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Niedra, Janis M. Short-term aging of NeFeB magnets for Stirling linear alternator applications. [Cleveland, Ohio] : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.
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Center, NASA Glenn Research, dir. Short-term aging of NeFeB magnets for Stirling linear alternator applications. [Cleveland, Ohio] : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.
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Center, NASA Glenn Research, dir. Short-term aging of NeFeB magnets for Stirling linear alternator applications. [Cleveland, Ohio] : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.
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Günther, Hans-Peter, dir. Use and Application of High-Performance Steels for Steel Structures. Zurich, Switzerland : International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed008.
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<p>New steel production processes have led to a remarkable improvement in steel products within the last few years, and now allows steels to be produced according to the desired mechanical and chemical properties. High-Performance Steel (HPS) is the designation given to this new generation of steels that offer higher performance not only in terms of strength but also toughness, weldability, cold formability and corrosion resistance, compared to the traditionally used mild steel grades.</p> <p>The development of HPS goes with today's increased demand for slender lightweight structures, as for example in bridge design and the design of high-rise buildings, where there is a strong requirement to use high-strength materials in combination with good execution and fabrication properties. However, on the structural engineering side there is a need for knowledge on these new steel grades, and quite often design codes do not provide sufficient information to fully exploit the advantageous properties of HPS.</p> <p>The present volume provides an overview of the development and application of HPS on an international level. This is done by giving information on, for example, the production process, the chemical and mechanical properties, the relevant design and fabrication standards and on recent research results. Approximately fifteen included examples of realised applications aim to provide detailed information based on existing technical solutions, and to point out the major benefits when using HPS in comparison to mild steels.</p> <p>The document is thus not a monograph but an assembly of contributions from different countries. lt is separated into chapters related to different countries, namely the USA, Canada, Japan and Europe, all of them providing a state-of-the-art report on HPS.</p>
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Baker, Donald J. Ten-year ground exposure of composite materials used on the Bell model 206L helicopter flight service program. Hampton, Va : Langley Research Center, 1994.
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Baker, Donald J. Ten-year ground exposure of composite materials used on the Bell model 206L helicopter flight service program. Hampton : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.
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Center, Langley Research, dir. Ten-year ground exposure of composite materials used on the Bell model 206L helicopter flight service program. Hampton, Va : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1994.
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Desideri, Fabrizio, et Giovanni Matteucci, dir. Dall'oggetto estetico all'oggetto artistico. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/88-8453-386-4.
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Does such a thing as an "aesthetic" object exist? And if so, how can it be defined? This book, with no less than 23 contributions, emerging from a Seminar on Aesthetics and a Convention of the Italian Philosophical Society, seeks to answer these questions, exploring the concept of the aesthetic object as distinct from the artistic object. The first section is theoretical and attempts to identify what are the aesthetic properties of an object as opposed to the physical or semantic. This is followed by a historical-aesthetic section, where the question is explored in terms of its theoretical effects within the coils of contemporary aesthetics. Finally, there is a third part devoted to grasping the object-dimension in certain occasions of contemporary art.
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O’Sullivan, Michael. Aspects, Properties, and Ingredients. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783916.003.0013.
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Some philosophers have argued for predicative or representational views of perception by way of appeal to seeing-as or aspect experiences as discussed by Wittgenstein. This chapter argues that such a tactic is bound to fail. This is because it depends upon a confusion between (in Wittgenstein’s terms) properties and ingredients. The provision of a proper separation of properties and ingredients will make available a relational view of perceptual experience of the kind Travis espouses, which properly accommodates aspect experiences. Concomitantly, the chapter seeks to illuminate the profound connection between the relational view of perception and Travis’s approach to predication and generality in thought more generally.
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Chiteki zaisan : Purofesshonaru yōgo jiten = A professional dictionary of intellectual properties. Tōkyō : Nikkei BP Sha, 2010.
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Segal, David. The Importance of Microstructure on Material Properties. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804079.003.0010.
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Chapter 10 describes the importance of microstructure on material properties. It describes the concept of toughness and fracture that are illustrated by reference to composite materials. Photonic materials such as opals are described. Microstructural aspects of traditional ceramics are described in terms of different phases (crystallise, glassy). Other systems including DNA, metamaterials and coronary stents are considered in terms of their microstructure.
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Robb, David. Power for the Mental as Such. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796572.003.0014.
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An adequate solution to the problem of mental causation should deliver not just the efficacy of mental properties, but the efficacy of mental properties as such, of mentality in its own right. But this appears to block an identity solution from the outset. Any property that’s both mental and physical, the argument goes, has a dual nature, and this just reintroduces the problem of mental causation, now framed in terms of these two natures. But a powers ontology promises to save the identity theory, at least from this problem. Such an ontology identifies a mental property’s mental and physical “natures” with just the property itself. A mental property is, at once, both wholly mental and wholly physical, so that to causally engage the physical nature of a mental property is to engage its mental nature as well.
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Morawetz, Klaus. Properties of Non-Instant and Nonlocal Corrections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797241.003.0014.
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The derived nonlocal and non-instant shifts are discussed with respect to various symmetries and gauges. The classical counterparts are derived and found in agreement with the expected phenomenological ones from chapter 3. The explicit forms of the hard-sphere like offsets and the delay time in terms of the scattering phase shifts are calculated and discussed on the example of nuclear collision. The numerical results reveal an interesting inside into the microscopic correlations developed in dependence on the scattering angle and scattering energy. The just-accomplished derivation of the nonlocal scattering integrals is far from being intuitive. We have reached our task, the kinetic equation, being guided by nothing but systematic implementation of the quasiclassical approximation and the limit of small scattering rates.
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Short-term aging of NeFeB magnets for Stirling linear alternator applications. [Cleveland, Ohio] : National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center, 2001.
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Terms of (im)politeness : A study of the communicational properties of traditional Chinese (im)polite terms. Budapest : Department of East Asian Studies, Eötvös Löránd University, 2007.
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Heslin, Peter J. Propertius, Greek Myth, and Virgil. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541577.001.0001.
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This book develops a new interpretation of Propertius’ use of Greek myth and of his relationship to Virgil, working out the implications of a revised relative dating of the two poets’ early works. It begins by examining from an intertextual perspective all of the mythological references in the first book of Propertius. Mythological allegory emerges as the vehicle for a polemic against Virgil over the question of which of them would be the standard-bearer for Alexandrian poetry at Rome. Virgil began the debate with elegy by creating a quasi-mythological figure out of Cornelius Gallus, and Propertius responded in kind: his Milanion, Hylas and several of his own Galluses respond primarily to Virgil’s Gallus. In the Georgics, Virgil’s Aristaeus and Orpheus are, in part, a response to Propertius; Propertius then responds in his second book via his own conception of Orpheus and Adonis. The polemic then took a different direction, in the light of Virgil’s announcement of his intention to write an epic for Octavian. Virgilian pastoral was no longer the antithesis of elegy, but its near neighbour. Propertius critiqued Virgil’s turn to epic in mythological terms throughout his second book, while also developing a new line of attack. Beginning in his second book and intensifying in his third, Propertius insinuated that Virgil’s epic in progress would turn out to be a tedious neo-Ennian annalistic epic on the military exploits of Augustus. In his fourth book, Propertius finally acknowledged the published Aeneid as a masterpiece; but by then Virgil’s death had brought an end to the fierce rivalry that had shaped Propertius’ career as a poet.
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Raghuram, Anantharam, et Günter Harder. Eisenstein Cohomology for GL and the Special Values of Rankin-Selberg L-Functions. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691197890.001.0001.
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This book studies the cohomology of locally symmetric spaces for GL(N) where the cohomology groups are with coefficients in a local system attached to a finite-dimensional algebraic representation of GL(N). The image of the global cohomology in the cohomology of the Borel–Serre boundary is called Eisenstein cohomology, since at a transcendental level the cohomology classes may be described in terms of Eisenstein series and induced representations. However, because the groups are sheaf-theoretically defined, one can control their rationality and even integrality properties. A celebrated theorem by Langlands describes the constant term of an Eisenstein series in terms of automorphic L-functions. A cohomological interpretation of this theorem in terms of maps in Eisenstein cohomology allows the authors to study the rationality properties of the special values of Rankin–Selberg L-functions for GL(n) × GL(m), where n + m = N. The book carries through the entire program with an eye toward generalizations. The book should be of interest to advanced graduate students and researchers interested in number theory, automorphic forms, representation theory, and the cohomology of arithmetic groups.
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Zeitlin, Vladimir. Simplifying Primitive Equations : Rotating Shallow-Water Models and their Properties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804338.003.0003.
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In this chapter, one- and two-layer versions of the rotating shallow-water model on the tangent plane to the rotating, and on the whole rotating sphere, are derived from primitive equations by vertical averaging and columnar motion (mean-field) hypothesis. Main properties of the models including conservation laws and wave-vortex dichotomy are established. Potential vorticity conservation is derived, and the properties of inertia–gravity waves are exhibited. The model is then reformulated in Lagrangian coordinates, variational principles for its one- and two-layer version are established, and conservation laws are reinterpreted in these terms.
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Golan, Amos. Efficiency, Sufficiency, and Optimality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199349524.003.0007.
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In this chapter I provide additional rationalization for using the info-metrics framework. This time the justifications are in terms of the statistical, mathematical, and information-theoretic properties of the formalism. Specifically, in this chapter I discuss optimality, statistical and computational efficiency, sufficiency, the concentration theorem, the conditional limit theorem, and the concept of information compression. These properties, together with the other properties and measures developed in earlier chapters, provide logical, mathematical, and statistical justifications for employing the info-metrics framework.
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Baba, Nor Bahiyah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Mohd Najib Muhamed, Faizul Che Pa, Rabiatul Manisah Mohamed et Muhammad Faheem Mohd Tahir. ENGINEERING MATERIALS FOR TECHNOLOGISTS. 2024e éd. PENERBIT UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/bk2023.016.
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The book then delves into the specifics of ferrous metals, discussing their properties, classification, and various types of steel alloys. It explores the different heat treatment processes that can be employed to modify the properties of steel, such as annealing, quenching, and tempering. The emphasis is on understanding the microstructural changes that occur during heat treatment and their influence on mechanical properties like hardness, strength, and toughness. The subsequent chapters focus on non-ferrous metals, polymers, glass, and ceramic materials. Each of these material categories is discussed in terms of their properties, applications, and processing techniques. The book highlights the unique characteristics and advantages of each material type, as well as their limitations and considerations for engineering applications.
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Beebee, Helen. Epiphenomenalism for Functionalists. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746911.003.0015.
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This chapter focuses on an assumption implicitly made by most recent attempts to solve the exclusion problem for mental causation, that mental (and so multiply realized) properties are ‘distinct existences’ from their alleged effects. Without that assumption, no such solution can work, since we have excellent grounds for thinking that there is no causation between entities that are not distinct from one another. But, assuming functionalism—which, after all, constitutes the grounds for thinking that mental properties are multiply realized in the first place—mental properties are not distinct from the effects to which they are alleged to bear causal relevance, since functional properties are defined in terms of the causal roles of their realizers. The chapter argues, however, that the natural consequence—epiphenomenalism with respect to mental properties—is not as problematic as many philosophers tend to assume.
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Gert, Joshua. An Unmysterious Color Primitivism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785910.003.0002.
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This chapter argues for a primitivist view of color: a view according to which colors are primitive properties—not reducible to such things as sets of spectral reflectances, disjunctions of microphysical surface properties, or dispositions to cause experiences. The argument is modeled on Paul Benacerraf’s well-known argument against reductive accounts of the integers. It begins by pointing out that there are many equally good candidates to count as reduction bases for the colors, and no way to choose between them. It then notes that all of these candidates have the drawback of endowing colors with properties that we should not think colors actually have. Finally, it shows that there is an explanation available, in terms of a use theory of the meaning of color terms, that does not reduce them to anything else.
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van Roojen, Mark. Rationalist Metaphysics, Semantics, and Metasemantics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797074.003.0008.
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Rationalism offers an account of moral properties as a subset of the properties which serve to rationalize right actions, and these properties are fit to be the referents of our moral terms. That fitness can be exploited in constructing an externalist theory of reference determination for these terms. The resulting externalist theory draws support from standard responses to Moral Twin-Earth scenarios. The relevance of these responses to moral semantics has recently been vigorously challenged by Dowell and by Schroeter and Schroeter. The social character of meaning relations, which can explain the openness of questions about an analysis, may thereby also make Twin-Earth judgements beside the point. But the resources available to translators go beyond semantic competence and it is these resources that nonetheless make the Moral Twin-Earth responses relevant.
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Leary, Stephanie. Non-naturalism and Normative Necessities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805076.003.0004.
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This chapter argues that the best way for a non-naturalist to explain why the normative supervenes on the natural is to claim that, while there are some sui generis normative properties whose essences cannot be fully specified in non-normative terms and do not specify any non-normative sufficient conditions for their instantiation, there are certain hybrid normative properties whose essences specify both naturalistic sufficient conditions for their own instantiation and sufficient conditions for the instantiation of certain sui generis normative properties. This is the only metaphysical explanation for supervenience on offer, the chapter argues, that can both clearly maintain the pre-theoretical commitments of non-naturalism, and provide a metaphysical explanation not just for supervenience, but for all metaphysical necessities involving natural and normative properties.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Identical Particles and Second Quantization : Occupation Number Representation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0002.
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Focusing on systems of many identical particles, Chapter 2 introduces appropriate operators to describe their properties in terms of Schwinger’s “measurement symbols.” The latter are then factorized into “creation” and “annihilation” operators, whose fundamental properties and commutation/anticommutation relations are derived in conjunction with the Pauli exclusion principle. This leads to “second quantization” with the Hamiltonian, number, linear and angular momentum operators expressed in terms of the annihilation and creation operators, as well as the occupation number representation. Finally, the concept of coherent states, as eigenstates of the annihilation operator, having minimum uncertainty, is introduced and discussed in detail.
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Heslin, Peter J. The Return of Orpheus. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541577.003.0005.
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Propertius’ second book is in two ways a response to the Georgics. From its opening poem, it responds to Virgil’s declaration of intent to write an epic for Octavian; and that polemic continues to be couched primarily in mythological terms. At the same time, Propertius responds in a variety of ways to Virgil’s Orpheus as a representation of the tragic, solipsistic love-poet. Propertius’ Orpheus behaves rather differently. Propertius does not deny the tragedy of Cornelius Gallus; he refigures him not as Orpheus but as Adonis, who must die but is eternally reborn.
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Banchetti-Robino, Marina Paola. The Chemical Philosophy of Robert Boyle. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197502501.001.0001.
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This book examines the way in which Robert Boyle seeks to accommodate his complex chemical philosophy within the framework of a mechanistic theory of matter. More specifically, the book proposes that Boyle regards chemical qualities as properties that emerge from the mechanistic structure of chymical atoms. Within Boyle’s chemical ontology, chymical atoms are structured concretions of particles that Boyle regards as chemically elementary entities, that is, as chemical wholes that resist experimental analysis. Although this interpretation of Boyle’s chemical philosophy has already been suggested by other Boyle scholars, the present book provides a sustained philosophical argument to demonstrate that, for Boyle, chemical properties are dispositional, relational, emergent, and supervenient properties. This argument is strengthened by a detailed mereological analysis of Boylean chymical atoms that establishes the kind of theory of wholes and parts that is most consistent with his emergentist conception of chemical properties. The emergentist position that is being attributed to Boyle supports his view that chemical reactions resist direct explanation in terms of the mechanistic properties of fundamental particles, as well as his position regarding the scientific autonomy of chemistry from mechanics and physics.
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Allen, Michael P., et Dominic J. Tildesley. Statistical mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0002.
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This chapter contains the essential statistical mechanics required to understand the inner workings of, and interpretation of results from, computer simulations. The microcanonical, canonical, isothermal–isobaric, semigrand and grand canonical ensembles are defined. Thermodynamic, structural, and dynamical properties of simple and complex liquids are related to appropriate functions of molecular positions and velocities. A number of important thermodynamic properties are defined in terms of fluctuations in these ensembles. The effect of the inclusion of hard constraints in the underlying potential model on the calculated properties is considered, and the addition of long-range and quantum corrections to classical simulations is presented. The extension of statistical mechanics to describe inhomogeneous systems such as the planar gas–liquid interface, fluid membranes, and liquid crystals, and its application in the simulation of these systems, are discussed.
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Edwards, Douglas. Language–World Connections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758693.003.0005.
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This chapter begins the development of a picture of the relationship between language and the world. The main issue explored in this chapter is the relationship between predicates and properties, particularly in light of the distinction between sparse and abundant properties made in Chapter 2. This chapter explores different kinds of predicates, and shows that there are differences between the ways that predicates of different kinds relate to their corresponding properties, with particular focus on institutional and social predicates. This suggests that, in some cases, language responds to the world, and, in other cases, language generates the world. After briefly noting some parallel issues for singular terms and objects, which will be explored in more detail later on, the chapter closes by defining the notion of a domain, and discusses how sentences are assigned to specific domains.
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Rousseau, Guy. Purinergic nerves. Sous la direction de Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu et Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0009.
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It was in 1972 that Burnstock laid the foundation of a new nerve type that he called ‘purinergic nerves’. In this article, he presented experimental data using five criteria to establish that adenosine triphosphate can be considered to be a neurotransmitter, including (1) the release of a purinergic molecule from terminal axons, (2) the structures of purinergic nerves, (3) the electrophysiological properties of purinergic transmission, (4) the pharmacology of adenyl compounds and purinergic transmission, and (5) the distribution and evolution of the purinergic nerves. However, in spite of convincing data, it took more than 20 years for the scientific community to accept this hypothesis. Since then, it has been recognized that the purinergic system is involved in multiple short-term actions such as cell proliferation and pain.
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Heslin, Peter J. Against Pastoral. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541577.003.0004.
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This chapter picks up the terms of the polemic with Virgilian pastoral that began with Milanion in the first elegy, as Propertius repeatedly revisits the situation of the tenth Eclogue. Propertius refuses to accept the proposition that pastoral love would be an equally satisfying but less painful alternative to his own suffering. He points out that Gallus’ mistress in the tenth eclogue was probably bluffing; that the rustic environment of pastoral is less appealing than the urban context of elegy; and that the whole amatory experience in pastoral is substandard. The polemic climaxes at the end of the first book, when Propertius constructs the Hylas-elegy as an elaborate allegory for the dangerous allurements of the Eclogues. Virgil’s antithesis of Aristaeus and Orpheus is, in part, a response to that allegory, and an adaptation of Propertius’ own antithesis of Amphion and Orpheus.
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Cognola, Federica. On the null-subject phenomenon. Sous la direction de Jan Casalicchio. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815853.003.0001.
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This chapter offers an up-to-date discussion of the multiple issues raised by the null-subject phenomenon and the theoretical analyses put forth within Generative Grammar, situating the volume’s chapters within current scholarship. Starting from Rizzi’s (1986a) original formulation of the null-subject phenomenon in terms of the pro-drop parameter and the identification of two types of pro-drop languages (consistent and radical), this chapter demonstrates that the notion of a pro-drop parameter with an associated cluster of properties is still a useful tool to capture the empirical and theoretical properties of null-subject languages. The chapter considers the state-of-the-art on (i) the cluster properties correlated with pro-drop, focusing on the mutual correlation between the null-subject character of a language and the absence of expletives, (ii) the types of null categories possibly involved in null-subject phenomena and their identification mechanisms, and (iii) the typology of null-subject languages, focusing on partial null-subject languages.
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Arnellos, Argyris, et Charbel El-Hani. Emergence, Downward Causation, and No Brute Facts in Biological Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758600.003.0014.
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This chapter explains emergence in biological organizations through a conception of ontological emergence according to which certain types of dynamical organizations possess irreducible properties that are nevertheless derivable from the substrate. The authors concentrate on the ontological dimension of emergence as the irreducibly causal configuration exhibited by all organizations that manifest persistence and stability in their environment. This is a conception of ontological emergence where the locus of novel causal powers is the configuration of constituents into stable dynamic organizations. There is nothing brute to be explained in the emergence of causal properties in a biological organization; all that is needed is the consideration of its organizational characteristics in terms of same-level and inter-level causal interactions, the type of which is of formal causation for interactions among the constituents of the organization and of efficient causation for interactions among the constituents and the micro-properties of their surrounding emergence base.
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Edwards, Douglas. Substantivity and Sparseness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758693.003.0003.
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In Chapter 1 we discussed the reasons to take truth to be a property. This presents a challenge for deflationary approaches to truth, as, with the ultra deflationary proposals off the table, they now need to both hold that truth is a property and deny that there are interesting metaphysical things to say about truth. This is where the notion of a ‘substantive’ property comes in, as instead of denying that truth is a property, deflationists typically deny that it is a ‘substantive’ property. The main aim of this chapter is to discern the best way to distinguish between substantive and insubstantive properties, and thus to provide the best possible terms in which to conduct the debate between deflationists and their ‘inflationist’ opponents. This chapter argues that three influential accounts fail, and offers a more promising view of property substantiveness in terms of a distinction between abundant and sparse properties.
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Ganeri, Jonardon. Epistemology from a Sanskritic Point of View. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0002.
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The author argues against the universality thesis, by which “the properties of the English word know and the English sentence “S knows that p” are shared by translations of these expressions in most or all languages.” The author argues that not only does the Sanskrit pramā, the closest term to English knowledge, have different properties, but its properties are most closely related to what epistemologists are investigating. English epistemic vocabulary brings with it parochial associations, including a static rather than a performative picture of epistemic agency, a model of justification that skews discussion about the value of epistemic practices, and possibly a nonfactive semantics at odds with the goals of epistemology. In this chapter, the author cites both theoretical writings about epistemology in Sanskrit and intuitions about the use of Sanskrit epistemic vocabulary to show that meaning is not easily translated.
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Wolf, E. L. Atoms, Molecules, Crystals and Semiconductor Devices. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769804.003.0005.
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Properties of matter and of electronic devices are described, starting with Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom. Motion of electrons in a periodic potential is shown to allow energy ranges with free motion separated by energy ranges where no propagating states are possible. Metals and semiconductors are described via Schrodinger’s equation in terms of their structure and their electrical properties. Energy gaps and effective masses are described. The semiconductor pn junction is described as a circuit element and as a photovoltaic device. We now extend Schrodinger’s method to more familiar matter, in the form of atoms, molecules and semiconductors. The solar cell, that produces electrical energy from Sunlight, in fact requires a sophisticated understanding of the semiconductor PN junction.
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Parfit, Derek. Gibbard’s Resolution of Our Disagreements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778608.003.0011.
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This chapter investigates a wider, non-realist cognitivist form. In this view, our normative concepts and claims cannot be defined or restated in naturalistic terms. As non-naturalists believe, these concepts and claims are irreducibly normative. According to metaphysical non-naturalists, these claims imply that there exist some ontologically weighty non-natural entities or properties. But if non-naturalists gave up their ontological beliefs in these mysterious non-natural properties, the best version of non-naturalism would coincide with the best version of the quasi-realist expressivism discussed in this chapter. Some non-naturalists, however, do not have such ontological beliefs, as there are some non-empirical truths which have no weighty ontological implications.
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Gert, Joshua. Color Primitivism and Neo-pragmatism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785910.003.0003.
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This chapter responds to criticisms raised by Jonathan Cohen, on behalf of reductionists, to the Benacerraf-style argument for color primitivism offered in Chapter One. The response stresses the fact that the argument for primitivism is perfectly consistent with the idea that some ostensively taught terms—terms for natural kinds, for example—refer to properties that have hidden essences that are the business of empirical science to determine. In this way, the Benacerraf-style argument is perfectly consistent with the idea that water is identical to H2O. The chapter also presents in much more detail the neo-pragmatism on which the book relies throughout. Rather than making the a priori assumption that descriptive language must function by making use of words that “latch on” via a substantive relation of reference to objects and properties out there in the world, the neo-pragmatist takes a more empirical view of language that reflects a deeper naturalism.
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Sud, Rohan. Vague Naturalness as Ersatz Metaphysical Vagueness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828198.003.0008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter isolates an argument schema, the Generalized Vagueness Argument Schema (GVAS), pervasive in metaphysical disputes. According to the GVAS, vague attributions of perfectly natural properties require metaphysical vagueness. The chapter documents the prevalence and dialectical significance of the GVAS, unifying its seemingly disparate instances under one schema. The best arguments in favor of the GVAS are unearthed and developed. These arguments are shown to rely on the hidden premise that ‘perfectly natural’ is not a vague term. With this observation in hand, the chapter proposes a novel view, Ersatz Metaphysical Vagueness, according to which the term ‘perfectly natural’ is vague. It is argued that the ersatzer can mimic genuine metaphysical vagueness and resist the GVAS. The chapter concludes that vague attributions of perfectly natural properties can be accepted without metaphysical vagueness.
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McDuff, Dusa, et Dietmar Salamon. The group of symplectomorphisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794899.003.0011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter discusses the basic properties of the group of symplectomorphisms of a compact connected symplectic manifold and its subgroup of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms. It begins by showing that the group of symplectomorphisms is locally path-connected and then moves on to the flux homomorphism. The main result here is a theorem of Banyaga that characterizes the Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms in terms of the flux homomorphism. In the noncompact case there is another interesting homomorphism, called the Calabi homomorphism, that takes values in the reals and may be defined on the universal cover of the group of Hamiltonian symplectomorphisms. The chapter ends with a brief comparison of the topological properties of the group of symplectomorphisms with those of the group of diffeomorphisms.
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Azzouni, Jody. Constructing “Objects”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622558.003.0011.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Laws and the use of induction to establish laws don’t require objects. The reasons for thinking this are analyzed and refuted. Next, the role of the principle of indiscernibles and Leibniz’s law in our projection of objects onto the world are given. This role is due to the fact that we characterize objects in functional ways, in terms of relations and properties we single out. Puzzles about the apparent modal properties of distinct objects that are otherwise categorically the same (statues and the clay they’re made of that come to be and are destroyed at the same time) arise because of these practices. These are explained and dissolved. The apparent role of objects in explanations is described; it’s shown that inferences to worldly objects don’t provide genuine explanations.
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Kaufman, J. Gilbert, et Elwin L. Rooy. Aluminum Alloy Castings. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.9781627083355.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Aluminum Alloy Castings: Properties, Processes and Applications is a practical guide to the process, structure, property relationships associated with aluminum alloy castings and casting processes. It covers a wide range of casting methods, including variations of sand casting, permanent mold casting, and pressure die casting, showing how key process variables affect the microstructure, properties, and performance of cast aluminum parts. Other chapters provide similar information on the effects of alloying and heat treating and the influence and control of porosity and inclusions. A significant portion of the book contains curated collections of property and performance data, including many previously unpublished aging response curves, growth curves, and fatigue curves; tensile properties at high and low temperatures and at room temperature after high-temperature exposure; the results of creep rupture tests conducted at temperatures from 212 to 600 °F (100 to 315 °C); and stress-strain curves obtained from casting alloys in various tempers under tensile or compressive loads. The book also discusses the factors that contribute to corrosion and fracture resistance and includes test specimen drawings as well as a glossary of terms. For information on the print version, ISBN 978-0-87170-803-8, follow this link.
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Schellenberg, Susanna. Content Particularism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827702.003.0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Chapter 3 distinguishes four ways one might account for perceptual particular. We can take an epistemic approach and understand perceptual particularity in terms of a special epistemic relation to the particulars perceived. We can take an ontological approach and understand perceptual particularity in terms of the ontological dependence of the perceptual state on the particulars perceived. We can take a psychologistic approach and understand perceptual particularity in terms of the phenomenal character of perceptual states by arguing that phenomenal character is constituted by the particulars perceived. Finally, we can take a representational approach and understand perceptual particularity in terms of features of perceptual content. The chapter argues that perceptual particularity is best accounted for in terms of perceptual content rather than in terms of epistemic, psychologistic, or ontological dependency properties.
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Davis, John B. Competing Conceptions of the Individual in Recent Economics. Sous la direction de Don Ross et Harold Kincaid. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195189254.003.0008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This article characterizes the Homo economicus conception in terms of three linked properties that are central to it as an atomist conception. On the standard view, individuals: have exogenous preferences; interact only (or almost only) in an indirect manner with one another through the price mechanism; and are unaffected in these two respects by the aggregate effects of their interaction with one another. The new research programs differ in how objectionable they find each of these properties, as befits their different commitments to synchronic or diachronic forms of explanation. Furthermore, this article reviews the role of synchronic and diachronic types of explanations in the possible emergence of a new general research program, discusses embedded individual microfoundations for that general program, and closes with speculations regarding the role of thinking about individuals in a future synthesis of the new research programs.
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Healey, Richard. Fundamentality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714057.003.0013.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The metaphor that fundamental physics is concerned to say what the natural world is like at the deepest level may be cashed out in terms of entities, properties, or laws. The role of quantum field theories in the Standard Model of high-energy physics suggests that fundamental entities, properties, and laws are to be sought in these theories. But the contextual ontology proposed in Chapter 12 would support no unified compositional structure for the world; a quantum state assignment specifies no physical property distribution sufficient even to determine all physical facts; and quantum theory posits no fundamental laws of time evolution, whether deterministic or stochastic. Quantum theory has made a revolutionary contribution to fundamental physics because its principles have permitted tremendous unification of science through the successful application of models constructed in conformity to them: but these models do not say what the world is like at the deepest level.
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Noordhof, Paul. Imaginative Content. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717881.003.0006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Sensuous imaginative content presents a problem for unitary accounts of phenomenal character (or content) such as relationism, representationalism, or qualia theory. Four features of imaginative content are at the heart of the issue: its perspectival nature, the similarity with corresponding perceptual experiences, the multiple use thesis, and its non-presentational character. This chapter rejects appeals to the dependency thesis to account for these features and explains how a representationalist approach can be developed to accommodate them. The author defends the multiple use thesis against Kathleen Stock’s objections but separates the putative non-presentational character of imaginative content into two elements. Loss of presentation is accounted for by the reduced representations involved in imagination and lack of potential response-dependent representational properties. Absence of commitment to reality is accounted for by representational properties characterized in terms of the absence of a certain kind of aetiology.
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Azzouni, Jody. The Master Argument Against Ontological Borders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622558.003.0008.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The “master argument” is given: No metaphysical sense can be made of ontological boundaries (ones that support individuation conditions) above and beyond feature changes in the world. Ontological boundaries make no sense as brute items above and beyond properties and relations; but they make no sense as a particular subset of properties and relations either. Attempts to defend the reality of ontological boundaries on the basis of experience of them or because of their essentiality to theorizing are refuted. Moorean considerations are shown not to work either. This undermines standard metaphysical positions: mereological universalism, ontological nihilism, and others. Although no metaphysical distinction exists between changes within an object and changes from one object to another, it’s shown that projecting such contours onto the world can differ in value. This value can be explained in non-worldly-object terms. The master argument is distinguished from Occam’s razor approaches against rich metaphysical structure.
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Solymar, L., D. Walsh et R. R. A. Syms. Bonds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Mechanical properties of bonds are discussed, with the aid of a simple phenomenological model in which the variation of energy as a function of distance between the elements is described in terms of polynomials. The properties of various kinds of bonds (ionic bond, metallic bond, covalent bond, van der Waals bond) are explained with the aid of simple models. Carbon is discussed with two examples: bonds between 60 atoms that lead to the formation of a three-dimensional molecule known as Buckminsterfullerene, and the alternative sheet-shaped configuration known as graphene, that has recently become the centre of interest. A general theory for finding the energy levels is introduced, relying on Feynman’s coupled wave equations. There is a brief reference to nuclear forces, followed by a discussion of the hydrogen molecule. The relationship between coupling and the splitting of the energy levels is discussed with an analogy to coupled resonant circuits.
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Pila, Justine. The Authorial Work. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688616.003.0005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter seeks to define the term ‘authorial work’ as used by European legal officials, and the corresponding terms (‘original literary work’, ‘original dramatic work’, ‘original musical work’, and ‘original artistic work’) of UK copyright law. To that end, it considers the nature of the objects treated expressly or otherwise by the legislature and courts as authorial works and original literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic (LDMA) works respectively, in the light also of the legal principles of copyright entitlement. In its conclusion, the questions identified in Chapter 3 concerning the categories and essential properties of each subject matter, the method of their individuation, and the relationship between and method of establishing their and their tokens’ existence are answered. To this end, regard is had to other aspects of the law of copyright, including the UK requirement for fixation and the EU and UK tests for copyright infringement.
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Budinski, Kenneth G., et Steven T. Budinski. Tribomaterials. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.9781627083232.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Tribomaterials: Properties and Selection for Friction, Wear, and Erosion Applications provides practical information on the tribological behaviors of engineering materials, how they are measured, and how to account for them in order to optimize product lifetime and performance. The first few chapters describe the mechanisms and manifestations of various types of friction, erosion, and wear and how to assess their impact on design and equipment operation using proven tribotesting methods. The chapters that follow cover the tribological properties and characteristics of important engineering materials, including carbon and low-alloy steels, tool steels, stainless steels, nickel- and cobalt-base alloys, copper alloys, and cast iron as well as ceramics, cermets, cemented carbides, polymers, and polymer composites. The book also includes chapters on treatments and coatings, lubrication, and the selection and screening of materials for tribosystems, including medical applications. Each chapter ends with a review of terms, takeaway concepts, essential questions, and related reading. For information on the print version, ISBN: 978-1-62708-321-8, follow this link.