Bibliographies thématiques / Terma and phrases

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Terma and phrases »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 26 juillet 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Terma and phrases"

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Mykowiecka, Agnieszka, Małgorzata Marciniak et Piotr Rychlik. « Recognition of irrelevant phrases in automatically extracted lists of domain terms ». Computational terminology and filtering of terminological information 24, no 1 (31 mai 2018) : 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.00014.myk.

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Abstract In our paper, we address the problem of recognition of irrelevant phrases in terminology lists obtained with an automatic term extraction tool. We focus on identification of multi-word phrases that are general terms or discourse expressions. We defined several methods based on comparison of domain corpora and a method based on contexts of phrases identified in a large corpus of general language. The methods were tested on Polish data. We used six domain corpora and one general corpus. Two test sets were prepared to evaluate the methods. The first one consisted of many presumably irrelevant phrases, as we selected phrases which occurred in at least three domain corpora. The second set mainly consisted of domain terms, as it was composed of the top-ranked phrases automatically extracted from the analyzed domain corpora. The results show that the task is quite hard as the inter-annotator agreement is low. Several tested methods achieved similar overall results, although the phrase ordering varied between methods. The most successful method, with a precision of about 0.75 on half of the tested list, was the context based method using a modified contextual diversity coefficient. Although the methods were tested on Polish, they seems to be language independent.
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Pavelieva, Anna, Iryna Lobko et Inna Sotnichenko. « Methods of terms-phrases translation in IT ». IMAGE OF THE MODERN PEDAGOGUE 1, no 3 (16 juin 2021) : 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33272/2522-9729-2020-3(198)-58-63.

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The article is devoted to the translation of English terms-phrases into Ukrainian according to their models. It is determined that as for the structure, one-component terms prevail in IT texts, but compound terms also make up a large proportion of terminological units. Among compound terms, the most common are two-component phrases (they make up 76.46% of terms), followed by three-component phrases (19.4%), while four-, five-, and six-component terminological phrases make up a small percentage of IT phrases in this terminology (4.14%). It is stated that separate elements of terms-phrases are translated with the help of transcoding, loan translation, descriptive translation, or translation by equivalents, but compound terms can contain various units that should be translated using different methods, and therefore for the analysis of such terminological units it is necessary to first identify their structural models that will allow research on ways to translate specific elements of terminological phrases. It is proved in the article that the most common models of compound terms in IT are two-component models N1 + N2 (42% of the total number), Adj + N (20%), Part.II + N (7%), which are translated into Ukrainian using the appropriate terms-phrases or compound terms that contain the elements of the original phrase, and other types of compound terms depending on the specific model. The most common three-component models N + N + N and (Adj + N) + N are also considered in the article.
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Lee, Taehyung. « Tail-to-Tail Span ». FORUM / Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 1, no 1 (1 avril 2003) : 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/forum.1.1.03lee.

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Le terme TTS (tail-to-tail span), proposé pour la première fois dans ce mémoire, désigne l’écart de temps entre la fin d’une phrase à traduire et la fin de cette phrase traduite lors d’une interprétation simultanée. Le choix de ce laps de temps est une décision importante de l’interprète. Dans ce mémoire, les rapports entre cet écart de temps TTS et les autres variables sont étudiés par une analyse informatique des données réelles de l’interprétation simultanée. Cette analyse montre que l’EVS (ear-voice span), écart de temps entre l’écoute et la parole des interprètes est en moyenne de 3.46 secondes tandis que le TTS est lui, en moyenne de 4.11 secondes et plus la phrase d’origine ou la phrase traduite est longue, plus le TTS se prolonge statistiquement. Cette analyse révèle également que plus l’interprète se met à parler rapidement, plus le TTS se raccourcit et plus l’EVS est long, plus le TTS se prolonge. On remarque en particulier que, l’exactitude des phrases ayant un TTS de plus de 5 secondes est inférieure à celles ayant un TTS de moins de 3 secondes. Le TTS d’une phrase influence également les phrases suivantes en prolongeant leurs TTS et EVS, et en diminuant leur exactitude. Cela pourrait s’expliquer par le fait que la capacité de traitement des données et la mémorisation des vocabulaires sont surchargées lorsque le TTS se prolonge. De ce fait, lorsqu’un interprète passe trop de temps sur une phrase, l’exactitude des autres phrases risque de diminuer. En conclusion, il est important de donner l’équilibre au traitement des données dans la formation des interprètes au lieu d’engager trop de temps et d’efforts sur une seule phrase, ceci afin d’éviter les erreurs stratégiques de la part de l’interprète.
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Marciniak, Malgorzata, et Agnieszka Mykowiecka. « Nested term recognition driven by word connection strength ». Terminology 21, no 2 (30 décembre 2015) : 180–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.21.2.03mar.

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Domain corpora are often not very voluminous and even important terms can occur in them not as isolated maximal phrases but only within more complex constructions. Appropriate recognition of nested terms can thus influence the content of the extracted candidate term list and its order. We propose a new method for identifying nested terms based on a combination of two aspects: grammatical correctness and normalised pointwise mutual information (NPMI) counted for all bigrams in a given corpus. NPMI is typically used for recognition of strong word connections, but in our solution we use it to recognise the weakest points to suggest the best place for division of a phrase into two parts. By creating, at most, two nested phrases in each step, we introduce a binary term structure. We test the impact of the proposed method applied, together with the C-value ranking method, to the automatic term recognition task performed on three corpora, two in Polish and one in English.
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Kim, Soyun, Jennifer Cowley et Michael S. Wogalter. « Emphasis Terms for Warning Directives on Compliance Intent ». Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, no 9 (octobre 2007) : 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100904.

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Instructions on how to avoid hazards are an important aspect of warnings. Because message brevity is beneficial for effectiveness, the wording ought to be useful in motivating compliance. Participants ( N=132) evaluated 37 single and two-word emphasis phrases (e.g., “critical” or “absolutely crucial”) that could be added to a directive (or instructions) statement to indicate the degree of compliance necessity. Manipulated were one or two-word (phrase) emphasis terms (e.g., “critical,” “must,” and “absolutely critical”). Participants rated the compliance intent for each of these. Results showed a wide range of ratings across word/phrase conditions (from “extremely critical” and “urgent” as the highest to “optional” as the lowest). Linear (additive) and non linear effects were yielded by the pattern of means for word/phrase combinations. “Federal Law” was one of the highest rated items confirming similar previous findings. Implications are discussed including the potential for matching terms with hazard levels.
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Tiedemann, Jörg. « Can bilingual word alignment improve monolingual phrasal term extraction ? » Terminology 7, no 2 (31 décembre 2001) : 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.7.2.05tie.

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This paper focuses on the improvement of statistically-extracted phrase lists by applying word alignment approaches to bitext. Such phrase lists serve several tasks such as the compilation of terminology or translation databases. Our investigations are based on the assumption that word alignment favors well-formed phrase structures rather than irregular text segments. If this is the case, word alignment will filter out irregular structures from automatically generated phrase lists. As a result, an improved phrase list, in terms of precision, may be compiled. Furthermore, word alignment approaches can be used to identify additional multi-word units, e.g. multi-word cognates. Our investigations are focused on a Swedish/English text corpus that has been aligned with the Uppsala Word Aligner (UWA). Finally, we describe and apply three approaches to evaluate the automatically generated phrase lists: an evaluation by comparing results with existing reference data (prior reference), an evaluation against given syntactic patterns (prior reference patterns), and a manual evaluation of sample data (posterior reference). The evaluations of the extraction of phrasal terms in English substantiate the assumption: precision has improved significantly with little loss in recall.
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Darma Yoga Pratama, Agus. « Translation Strategy and Accuracy in Balinese Terms ». Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 12, no 1 (10 avril 2022) : 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jkb.2022.v12.i01.p13.

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This research attempts to find out the strategy used by the translator in translating Balinese terms also to explain the accuracy of the translated terms. The data used in this research were in the form of phrases in the book entitled Tigang Satua Bali by Sutjaja (2007). The data collection was done through reading and note taking techniques. The data then were analyzed using theory of translation strategy and accuracy. The result showed that the strategy used within the translation of Balinese terms into target languages (Indonesian and English) are translation by paraphrase, related word, loan phrase, and cultural substitution. Then the accuracy levels of the translation strategy are in three criteria, namely correct, misguided, and unclear.
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Ishchenko, Valentyna, et Sofia Horbunova. « Specificity of economic terms in structural, semantic and translation aspects ». Linguistics, no 1 (42) (2020) : 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2631-2020-1-42-114-124.

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The features of structure, semantics and translation of polycomponent economic terms from English into Ukrainian are analyzed in the article. The study found that English polycomponent economic terms are formed by two-, three- and four-component models, characterized by different degrees of usage in language, depending on extralinguistic factors, namely the need for the specified type of terminological phrases. The most productive model of the syntactic method of term formation is „adjective + noun”, which accounts for about 57% of selected terms. The semantic links between the components of terminological phrases are different – absolutely stable or relatively stable. A relatively stable link between components means that the components retain their direct meaning in English polycomponent economic terms. The meaning of terms with absolute stability is not (or almost not) derived from the meaning of their constituents. The terminology of economics is characterized by terms with a relatively stable relationship. Their share is 68% of the sample. The complexity of translating English multicomponent economic terms into Ukrainian is that some terms are ambiguous. When translating English polycomponent economic terms into Ukrainian, methods of literal translation, permutations, descriptive translation are used. The two-component terms are translated using the following constructions: „adjective + noun”, „noun + noun in the genitive case”, as well as a phrase of two nouns with a preposition. Three-component terms can be translated by a corresponding phrase, the components of which fully or partially coincide with the original English polycomponent economic term in form and meaning. We see further research prospects in the study of the structure, semantics and features of translation of these terminological units in other contexts.
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Tarigan, Fatin Nadifa. « Domestication and Foreignization of Cultural Terms in Economics Textbook ». SALTeL Journal (Southeast Asia Language Teaching and Learning) 1, no 1 (25 janvier 2018) : 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35307/saltel.v1i1.2.

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The research deals with domestication and foreignization strategies in translating culture specific items in economics bilingual textbook for junior high school students. The objectives of this study was to investigate the most frequent strategies used in translating culture specific items in economics bilingual textbook for junior high school. The research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The data of this study were words, phrases, and clauses containing culture specific items. The data were collected through documentary technique. The technique of data analysis was interactive model. The finding of this study revealed that for domestication there were 25% cultural terms in the form of word and 46,4% in the form of phrase. While for foreignization, it was found only 21,5% in the form of word, and 7,1% in the form of phrase. It was not found the culture specific items in the form of clause both in domestication strategy and in foreignization strategy. The domestication was the dominant strategy used in translating cultural items in economics bilingual textbook. It indicates the translators tend to introduce Indonesian culture specific items into TL cultureKeywords: Domestication, foreignization, cultural terms, economics textbook
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Raby, Valérie. « Proposition et modalités énonciatives : aménagements descriptifs et terminologiques dans la grammaire française des 17e et 18e s. » Cahiers du Centre de Linguistique et des Sciences du Langage, no 25 (9 avril 2022) : 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/la.cdclsl.2008.1390.

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La question du traitement des modalités énonciatives constitue un des biais par lesquels interroger la relation entre logique et grammaire, telle que l’établit la grammaire générale française des 17e et 18e siècles. L’examen des principales configurations terminologiques utilisées pour décrire les espèces de l’énoncé, avant et après l’introduction dans la grammaire du terme proposition, permet de préciser quelques-uns des enjeux liés à la progressive réduction des noms de l’énoncé au seul couple phrase / proposition, ces termes pouvant être employés de façon contrastive, exclusive ou quasi-synonymique. On se propose ainsi d’éclairer une situation apparemment paradoxale : dans la grammaire française du début du 19e siècle, le métalangage des «types de phrases» présente un état relativement stable alors même que la théorie du langage dominante ne permet pas de concevoir une théorie des actes de langage.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Terma and phrases"

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Chang, Lui, et 張蕾. « The separable words in modern Chinese language = ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37737922.

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Kwiatek, Ewelina. « Contrastive analysis of English and Polish surveying terminology ». Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678421.

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Presents a study of surveying terminology, which may be considered as an under-researched area when compared to legal, medical or business terminologies, focusing on English and Polish. This book provides a wide picture of surveying terminology by looking at problems that diversified groups of users may identify. Kwiatek investigates how surveying terms are created and how they are named in English and Polish; she analyses the concept systems of the two languages with respect to surveying terminology; and she indicates the areas of surveying in which terminology and conceptual differences occur, the factors that trigger them and translation strategies which are used to solve them.
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Thomas, Patricia C. « Orientation in multiple lexical terms and verb phrases : a model for special language combinants ». Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844287/.

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The theme of this thesis is the 'orientation' of multiple lexical terms and special language verb phrases. Orientation is a necessary step for two main reasons: ascertaining the most logical placing of multiple lexical terms and special language verb phrases (combinants) in a dictionary; providing the most apposite terminological and terminographical background data for a multiple lexical term or phrase, these data being determined by the subject field of the text in which the term or phrase appears. The research has drawn together aspects such as collocation and valency, and analyses of corpora have resulted in the development of a model for special language verb phrases in English and French which it is proposed can be applied and adapted to different specialised subject fields. Past research into special language verb phrases has been sparse and, in contrast to general language, it does not appear that a model pertaining to this construction has been developed previously. Of additional novelty is the application of the model to special language verb phrases in French, because it is hoped that the results will act as a precursor for a dictionary of verb collocations in that language. It is intended that the results of the research will benefit: learners of a foreign language who may become translators, to enable them to seek a term or phrase easily and efficiently; subject specialists who prepare papers in a language which is not their mother tongue; technical writers; pre-editors of texts for machine translation; terminographers who need guidelines for entering compound terms and phrases in: (i) printed dictionaries and (ii) computerised systems such as terminology data banks (term banks). The results are supported by statistical data acquired from the compilation by the author of two special language corpora, one in English and the other in French, of restricted areas of virology and bacteriology.
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Cranmer, Laila. « Terminology and Compound nouns in a translation of a financial text ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-23752.

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Scholar, Richard. « The je-ne-sais-quoi : the word and its pre-history, 1580-1680 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:448f7fcf-a1c2-4c57-afd7-a5bc3a2becad.

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The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the je-ne-sais-quoi through its history and its pre-history. When we are moved by something we cannot identify, but whose effects we cannot fail to recognize, how should we try and come to terms with our experience? The je-ne-sais-quoi rises to prominence as a keyword in such discussions during the period studied. This thesis offers the first full-length study of the word and its significance to literary and philosophical writing of that period. It traces its precursors, its rise as a noun in mid-seventeenth-century France and England, and its fall from grace. Previous historical work has generally restricted the word's application to aesthetics; this study examines its significance in the philosophy of nature and the passions as well as culture. It combines historical method and philosophical enquiry to inform the close analysis of examples. The aim is to consider what the je-ne-sais-quoi is and how it finds expression in writing. A fourfold thesis is proposed, (i) The lexical je-ne-sais-quoi, in its core meaning, refers to an inexplicable force with sudden and vital effects, (ii) This force remains ever on the move by unsettling sedimented words, passing through current ones, and abandoning these as they too undergo sedimentation, (iii) The word history of the je-ne-sais-quoi,/em> encapsulates this movement. The term is first used to unsettle its semantic precursors (by Descartes and others), becomes current in writing of the mid-seventeenth century (that of Corneille and Pascal in particular), but soon settles into the sediment of polite culture (as Méré, Bouhours, and English Restoration comedy show), (iv) Returning the word to the mobile non-substantival forms of its pre-history in Montaigne, to whom a chapter-length study is devoted, uncovers a form of writing that captures the force of the je-ne-sais-quoi better than the settled word itself. The task of literature is to lend form to the je-ne-sais-quoi by naming it in its inexplicable reality and by describing how it falls, like a disaster, into our experience.
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Li, Suogui. « A cognitive approach to foreign-inspired Chinese terms ». Thesis, View thesis, 2008. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/26322.

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This thesis has aimed to set out the classification and word production of foreign-inspired Chinese terms (FICT) within the language system of modern Chinese. FICT refers to a group of vocabulary items in Chinese as a recipient language, where formation is motivated by foreign entities or concepts and designated by some foreign words, but no established foreign elements are in fact transferred from the donor language. The thesis establishes a group of terms identified as a particular category of Chinese borrowings according to the motivation of word production, concerning human bodily perception and cognition experience of foreign entities or concepts. Chinese borrowing is categorized as four types: phonic loans, semantic loans, loan blends and FICT, based on the motivation of sound, form and meaning of foreign words, and sensory perception and cognition of foreign entities and concepts. Cognitive semantics, adopted as an approach in the thesis, is a study of mind and its relationship with embodied experience and culture. Employing language as a key methodological tool for uncovering conceptual organization and structure, this study explores the methods of FICT word production, such as sensory perceptual and metaphorical production in terms of principles of cognitive semantics within the Chinese language system. The various types of Chinese borrowings are analysed in terms of the theory of categorization, and FICT in particular are examined under the semantic model proposed here. It is hoped that the thesis is able to open a new approach to the investigation of Chinese loan words and the process of FICT word production within cognitive semantics.
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Landman, Kie-Mari, Linda Loretta Kwatsha et PR Otto. « Die hantering van etikette in woordeboeke, met spesiale verwysing na Xhosa-woordeboeke ». Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/21845.

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The researcher’s decision to study the labelling of lexical items in dictionaries was prompted by the frustration experienced with subjective labelling in Afrikaans and English dictionaries. Some lexicographers rely too much on their subjective judgement when it comes to labelling lexical items. The problem with this is that the different dictionaries often label the same word differently or that words in the same dictionary which should get the same label are labelled differently. The question arose as to what exactly constitutes the correct handling of labels, especially with regard to Xhosa dictionaries. The search for an answer to achieve this aim dictated the necessity to examine the essence of the concept “label” in order to establish criteria for evaluating the effective usage of labels, because as Harteveld (1993:143) stated: “…the incorrect treatment of labels or the lack thereof can have important implications for a dictionary”. Since the hypothesis of this study is that it is possible to use labels objectively and correctly it is therefore possible to establish criteria that can be used to achieve this end. A literature review was undertaken to identify criteria for the handling of labels. Fieldwork with the aid of a questionnaire was conducted to supplement the establishment of such criteria. A number of criteria for handling labels was determined. Each criterion was discussed and its implementation was practically demonstrated by means of exemplars.
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Chiu, Aman Kaman. « Terminology management issue approach to standardization : an an@lysis [i.e. analysis] of Chinese IT terminology problems in Hong Kong ». HKBU Institutional Repository, 2000. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/346.

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Jiao, Nina, et 焦妮娜. « Lexical shortening in Chinese : a corpus-based, constraint-based, and cross-linguistic investigation ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46081823.

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Jones, Ida Amelia. « Translating opinions an investigation into the effect of word choice on reader perception / ». Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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Livres sur le sujet "Terma and phrases"

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Methasani, Eralda. Fjalorth terminologjik i të drejtave të njeriut : Terma dhe shprehja bazë të të drejtave të njeriut në shqip-anglisht, anglisht-shqip = Human rights glossary : essential human rights terms and phrases in Albanian-English, English-Albanian. Tiranë : Unesco, 2002.

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Werz, Edward W. Phrases that sell : Ultimate phrase finder to help you promote your products, services, and ideas. Lincolnwood, Ill : Contemporary Books, 1998.

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Manutius, Aldus. Phrases linguæ Latinæ. Londini : Ex officina Thomæ Vautrollerij, 1985.

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Khan, Mohammed Ilyas. Legal terms & phrases (judicially defined). Lahore : B. M. Publishers, 2006.

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Cash, Richard. Power phrases. Los Angeles : Phrasebooks, 1988.

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Pedrazzini, Sandro. Phrase manager : A system for phrasal and idiomatic dictionaries. Hildesheim : G. Olms Verlag, 1994.

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Rees, Nigel. Phrases & sayings. London : Bloomsbury, 1997.

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Cao, Xiaoyun. "Ji chun tai" ci yu yan jiu. 8e éd. Hefei Shi : Anhui da xue chu ban she, 2004.

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Spears, Richard A. NTC's pocket dictionary of words and phrases : 12,000 words, idioms, and phrasal verbs for travelers and learners. Sous la direction de NTC Publishing Group. Lincolnwood, Ill : McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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Gray, Loretta S. Practice makes perfect : Idiomatic English : a workbook for mastering adjective phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, verb phrases. Lincolnwood (Chicago), Ill : Passport Books, 2000.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Terma and phrases"

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Killman, Jeffrey. « Machine translation and legal terminology ». Dans Handbook of Terminology, 485–510. Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hot.3.mac2.

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This chapter addresses machine translation (MT) with an eye to legal terminology. The translation of legal terms and phrasemes may be fraught with contextual complexities, and context has long been the Achilles’ heel of MT. Nevertheless, neural MT (NMT) and statistical MT (SMT) have made considerable progress in recent years, thanks to data-driven approaches making use of potentially related corpora to overcome contextual obstacles. Such approaches and the potential frozenness or repetitiveness of legal terms and phrases may allow MT to overcome some of these obstacles. This chapter reviews contextual complexities surrounding legal terminology, NMT and SMT architectures, and research on MT and legal translation to determine what might be expected from data-driven MT in this context.
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Zhou, Joe. « Phrasal Terms in Real-World IR Applications ». Dans Text, Speech and Language Technology, 215–59. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2388-6_9.

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Langslow, D. R. « Phrasal Terms ». Dans Medical Latin in the Roman Empire, 206–68. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198152798.003.0004.

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Abstract This chapter is about a set of medical terms which arc formally not single words but noun phrases. Our authors attest a wide range of different types of medical referring-expressions consisting of more than one lexeme, which differ both formally and with regard to their status as medical terms. At one extreme, medical objects and medical phenomena arc referred to, rather long-windedly, by means of clauses and phrases of various types (si-clauses, relative clauses, etc.), which have no reasonable claim to any status as items of a terminology (but to which I return in Chapter 6). On the other hand, our authors attest a significant number of two-word phrases (noun + adjective, noun + genitive) which have a very good claim to he regarded as, at worst, single lexical items and, at best, fully fledged medical terms. I call these latter ‘phrasal terms’ and devote this chapter principally to them. 1 My purpose is twofold, and concerns both vocabulary and syntax. I mean in the first place simply to identify and underline the existence of these phrases, all too easily ignored, as established items of medical terminology. Secondly, I argue that phrasal terms represent an important interface between syntax and the lexicon, and a promising focus for further work, especially in the area of word-order at the level of the noun phrase (section 4. 4. 3. 3 below); phrasal terms play also, I believe, a significant role in the development of nominal syntax and the ‘scientific’ style (on which I shall have more to say in Chapter 6). Finally, phrasal terms can occasionally afford some insight into authors’ approaches to the business of translating Greek medical terms, especially when different phrasal terms arc used by different writers.
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« Terms and Phrases ». Dans Record of the Transmission of Illumination, 1–452. University of Hawaii Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2crj1hm.6.

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Dalrymple, Mary, John J. Lowe et Louise Mycock. « Constituent structure ». Dans The Oxford Reference Guide to Lexical Functional Grammar, 89–116. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198733300.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the organization of overt phrasal syntactic representation, the constituent structure or c-structure. Section 3.1 discusses some traditional arguments for constituent structure representation. Many of these arguments prove to be flawed, since the theory of phrase structure has a different status in LFG than in theories in which grammatical functions are defined configurationally and abstract syntactic (and other) relations are represented in phrase structure terms. Valid criteria within LFG for phrase structure determination are proposed in Section 3.2. The inventory of constituent structure categories, both lexical and functional, that are crosslinguistically available and the theory of the organization of words and categories into phrases are explored in Section 3.3. The general theory of constituent structure organization is exemplified in Section 3.4, where we provide more specific discussion of the constituent structure organization of clauses. Section 3.5 discusses the relation between hierarchical constituent structure and surface linear order.
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Hamer, Kenneth. « Words and Phrases ». Dans Hamer's Professional Conduct Casebook, 1277–88. 4e éd. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192883384.003.0090.

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Abstract This chapter notes the words and phrases often utilized in cases of disciplinary proceedings. It also references the cases and chapters that mentioned the terms. Some of the terms range between behaviour, double jeopardy, proportionality, and unacceptable professional conduct. For example, Spencer v. General Osteopathic Council [2013] featured the term ‘unacceptable professional conduct’, which was elaborated on and discussed in the book’s chapter focused on misconduct. The chapter also references R (Officer W80) v. Director General of the Independent Office for Police Conduct [2020] which indicated that police officers must only use force to the extent that it is necessary, proportionate, and reasonable in all the circumstances.
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« Legal Terms and Phrases ». Dans Liechtenstein Business Law, 499–544. MANZ'sche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung GmbH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783214165017-499.

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« Nautical Terms and Phrases ». Dans The Strange and Dangerous Voyage of Captaine Thomas James, 185–92. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780773589452-015.

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« Glossary of Terms and Phrases ». Dans The Legacy of Roman Law in the German Romantic Era, 235–38. Princeton University Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400860982.235.

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« Abbreviations of Terms and Phrases ». Dans The Verbless Clause in Biblical Hebrew, vii—ix. Penn State University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781575065175-001.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Terma and phrases"

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Iino, Kenji, Yotaro Hatamura et Yuko Shimomura. « Scenario Expression for Characterizing Failure Cases ». Dans ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dac-48789.

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Mere collection of failure information and accident records do not effectively relay the knowledge associated with the case to the reader. We propose to collect data in a structured manner so the message is better transferred to the information receiver. We further developed a scheme that records the essence of each failure case in a sequence of predefined phrases displayed to the recorder in a hierarchy of phrases. We call the sequence the “scenario” of the event. Arranging the phrases in descending steps and supplementing it with an illustration and a key knowledge sentence composes the visual summary of the case. A glance at the visual summary and reading the scenario steps generate a good image of the case in the receiver’s mind. Among the predefined hierarchical phrases, we call those that express the cause of the event, failure cause phrases. Recording high level failure cause phrases from the hierarchy forces the event recorder to evaluate the root cause of the failure. To the top and second level (in the phrase hierarchy) failure cause phrases, we assigned 5-space vector components to characterize each phrase in terms of “knowledge”, “carefulness”, “judgment”, “organization”, and “nature”. This vector characterization of the failure cause phrases with the scenario allows us to further characterize each failure case as a linear combination of the predefined phrases. Once each failure case has its vector characterization, we can evaluate its similarity with other cases. Also, if we find the characterization of an individual, group, or organization in the same 5-space, we can warn about failure cases with similar characteristics that are likely to happen. The method is powerful in predicting failures so they can be avoided before happening.
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Lewis, D. D., et W. B. Croft. « Term clustering of syntactic phrases ». Dans the 13th annual international ACM SIGIR conference. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/96749.98244.

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Хакиева, Залиха Усмановна, et Петимат Масудовна Зекиева. « ESSENCE OF THE CONCEPTS «TERM» AND «TERM SYSTEM» ». Dans Наука. Исследования. Практика : сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Июнь 2021). Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/srp297.2021.76.24.011.

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В статье рассматриваются понятия «термин» и «терминосистема». Термины являются специальными лексическими единицами, которые функционируют в различных научных областях. Терминосистема это совокупность слов и словосочетаний, используемых в определенной научной сфере для выражения специальных понятий и наименования типовых объектов. The article discusses the concepts of "term" and "terminology". Terms are special lexical units that function in various scientific fields. A terminological system is a collection of words and phrases used in a certain scientific field to express special concepts and the names of typical objects.
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Kanji, Tanaka, Chokushi Yuuto et Ando Masatoshi. « Mining visual phrases for long-term visual SLAM ». Dans 2014 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS 2014). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros.2014.6942552.

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Odakura, Fumimaro, Koga Kobayashi et Kei Wakabayashi. « Active Learning for Extracting Technical Terms Covering Multiword Phrases ». Dans iiWAS2021 : The 23rd International Conference on Information Integration and Web Intelligence. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3487664.3487706.

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Ranjan, Harsh, Sumit Agarwal, Amit Prakash et Sujan Kumar Saha. « Automatic labelling of important terms and phrases from medical discussions ». Dans 2017 Conference on Information and Communication Technology (CICT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infocomtech.2017.8340644.

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Fusco, Francesco, et Diego Antognini. « Extracting Text Representations for Terms and Phrases in Technical Domains ». Dans Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 5 : Industry Track). Stroudsburg, PA, USA : Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-industry.7.

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Prajapati, Mamta, et Vivek Rai. « TEXT SUMMARIZATION USING DEEP LEARNING MODEL ». Dans Computing for Sustainable Innovation : Shaping Tomorrow’s World. Innovative Research Publication, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/csistw.2024.12.1.73.

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In our study on text summarization, we have introduced a sophisticated neural network architecture, employing a sequence-to-sequence model with embedding’s, Long Short-Term Memory units, and attention mechanisms. The primary goal is to effectively capture intricate patterns and dependencies within sequential data. To enhance versatility, we have implemented a dual-input configuration to handle fixed and variable-length sequences, with embedding layers transforming input sequences into dense vectors, capturing semantic relationships. Our strategic placement of LSTM units addresses the challenge of handling input sequences of different lengths by incorporating sequential processing capabilities. The concatenation layer integrates both inherent sequential patterns and dynamically attended features. The final time-distributed layer produces sequences with a rich 1989-dimensional output space, reflecting the complexity of information our model aims to capture. Throughout the training process over multiple epochs, we observed decreasing trends in both training and validation losses. Early stopping at epoch 19, triggered by an increase in validation loss after epoch 17, marked the successful conclusion. At this point, we achieved the lowest training loss of 1.7070, showcasing the model's ability to learn underlying patterns. Our proposed model's success in minimizing the disparity between predicted and actual key phrases, coupled with careful consideration of crucial parameters, positions it as a promising approach for key phrase generation.
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Vishwakarma, Santosh K., Prasun Chakrabarti, Divya Bhatnagar et Akhilesh K. Sharma. « Phrase Term Static Index Pruning Based on the Term Cohesiveness ». Dans 2014 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks (CICN). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicn.2014.125.

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Sergevnina, Valentina Mikhailovna, et Viktoria Nikolaevna Egorova. « Phrasal terms in German special texts ». Dans X International Scientific and Practical Conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-116387.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Terma and phrases"

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Main, Sarah, et Graeme Reid. Scenarios for a Science Superpower. Foundation for Science and Technology, décembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53289/yalo7297.

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What is a ‘science superpower’? Sarah Main and Graeme Reid explore reactions to the term from stakeholders across the UK and examine alternative versions of a future in which ‘science superpower’ status is achieved. Their report is published today by the Foundation for Science and Technology. Jeremy Hunt, Rishi Sunak, Boris Johnson, George Freeman and other senior figures in government use the phrase ‘science superpower’ as a headline for ambitious, visionary science policy. It is a potent phrase but open to varied interpretation. By exploring scenarios in which the UK has achieved ‘science superpower’ status by different means, the authors stimulate debate about the desired characteristics of this status and highlight the choices facing policy-makers on the path to become a more research-intensive UK.
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Rau, Jane. PR-580-163710-R01 Determining the Impact of Human Factors in the Performance of In-Service NDE. Chantilly, Virginia : Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), janvier 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011651.

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The term "Human Factors" has become a buzz phrase in the pipeline industry, and rightfully so. Root cause analyses of many failures point to human error as the cause. However, in the pipeline industry, "Human Factors" generally refers to ergonomics, fatigue, stress, environment, and communication. JTrain, Inc.'s research looks at Human Factors from an educational viewpoint; how is transfer of knowledge from Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) and Level IIIs certified technicians to Non Destructive Examination (NDE) technicians presently performed, and how can it be improved to ensure actual learning occurs and not just rote memorization to pass a test. Being a knowledgeable SME or Level III does not guarantee an ability to teach or an understanding of how learning is best achieved. This report discusses how research-based learning strategies and best practices in teaching and learning can improve transfer of knowledge and competence for NDE technicians.
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Blazakis, Jason, et Colin Clarke. From Paramilitaries to Parliamentarians : Disaggregating Radical Right Wing Extremist Movements. RESOLVE Network, décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/remve2021.2.

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The global far right is extremely broad in nature and far from monolithic. While the “far right” is often used as an umbrella term, using the term runs the risk of over-simplifying the differences and linkages between white supremacist, anti-immigration, nativist, and other motivating ideologies. These beliefs and political platforms fall within the far-right rubric, and too often the phrase presents a more unified image of the phenomena than is really the case. In truth, the “far right” and the individual movements that comprise it are fragmented, consisting of a number of groups that lack established leadership and cohesion. Indeed, these movements include chauvinist religious organizations, neo-fascist street gangs, and paramilitary organs of established political parties. Although such movements largely lack the mass appeal of the interwar European radical right-wing extreme, they nevertheless can inspire both premeditated and spontaneous acts of violence against perceived enemies. This report is intended to provide policymakers, practitioners, and the academic community with a roadmap of ongoing shifts in the organizational structures and ideological currents of radical right-wing extremist movements, detailing the difference between distinct, yet often connected and interlaced echelons of the far right. In particular, the report identifies and analyzes various aspects of the broader far right and the assorted grievances it leverages to recruit, which is critical to gaining a more nuanced understanding of the potential future trajectory of these movements.
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Paynter, Robin A., Celia Fiordalisi, Elizabeth Stoeger, Eileen Erinoff, Robin Featherstone, Christiane Voisin et Gaelen P. Adam. A Prospective Comparison of Evidence Synthesis Search Strategies Developed With and Without Text-Mining Tools. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), mars 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepcmethodsprospectivecomparison.

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Background: In an era of explosive growth in biomedical evidence, improving systematic review (SR) search processes is increasingly critical. Text-mining tools (TMTs) are a potentially powerful resource to improve and streamline search strategy development. Two types of TMTs are especially of interest to searchers: word frequency (useful for identifying most used keyword terms, e.g., PubReminer) and clustering (visualizing common themes, e.g., Carrot2). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the benefits and trade-offs of searches with and without the use of TMTs for evidence synthesis products in real world settings. Specific questions included: (1) Do TMTs decrease the time spent developing search strategies? (2) How do TMTs affect the sensitivity and yield of searches? (3) Do TMTs identify groups of records that can be safely excluded in the search evaluation step? (4) Does the complexity of a systematic review topic affect TMT performance? In addition to quantitative data, we collected librarians' comments on their experiences using TMTs to explore when and how these new tools may be useful in systematic review search¬¬ creation. Methods: In this prospective comparative study, we included seven SR projects, and classified them into simple or complex topics. The project librarian used conventional “usual practice” (UP) methods to create the MEDLINE search strategy, while a paired TMT librarian simultaneously and independently created a search strategy using a variety of TMTs. TMT librarians could choose one or more freely available TMTs per category from a pre-selected list in each of three categories: (1) keyword/phrase tools: AntConc, PubReMiner; (2) subject term tools: MeSH on Demand, PubReMiner, Yale MeSH Analyzer; and (3) strategy evaluation tools: Carrot2, VOSviewer. We collected results from both MEDLINE searches (with and without TMTs), coded every citation’s origin (UP or TMT respectively), deduplicated them, and then sent the citation library to the review team for screening. When the draft report was submitted, we used the final list of included citations to calculate the sensitivity, precision, and number-needed-to-read for each search (with and without TMTs). Separately, we tracked the time spent on various aspects of search creation by each librarian. Simple and complex topics were analyzed separately to provide insight into whether TMTs could be more useful for one type of topic or another. Results: Across all reviews, UP searches seemed to perform better than TMT, but because of the small sample size, none of these differences was statistically significant. UP searches were slightly more sensitive (92% [95% confidence intervals (CI) 85–99%]) than TMT searches (84.9% [95% CI 74.4–95.4%]). The mean number-needed-to-read was 83 (SD 34) for UP and 90 (SD 68) for TMT. Keyword and subject term development using TMTs generally took less time than those developed using UP alone. The average total time was 12 hours (SD 8) to create a complete search strategy by UP librarians, and 5 hours (SD 2) for the TMT librarians. TMTs neither affected search evaluation time nor improved identification of exclusion concepts (irrelevant records) that can be safely removed from the search set. Conclusion: Across all reviews but one, TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches. For simple SR topics (i.e., single indication–single drug), TMT searches were slightly less sensitive, but reduced time spent in search design. For complex SR topics (e.g., multicomponent interventions), TMT searches were less sensitive than UP searches; nevertheless, in complex reviews, they identified unique eligible citations not found by the UP searches. TMT searches also reduced time spent in search strategy development. For all evidence synthesis types, TMT searches may be more efficient in reviews where comprehensiveness is not paramount, or as an adjunct to UP for evidence syntheses, because they can identify unique includable citations. If TMTs were easier to learn and use, their utility would be increased.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. KEY IMPRESSIONS OF 2020 IN JOURNALISTIC TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, mars 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11107.

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The article explores the key vocabulary of 2020 in the network space of Ukraine. Texts of journalistic, official-business style, analytical publications of well-known journalists on current topics are analyzed. Extralinguistic factors of new word formation, their adaptation to the sphere of special and socio-political vocabulary of the Ukrainian language are determined. Examples show modern impressions in the media, their stylistic use and impact on public opinion in a pandemic. New meanings of foreign expressions, media terminology, peculiarities of translation of neologisms from English into Ukrainian have been clarified. According to the materials of the online media, a «dictionary of the coronavirus era» is provided. The journalistic text functions in the media on the basis of logical judgments, credible arguments, impressive language. Its purpose is to show the socio-political problem, to sharpen its significance for society and to propose solutions through convincing considerations. Most researchers emphasize the influential role of journalistic style, which through the media shapes public opinion on issues of politics, economics, education, health care, war, the future of the country. To cover such a wide range of topics, socio-political vocabulary is used first of all – neutral and emotionally-evaluative, rhetorical questions and imperatives, special terminology, foreign words. There is an ongoing discussion in online publications about the use of the new foreign token «lockdown» instead of the word «quarantine», which has long been learned in the Ukrainian language. Research on this topic has shown that at the initial stage of the pandemic, the word «lockdown» prevailed in the colloquial language of politicians, media personalities and part of society did not quite understand its meaning. Lockdown, in its current interpretation, is a restrictive measure to protect people from a dangerous virus that has spread to many countries; isolation of the population («stay in place») in case of risk of spreading Covid-19. In English, US citizens are told what a lockdown is: «A lockdown is a restriction policy for people or communities to stay where they are, usually due to specific risks to themselves or to others if they can move and interact freely. The term «stay-at-home» or «shelter-in-place» is often used for lockdowns that affect an area, rather than specific locations». Content analysis of online texts leads to the conclusion that in 2020 a special vocabulary was actively functioning, with the appropriate definitions, which the media described as a «dictionary of coronavirus vocabulary». Media broadcasting is the deepest and pulsating source of creative texts with new meanings, phrases, expressiveness. The influential power of the word finds its unconditional embodiment in the media. Journalists, bloggers, experts, politicians, analyzing current events, produce concepts of a new reality. The world is changing and the language of the media is responding to these changes. It manifests itself most vividly and emotionally in the network sphere, in various genres and styles.
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