security documents from US Cold War crises. Quantitative tests using the measure demonstrate that State Department officials provide assessments with less certainty than counterparts and the relationship between certainty and conflict is conditional on the State Department’s role. When State Department officials are heavily involved, certainty leads to peace; when marginalized, certainty is likely due to overprecision and leads to war.
Case studies of the Bay of Pigs and Iraq War assess implications that elude quantitative testing. Presidents marginalized diplomats, privileging CIA estimates in 1961 and Pentagon estimates in 2003. Each agency offered high-certainty estimates over political attributes affecting conflict outcomes: popular uprisings in Cuba and stability in post-Saddam Iraq. Overprecision is not a matter of hindsight as marginalized advisers invoked greater uncertainty before hostilities commenced.
Integrating behavioralist and rationalist approaches offers greater explanatory power in quantitative tests and provides insights into historical cases that are puzzling for extant theories. Moreover, the dissertation shows that certainty is not strictly welfare enhancing and flags policy conditions conducive to assessment errors and costly foreign policy blunders.Government
12
Russell, Andrea. « Richard Hooker : beyond certainty ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11335/.
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For over four hundred years Richard Hooker has been firmly attached to the Church of England and his life and writings used to promote and preserve that institution’s self-understanding. Consensus as to his theological beliefs and ecclesiastical loyalties has, however, never been reached – even though each generation of scholars has claimed to discover the 'real' Richard Hooker. In spite of the differing, and often conflicting interpretations, there have been several constants – beliefs about Hooker and his work that have remained virtually unchallenged throughout the centuries. The aim of this thesis has been to examine three of those aspects and in so doing ascertain whether their truth is more assumed than proven. The first of these assumptions is the fundamental belief that Hooker is attached securely to the English Church and that their identities are so interwoven that to speak of one is to speak of the other. The second is that Hooker’s prose – his unique writing style and powerful rhetoric – can be ignored in the process of determining his theology. And thirdly, the widely-held belief that, as the 'champion of reason', Hooker’s faith is essentially rational and that God is perceived and experienced primarily through the intellect. Challenging the truth of each of these statements leads to an uncertainty about Hooker that, rather than negating scholarship, allows research to be liberated from the dominance of categorisation. Such a change would acknowledge that Hooker's theology transcends Anglican studies and would allow his radical thinking to reach a wider audience.
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Nagle, Julie. « The Certainty of Uncertainty ». VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1829.
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In this paper I investigate the limitations of memory, physical and psychological effects on individuals’ perception that effect memory, and the impact of those limitations on our ability to recall objective truth. The paper is introduced with an explanation of my interest in the subjective narrative voice in historical accounts and questions the possibility of a completely objective voice. In the first chapter, a fantastical biographical story of the life of Tycho Brahe is used as an example of the difficulty in parsing truth from legend. Descriptions of changes in scientific methods exemplify the uncertainty of scientific fact. I propose that Brahe sought empirical data to replace the unfiltered memory perception an anosmic lacks. Additionally, if Brahe had a sense of smell his murder may have been unsuccessful. In the second chapter I describe anosmia, then explain the dominant theories of how olfaction takes place, and memory storage through smell. Memory recall through associated odors is unfiltered by the intellect, and unalterable, while other forms of memory are subject to change as our psyche continually reforms the experience. An objective account of events is impossible. I search instead for histories where myth, legend, truth, and imagination converge.
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Spiess, Irmgard. « Should Moral Case Deliberation Be Part of Clinical Practice ? : A Review of Certain Assumptions within the Concept of Moral Case Deliberation ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Centrum för tillämpad etik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-69430.
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Healthcare professions are known to be inherently moral. They confront on a daily basis essential ethical problems. However, my experience as a nurse shows a different reality. In practice healthcare professionals often have difficulty to even identify the ethical problem before attempting to resolve the situation. In a plethora of literature moral case deliberation (MCD) is discussed as method to address these limitations of healthcare professionals. In general MCD can be defined as a discussion with the different parties involved about the ethical issues of a real case in clinical practice. In order to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of MCD I identified MCD's main features and reviewed two methods (Clinical pragmatism and the Hermeneutic method) as examples. This review unfolded certain assumed normative ideas more or less common in many models of MCD. However it is unclear how to understand these normative ideas and as to whether they should indeed guide MCD. Throughout the thesis I concentrate on some of these assumptions. I focused on the three, which I considered the most relevant for the implementation of MCD into clinical practice: 1) the involvement of everyone concerned the case, 2) consensus as an ideal within MCD and 3) MCD improves decision making. The aim of the thesis was to reflect on how these assumptions could be reasonably understood and to outline remaining ambiguities and points for critique in their application within MCD. Hence I am not arguing whether MCD should be part of clinical practice or not, I am critically reviewing the process of MCD within clinical practice. Finally, in the thesis it is illustrated that for each assumption various plausible explanations are possible, which all might have a role in practice. The usefulness of MCD might depend on what relevance these explanations are given in practice.
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Vanier, Antoine. « The concept measurement, and integration of response shift phenomenon in Patient-Reported Outcomes data analyses : on certain methodological and statistical considerations ». Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT1009/document.
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Les données rapportées par les patients sont maintenant fréquemment utilisées en recherche biomédicale. Ces instruments permettent la mesure de concepts subjectifs tels que la qualité de vie, les niveaux d’anxiété, de douleur, de fatigue. L’interprétation d’une différence de score au cours du temps était basée sur l’hypothèse que le sens des concepts et échelles restai stable au cours du temps dans l’esprit des individus. Cette hypothèse semble aujourd’hui dépassée. L’auto-évaluation d’un concept est maintenant comprise comme contingente de la représentation subjective qu’à un sujet du dit concept, cette représentation pouvant changer au cours du temps, surtout après avoir vécu un évènement de santé : ce phénomène est connu comme le « response shift ». Depuis la fin des années 1990s, l’investigation de ce phénomène est devenue un sujet d’intérêt majeur en psychométrie. Si des développements ont vu le jour, ce sujet reste récent et donc accompagné de débats variés que ce soit sur le plan théorique ou méthodologique. Aussi, l’objectif général de cette thèse est d’investiguer certaines problématiques méthodologiques et statistiques liées au response shift. Ce manuscrit est composé de trois travaux principaux : un état de l’art et une synthèse des travaux conduits à un niveau international depuis que le response shift est étudié, une étude pilote des performances de la procédure d’Oort (une méthode populaire de détection de response shift) par simulations et un travail théorique sur les liens entre response shift et complexité sémantique des concepts mesurés et items utilisésPatient-Reported Outcomes are increasingly used in health-related research. These instruments allow the assessment of subjective concepts such as Health-Related Quality of Life, anxiety level, pain or fatigue. Initially, the interpretation of a difference in score over time was based on the assumption that the meaning of concepts and measurement scales remains stable in individuals’ minds over time. This assumption has been challenged. Indeed, the self-assessment of a concept is now understood as a contingency of the subjective meaning a subject has of this concept, which can change over time especially as a result of a salient medical event: the “response shift” phenomenon. Since the end of the 1990s, researches on response shift phenomenon has become of prime interest in the field of health-related research. If developments have been made, it is still a young field with various scientific debates on a theoretical, methodological and statistical level. Thus, the broad objective of this thesis is to investigate some methodological and statistical issues regarding response shift concept, detection and integration into PRO data analyses. The manuscript is composed of three main works: a state of the art and synthesis of the works conducted at an international level since response shift phenomenon is investigated, a pilot study investigating the statistical performances of the Oort’s Procedure (a popular method of response shift detection using Structural Equation Modeling) by simulations and a theoretical work about the links between response shift occurrence and semantic complexity of concepts measured and items used
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Angenault, Stéphane. « Synthèse de dérivés de la camptothécine et évaluation biologique de certaines de leurs prodrogues en vue d'une chimiothérapie par enzyme immunociblée (concept ADEPT) ». Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066005.
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Corus, Canan. « Emotional Certainty and Health Communications ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27133.
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At risk individuals tend to avoid information that might perturb their sense of security. I propose certainty appraisal as an important emotional dimension that affects health message processing and persuasion. Specifically, I suggest that emotions high on certainty appraisal can provide confidence to cope with the insecurity instigated by threatening health communications.
Five studies are proposed to demonstrate the interaction of certainty appraisal with two health message characteristics: vulnerability to threat and response efficacy. Studies 1-3 provide evidence that when a health threat is highly self-relevant uncertainty related emotions impede processing whereas certainty related emotions facilitate it. Studies 4-5 show that individuals who are feeling uncertain prefer to attend a high efficacy message as it offers reassurance via useful recommendations.
The findings extend affect regulation theories to involve emotional uncertainty as a state to be "repaired" by avoiding further deterioration or striving for restoration.Ph. D.
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Krausková, Veronika. « "Divadlo hudby" - koncertní sál pro město Brno ». Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-227093.
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The object of this diploma thesis is the concept of architectonic studies of concert hall – theatre music. The main functional scope of the projected building is concert hall with capacity of 542 visitors. Hall enables performances of choir up to 50 members and orchestra up to 80 members. Operative and service room of the concert hall background is one of the parts of handled task. The main accent was put on acoustic solution of the main hall and overall limpidity of the building operation. Building look and its solution is trying to supplement compactness of the urban unit with the respect to the surrounding build-up area.
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Wolfe, David. « Moore and Wittgenstein on knowledge and certainty ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0021/MQ49472.pdf.
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Buckhalter, James Matthew. « Communication and conversion in Wittgenstein's 'On Certainty' ». Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9406/.
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This thesis argues that Wittgenstein’s investigation into the concept of certainty did not begin with On Certainty. The origins of his analysis can be found in Philosophical Investigations. Although it was responding to Moore’s A Defence of Common Sense and Proof of the External World that produced Wittgenstein’s most sustained treatment of the topic, this thesis suggests that On Certainty should still be seen as a development of Philosophical Investigations in a particular direction, rather than a wholly separate interest in epistemology. In particular it is argued that Wittgenstein’s use-based conception of linguistic meaning cannot be put to one side when considering his remarks on certainty. Whilst there has been a burgeoning interest in On Certainty over the past two decades, only very limited efforts have been made at charting the relationship between the two texts, especially as to whether On Certainty can be taken to inform our reading of Philosophical Investigations. Thus far the available literature has neglected the relationship between the concept of the form of life and that of the world-picture. I propose that the concepts are distinct from one another but related, and that properly differentiating them first and then considering the way they can work in conjunction strengthens our understanding of Wittgenstein’s later work. This thesis seeks to make further contributions to the relationship between the two texts, examining whether concepts found in On Certainty such as certainties, the world-picture, and the emphasis on non-rational persuasion and conversion ought to force us to reassess the conception of language set out in Philosophical Investigations. In arguing that they do, the thesis aims to acquire a deeper understanding not only of On Certainty, refining some of these concepts and pushing them beyond their original presentation, but also of Philosophical Investigations and its more familiar concepts of rule-following, language-games, and the form of life. I conclude that, in light of the reading of On Certainty developed here, a more sophisticated conception of linguistic meaning can be developed.
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Lees, Emma Frances Inglis. « Interpreting environmental offences : the need for certainty ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648731.
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Raitio, Juha. « The principle of legal certainty in EC law / ». Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer Acad. Publ, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/36833208X.pdf.
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Clarke, Kenneth Allan. « Children's judgments of the certainty of their knowledge ». Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=73979.
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O'Hara, Neil Martin. « Basic moral certainty and the foundations of morality ». Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17923.
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I aim to show in this thesis that human beings are morally concerned to the core; that a concern for moral goodness is a necessary part of our humanity. Central to my account of the foundations of morality is what I call 'primary recognition', which I argue is the source of our moral thinking. By primary recognition, I mean our basic apprehension of other human beings as objects of some moral concern. I take this to be a 'basic moral certainty', in accord with the notion recently introduced by Nigel Pleasants in the debate on moral foundations, which he drew from the work of Ludwig Wittgenstein on the notion of basic empirical certainty, found in On Certainty (1969). Building on Pleasants' notion of 'basic moral certainty' I bring to bear Danièle Moyal-Sharrock's distinction between universal and local forms of basic certainty in an effort to make sense of the co-existence of universal moral beliefs and local, often conflicting, moral beliefs. I offer and defend two examples of universal basic moral certainties: 'At least some killings are wrong' and 'Some wrongs are more serious, more wrong, than others', which I take to be necessarily indubitable for any moral agent. I then examine examples of local moral certainties: the wrongness of pig sacrifice in ancient Judaism, the goodness of hospitality among the modern Pashtun, and the wrongness of cannibalism for the ancient Greeks. These examinations lead me to conclude that basic moral certainties come in both local and universal varieties in just the same way as basic empirical certainties, and that holding certain local moral beliefs is definitional for membership in certain epistemic communities. I go on to consider some challenges to the view that morality has its foundations in basic moral certainty, in particular that made by G.E.M Anscombe and Alasdair MacIntyre that modern moral thought lacks any foundations. I reply by reiterating the nonrational nature of the foundations of morality, modern or otherwise. I conclude the thesis by outlining some of the outcomes of this account of moral certainty for contemporary moral philosophy.
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Quade, Amanda Ellen. « Certainty Versus Suspicion : Incapacitated Sexual Assault on Campus ». ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6737.
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One in four women experience sexual assault during college. With rates of sexual assault on college campuses continuing to increase, the need for advanced analysis utilizing contemporary variables is justified. The purpose of this quantitative study was to compare two groups of female college-attending students. One group was certain and the other suspected that they were sexually assaulted while incapacitated (independent variables). Dependent variables compared between groups were offender type (interest on offenders with fraternal affiliations), law enforcement reporting decisions, and barriers to reporting sexual assault. Four research questions measured whether there was a statistically significant difference amongst the dependent variables when compared to the independent variables. The theoretical foundation for this study was empowerment theory. A comparative research design was used to examine archival data from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Logistic regression and chi-square analysis showed mostly significant results: fraternal membership, reporting to law enforcement, and barriers to reporting to law enforcement were statistically significant. In addition, ad hoc tests were significant, indicating that being on a date with the offender, university disciplinary action taken, and whether the offender was arrested were all statistically significant variables. Social change is achievable at two levels, organizational and societal. Universities, advocacy groups, and governmental agencies may all benefit from contemporary findings. Furthermore, improved societal understanding of campus sexual assault culture and victimology can create a safe space for victims to report sexual assault on a college campus when it involves incapacitation.
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Letailleur, Alain. « Figurations du réel : l'exemple musical : Appuis mentaux, visées, saisies et reprojections dans l'architecture cognitive ». Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0173.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La façon dont les musiciens parviennent à reconnaître les notes, par l’écoute seule ou en pratiquant leur art, a toujours fait l’objet d’une certaine fascination. Eux-mêmes, du reste, ne savent que rarement les raisons particulières qui leur permettent de disposer ainsi d’une excellente oreille musicale : « on est doué ou on ne l’est pas » reste alors souvent le raccourci qui permet de ne pas s’aventurer plus loin dans la quête d’une véritable explication. Il faut bien admettre que cette propension à pouvoir identifier des hauteurs perçues paraît ne pas trouver de véritable fondement, et ce d’autant plus que le son musical se trouve être invisible, impalpable et relativement fugace. Pour tenter de mieux comprendre les raisons liées à cette capacité mystérieuse, nous avons pris le parti d’interroger des musiciens, professionnels ou en apprentissage, afin de les questionner sur les procédures mentales qu’ils mettent en oeuvre à l’instant de l’identification notale. La description détaillée des plus petits éléments mentaux (ou la plus petite cohabitation de microéléments mentaux) que les musiciens utilisent pour effectuer cette tâche nous fait alors entrer dans un monde fascinant, qui révèle progressivement l’organisation de nombreuses actions de bas niveau, aussi ajustées à leurs fonctions que particulièrement discrètes. Ces fragments de pensées, que nous avons nommés appuis mentaux (les musiciens se repèrent en fonction de points d’ancrages mentaux adaptés pour accéder à l’identification) peuvent être décrits, sont variés dans leurs formes d’émergence à l’esprit et adoptent différents types de missions. Il a été possible de classer l’ensemble des configurations décrites en plusieurs catégories d’approches stratégiques. Certains de ces infimes gestes internes se sont tellement automatisés au fil du temps qu’ils se trouvent enfouis dans le registre inconscient. Ils deviennent alors très difficiles, voire parfois impossibles à détecter. En y regardant de plus près, nous pouvons imaginer que ces mécanismes hautement spécialisés, décrits dans un secteur restreint du monde musical, relèvent de principes fonctionnels généraux qui semblent s’activer, en réalité, à tout instant de notre vie quotidienne, pour chaque opération que nous sommes appelés à effectuer : calculer, orthographier, créer, faire du sport, cuisiner, bricoler ou bien penser tout simplement. C’est ce que la seconde partie de recherche tente de montrer dans un premier temps, pour exposer ensuite une bien étrange problématique, concernant les rapports interactifs qui s’opèrent entre contenus perceptifs et représentationnels (de nombreux témoignages font en effet état de situations où les appuis mentaux s’invitent directement sur la scène perceptive). La confrontation de ces deux univers, à travers le maniement de ce que nous avons appelé les reprojections mentales, nous met en situation de questionner les rouages qui sont en jeu dans l’édification de la cognition humaine, et interroge sur les conséquences qu’ils impliquent vis-à-vis de notre compréhension du réelThe way musicians identify notes has always been a fascinating subject. In order to understand this competence of theirs, we have opted to interview professional and learner musicians so as to analyse the mental methods they use to fulfil this task. A detailed description of the faintest mental processes involved in so doing opens on a bewildering world which exposes an organisation of many low level actions as adapted to their functions as they are subtle. These fragments of thoughts - which we have called mental anchor points - can be described, are varied in their ways of surfacing and can engage in diverse mission types. When subjected to closer scrutiny, we can imagine that these highly specialised mechanisms fall within the sphere of general functional principles which seem to be active at every moment of our lives, for whichever operation we try to perform: calculating, taking part in sports activities, cooking or simply thinking. This is what the second part of this study first tries to show, before disclosing a strange system of issues concerning interactive relations between perceptions and representations. Many testimonies mention situations in which mental anchor points play a prominent part in our perceptive behaviour. The confrontation of these two universes, thanks to the use of what we have called mental reprojections, makes it possible for us to examine the machinery at stake in our cognitive constructions and to analyse the consequences they imply concerning our comprehension of the real world
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Ascone, Christian. « L'impatto della gamification su framing, certainty e reflection effect ». Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13287/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L'elaborato si propone di indagare la correlazione tra gamification e i bias cognitivi dimostrati da Daniel Kahneman.
Si affronta lo studio mediante un prototipo di test, analizzando i dati ottenuti al termine di un esperimento svolto.
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Heereman, Johannes [Verfasser]. « Degrees of Subjective Certainty : Processing and Representation / Johannes Heereman ». Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1102933481/34.
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Hendrix, Alicia M. « Adenine Uracil Guanine : An Exploration of Certainty in Science ». Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/157.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Collaboration and communication between conventionally diverse fields can allow for deeper understanding and clearer analysis of the concepts within each. Two fields traditionally seen as dichotomous are those of art and science. Historically they approach problems in opposite ways. However, I would argue that they in fact investigate very similar questions, hoping to discover the ways that the world works. It makes sense, then, that historically these fields have sometimes been able to interact. Artists have engaged with science by creating work through scientific processes including crossbreeding flowers, genetically modifying organisms, and sequencing nucleotides. Others have referenced scientific ideas, like those of order or sustainability, through more traditional methods. My thesis project, Adenine Uracil Guanine, is a sculptural installation portraying the phylogenetic tree of all life in a three-dimensional form. Borrowing from the aesthetic of mobiles, the sculpture takes a recognizably itinerant form, referencing the fluidity and malleability of evolution. The structure’s white base, alluding to the sterility and cleanliness of a phylogenetic tree’s aim to diagrammatize change, is overlayed by a system of colored bands. These bands reference the nucleotide sequences upon which phylogenetic trees are based. By using an artistic lens to view the scientific process of evolution and its elucidation and representation, I hope to continue to encourage a dialogue between the two fields.
30
Atkinson, Elizabeth Ann. « Troubling certainty : education, postmodernism and the politics of possibility ». Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246983.
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Van, der Westhuizen Jonathan Eugene. « Land use planning mandates : a quest for legal certainty ». Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18592.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Includes bibliographical references.This thesis focuses on the lack of legal certainty with regard to the exercise of planning law mandates of the respective spheres of government in South Africa. An attempt is made to uncover the reasons for the lack of legal certainty by looking at the pre-1994 planning regime and the regulatory framework inherited by the new dispensation. Thereafter, the subsequent Constitutional and legislative developments are outlined and areas of confusion are identified. Reasons are given for why cooperative governance has failed to allay such confusion. Lastly, the subsequent attempts by the judiciary and the legislature are analysed to see whether they have successfully provided for the legal certainty needed.
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Shoots-Reinhard, Brittany. « Personality Certainty : Increasing the Predictive Utility of Personality Inventories ». The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337350429.
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Zanetti, Luca <1989>. « Certainty and Normativity from a Phenomenological Point of View ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8659/1/FINAL%20VERSION%20Luca%20Zanetti.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this Dissertation I argue on phenomenological grounds that our cognition is so structured that its aim is to possess absolutely certain knowledge. In Chapter I I clarify the notion of absolute certainty and discuss an argument to the effect that it is impossible to satisfy the conditions for absolute certainty. In Chapter II I characterise the sort of phenomenological method which I will use in order to investigate the commitments of the most fundamental ingredients of cognition. Chapters III, IV and V are devoted to an investigation of the normative profile of judgment, suspension of judgment and doubt respectively. In Chapter VI I introduce constitutivism about normativity, namely the view according to which the authority of some norm is constitutive of some suitably inescapable activity. I explain how phenomenology is needed in order to claim that some norm is constitutive for cognition. In Chapter VII I argue that global and pyrrhonian scepticisms are untenable. In Chapter VIII I argue that fallibilism and externalism are untenable. Crucially, it will emerge that the sole tenable standpoint is the one that countenances the existence of certainties and in particular certainty about the fundamental epistemological theory itself. In Chapter IX I argue on phenomenological grounds that truth is the constitutive aim of cognition. In Chapter X I offer a constitutivist view of alethic normativity that grounds the validity of the truth-norm on the fact that cognition itself is constitutively aimed at truth. In Chapter XI I extend constituvism to epistemic normativity, and argue that certainty is the norm or aim of cognition. Finally, in Chapter XII, I distinguish between local and transcendental hinges, the latter being the proposition whose truth is presupposed by any engagement in cognition, and argue that only transcendental hinges can be immune from doubt.
34
Ortiz, Steven Rey. « Structure from motion using omni-directional vision and certainty grids ». Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1217.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis describes a method to create local maps from an omni-directional vision
system (ODVS) mounted on a mobile robot. Range finding is performed by a
structure-from-motion method, which recovers the three-dimensional position of objects
in the environment from omni-directional images. This leads to map-making,
which is accomplished using certainty grids to fuse information from multiple readings
into a two-dimensional world model. The system is demonstrated both on noise-free
data from a custom-built simulator and on real data from an omni-directional vision
system on-board a mobile robot. Finally, to account for the particular error characteristics
of a real omni-directional vision sensor, a new sensor model for the certainty
grid framework is also created and compared to the traditional sonar sensor model.
35
Velupillai, Sumithra. « Shades of Certainty : Annotation and Classification of Swedish Medical Records ». Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-74828.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Access to information is fundamental in health care. This thesis presents research on Swedish medical records with the overall goal of building intelligent information access tools that can aid health personnel, researchers and other professions in their daily work, and, ultimately, improve health care in general. The issue of ethics and identifiable information is addressed by creating an annotated gold standard corpus and porting an existing de-identification system to Swedish from English. The aim is to move towards making textual resources available to researchers without risking exposure of patients’ confidential information. Results for the rule-based system are not encouraging, but results for the gold standard are fairly high. Affirmed, uncertain and negated information needs to be distinguished when building accurate information extraction tools. Annotation models are created, with the aim of building automated systems. One model distinguishes certain and uncertain sentences, and is applied on medical records from several clinical departments. In a second model, two polarities and three levels of certainty are applied on diagnostic statements from an emergency department. Overall results are promising. Differences are seen depending on clinical practice, annotation task and level of domain expertise among the annotators. Using annotated resources for automatic classification is studied. Encouraging overall results using local context information are obtained. The fine-grained certainty levels are used for building classifiers for real-world e-health scenarios. This thesis contributes two annotation models of certainty and one of identifiable information, applied on Swedish medical records. A deeper understanding of the language use linked to conveying certainty levels is gained. Three annotated resources that can be used for further research have been created, and implications for automated systems are presented.
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Sellors, Anthony Paul. « Expressing a certainty : musical and poetic imagery in Dallapiccola's Ulisse ». Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/expressing-a-certainty--musical-and-poetic-imagery-in-dallapiccolas-ulisse(6f642492-c9a4-49ca-9add-d844733c2f0f).html.
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AGUIAR, ALEXANDRE STREET DE. « CERTAINTY EQUIVALENT AND RISK MEASURES IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY TRADE DECISIONS ». PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=11477@1.
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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOEm problemas de decisão sob incerteza que dependam da preferência entre fluxos multi-período, como é o caso dos problemas de comercialização de contratos de energia elétrica no Brasil, o agente deve saber expressar sua preferência por diferentes distribuições em cada período e, além disso, deve também especificar uma preferência entre períodos. Classicamente a abordagem utilizada é definir um funcional de preferência de von Neumann e Morgenstern separável entre os períodos, composto pela soma da esperança de utilidades que modelam a preferência em cada período. Então, para expressar a preferência entre períodos, esta soma é ponderada por um fator de desconto que visa expressar a impaciência do agente no consumo entre os períodos. Nesta abordagem, a especificação do fator de desconto torna-se uma tarefa bastante subjetiva, uma vez que estamos ponderando utilidades esperadas e não valores monetários. Devido a essa subjetividade e da dificuldade de se especificar a própria função utilidade de cada período, os grupos de finanças divergiram para uma abordagem mais pragmática, baseada na análise e controle dos riscos assumidos em suas decisões. Neste sentido, a empresa que busca maximizar a expectativa de lucro, especifica em valores monetários, um conjunto de restrições sobre as perdas que esta está disposta a incorrer, baseando-se para isso em suas probabilidades de ocorrência. Assim, durante as ultimas quatro décadas, muitas pesquisas e desenvolvimentos foram realizados nesta área, no sentido de se estabelecer medidas de risco que proporcionassem propriedades desejáveis para essa classe de problemas. Desta forma, criou-se um gap entre as duas abordagens, financeira e econômica, as quais possuem raízes em comum: modelar o comportamento de agentes frente ao risco. Assim sendo, esta tese tem três objetivos: (i) propor uma abordagem alternativa para o uso de funções utilidades em problemas de comercialização de energia elétrica multi-período, baseada no valor presente dos equivalentes certos de cada período; (ii) mostrar como tal abordagem pode ser modelada matematicamente e formulada através de um problema de programação linear inteira mista (PLIM) ao considerarmos uma função utilidade linear por partes, e (iii) mostrar a conexão entre a teoria de utilidade e problemas de maximização da renda esperada sujeito a restrições de risco do tipo alfa-CVaR.
In decision under uncertainty problems that depend on multi- period preferences, as the case of trading electricity contracts in Brazil, agents should expresses their inter and intratemporal preferences. The classical economical approach is to define a time separable von Neumann and Morgenstern utility functional. This functional is composed by the sum of the expected utility of each period times an impatience factor that should express the agent`s intertemporal preference. This approach demands the specification of a subjective impatience factor, which should weight utilities units. Due to this subjectiveness and its estimation difficulties, the applied financial groups started to develop more pragmatic approaches based on risk control. In this sense, companies that maximize expected profit will impose constraints on acceptable losses using estimated occurrence probabilities of different outcomes. In this sense, the economical and applied financial approaches have been diverging in the last four decades and, during this time, many studies and developments have been done in the risk metrics field to generate and prove stability and coherence properties for the proposed metrics. This thesis has three main objectives: (i) propose an alternative approach for multi-period decisions problems based on the present value of the certainty equivalent of each period; (ii) show how this approach can be modeled as a mixed integer linear programming problem (MILP) when adopting a piecewise linear utility function; and (iii) provide connections between utility theory and expected maximization problems constrained to alpha-CVaR risk metrics.
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Immerman, Eleanor. « Direct verification of nuclear weapons and the secrecy-certainty spectrum ». Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104829.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 88-97).
Historically, arms control treaties have exclusively relied on indirect verification mechanisms. Increasingly, direct nuclear weapons verification proves relevant to future arms control treaties. I therefore explore the epistemology of direct nuclear weapons verification through interviews, reports, and publications on potential verification systems. I argue that within Russia, most involved in the arms control non-governmental community, consider existing verification technologies sufficient. They are noticeably caught between contradictions in their work on disarmament verification and skeptical that their efforts will influence arms control dynamics. Within direct verification of nuclear weapons (DVNW) experiments, the few vulnerability tests and technology demonstrations that occur tend to disrupt prior assumptions about verification and longstanding research trajectories within the field, triggering epistemic crises within the verification field. Shifting political and technical constraints shape many of the ideas within DVNW. Narratives that frame secrecy and certainty as direct trade-offs appear to have developed in the United States with Field Test 34 and continue to generate an underlying skepticism towards any approaches that attempt to reconcile the aims of direct weapons verification..
by Eleanor Immerman.
S.M. in Technology and Policy
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Matzke, Aurora. « Distributed (Un)Certainty : Critical Pedagogy, Wise Crowds, and Feminist Disruption ». Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1322325613.
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Luttrell, Andrew. « Perceived bases for attitude certainty and resistance to persuasive communication ». The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1339596850.
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Luttrell, Andrew. « Judgment certainty : Perceptions of its origins and why they matter ». The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1468929419.
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Bhattacharyya, Rabindra Nath. « Optimal Forest Rotation : Decisions Under Conditions of Certainty and Uncertainty ». DigitalCommons@USU, 1985. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4098.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The existing literature determining the optimal rotation period of a forest stand under conditions of certainty, as well as under uncertainty, lacks the genera 1 scope to be useful. A forest provides timber of commercial value, a flow of recreational services, and other valuable environmental s ervices. Providing goods and services invo lves benefits as well as costs. Relevant management decisions depend on the net va 1 ues that can be obtai ned. The present work developes a more general model for determining an optimal rotation period incorporating various fixed and variable costs associated with timber production and recreational services in an environment of certainty and uncertainty. It is shown that under certainty, the optimal rotation period is likely to be finite and depending on the values of benefits and costs the rotation period indicated by the solution of this model may be identical to, shorter, or longer than that indicated by a model ignoring net values. In addition, a generalized Faustmann rule under certainty (when only recreational value i s added to the model ) using optimal control (maximum principle) as the analytical tool has been developed and the impact of two sources of uncertainties on the optimal rotation decision in the context of the more generalized model is analyzed. They are (1) uncertainty related to future stumpage price, and (2) uncertainty related to the future stock of trees due to unpredictable natural catastrophes. Under price uncertainty the optimal rotation period will be longer than that under conditions of certainty if the forest operator is risk averse. In addition, the period wi ll be lengthened with increasing risk and shortened with increasing expected stumpage price under noni ncreasing absolute risk aversion of the forest operator. The risk of catastrophic destruction of the biomass whether total or partial will lead to a rotation period dependent on the value of the average rate of occurrence of catastrophes.
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Christensen, Clare Karen. « Waiting for certainty : young people, mobile phones and uncertain science ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2007. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16588/1/Clare_Karen_Christensen_Thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation is an empirical study of the scientific literacy of 28 young adults (aged 18-26 years) in the context of their decision making about the health risks of mobile phones. The issue of possible health effects is one of a number of socioscientific issues now confronting adults in the 'knowledge/risk' society where scientific knowledge plays an increasingly significant role in people's lives. The focus of interest is the young people's responses to the uncertain science of 'science in the making' (Latour, 1987) and their positioning of this scientific knowledge in their risk assessments.
The study is based on an interactive model of the public understanding of science and applies a critical realist and moderate social constructionist methodology. Data construction included focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews. The stimulus for discussion in the focus groups was a recent television news report presenting contradictory scientific research findings about whether mobile phones pose significant health risks. In the individual interviews understanding of the nature of science and risk judgments were explored.
Data analysis involved a coding of the discourse in terms of themes and issues and interpretation of these in terms of the theoretical framework of the thesis. A major finding was that these young people interpreted the uncertainty of the scientific knowledge mainly in social terms and with limited understanding of the role of theory in interpreting data. They talked spontaneously of risk but did not draw on scientific knowledge or risk estimates in their judgment about mobile phone safety.
Findings have important implications for science education and suggest a broadened conception of scientific literacy which includes critical dimensions and risk literacy. It is argued that this functional scientific literacy is essential for effective citizenship in contemporary society.
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Christensen, Clare Karen. « Waiting for Certainty : young people, mobile phones and uncertain science ». Queensland University of Technology, 2007. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16588/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation is an empirical study of the scientific literacy of 28 young adults (aged 18-26 years) in the context of their decision making about the health risks of mobile phones. The issue of possible health effects is one of a number of socioscientific issues now confronting adults in the 'knowledge/risk' society where scientific knowledge plays an increasingly significant role in people's lives. The focus of interest is the young people's responses to the uncertain science of 'science in the making' (Latour, 1987) and their positioning of this scientific knowledge in their risk assessments. The study is based on an interactive model of the public understanding of science and applies a critical realist and moderate social constructionist methodology. Data construction included focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews. The stimulus for discussion in the focus groups was a recent television news report presenting contradictory scientific research findings about whether mobile phones pose significant health risks. In the individual interviews understanding of the nature of science and risk judgments were explored. Data analysis involved a coding of the discourse in terms of themes and issues and interpretation of these in terms of the theoretical framework of the thesis. A major finding was that these young people interpreted the uncertainty of the scientific knowledge mainly in social terms and with limited understanding of the role of theory in interpreting data. They talked spontaneously of risk but did not draw on scientific knowledge or risk estimates in their judgment about mobile phone safety. Findings have important implications for science education and suggest a broadened conception of scientific literacy which includes critical dimensions and risk literacy. It is argued that this functional scientific literacy is essential for effective citizenship in contemporary society.
45
Cartier, Brad. « Certainty through Flexibility : Intelligence and Paramilitarization in Canadian Public Order Policing ». Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22677.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This case study explores public order policing at the Vancouver Olympics and G20 Summit in Toronto. The source material is drawn from media coverage of these events. These cases are analyzed using prior theoretical works in order policing in order to achieve two research goals: to discover which theory best explains police actions and the extent of and reasons explaining the involvement of other government agencies in securing protest events in Canada. Using pattern matching methodology, it was found that no one particular theory is best at explaining events at the two cases, rather components of various theories provided the most useful insight. The components of these theories that need to be amalgamated through analytic induction are: the use of intelligence functions; police flexibility; as well as paramilitarization tactics. Finally, it was found that there was a noticeable presence and integration of other government agencies involved in securing both events.
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Berglund, Snodgrass Lina. « Demanding Certainty : A Critical Examination of Swedish Spatial Planning for Safety ». Doctoral thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för fysisk planering, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-11439.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This dissertation constitutes a critical examination of Swedish spatial planning for safety. Spatial planning for safety rests on a number of assumptions about the desired order of the world. These assumptions appear as given and unproblematic, making the formulation of alternatives appear unnecessary. This dissertation provides an account of how, and on what basis a spatial planning problem such as ‘fear and insecurity’ is formulated and acted upon. It is an account of how and what conceptions of knowledge operate to legitimise ideological representations of spatial planning problems. And furthermore, what these ideological representations of spatial planning problems substantially entail, so as to allow for a political spatial planning practice that formulates and deliberates alternatives. This is carried out by analysing assumptions of public life and knowledge within Swedish spatial planning for safety. This dissertation finds that Swedish spatial planning for safety constitutes ‘certainty’ as a hegemonic criterion for participating in public life, which operates to limit the articulation of alternative discourses in spatial planning for safety. The desired for safe public life is organised based on visual certainty, where the urban fabric should be configured in such ways as to allow for stereotypical visual identifications of one another. Such a public life reflects an individualised practice, where perceptions of fear should be governed by individuals themselves, by independently assessing situations and environments in terms of risks. This individualised conduct is coupled with the fostering of active subjects, which encompasses being engaged in the local residential areas as well as in one another. Such substantial content of ‘planning for safety’ brings about tensions in terms of its ideological legitimating basis, by moving from principles of ‘rights’, where the individual constitutes the first ethical planning subject, to unitary principles of ‘collective values’, in which the ‘community’ constitutes the first ethical planning subject. These presuppositions are further enabled through the ways in which knowledge is conceptualised in spatial planning. This dissertation argues that a hegemonic instrumental emphasis on knowledge in spatial planning prevails. Having such a hegemonic emphasis on knowledge has the implication that even though spatial planning adopts different assumptions, or moves between alternative assumptions of knowledge, the knowledge becomes meaningful only in its instrumental implementation. The instrumental emphasis on knowledge should be regarded in light of the rational and goal-oriented nature of project-based planning, which constitutes a logic that constrains the emphasis on knowledge in spatial planning. This dissertation argues further that if spatial planning should be considered a political practice that debates its goals and values, a politicisation of the emphasis on knowledge in spatial planning is imperative.
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Johansson, Eddie. « Assessing Rebates under Article 102 TFEU : A Path Towards Legal Certainty ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-313138.
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Barden, Jamie. « A comprehensive process from anteceedents [sic] of elaboration to strength consequences mediation by the perception of the extent of elaboration / ». Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1126882632.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 124 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-124). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Testa, Maria Rita, et Stuart Basten. « Certainty of meeting fertility intentions declines in Europe during the 'Great Recession' ». Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4670/1/31%2D23.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Relatively little research has been conducted on how economic recessions impact fertility intentions. In particular, uncertainty in reproductive intentions has not been examined in relation to economic shocks. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of individuals' perception of negative changes in both their own and their country's economic performance on reproductive intentions in Europe during the time of the 'Great Recession' (2006-2011). Crucially, we examine both intentions and stated certainty of meeting these intentions. Using the 2011 Eurobarometer survey for 27 European countries, fertility intentions and reproductive uncertainty are regressed on individuals' perceptions of past trends in country's economic situation, household's financial situation, and personal job situation. Multilevel ordinal regressions models are run separately for people at parities zero and one as well as controlling for a set of socio-demographic variables. A worsening in the households' financial situation, as perceived in the years of the economic crisis, does not affect people's fertility intentions but rather the certainty of meeting these intentions. This relationship holds true at the individual-level for childless people. The more negative the individual's assessment of the household's financial situation, the higher the reproductive uncertainty. While this works exclusively at the country-level for people at parity one, the higher the share of people's pessimism on households' financial situation in the country the more
insecure individuals of such a country are about having additional children. The empirical evidence suggests that individuals' uncertainty about realising their fertility intentions has risen in Europe and is positively linked to people's perceived household financial difficulties. If European economies continue to fare poorly, fertility intentions could eventually start to decline in response to such difficulties. (authors' abstract)
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Moran, Patrick. « Pascal and Wittgenstein : common epistemological elements in the Pensées and On certainty ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq20940.pdf.
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