Thèses sur le sujet « Territory survey »

In a country such as Australia which claims adherence to democratic values, it would appear important that policies and laws on such a controversial and value laden issue as active voluntary euthanasia (AVE), need to have at least some basis in public opinion and in that of relevant professional groups. It has been argued that public opinion may be of limited value due to the public's lack of experience and exposure to this issue. The opinions of people with more exposure to and reflection on the ethical issues surrounding euthanasia need to be ascertained. Nurses are one group who have prolonged involvement with the care of dying or suffering people and their families. Nurses in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) could be a particularly well informed group because of the ongoing open debate resulting from four proposed laws on AVE in this Territory since 1993. The overall purpose of this thesis was to identify the attitudes of nurses in the ACT towards AVE. This thesis was supported by a study which provided information on four aspects of nurses' attitudes towards AVE. Firstly, the attitudes of registered nurses in the ACT were compared to those of other nurses, medical practitioners and members of the general public in Australia. Secondly, the associations between characteristics of the nurses and their attitudes were investigated. Thirdly, the legal conditions which nurses believe should be in a law allowing active voluntary euthanasia were identified. Finally, the arguments nurses put forward to support their attitudes towards AVE were analysed This thesis does not attempt to evaluate the ethical arguments proposed, merely to reflect the views put forward. A postal survey was carried out in late 1996 of 2000 randomly selected registered nurses from the Australian Capital Territory. Responses were received from 1218 nurses (61%). Attitudes of Nurses: A majority of nurses who responded, supported AVE as "sometimes right", be it homicide by request (72%) or physician assisted suicide (71%). A slightly smaller majority of nurses believed the law should be changed to allow homicide by request (69%) and physician assisted suicide (67%) under certain conditions. If AVE were legal, 66% of the nurses indicated they were willing to be involved in the procedure. Only 30% were willing to assist patients to give themselves the lethal dose, while 14% were willing to administer the lethal dose to the patient. Comparing these results with previous surveys, it appears that nurses are less in favour of AVE than the general public but more in favour than medical practitioners. Associations between Characteristics of Nurses and Attitudes: Those nurses who were more likely to agree that the law should allow AVE, were under the age of 40 years, agnostic, atheist or of the Anglican religion, to have less contact with terminally ill patients, to work in the area of critical care or mental health, and to take less interest in the issue of AVE. Palliative care nurses were the only subgroup without a majority in favour (33%). There is other evidence in the euthanasia literature indicating that nurses and doctors are less in favour of AVE than the general public. Taken together with the present findings, it may be concluded that attitudes towards AVE are more favourable in people who have less contact with the terminally ill. Legal Conditions in an AVE Law: The conditions most strongly supported in any future AVE law were "second doctor's opinion" (85%), "cooling off period" (81%), "patient must have unbearable protracted suffering" (80%), "doctor must inform patient about illness and treatment" (78%) and "patient must be terminally ill" (63%). There was only minority support for "patient not suffering from treatable depression" (42%), "patient administers or assists to administer, the fatal dose themselves" (32%) and "patient over a certain age" (7%). Support for a change in the law to allow AVE was 38% for a young man with AIDS, 39% for an elderly man with early stage Alzheimer's disease, 44% for a young woman who had become quadriplegic and 71 % for a middle aged woman with metastases from breast cancer. Arguments Supporting AVE Attitudes: The most common argument in support of AVE was that people should have the right to control their own lives and thus be able to decide for themselves when and how they wanted to die. The most common argument against AVE was that of the slippery slope in which it is feared that the boundaries which society puts on killing will be extended. Conclusions: This inquiry pinpoints the discordance between attitudes towards AVE and the legal status of AVE. Parliamentary representatives need to consider the current attitudes of their constituents, and especially those of relevant health care professionals towards AVE. It is important that a nursing perspective is represented in any law legalising AVE and that the role of the nurse is clearly described in relevant legal acts. Future research would also be beneficial to investigate further the association between the experience of nurses working in a palliative care setting and AVE attitudes. There needs to be further debate about the legal conditions required in any future AVE bills. given the lack of support from nurses for some conditions which have been included in proposed AVE laws. Furthermore, it would be valuable to carry out surveys of the opinions of other health practitioners in order to inform legislators. These results form a baseline to examine the changes in attitudes towards AVE over time and change in the legal status of AVE.

(1) Aerial survey methods for estimating population size of feral water buffalo in northern Australia were examined. (2) Line transect models underestimated population size. Of six models tested the most accurate underestimated by nearly half. The models give biased estimates most probably because not all animals on the survey line were sighted . (3) Aerial strip transect surveys were also negatively biased. The extent of this bias was estimated in index-removal experiments. Experiments were carried out on two populations in areas of differing obstructive canopy cover. (4) In woodland habitat with a canopy cover of 30- 60%, a correction factor of 3.2 was required to take account of animals not seen. In forest habitat with a canopy cover of 60-100%, a correction factor of 4.9 was required. (5) Using these results, the population size of feral buffalo, cattle and horses in Kakadu National Park was estimated by aerial survey at the end of each year over 6 years. Annual rates of increase for three regions of the Park were estimated, taking into account known removals from the population. The effects of dry season rainfall and population density in the preceding year on rate of increase were examined for each species. (6) The mean annual exponential rate of increase for each species was 0.10 yr-1 for buffalo, 0.23 yr-1 for cattle and -0.14 yr-1 for horses. (7) The annual rates of increase varied greatly between years within all species and were highly correlated with dry season rainfall in the year of survey for buffalo and cattle but not for horses. (8) No significant effect of preceding density on rate of increase was found for any species. A large reduction in buffalo populations did not correspond with an increase in unharvested populations of horses, suggesting the two species do not compete for food or other resources. (9) A campaign to control populations of feral water buffalo in Kakadu National Park was assessed. Between 1979 and 1988, approximately 79,000 animals were removed, 54% by commercial live-capture, 35% by shooting from helicopters and 10% by shooting from the ground. (10) In the period 1983-1988 when population estimates from aerial survey are available, mean buffalo population density was reduced from 5.60 km-2 to 1.17 km-2 over the surveyed area of the Park. (11) The costs of removal by shooting from helicopters, capturing animals alive and shooting from the ground were compared. The mean costs per animal in 1988 were $24.13, $74.53, and $86.02 respectively. (12) The effects of initial density and time spent shooting on number of animals removed by shooting from helicopters were examined. One linear and two curvilinear models were fitted to data from four different removal exercises. The relationship between time spent shooting and number removed was best described by a curvilinear (Ivlev) function. This model was used to estimate costs of control to a specified density. (13) Model regression coefficients differed between removal exercises, suggesting that the number removed may be affected by variables other than time spent shooting and initial density. Data from the range of conditions encountered during removal is thus likely to be required for robust estimation of removal costs.

In the western world the Protestant Christian Day School Movement is now a recognised element in education systems. It is a movement which has had phenomenal growth over the past twenty years and it continues to grow. Mostly, the parents of children who attend these schools were educated in a government school. This thesis seeks to find the reasons why parents are choosing Christian Schools and not government ones as they themselves attended. A variety of values are examined ; religious, academic and pastoral, and as the reader will discover, while it is not easy always to make a clear distinction between these values, some trends are so strong that the researcher believes that some valid conclusions may be drawn. A considerable amount of data was collected by the use of two surveys done at the Trinity Christian School at Wanniassa,and one survey conducted among parents of the O'Connor Christian School at Lyneham. The Biblical Values Survey provides an interesting over-view of the perceived achievement of a Christian School while the Choosing a School Survey clearly shows why these parents are dissatisfied with government schools and what they expect their child will gain from a Christian School experience. A computer analysis was done on one block of data which highlights the need for Christian School administrators to be aware of the various priority areas which do exist in the minds of the parents of their students.

This survey study examines the type and frequency of books borrowed by students according to age, sex and reading ability. It seeks to redress the sparsity of information available on the types and style of books borrowed by children. This survey study is based on data gathered over 14 weeks at Wanniassa Hills Primary School. Weekly library borrowings were recorded for Years 2. 3/4 and 5/6. A sample of 90 children, 30 from each year level was selected and individual borrowings were coded for analysis according to the type of book borrowed. The SAS System was used to tabulate the data and conclusions were drawn from the results thus obtained. The survey study revealed that females borrow more books generally than males. A general pattern of book borrowing is evident. Females tend to progress more quickly man males through this pattern of borrowing. Males tend to prefer Non- Fiction books, progressing to Choose Your Own Adventure books and Fantasy Game books. Recommendations are based on these findings and other outcomes of the survey study. This survey study has implications for classroom practice, libraries, basic readers and further study.

Les chênes européens (Quercus robur, chêne pédonculé et Q. petraea, chêne sessile) sont deux essences forestières emblématiques d’un point de vue écologique, économique et culturel en France. Ces espèces longévives jouent des rôles majeurs dans de nombreux écosystèmes et représentent respectivement 11 et 12% du volume de bois de feuillus sur pied en France. Cependant, elles sont soumises à des perturbations biotiques et abiotiques, dont la fréquence augmente dans le contexte des changements globaux. Ainsi les dépérissements, syndromes multifactoriels, et les maladies causées par des agents pathogènes exotiques ou natifs, ont fortement impacté les chênaies depuis le début du XXème siècle. La nature de ces dépérissements ainsi que les interactions entre facteurs biotiques et abiotiques les générant sont encore mal connues. Les deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse proposent de définir une partie de leur étiologie par une étude des pathobiomes corticaux et racinaires. Le troisième chapitre se concentre sur l’importance de la surveillance du territoire comme levier de prévention à l’introduction d’agents exotiques et plus particulièrement à la menace que représentent les organismes de quarantaine. Un dépérissement rapide des chênes (AOD - Acute Oak Decline) touche actuellement les chênaies du Royaume-Uni. Médié par des facteurs abiotiques (température et précipitations), l’AOD serait déclenché par des insectes (Agrilus biguttatus principalement) et un complexe d’espèces bactériennes. Cette maladie illustre parfaitement le paradigme du pathobiome car les interactions complexes hôte-pathobiome-insecte seraient essentielles à son développement. Afin de préciser la prévalence en France des symptômes associés à l’AOD et le rôle joué par les bactéries sur les dépérissements observés, une étude sur l’étiologie des nécroses corticales associées, ou non, à des attaques d’agriles sur des chênes dépérissant a été réalisée. Le premier signalement en France de la présence des bactéries Brenneria goodwinii, Gibbsiella quercinecans et Rahnella victoriana dans ces nécroses a ainsi pu être réalisé sur Q. robur et Q. petraea. Cependant, ces bactéries ont été isolées moins fréquemment dans les lésions collectées que les champignons Fusarium quercinum, F. falsibabinda, Neonectria sp., et N. punicea. Des inoculations de jeunes plants de chênes ont par ailleurs confirmé le pouvoir pathogène de ces agents fongiques. Ceci confirme l’importance du pathobiome dans les symptômes associés à l’AOD et suggère un rôle non négligeable d’agents pathogènes fongiques, jusqu’alors sous-estimé. Les relations entre microbiote du sol et dépérissement chronique des chênes ont été analysées en forêt de Chantilly (Oise, France). Via une approche de comparaison par couple de chênes 2 dépérissant et non dépérissant, une analyse de la diversité microbienne des champignons et oomycètes par metabarcoding a été effectuée. L’étude a révélé que les compositions dépendaient principalement des types de sol et de l’état sanitaire de l’arbre selon le compartiment échantillonné (sol, rhizosphère ou racines). Un outil d’aide au diagnostic et à l’identification des problèmes phytosanitaires nommé NESTOR (SurveillaNce des chÊnes et diagnoSTic phytOsanitaiRe) a été développé. Recensant les principaux bioagresseurs et problèmes abiotiques rencontrés sur des chênes, il est destiné au grand public et aux professionnels afin d’encourager la surveillance passive et de soutenir la surveillance active du territoire. Cette dernière étant réalisée en France par le Département de la Santé des Forêts. En 2022-2023, une intensification de la surveillance de la maladie du flétrissement du chêne, causée par l’organisme de quarantaine Bretziella fagacearum, a été menée via la collecte d’échantillons d’arbres symptomatiques. [...]
European oaks (Quercus robur, pedunculate oak and Q. petraea, sessile oak) are two emblematic forest species with important ecological, economical and cultural roles. These species are essential in many ecosystems and represent respectively 11 and 12% of the volume of standing wood of deciduous trees in France. However, they are subject to biotic and abiotic disturbances, which have increased in frequency and intensity due to global changes. Declines, which are multifactorial syndromes, and diseases caused by exotic or native pathogens, have strongly affected oaks since the beginning of the 20th century. The nature of these declines, as well as the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors causing them, are not fully understood. This thesis proposes to define part of their etiology through a study of the cortical and root pathobiomes. Finally, it stresses the importance of territorial surveillance as a way to prevent the introduction of exotic pathogens, especially the threat represented by quarantine organisms. Acute Oak Decline (AOD) is currently affecting oak populations in the United-Kingdom. Mediated by abiotic factors (temperature and precipitation), AOD would be triggered by insects (mainly Agrilus biguttatus) and a complex of bacterial species. This disease perfectly illustrates the pathobiome paradigm, as the complex host-pathobiome-insect interactions are essential to its development. In order to clarify the prevalence of symptoms associated with AOD in France and the role played by bacteria in the observed declines, a study of the etiology of cortical necroses associated or not with attacks of A. biguttatus on declining oaks has been observed. The first report on the presence of bacteria Brenneria goodwinii, Gibbsiella quercinecans and Rahnella victoriana in necroses has been made on Q. robur and Q. petraea in France. However, these bacteria have been isolated less frequently in the lesions than the fungi Fusarium quercinum, F. falsibabinda, Neonectria sp., N. punicea. Moreover, their pathogenicity was confirmed by the inoculations of young oak plants. This confirms the importance of the pathobiome in the symptoms associated with AOD and suggests a significant role of fungal pathogens, which was previously underestimated. The relationships between soil microbiota and chronic oak decline were analyzed in the Chantilly Forest (Oise, France) and with a comparison approach by pair of declining and non-declining oaks, an analysis of the fungal and oomycetes diversities by metabarcoding was performed. The study revealed that the compositions mainly depend on the types of soil and the health status of the trees according to the compartment sampled (bulk soil, rhizosphere or roots). 4 Finally, to help the diagnosis and the identification of phytosanitary problems on Quercus spp. in France, an interactive tool called NESTOR (phytosaNitary survEillance and diagnoSTics of Oaks in FRance), has been developed. Inventorying the main bioaggressors and abiotic problems on oaks with this tool is intended to encourage passive surveillance of the territory by the general public and professionals and also to support the active surveillance of the territory led by the Forest Health Department of the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food in France. In 2022-2023, intensified surveillance of oak wilt disease, caused by the vascular fungus Bretziella fagacearum, was carried out by collecting samples from symptomatic trees. The isolations and diagnoses conducted during this thesis confirmed that the fungus is still absent from the territory, but that it remains important to stay vigilant about its possible introduction in France

2012 - 2013
La ricerca propone un’analisi delle dinamiche di popolamento che hanno caratterizzato la parte di territorio compresa all’interno dei confini comunali di Calatafimi-Segesta tra il VII ed il II secolo a.C., attraverso una revisione critica dei dati del survey condotto dall'Università di Siena negli anni 1995-1997, finalizzato alla redazione di una Carta archeologica del Comune. La scelta del termine cronologico più antico è dovuta al fatto che le prime tracce materiali di una pianificazione dello spazio cultuale, e forse anche abitativo, sul Monte Barbaro, sede in età classica dell'abitato indigeno di Segesta, risalgono all'ultimo quarto del VII secolo a.C. Nel corso dell'età ellenistica si assiste ad una profonda trasformazione del paesaggio segestano, con la fitta occupazione stabile delle campagne. Alla fine del II secolo a.C. una netta cesura è evidente nella complessa ristrutturazione urbanistica della città di Segesta e nelle forme monumentali di alcune aree cultuali nel territorio circostante, espressioni del potere politico e della ricchezza della classe dirigente locale. [a cura dell'autore]
XII n.s.

Il progetto di ricerca, condotto in cotutela tra l'Università di Palermo e Aix-Marseille Université, si basa sullo studio delle ceramiche africane importate in Sicilia tra la fine del I e il VII secolo d.C.. La ricerca si basa sui frammenti - tutte le classi incluse - raccolti dal gruppo di ricerca di Palermo durante le ricognizioni archeologiche nei dintorni della villa romana di Cignana (Agrigento) e nell'entroterra di Termini Imerese (Palermo). L'approccio multidisciplinare archeologico ed archeometrico, condotto in collaborazione con diversi specialisti di queste discipline, ha permesso di definire l'origine delle diverse produzioni e di riflettere sulla loro circolazione in Sicilia, in un'ottica microregionale. Ciò permette di comprendere meglio l'evoluzione degli scambi economici tre le due province e di ricostruire le possibili rotte marittime e i circuti commerciali. I risultati saranno esposti in sei capitoli che tratteranno: Problematiche, metodologia e obiettivi della ricerca (Capitolo 1), Cignana: i luoghi e la loro storia (Capitolo 2), Catalogo dei siti e dei materiali ceramici (Capitolo 3), Analisi ragionata dei frammenti ceramici (Capitolo 4), Bilancio complessivo e confronto dei dati (Capitolo 5), Riflessioni conclusive per un'interpretazione storica, economica e sociale (Capitolo 6). La tesi termina con due appedici: Ceramiche dagli scavi di Cignana: campagne 1990, 1992, 2006 (Appendice 1) e Tavole (Appendice 2).
The research project, jointly carried out by the University of Palermo and Aix-Marseille University, focuses on the study of African potteries imported into Sicily between the end of the 1st and 7th century AD. The research is based on shards - all ceramic categories - collected by the Palermo team during archaeological surveys around the Roman villa of Cignana (Agrigento) and in the hinterland of Termini Imerese (Palermo). The multidisciplinary archaeological and archaeometric approach, carried out with the collaboration of several specialists in these disciplines, made it possible to define the origin of the different productions and to reflect on their circulation in Sicily, in a micro-regional framework. This allows us to better understand the evolution of economic exchanges between the two provinces and to reconstruct the potential maritime routes and commercial circuits. The results will be exposed in six chapters dealing with the Problems, methodology and objective of the research (Chapter 1), the site of Cignana: the places and their history (Chapter 2), the Catalog of sites and potteries (Chapter 3), the Analysis of pottery shards (Chapter 4), a Global evaluation and comparison of data (Chapter 5), and Conclusive observations for a historical, economic and social interpretation (Chapter 6). The thesis ends with two appendices: Pottery from the Cignana excavations: campaigns 1990, 1992, 2006 (Appendix 1), and Tables (Appendix 2).

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Cet ouvrage porte essentiellement sur les rapports parmis la construction du barrage Figueiredo et les processus de territorialisation et reterritorialisation au sein des familles rurales lourdement affectÃes para cette construction et qui sont dans lÂÃtablissement humain appelà âBoa EsperanÃaâ. En raison de son intÃrÃt et de son unitÃ, la tÃche principale de notre Ãtude est dÂanalyser le processus appelà âaÃudagemâ deployà et mis en ouevre par le gouvernement de lÂÃtat du CearÃ, puis mettant en jeu la modernisation de la campagne. De plus, on met en lumiÃre la situation des familles et leur deplacement surtout parce quÂelles seront Ãventuellement placÃes dans locaux oà leur mode de vie risque d'Ãtre affectà et leur dignità est serieusement remise en cause par rapport à leur subsistance. En tant que telle, la recherche est toute entiÃre circonscrite sur des notes diverses, des interviews auprÃs de paysannes, et des visites aux syndicats de paysans. Un facteur considerablement important est la participation du Mouvement des paysans affectÃs des barrages (MAB) surtout parce quiÂls ont aidà les paysans dans le processus de rÃsistance aux travailleurs d'exclusion qui ont Ãtà traitÃs pour la construction du barrage de Figueiredo. Alors que cette question a constituà le dÃpart de notre recherche, on renforce ce but mettant en cause un exposition par rapport le plan et lÂorganisation de la recherchà à savoir, sa mÃtodologie. La recherchà sÂaddresse à lancer des lumiÃres sur la question politique et de lÂusage et controle de lÂeau dans le monde. La deuxiÃme partir est dÃdiÃe aux questions importantes en ce qui concerne la modernisation de la campagne dans lÂEtat du Cearà selon le premisses dÂusage et de contrÃle des ressources hydriques, notamment en face de la construction/implantation de ce barrage ayant le but de renforcer, de faÃon conservatrice et excludente, lÂindustrie agroalimentaire dans lÂEtat du CearÃ, au dÃpense des petits agriculteurs. Dans le troisiÃme chapitre on fait des considÃrations à l'objet de cet Ãtude, à savoir : la construction du barrage de Figueiredo et les problÃmes liÃs à l'indemnisation des agriculteurs affectÃs par ce barrage, ainsi que les questions liÃes à la rÃinstallation des familles portant attention aux conditions selon laquelle ils ont ÃtÃ. Enfin, les dÃrniÃres observations on se penche sur l'importance de la recherche et son dÃveloppement en tenant compte son dÃfis et des buts abouttis.
Esta pesquisa investiga a relaÃÃo entre a construÃÃo da Barragem do Figueiredo e os processos de territorializaÃÃo e reterritorializaÃÃo das famÃlias camponesas do assentamento Boa EsperanÃa, atingidas por esta construÃÃo. O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o processo de aÃudagem implementado no Cearà sob a Ãgide do Estado, como relevÃncia para o processo de modernizaÃÃo do campo. Entender o processo de territorializaÃÃo das famÃlias reassentadas em virtude da necessidade de serem retiradas de suas terras para dar lugar ao lago da barragem. Esses camponeses, muitas vezes, sÃo assentados em Ãreas que dificultam a sobrevivÃncia de maneira mais digna, como tem ocorrido com os camponeses que vivem no assentamento Boa EsperanÃa, localizado nos MunicÃpios de Potiretama e Iracema na regiÃo do MÃdio Jaguaribe, leste do Estado do CearÃ, local da construÃÃo da barragem do Figueiredo. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de levantamento bibliogrÃfico, trabalho de campo, entrevistas informais com trabalhadores rurais do assentamento, alÃm de visitas a ÃrgÃos pÃblicos e sindicatos de trabalhadores rurais. Outro fator de relevÃncia à a participaÃÃo do Movimento dos Atingidos por Barragem (MAB) que tem sido de grande importÃncia no auxÃlio aos camponeses no processo de resistÃncia à forma excludente que trabalhadores tÃm sido tratados devido à ConstruÃÃo da Barragem do Figueiredo. O trabalho consta de uma introduÃÃo na qual faz uma breve explanaÃÃo sobre a realizaÃÃo da pesquisa, tais como: o mÃtodo e a metodologia utilizados para o desenvolvimento desta. O primeiro capÃtulo aborda questÃes relacionadas à polÃtica de uso e controle das Ãguas e seu contexto geopolÃtico, incluindo as principais formas de utilizaÃÃo da Ãgua no mundo. O uso e o controle dos recursos hÃdricos no Brasil e no Cearà levando em consideraÃÃo a Lei de Recursos HÃdricos e as aÃÃes do Estado junto a esse recurso natural. No segundo capÃtulo serÃo tratadas questÃes relevantes ao processo de modernizaÃÃo do campo no Estado do Cearà baseado no uso e controle dos recursos hÃdricos, notadamente com a construÃÃo de barragens voltada para irrigaÃÃo dos perÃmetros irrigados fortalecendo o agronegÃcio no Estado do Cearà em detrimento dos pequenos camponeses, mantendo-se assim bases conservadoras e excludentes. O terceiro capÃtulo trata da parte mais importante da pesquisa por ser o objeto de estudo da referida, dissertando a respeito das questÃes referentes ao processo de construÃÃo da Barragem do Figueiredo e dos problemas relacionados Ãs indenizaÃÃes dos camponeses atingidos pela Barragem, Ãs questÃes relacionadas ao reassentamento das famÃlias e em que condiÃÃes foram reassentadas, bem como a importÃncia do MAB junto Ãs resistÃncias dos camponeses atingidos, principalmente, os do assentamento Boa EsperanÃa. Por fim, as consideraÃÃes finais acerca da importÃncia do desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, levando em consideraÃÃo os desafios e resultados alcanÃados.

The general objective of this Ph.D. thesis is to explore the concepts and methodologies for investigating agroforestry land and rural landscape through the integration of historical and remote sensing geodata within a FoSS (Free and Open Source Software) approach; to provide more and more accurate data sets regarding land cover and to improve some mapping and data processing techniques commonly used in this research topic. The first part of thesis describes the different types of geodata used in the course of the studies and, above all, the techniques and methodologies used for their processing are illustrated. Starting from historical cartographies, we will go through aerial surveys and geographical maps up to the new remote sensing using advanced satellite observation technologies. In the second part, more specific issues were dealt in accordance with the general objective of the work have been defined. The issues were approached through case studies within the Basilicata Region where the intensity of the abandonment of the territory and agricultural surface is leading to the loss of many historical rural landscapes and with consequent problems from an ecological point of view due to the disappearance of many agroforestry systems.
L'obiettivo generale di questa tesi di dottorato è quello di esplorare i concetti e le metodologie per lo studio del territorio agroforestale e del paesaggio rurale attraverso l'integrazione di geodati storici e telerilevamento con un approccio FoSS (Free and Open Source Software); per fornire serie di dati sempre più accurate sulla copertura del suolo e migliorare alcune tecniche di mappatura ed elaborazione comunemente utilizzate in questo ambito di ricerca. La prima parte della tesi descrive i diversi tipi di geodati impiegati nel corso degli studi e, soprattutto, vengono illustrate le tecniche e le metodologie utilizzate per la loro elaborazione. Partendo dalle cartografie storiche, si passerà ai rilievi aerei ed alle cartogrofaie classifche fino al remote sensing basato su immagini satellitari. Nella seconda parte sono state trattate tematiche più specifiche in accordo con l'obiettivo generale del lavoro. Le tematiche sono state affrontate attraverso casi di studio all'interno della Regione Basilicata dove l'intensità dell'abbandono del territorio e della superficie agricola sta portando alla perdita di molti paesaggi rurali storici con conseguenti problemi dal punto di vista ecologico dovuti alla scomparsa di molti sistemi agroforestali.

Fondée par Darius Ier (522-486 av. J.-C.), Persépolis constituait une des résidences royales temporaires des souverains de l’Empire achéménide (550-330 av. J.-C.). Elle était également un centre administratif et économique, capitale d’une vaste province, la Perse, située au cœur de l’Empire. L’organisation de Persépolis reste largement méconnue de même que celle du vaste territoire, la plaine environnante, qu’elle contrôlait.Notre étude vise à mieux comprendre d’une part l’occupation du site de Persépolis qui va de la terrasse monumentale à la nécropole royale à 6 km au nord, d’autre part la mise en valeur de la plaine, en replaçant la période achéménide dans le contexte plus large du Ier millénaire av. J.-C. Dans un premier temps, l’étude prend en compte les dynamiques environnementales de la région. Les recherches sont fondées sur les méthodes de prospections archéologiques (reconnaissances à vue et méthodes géophysiques). Elle aboutit à une reconstitution d’une ville répartie en plusieurs blocs de fonctions différentes (habitats ordinaires, zones artisanales, résidences de l’élite et bâtiments de prestige) séparés les uns des autres par de vastes espaces non-bâtis mais probablement aménagés.Pour la plaine (100 km par 30 km), la prospection des sites achéménides a dû prendre en compte les graves destructions liées à la modernisation (agriculture, urbanisation, voies de communication) et s’est concentrée sur quelques sites préservés et des zones de piedmonts sélectionnées. Ces recherches ont montré une occupation très distendue essentiellement localisée dans la partie nord de la plaine et incluant la zone de Persépolis. La partie sud de la plaine était beaucoup moins exploitée. Cependant cette reconstitution doit tenir compte de la réduction sévère du potentiel archéologique, tout particulièrement dans le cadre de l’étude de l’occupation à la période achéménide, lorsque l’exploitation du sol reposait sur des installations rurales de dimensions modestes
Founded by Darius I (522-486 BC), Persepolis represented one of the seats of the kings of the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC). Moreover, the site served as an administrative and economic centre and acted as capital for the vast province, named Persia, situated in the heart of the Empire. The spatial character of both the royal site as well as the wider hinterland it controlled, the vast surrounding plain, are however largely unknown.The study aims at providing better insight in both the occupation of the site of Persepolis, stretching from the monumental terrace to the royal necropolis 6 km farther north, along with that of the supporting plain. It therefore frames and evaluates the Achaemenid period within the context of the first millennium BC. At the outset, the study integrates the environmental dynamics of the region. The research was based on the methods of archaeological survey (field survey and geophysical methods) and allowed to reconstruct a ‘city’ composed of different functional zones (common housing, industrial quarters, elite residences, and royal monuments) separated from one another by large areas, presumably unbuilt though exploited.For the plain (100 by 30 km), the survey of Achaemenid sites was biased by the important destructions by recent development (industrialised agriculture, urbanism, transport and communication). Research has therefore been focussed on a number of preserved sites on the one hand and on selected piedmont areas on the other. These surveys brought to light a scattered occupation, predominantly situated in the northern part of the plain, also encompassing the Persepolis zone, while the southern region of the plain was less occupied. Nonetheless, this reconstruction should take into account the important reduction of archaeological potential, particularly in the case of a study focussing on the Achaemenid occupation since settlement in the wider Persepolis area was first and foremost of rural natural and of rather modest size

2008/2009
Alla base del lavoro di ricerca è stato posto un impianto metodologico a carattere multidisciplinare contrassegnato da un lato da un’analisi introduttiva teorico-geografica relativa alle tematiche inerenti il governo del territorio e del paesaggio in area protetta, dall’altro, da una fase di esame (connessa ad un ambito di indagine più strettamente cartografico – digitale) tesa a fare il punto sullo stato di avanzamento -a livello comunitario e nazionale- in merito al tema della costruzione di infrastrutture di dati spaziali, pubblicazione e condivisione di servizi legati al settore del Geographical Information System, con attenzione alla comunicazione degli elementi di natura ambientale (rintracciabili anche all’interno del contesto aree protette). Entrambe le panoramiche, arricchite al loro interno dalla descrizione del quadro normativo transcalare di riferimento, risultano necessarie ai fini della contestualizzazione e impostazione del lavoro e conducono ad una fase di screening in merito al tema comunicazione dei dati territoriali in ambiente webgis da parte degli enti italiani gestori delle aree protette, nello specifico parchi nazionali e regionali. Tali elementi teorici, legislativi e conoscitivi sono stati poi presi a riferimento nel corso della fase applicativa della ricerca con lo scopo di guidare e supportare i momenti che hanno condotto alla realizzazione di applicazioni dedicate all’area Parco del Conero facenti seguito ad una fase di survey sul campo, ad un’organizzata raccolta di dati territoriali (di base e di Piano del Parco) e successive fasi di analisi spaziale. Lo scopo è quello di supportare (grazie agli applicativi realizzati) le operazioni di gestione, studio e comunicazione territoriale che un Ente responsabile di un’area protetta si trova a dover definire e implementare alla luce delle tematiche considerate nel corso della sezione teorica. I risultati tangibili si incarnano nella creazione di un’architettura che partendo dal relational database, passando per il geodatabase e giungendo alle piattaforme webgis dinamiche e interattive funga da supporto ai processi di coordinamento, analisi e diffusione di selezionati elementi territoriali relativi al comprensorio Parco del Conero e al suo principale strumento di pianificazione (Piano del Parco) agevolando e supportando così sia processi gestionali e decisionali più “consapevoli”, sia percorsi informativi e partecipativi strutturati. Il corpus definitivo dell’elaborato è stato suddiviso in due parti distinte allo scopo di scandire i momenti dello studio e consentirne una più immediata lettura. Ciascuna si articola in tre capitoli. La prima parte, a cui si è assegnato il titolo “Governo del territorio e condivisione del dato informativo e cartografico. Scenari evolutivi verso lo sviluppo di dinamiche partecipative” esplicita al suo interno il quadro teorico, normativo e conoscitivo posto alla base della ricerca. - Nel corso del primo capitolo si è ritenuto opportuno introdurre brevemente alle recenti dinamiche che hanno interessato i concetti, le definizioni e gli aspetti normativi inerenti le tematiche relative al governo del territorio e del paesaggio in area protetta, più nel dettaglio di quello dei parchi naturali regionali in Italia e forme del paesaggio da tutelare. Un excursus che ha preso in esame gli scritti geografici nazionali e internazionali sul tema, facendo emergere posizioni eterogenee, in continua evoluzione e, comunque, oggi in linea con i recenti indirizzi di contesto sviluppati e approvati in ambito comunitario e convenientemente riletti alla scala nazionale. Il tutto ha la necessità di essere supportato da un’adeguata rappresentazione cartografico-tassonomica delle diverse tipologie, unità e categorie di paesaggio e parco. Principio, quello della classificazione, che caratterizza una delle fondamentali linee di dibattito, internazionale e nazionale sull’argomento. - Il secondo, attraverso un approccio che lega il mondo del Geographical Information System e le aree protette tramite il tema della pubblicazione e condivisione dei dati spaziali e ambientali, configura brevemente lo stato dell’arte nel contesto di realizzazione di infrastrutture ad essi dedicate, di implementazioni relative alla stesura dei metadati da indicare per set e serie di elementi territoriali, nonché servizi per i medesimi. Lo sguardo viene rivolto alle direttive, ai regolamenti e alle decisioni in ambito comunitario e alle trasposizioni delle stesse all’interno del contesto nazionale. - Nel terzo si inizia ad entrare nella parte del lavoro di ricerca caratterizzata da un’impronta più conoscitiva che teorico-normativa. Ci si spinge oltre il quadro concettuale e si cerca di capire, attraverso la realizzazione di uno screening sul tema della comunicazione e diffusione (da parte dei rispettivi enti gestori) dei più rilevanti dati territoriali relativi ai parchi nazionali e regionali italiani tramite piattaforme webgis, cosa nel nostro paese è stato fatto a favore della loro divulgazione e quali possono configurarsi come margini di miglioramento futuro. L’analisi è corredata da grafici e tabelle di dettaglio in relazione alle quali si espongono commenti relativi ai risultati ricavati nel corso dell’indagine -sia in valore assoluto che in valore percentuale-. Il capitolo funge da ponte tra la sezione teorica del lavoro e quella dedicata invece al caso di studio specifico. La seconda parte “Un’applicazione territoriale: il Parco del Conero. Da un’analisi geografica di contesto ad una di dettaglio attraverso tools gis-analyst. Database Management System e Web Service Application per la gestione e la comunicazione”, memore dell’indagine teorico-conoscitiva, è dedicata alla presentazione del caso applicato all’area protetta del Conero. Nel dettaglio: - all’interno del capitolo quarto si fornisce un inquadramento territoriale dell’area oggetto di esame tramite analisi condotte grazie a tools gis-analyst (ArcGis – ArcToolbox). Tale inquadramento viene arricchito dal rilievo sul campo della rete sentieristica interna al Parco del Conero in relazione alla quale si descrivono le modalità di acquisizione dei dati e le successive fasi di post-elaborazione. Il rilievo dei sentieri (reso necessario dal fatto che la rete era stata solo digitalizzata sulla carta) ha consentito di completare il quadro di analisi relativo alla viabilità pedonale interna all’area parco, ponendo l’accento non solo sulle caratteristiche di fruibilità turistico-paesaggistica che questa possiede, ma integrando i dati raccolti con quelli del Piano del Parco già a disposizione dell’Ente al fine di giungere alla realizzazione di modelli di analisi spaziale (ESRI Model Builder) da poter applicare in successive fasi di valutazione territoriale dell’area stessa o di programmazione concernente interventi puntuali da effettuarsi sulla rete sentieristica in relazione a tratti di percorso caratterizzati da elementi di criticità. Di tali modelli si sottolineano le caratteristiche di versatilità e adattabilità a qualsiasi tipologia di territorio, protetto e non, che risulti attraversato da sentieri, percorsi e itinerari turistico - culturali o di fruibilità paesaggistica e naturalistica. Il capitolo si conclude con la descrizione delle finalità di indagine e struttura dei modelli stessi. - Nel capitolo quinto i dati alfanumerici, quelli ricavati dalle survey della rete sentieristica, quelli di piano, nonché quelli riguardanti le fonti bibliografiche vengono integrati all’interno di un database relazionale MS Access pensato ai fini della loro consultazione anche da parte di utenti non esperti GIS. Tale database consente collegamenti e interazioni sia con un personal geodatabase ESRI che con il database spatial PostgreSQL (estensione PostGIS) all’interno dei quali sono stati archiviati i dati spaziali dedicati invece ad una utenza GIS specialist. Si prosegue con la descrizione delle tipologie di dataset territoriali in essi inseriti ai fini della loro archiviazione e del loro aggiornamento. - Il sesto capitolo risulta, infine, dedicato al testing e sviluppo (localhost) di un applicativo Webgis UMN Mapserver con front-end dinamico P.Mapper contenente una selezione dei dati spaziali di cui sopra. In relazione ad esso si delineeranno le caratteristiche fondanti, le categorie e le query di interrogazione, i parametri degli strati informativi di cui si intende consentire la visualizzazione. Il tutto consapevoli che la pubblicazione web di un Sistema Informativo Territoriale trova, di fatto, il suo fine ultimo non solo nel mero passaggio da un’utenza locale a una multiutenza condivisa del dato/database spaziale, ma anche nella sua auto-identificazione a strumento atto a supportate, favorire e attivare processi di condivisione informativa e partecipazione decisionale collettiva secondo dinamiche che, alternativamente, vertano ad un andamento di tipo top - down e bottom – up. Il lavoro, dopo le note conclusive, si chiude con le consuete indicazioni bibliografiche e sitografiche e tre allegati all’interno dei quali si riportano: due tabelle sinottiche relative allo screening sui parchi nazionali e regionali presentato nel corso del terzo capitolo, l’estratto di alcuni strati informativi inseriti nel file .map di Mapserver e infine un elenco delle sigle e degli acronimi incontrati nel corso dello scritto.
XXII Ciclo
1979

L'outil « Trame Verte et Bleue », alliant biodiversité et aménagement du territoire, a aujourd’hui pleinement intégré la planification territoriale, sur les territoires national et ultramarin. Néanmoins, dans les DOM, la mise en place de cet outil s'est confrontée à de toutes autres réalités. C'est pourquoi ce projet doctoral a choisi d'étudier l’exemple de La Réunion, précurseur dans la transcription de cette politique d’aménagement. Depuis 2014, La Réunion possède des cartographies des réseaux écologiques régionaux, établies pour accompagner les acteurs locaux. Pour autant, seuls les espaces naturels protégés ont été considérés dans les projets de territoire, laissant ainsi pour compte les espaces de nature ordinaire. Pour comprendre ce manque d'adhésion, un travail de type sociologique a été mené pour cerner les réalités politiques et sociales inhérentes à la TVB. Si pour les professionnels de l'aménagement la planification de secteurs à enjeux pour préserver la biodiversité tombe sous le sens, pour les institutions cet outil est perçu comme un moyen de promouvoir le développement de l'île. Pour les autres usagers, la TVB reste un concept ignoré. Cependant, pour eux, la biodiversité est étroitement liée au paysage quotidien et ils la perçoivent principalement par les services écosystémiques. La traduction cartographique de ces résultats a permis d'identifier d'une part des secteurs d'intérêts écologiques porteurs d'une demande sociale collective, d'autre part des secteurs exclus de cette demande qui peuvent subir des dégradations. Ainsi, pour maintenir un bon fonctionnement des réseaux écologiques, il est aujourd'hui nécessaire d'agir sur les perceptions paysagères
Today the green and blue belt network is a tool, which combines biodiversity and regional development policy and fully integrates territorial planning in national and overseas territories. Nevertheless, the implementation of this tool is confronted with other realities in the French overseas departments. That is the reason why this doctoral project aims to study the case of Reunion island as a forerunner in the transcribing of this spatial planning.Reunion island possesses mapping of regional ecological networks drawn up to accompany the local actors since 2014. However, only protected natural areas had been taken into account in regional projects while leaving behind ordinary nature areas. In order to understand this lack of acceptance, a sociological work was conducted to identify the political and social realities related to the green and blue belt network. If planning issue area to preserve the biodiversity is obvious for planning professionals, this tool is seen as a way to promote the development of the island for institutions. For the other users, the green and blue belt network keeps being pushed aside. However, to them biodiversity is closely tied to the daily lansdscape and they mainly perceive it through ecosystem services.A mapping plan of these results allowed to identify on the one hand areas of ecological interest holding a common social demand, and on the other hand areas excluded from this demand, which may undergo degradation. Therefore, it is now necessary to work on landscape perceptions so that ecological networks can remain functional

La haie bocagère, au travers des nombreuses fonctions qu’elle possède, intervient dans les problématiques engendrées par le changement climatique actuel. Cependant, l’évolution radicale du paysage agraire au cours du XXe siècle a conduit à un arasement massif des haies ces 60 dernières années. Bien que ses intérêts économiques, écologiques et socio-culturels soient avérés, ils ne sont pas reconnus par tous les acteurs et la dégradation du bocage se poursuit. Les conséquences de cette disparition font peu à peu prendre conscience de la nécessité de préserver les haies. Des initiatives apparaissent à diverses échelles et une forte demande d’outils de diagnostic et d’évaluation qualitative émerge. Or, il y a un manque de cohérence territoriale de ces initiatives et un manque de données permettant la caractérisation précise de la haie.Notre recherche s’attèle à l’étude systémique des rôles de la haie et de sa place dans l’espace sur le territoire bas-normand à partir d’une démarche multi-échelle afin de comprendre les raisons de la dégradation toujours à l’œuvre et de proposer des solutions. Cette étude vise à proposer des outils de caractérisation de la haie, de façon à intégrer une vision systémique des services rendus par cette dernière afin de développer des plans de gestion multifonctionnels transposables. Trois approches complémentaires permettent d’aboutir à cet outil. Pour commencer, un modèle systémique est réalisé à partir de la bibliographie à la fois dense, pluridisciplinaire et très éclatée. Puis, une approche quantitative visant à caractériser l’évolution et les fonctionnalités des linéaires, estimer les capacités de production et analyser l’organisation spatiale des réseaux des haies est mise en place. Enfin, une approche qualitative permettant de recueillir la parole des acteurs (populations et gestionnaires) pour mieux appréhender la place des haies dans le paysage rural actuel est réalisée. Pour terminer, les résultats de ces approches ont été utilisés pour l’élaboration du modèle Ger’haies, un modèle sous Système Multi-Agent destiné à être employé comme outil de médiation pour la mise en place de PGMH sur le territoire d’une collectivité
Hedgerow, across its many functions, takes action in the problems generated by the current climate change. However, the radical agricultural landscape evolution during the 20th century led to massive removal of hedgerows in the past 60 years. Although its economic, ecological and socio-cultural interests are proved, they are not recognised by all the actors and the hedgerow density keep decreasing. The consequences of this disappearance gradually raise awareness of the need to preserve hedgerows. Some initiatives appears at various scales with an increasing demand for diagnostic tools and qualitative evaluation. Yet, the territorial cohesion is missing and there is a lack of data to precisely characterise the hedge.Our research gets on with the systemic study of roles and functions of hedgerow and its place in space on the bas-normand territory from a multi-scale approach in order to understand the reasons of deterioration still at work and suggest solutions. This study aims to propose tools to characterise the hedge, so as to integrate a systemic vision of the services in order to develop multifunctional management plans that can be spatially transposed. Three complementary approaches lead to this tool. The first purpose of this work is to realise a systemic model from a substantial, multidisciplinary and very fragmented bibliography. Then, a quantitative approach has been set up to characterise the evolution and functionality of the hedgerows, estimate production capacities and analyse the spatial organisation of hedgerow networks. In a third step, a qualitative approach is carried out to collect the actor perception (populations and managers) and to better understand the place of hedges in the current rural landscape. Finally, the results of these approaches have been used to develop the Ger'haies model, an agent-based model intended to be used as a mediation tool for the establishment of PGMH on a municipal territory

La répartition spatiale des fonctions et des populations urbaines n'est pas due au hasard, elle peut mettre en évidence des inégalités qui interrogent nos sociétés démocratiques fondées avant tout sur le principe d'égalité. Celui-ci s'appuie sur les relations entre le " social " et le " spatial " qui consistent principalement à explorer les inégalités sociales dans les espaces urbains et ce qui est ressenti comme une injustice par les individus. Pour saisir ces dynamiques socio-spatiales, nous focalisons notre recherche sur l'histoire urbaine de Besançon, Mulhouse et Strasbourg ainsi que sur les rapports entre les habitants et leur environnement résidentiel. À l'aide des grandes bases de données géo-localisées de l'INSEE, nous étudions la distribution spatiale des ménages ainsi que son évolution sur une période de près de vingt années (de 1990 à 2007). Par ailleurs, nous cherchons à observer les différents modes d'habiter des Bisontins, c'est-à-dire leurs stratégies résidentielles ainsi que leurs pratiques et représentations spatiales à l'aide d'enquêtes de terrain. Cette thèse s'appuie donc sur une double approche : l'une macroscopique, historique et quantitative et l'autre microscopique et qualitative. Elle présente finalement les structures socio-spatiales des zones d'étude et les trajectoires des quartiers (plus précisément des IRIS) afin de montrer les diverses tendances d'évolution (gentrification, paupérisation...) dans une optique comparative. Des facteurs d'évolution spécifiques apparaissent également en lien avec la localisation des villes d'étude ainsi qu'avec leurs fonctions urbaines et sociales, leur organisation interne et leur taille. Les enquêtes révèlent, pour leur part, plusieurs règles comportementales qu'il s'agit de comparer compte tenu de la diversité sociale des quartiers. Ces informations collectées à partir d'enquêtes sont plus subjectives, mais elles complètent les données des recensements et leur donnent du sens. Au final, elles montrent que l'appartenance à un groupe sociospatial ne détermine pas systématiquement les comportements résidentiels.

碩士
輔仁大學
歷史學系碩士班
106
After the outbreak of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937, Japan and China formally went to war. In the course of the ensuing eight-year conflict both sides carried out a continuous propaganda war focused on mutual deception. Survey of Enemy Broadcast News is an important record of this effort. Even though its historical materials only cover a 14 month period, from December 1938 to January 1940, it contains extremely rich material on politics, economics, military affairs, foreign affairs, transportation, and news of the enemy. Several important events occurred during the course of the 14 months. This included the battles of Khalkhyn Gol and Hainan Island, exploited by the Japanese against the Chinese nationalist government. In addition, not only did Huabei engage in a currency war with the nationalist government, it also unceasingly endeavored to cut off the nationalist government’s foreign support. Along with this external pressure, the Chinese government also faced several internal problems. The flight of Wang Taoming was an enormous blow. In addition, the nationalist government had to be cautious in its “cooperation” with the Chinese Communist Party. Overall, the situation of the nationalist government was exceedingly precarious at this time. Japan seized this opportunity to use related information as a basis for repeated propaganda campaigns. The response of the nationalist government was passive as a result of the disadvantageous circumstances it faced. This study presents a comparative analysis of the propaganda of both sides in order to understand the intentions of this propaganda. The effort, it argues, not only affected the public and military morale of its targets, but profoundly influenced future development.