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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Temperate and boreal trees »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 25 janvier 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Temperate and boreal trees"

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Du, Enzai, et Yang Tang. « Distinct Climate Effects on Dahurian Larch Growth at an Asian Temperate-Boreal Forest Ecotone and Nearby Boreal Sites ». Forests 13, no 1 (26 décembre 2021) : 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010027.

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Climate change is exerting profound impacts on the structure and function of global boreal forest. Compared with their northern counterparts, trees growing at the southern boreal forest and the temperate-boreal forest ecotone likely show distinct responses to climate change. Based on annual basal areal increment (BAI) of Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) plantations with similar ages, tree densities and soil nutrient conditions, we investigated the tree growth responses to inter-annual climate variations at an Asian temperate-boreal forest ecotone and nearby boreal sites in northeast China. Annual BAI changed nonlinearly with cambial age in the form of a lognormal curve. The maximum annual BAI showed no significant difference between the two bioregions, while annual BAI peaked at an elder age at the boreal-temperate forest ecotone. After eliminating the age associated trend, conditional regression analyses indicate that residual BAI at the boreal sites increased significantly with higher growing-season mean nighttime minimum temperature and non-growing-season precipitation, but decreased significantly with higher growing-season mean daytime maximum temperature during the past three decades (1985–2015). In contrast, residual BAI at the boreal-temperate forest ecotone only showed a positive and weak response to inter-annual variations of growing-season precipitation. These findings suggest distinct effects of inter-annual climate variation on the growth of boreal trees at the temperate-boreal forest ecotone in comparison to the southern boreal regions, and highlight future efforts to elucidate the key factors that regulate the growth ofthe southernmost boreal trees.
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Frelich, Lee E., Rebecca A. Montgomery et Peter B. Reich. « Seven Ways a Warming Climate Can Kill the Southern Boreal Forest ». Forests 12, no 5 (29 avril 2021) : 560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050560.

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The southern boreal forests of North America are susceptible to large changes in composition as temperate forests or grasslands may replace them as the climate warms. A number of mechanisms for this have been shown to occur in recent years: (1) Gradual replacement of boreal trees by temperate trees through gap dynamics; (2) Sudden replacement of boreal overstory trees after gradual understory invasion by temperate tree species; (3) Trophic cascades causing delayed invasion by temperate species, followed by moderately sudden change from boreal to temperate forest; (4) Wind and/or hail storms removing large swaths of boreal forest and suddenly releasing temperate understory trees; (4) Compound disturbances: wind and fire combination; (5) Long, warm summers and increased drought stress; (6) Insect infestation due to lack of extreme winter cold; (7) Phenological disturbance, due to early springs, that has the potential to kill enormous swaths of coniferous boreal forest within a few years. Although most models project gradual change from boreal forest to temperate forest or savanna, most of these mechanisms have the capability to transform large swaths (size range tens to millions of square kilometers) of boreal forest to other vegetation types during the 21st century. Therefore, many surprises are likely to occur in the southern boreal forest over the next century, with major impacts on forest productivity, ecosystem services, and wildlife habitat.
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McCarthy, J. « Gap dynamics of forest trees : A review with particular attention to boreal forests ». Environmental Reviews 9, no 1 (1 janvier 2001) : 1–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a00-012.

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Small-scale gap disturbance in forests is reviewed. Caused by the death of individual or multiple trees with subsequent fall from the canopy, gaps have been extensively studied in temperate deciduous and tropical forests for the past 20 years. This review considers much of this research with a view to assessing the importance of gap disturbance in boreal forests. Because of the ubiquity of large-scale, stand-initiating disturbances such as landscape-level fires, epidemic insect outbreaks, and periodic extensive windthrow events, gap processes in boreal forests have received little attention. Research in the Scandinavian and Russian boreal forest, as well as in high-altitude boreal "outliers" found in Japan and the United States, is showing that gap disturbance determines forest structure and processes to a greater extent than previously assumed. Boreal forests dominated by the shade-tolerant fir (Abies) – spruce (Picea) complex are particularly well-adapted to the development of long-term, old-growth continuity in the absence of large-scale disturbance. Key words: gap dynamics, disturbance, boreal forests, temperate forests, tropical forests, silviculture.
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Reich, Peter B., Kerrie M. Sendall, Artur Stefanski, Xiaorong Wei, Roy L. Rich et Rebecca A. Montgomery. « Boreal and temperate trees show strong acclimation of respiration to warming ». Nature 531, no 7596 (mars 2016) : 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17142.

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Bugmann, Harald. « Functional types of trees in temperate and boreal forests : classification and testing ». Journal of Vegetation Science 7, no 3 (juin 1996) : 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3236279.

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Machar, Ivo, Martin Schlossarek, Vilem Pechanec, Lubos Uradnicek, Ludek Praus et Ahmet Sıvacıoğlu. « Retention Forestry Supports Bird Diversity in Managed, Temperate Hardwood Floodplain Forests ». Forests 10, no 4 (1 avril 2019) : 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10040300.

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The retention forestry approach is considered as one of the potentially effective tools for sustainable forest management for conservation of biodiversity in managed temperate and boreal forests. Retention of old-growth forest structures (e.g., very large old living trees) in forest stands during clear-cutting provides maintenance of key habitats for many old-growth forest interior-species. Most of ecological studies on green tree retention (GTR) consequences for biodiversity have been focused on birds. However, the long-term studies of GTR impacts on forest birds are very poor. In this paper, we focused on assessment of the long-term consequences of leaving legacy oak trees on the cut areas for bird diversity 18–22 years after clear-cutting in managed temperate European hardwood floodplain forests. Results based on bird counting using mapping of bird nesting territories revealed a key importance of legacy oak trees for maintaining bird diversity in the study area. These results are widely applicable for managed temperate hardwood forests with serious dominance of oak (Quercus sp.) in forest stands. Legacy oak trees in this habitat type are keystone structures for bird diversity. Retention approach focused on these trees is potentially an important conservation tool for preserving forest bird diversity and other associated species in temperate hardwood forests managed by clear-cutting.
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Baas, Pieter, et Fritz H. Schweingruber. « Ecological Trends in the Wood Anatomy of Trees, Shrubs and Climbers from Europe ». IAWA Journal 8, no 3 (1987) : 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001053.

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Ecological trends for occurrence of certain vessel, tracheid and fibre characteristics. have been analysed for 505 species (belonging to 221 genera and 71 families) from Europe, Cyprus, and Madeira. Macroclimatic gradients from boreal, via temperate to mediterranean are strongly related with a decreasing incidence of scalariform perforations, (almost) exclusively solitary vessels, and fibre-tracheids (i. e., fibres with distinctly bordered pits). In this sequence the incidence of different vessel size classes (vessel dimorphism) and vascular tracheids increases. Ring-porous tendencies and spiral vessei thickenings have their peaks in the temperate zone. The subtropical flora of Madeira shows low values for the percentage of species with any of the above attributes.
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Burton, Julia I., Eric K. Zenner et Lee E. Frelich. « Frost Crack Incidence in Northern Hardwood Forests of the Southern Boreal–North Temperate Transition Zone ». Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 25, no 3 (1 septembre 2008) : 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/25.3.133.

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Abstract Frost cracks are common in northern hardwood stands near their northern range limits. Although they have long been attributed to the regional climate, temperature fluctuations result in surface cracks largely when internal wounds are present. We examined the relationship between the proportion of trees with frost cracks and both tree-level diameter class and stand structural characteristics in primary stands with a history of minimal logging (n = 4) and 67- to 97-year-old second-growth stands subjected to past heavy partial cuts and high grading (n = 8). We hypothesized that frost crack incidence would (1) be greater in the second-growth stands and (2) be associated with differences in structural attributes between the two stand types. High levels of frost cracking in primary stands indicated that cracks are not completely avoidable. However, the proportion of trees with frost cracks was significantly higher in second-growth than primary stands, particularly on small-diameter trees. For example, the odds for frost cracking were 1.66–3.74 times greater in second-growth than in primary stands in the 15-cm diameter class, but were not different in the 45+-cm diameter class. Frost cracking was positively associated with increasing diameter in both stand types. Structural characteristics reflecting tree size, stand basal area, and basal area of hardwoods were positively associated with the proportion of trees with frost cracks in second-growth stands but not in primary stands. Although the basal area of conifers was negatively associated with frost cracking, the effect was likely due to a reduction in hardwood basal area in the vicinity of conifers. We suggest that greater frost crack incidence in second-growth stands is likely a consequence of injuries to residual trees during selective logging.
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Gauci, Vincent, Sunitha Rao Pangala, Alexander Shenkin, Josep Barba, David Bastviken, Viviane Figueiredo, Carla Gomez et al. « Global atmospheric methane uptake by upland tree woody surfaces ». Nature 631, no 8022 (24 juillet 2024) : 796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07592-w.

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AbstractMethane is an important greenhouse gas1, but the role of trees in the methane budget remains uncertain2. Although it has been shown that wetland and some upland trees can emit soil-derived methane at the stem base3,4, it has also been suggested that upland trees can serve as a net sink for atmospheric methane5,6. Here we examine in situ woody surface methane exchange of upland tropical, temperate and boreal forest trees. We find that methane uptake on woody surfaces, in particular at and above about 2 m above the forest floor, can dominate the net ecosystem contribution of trees, resulting in a net tree methane sink. Stable carbon isotope measurement of methane in woody surface chamber air and process-level investigations on extracted wood cores are consistent with methanotrophy, suggesting a microbially mediated drawdown of methane on and in tree woody surfaces and tissues. By applying terrestrial laser scanning-derived allometry to quantify global forest tree woody surface area, a preliminary first estimate suggests that trees may contribute 24.6–49.9 Tg of atmospheric methane uptake globally. Our findings indicate that the climate benefits of tropical and temperate forest protection and reforestation may be greater than previously assumed.
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Loehle, C. « Predicting Pleistocene climate from vegetation ». Climate of the Past Discussions 2, no 5 (23 octobre 2006) : 979–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-2-979-2006.

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Abstract. Climates at the Last Glacial Maximum have been inferred from fossil pollen assemblages, but these inferred climates are colder than those produced by climate simulations. Biogeographic evidence also argues against these inferred cold climates. The recolonization of glaciated zones in eastern North America following the last ice age produced distinct biogeographic patterns. It has been assumed that a wide zone south of the ice was tundra or boreal parkland (Boreal-Parkland Zone or BPZ), which would have been recolonized from southern refugia as the ice melted, but the patterns in this zone differ from those in the glaciated zone, which creates a major biogeographic anomaly. In the glacial zone, there are few endemics but in the BPZ there are many across multiple taxa. In the glacial zone, there are the expected gradients of genetic diversity with distance from the ice-free zone, but no evidence of this is found in the BPZ. Many races and related species exist in the BPZ which would have merged or hybridized if confined to the same refugia. Evidence for distinct southern refugia for most temperate species is lacking. Extinctions of temperate flora were rare. The interpretation of spruce as a boreal climate indicator may be mistaken over much of the region if the spruce was actually an extinct temperate species. All of these anomalies call into question the concept that climates in the zone south of the ice were very cold or that temperate species had to migrate far to the south. Similar anomalies exist in Europe and on tropical mountains. An alternate hypothesis is that low CO2 levels gave an advantage to pine and spruce, which are the dominant trees in the BPZ, and to herbaceous species over trees, which also fits the observed pattern. Most temperate species could have survived across their current ranges at lower abundance by retreating to moist microsites. These would be microrefugia not easily detected by pollen records, especially if most species became rare. These results mean that climate reconstruction based on terrestrial plant indicators will not be valid for periods with markedly different CO2 levels.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Temperate and boreal trees"

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Lin, Jianhong. « Ecophysiological modelling of leaf and wood phenology in temperate and boreal forest trees ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASB059.

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La phénologie joue un rôle crucial dans le fonctionnement des plantes et les services écosystémiques. La recherche sur la phénologie des arbres est très active, et je me suis attaché dans cette thèse à traiter des questions rarement abordées par la communauté, relatives à la représentation de la variabilité intra-populationnelle de la phénologie, et à la phénologie de formation du bois. À ce jour, la plupart des études phénologiques se sont concentrées sur la phénologie des feuilles à l'échelle des populations, en négligeant les organes non foliaires, tels que le bois et la variabilité entre les individus. Ces lacunes dans les connaissances posent des défis pour prédire avec précision les réponses phénologiques des arbres au changement climatique. Dans cette thèse, j'ai développé le premier modèle phénologique visant à simuler la variabilité intra-populationnelle (WPV) du débourrement dans des populations d'arbres (Chapitre II). Le modèle WPV a été calibré et évalué à l'aide de 48 442 observations de débourrement, collectées entre 2000 et 2022 pour trois espèces d'arbres feuillus tempérés : le charme (Carpinus betulus), le chêne (Quercus petraea) et le châtaignier (Castanea sativa). Les simulations rétrospectives couvrant la période de 1961 à 2022 ont montré un avancement de la date de débourrement en réponse au réchauffement climatique en cours (Chapitre II). De plus, le modèle WPV a été utilisé pour simuler les tendances des dommages causés par les gelées tardives au printemps au cours des six dernières décennies. Les résultats ont montré une diminution générale de la fréquence et de l'ampleur des dommages causés par les gelées tardives dans les populations de chêne à travers la France, en raison de l'avancée plus rapide du dernier gel de printemps par comparaison à l’avancée de la date de débourrement. Il est important de noter que les tendances de la fréquence et de l'ampleur des dommages causés par les gelées tardives au printemps ne sont pas cohérentes (Chapitre III). Au-delà de la phénologie des feuilles, j'ai calibré et validé un modèle de phénologie du bois prédisant la date d’arrêt de l'élargissement des cellules du xylème (cE), en utilisant la base de données GLOBOXYLO, qui documente l'occurrence des stades phénologiques de la formation du bois (Chapitre IV). Cette étude a porté sur trois espèces de conifères de l'hémisphère Nord, à savoir le pin sylvestre (Pinus sylvestris L.), l'épicéa commun (Picea abies Karst) et l'épinette noire (Picea mariana Mill.), totalisant 718 observations de cE sur 130 site-années. Le modèle a montré de bons résultats pour toutes les espèces, avec une erreur quadratique moyenne de 9,2 ± 1,3 jours. Les résultats indiquent que la température et la photopériode jouent un rôle crucial dans la cessation de la croissance des tiges chez l'épicéa commun et l'épinette noire. Cependant, pour le pin sylvestre, seule la température semble avoir une influence significative. De plus, des facteurs ontogénétiques, tels que le nombre total de cellules du cerne, ont également été identifiés comme influençant la cessation de la croissance des tiges pour toutes les espèces de conifères étudiées (Chapitre IV). Enfin, j'ai intégré un modèle complet de la phénologie de formation du bois, incluant un module simulant la reprise printanière de formation du bois (Delpierre et al., 2019) et le modèle de cessation de la phénologie du bois développé dans le Chapitre IV, dans CASTANEA, un modèle mécaniste de fonctionnement des forêts. Les résultats ont révélé des différences significatives dans les prédictions de croissance du bois en fonction de la définition de la période de croissance du bois. Cela souligne l'importance d'incorporer des modèles de phénologie du bois dans les modèles d'écosystèmes terrestres pour utiliser des estimations fiables de la durée de croissance du bois, et améliorer les estimations de biomasse produite et de carbone séquestré par les forêts (Chapitre V)
Phenology plays a critical role in plant functioning and ecosystem services, serving as a key indicator of temperate and boreal ecosystems' responses to climate change. Research into tree phenology is very active, and in this thesis, I addressed questions rarely addressed by the community, relating to the representation of intra-population variability in phenology, and the phenology of wood formation. To date, most phenological studies have focused at the population level, primarily on leaf phenology, while largely overlooking the substantial variability among individual trees and the phenology of non-leaf organs, such as wood phenology. These knowledge gaps pose challenges for accurately predicting tree phenological responses to climate change. In this thesis, I developed the first model to simulate the within-population variability (WPV) of budburst in tree populations (Chapter II). The WPV model was calibrated and evaluated using 48,442 budburst observations from 2000 to 2022 in three major temperate deciduous tree species, namely, hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), oak (Quercus petraea) and chestnut (Castanea sativa). Retrospective simulations over the period 1961–2022 showed earlier budburst in response to ongoing climate warming. However, the simulations revealed no significant changes in the duration of budburst (DurBB, i.e., the time interval from BP20 to BP80, representing the dates when 20% and 80% of trees in a population have reached budburst) due to the lack of a significant temperature increase during DurBB (Chapter II). Additionally, the WPV model was used to simulate trends in late spring frost damage over the past six decades. The results showed a general decrease in the frequency and extent of frost damage in oak populations across France, driven by the earlier advancement of the last spring frost compared to budburst under climate change. Notably, the trends for the frequency and extent of late spring frost damage were inconsistent (Chapter III). Beyond leaf phenology, I calibrated and validated a wood phenology model for the cessation of xylem cell enlargement (cE, flagging the cessation of radial stem growth) using the GLOBOXYLO database, which documents the occurrence of wood formation phenological stages (Chapter IV). This study focused on three Northern Hemisphere conifer species, namely Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst) and black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.), including 718 observations of cE across 130 site-years. The model performed well for all species, with a root mean square error of 9.2 ± 1.3 days. The results indicate that both temperature and photoperiod play crucial roles in the cessation of stem growth for Norway spruce and black spruce. However, for Scots pine, only temperature appears to have a significant influence. Additionally, ontogenetic factors, such as the number of radial cells, were also found to influence the cessation of stem growth for all conifer species (Chapter IV). Furthermore, I integrated the wood phenology model, including the chilling-influenced heat sum model for the beginning of wood formation (Delpierre et al., 2019) and the cessation of wood phenology model developed in Chapter IV, into CASTANEA, a mechanistic forest stand model. The results demonstrate significant differences in wood growth predictions depending on the definition of the wood growth period. This underscores the importance of incorporating wood phenology models in terrestrial ecosystem models to obtain reliable estimates of wood growth duration (Chapter V)
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Kanoti, Keith-George. « Factors Influencing the Germination, Emergence, and Early Survival of Boreal, Temperate and Exotic Acadian Forest Tree Species in Central Maine ». Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/KanotiKG2005.pdf.

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Kalela-Brundin, Maarit. « Climate information from tree rings / ». Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5641-X.pdf.

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Morén, Ann-Sofie. « Carbon dioxide and water exchange in a boreal forest in relation to weather and season / ». Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5620-7.pdf.

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Wallace, Richard Paul, et n/a. « Effects of trees on temperate native pasture productivity ». University of Canberra. Applied Science, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061113.160245.

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The goal of this work was to quantify the effects of eucalypt woodland blocks on the productivity of native pastures. This research was conducted on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. Tree planting or retention is seen by many as an important tool in addressing the problems of soil degradation resulting from clearing and pasture improvement that threaten the sustainability of pasture systems. In particular these are dry land salinity and erosion, both of which affect large areas of agricultural lands in the south east of Australia. Whilst native tree cover remains over substantial portions of Australian pasture lands, mainly on steeper slopes and poorer soils, little has been done to measure the effects of trees on pasture productivity and soil fertility on the Southern Tablelands. Previous studies in other areas have shown a range of effects�from facilitation to inhibition�of pasture growth in the presence of trees. Soil fertility beneath trees has been shown by a number of workers to be elevated in comparison with situations in the open. Given that the range of effects may be highly site dependent, application of results from one area to another may not be valid. Thus it is necessary to measure tree effects on a regional scale if results are to be reliable. Pasture productivity was assessed over a two year period on four sites in the vicinity of Bungendore, New South Wales. A pair of plots was selected on each site, one plot in a block of eucalypt woodland, and the other nearby in an exposed, open situation. Plots were chosen to be as similar to each other as possible with the exception of tree cover. Treed plots had a tree basal area of between 10 and 20 m2 ha-1 and plots had an area of 900 m2. Two of the sites were on granitic soils and had a tree cover consisting predominantly of Eucalyptus pauciflora. The remaining two sites were on soil derived from sedimentary rocks with tree cover consisting mainly of E. mannifera, E. dives and E. melliodora. Perennial native pasture species present were similar across all sites, although their relative contributions to standing biomass varied between sites. As the plots were grazed during the period of measurement, productivity and offtake were measured seasonally using exclosure cages on each plot. Pasture standing biomass was assessed using the comparative yield technique. Microclimate was monitored in each plot by automatic weather stations. Soil moisture to a depth of 45 cm was measured by time domain reflectometry using permanent probes in each plot. Ten additional survey plots on each site, covering the range of tree basal area from 0 - 30 m2 ha-1, were assessed each season in the second year for standing biomass, soil fertility and pasture quality; expressed by nitrogen content and dry matter digestibility. Pasture floristics were measured using the dry-weight-rank method. These additional plots were chosen to be as representative of the paddocks as possible. Over the two years that productivity was measured, it was found to be higher under trees than in the open. This was predominantly due to higher winter and spring growth within treed plots. Grazing offtake was also found to be higher under trees, partly accounting for lower standing biomass found in the treed plots. Wind run, evapotranspiration and photosynthetically active radiation were all reduced by the presence of trees. Beneficial effects of shelter from winds may largely explain the higher productivity observed in the treed plots, and could outweigh negative effects of below ground competition and radiation interception by tree canopies at low to moderate tree densities. Soil moisture was not affected by the presence of trees. Soil fertility also did not differ between treed and open plots nor was there any difference in pasture nitrogen content or dry matter digestibility. On the sites where soils were derived from sedimentary rocks, pasture floristics were found to be related to tree basal area. Themeda ausfralis biomass was negatively related to tree basal area, and was partially replaced by large tussock species such as Poa sieberiana and Chionochloa pallida. A reduction of pasture quality resulted, particularly as the latter species is not grazed to any significant extent. Given the desirability of having deep rooted perennial components in grazing lands, the results of this study indicate that it may be possible to utilise trees to assist in preventing or reducing a range of adverse environmental consequences arising from agricultural activities, without unduly compromising pasture productivity. Additionally, the wide range of environmental conditions provided by a mix of treed and open pasture promotes a higher degree of heterogeneity of the herbaceous layer. This may assist in maintaining productivity over a greater range of climatic conditions than would be the case with a more homogeneous pasture.
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Cheng, Song. « Influence of soil temperature on ecophysiological traits of four boreal tree species ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ52716.pdf.

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Spake, Rebecca. « Evaluation of strategies for conserving biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/390658/.

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Halting biodiversity loss and the associated decline of ecosystem functioning is one of the greatest challenges faced by mankind. The globally adopted Aichi Biodiversity Targets for 2011-2020, issuing from the 10th Conference of the Parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity, represent the strongest global commitment to this challenge. For forest ecosystems, biodiversity decline can be halted only with i) sustainable management of multifunctional production forests (Target 7), ii) formation of well-connected systems of protected areas (Target 11), and iii) forest restoration (Target 15). Reaching these targets for the world’s forests requires a sound empirical understanding of the functioning and the relative importance of forests under different management regimes. Indeed, environmental policy should be informed by robust scientific evidence. This thesis addresses knowledge gaps that exist in the evidence-base for sustainable forest management and conservation in temperate and boreal forests. Chapter 2 quantifies the recovery rates of different functional groups of beetles, lichens and fungi to forest restoration measures in temperate and boreal regions across the world. A systematic review and meta-analysis identifies functional-group-specific relationships in the response of species richness to stand age after forest disturbance, with some groups requiring around a century of stand continuity for recovery to old-growth levels. The slow recovery of these functional groups makes old-growth forest an effectively irreplaceable biodiversity resource that should be exempted from restoration offset initiatives. Chapter 3 compares the biodiversity value of overmature even-aged planted and old-growth forest stands for ectomycorrhizal fungi in the New Forest National Park, UK. Overmature plantations are those beyond economic maturity, acquiring some of the structural characteristics of old-growth forests and there is increasing interest in their setting aside as a means of preserving species associated with old-growth forests. Analysis of 3 years of field data shows that setting aside of overmature planted forest is an effective means of conserving ectomycorrhizal communities associated with old-growth forests, given temporal continuity in the order of a century. This holds out particular promise for historically deforested regions such as the UK, where little old-growth forest remains and much planted forest exceeds a century in age. Chapter 4 investigates the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of carabid functional trait diversity and composition for coniferous production forests across the UK. Analysis of the dataset of the UK Forestry Commission’s Biodiversity Assessment Project (BAP 1995-1999) contradicts previous studies in showing that ground vegetation diversity is not an important determinant of carabid functional diversity. This result suggests that restoration of plant communities, a major goal of forest restoration efforts, will not necessarily enhance carabid diversity in coniferous plantations. Canopy cover was the most important variable, tending to drive down carabid diversity. Chapter 5 collates an evidence base that will inform forest biodiversity conservation and policy-making in Japan. Four management interventions, outlined in Japan’s National Biodiversity Strategy, are assessed by systematic review and meta-analysis for their impacts on species richness, abundance and composition. The work provides general guidance for forest biodiversity conservation in Japan, and it highlights a major knowledge gap in a widely used contemporary intervention known as ‘satoyama’.
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Vallin, Simon. « Likelihood-based classification of single trees in hemi-boreal forests ». Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för matematik och matematisk statistik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-99691.

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Determining species of individual trees is important for forest management. In this thesis we investigate if it is possible to discriminate between Norway spruce, Scots pine and deciduous trees from airborne laser scanning data by using unique probability density functions estimated for each specie. We estimate the probability density functions in three different ways: by fitting a beta distribution, histogram density estimation and kernel density estimation. All these methods classifies single laser returns (and not segments of laser returns). The resulting classification is compared with a reference method based on features extracted from airborne laser scanning data.We measure how well a method performs by using the overall accuracy, that is the proportion of correctly predicted trees. The highest overall accuracy obtained by the methods we developed in this thesis is obtained by using histogram-density estimation where an overall accuracy of 83.4 percent is achieved. This result can be compared with the best result from the reference method that produced an overall accuracy of 84.1 percent. The fact that we achieve a high level of correctly classified trees indicates that it is possible to use these types of methods for identification of tree species.
Att kunna artbestämma enskilda träd är viktigt inom skogsbruket. I denna uppsats undersöker vi om det är möjligt att skilja mellan gran, tall och lövträd med data från en flygburen laserskanner genom att skatta en unik täthetsfunktion för varje trädslag. Täthetsfunktionerna skattas på tre olika sätt: genom att anpassa en beta-fördelning, skatta täthetsfunktionen med histogram samt skatta täthetsfunktionen med en kernel täthetsskattning. Alla dessa metoder klassificerar varje enskild laserretur (och inte segment av laserreturer). Resultaten från vår klassificering jämförs sedan med en referensmetod som bygger på särdrag från laserskanner data. Vi mäter hur väl metoderna presterar genom att jämföra den totala precisionen, vilket är andelen korrektklassificerade träd. Den högsta totala precisionen för de framtagna metoderna i denna uppsats erhölls med metoden som bygger på täthetsskattning med histogram. Precisionen för denna metod var 83,4 procent rättklassicerade träd. Detta kan jämföras med en rättklassificering på 84,1 procent vilket är det bästa resultatet för referensmetoderna. Att vi erhåller en så pass hög grad av rättklassificerade träd tyder på att de metoder som vi använder oss av är användbara för trädslagsklassificering.
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Henry, Hugh Allen Lorenzo. « The relationship between shade tolerance and shade avoidance in temperate trees ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ31215.pdf.

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Takahashi, Sayaka. « Relationship between vessel formation and leaf phenology in temperate broad-leaved trees ». Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/199351.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第19027号
農博第2105号
新制||農||1030(附属図書館)
学位論文||H27||N4909(農学部図書室)
31978
京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻
(主査)教授 大澤 晃, 教授 髙部 圭司, 教授 北島 薫
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Livres sur le sujet "Temperate and boreal trees"

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Hänninen, Heikki. Boreal and Temperate Trees in a Changing Climate. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7549-6.

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McKinnon, L. M. The effects of soil temperature and site preparation on subalpine and boreal tree species : A bibliography. Victoria, B.C : Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 2002.

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Stanturf, John A. Restoration of boreal and temperate forests. Boca Raton, Fla : Lewis, 2004.

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A, Stanturf John, et Madsen Palle, dir. Restoration of boreal and temperate forests. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2005.

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M, Scherer-Lorenzen, Körner Christian 1949-, Schulze E. D. 1941- et European Science Foundation. "Linking Community and Ecosystem Ecology" Program., dir. Forest diversity and function : Temperate and boreal systems. Berlin : Springer, 2005.

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DellaSala, Dominick A. Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World : Ecology and Conservation. Washington, DC : Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-008-8.

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International Conference on Non-Timber Forest Products in Cold Temperate and Boreal Forests (1st 1999 Kenora, Ontario). Non-timber forest products in cold temperate and boreal forests. Washington, D.C : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2000.

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Faust, Miklos. Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees. New York : Wiley, 1989.

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Gordon, Courtright, dir. Trees and shrubs for temperate climates. 3e éd. Portland, Or : Timber Press, 1988.

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Griesbach, Jürgen. Growing temperate fruit trees in Kenya. Nairobi : World Agroforestry Centre, 2007.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Temperate and boreal trees"

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Schweingruber, Fritz H., Peter Steiger et Annett Börner. « The boreal taiga ». Dans Bark Anatomy of Trees and Shrubs in the Temperate Northern Hemisphere, 18–51. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14056-4_2.

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Hänninen, Heikki. « Climatic Adaptation of Boreal and Temperate Tree Species ». Dans Boreal and Temperate Trees in a Changing Climate, 1–13. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7549-6_1.

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Bawa, R., et J. A. Holliday. « Genomics of Speciation in Temperate and Boreal Angiosperm Trees ». Dans Comparative and Evolutionary Genomics of Angiosperm Trees, 159–77. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/7397_2016_18.

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Hänninen, Heikki. « Dynamic Modelling of the Annual Cycle ». Dans Boreal and Temperate Trees in a Changing Climate, 15–34. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7549-6_2.

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Hänninen, Heikki. « The Annual Phenological Cycle ». Dans Boreal and Temperate Trees in a Changing Climate, 35–138. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7549-6_3.

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Hänninen, Heikki. « The Annual Cycle of Photosynthesis in Evergreen Conifers ». Dans Boreal and Temperate Trees in a Changing Climate, 139–72. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7549-6_4.

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Hänninen, Heikki. « The Annual Cycle of Frost Hardiness ». Dans Boreal and Temperate Trees in a Changing Climate, 173–216. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7549-6_5.

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Hänninen, Heikki. « Evolutionary Aspects of the Annual Cycle ». Dans Boreal and Temperate Trees in a Changing Climate, 217–50. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7549-6_6.

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Hänninen, Heikki. « Upscaling to Higher Levels of Organisation ». Dans Boreal and Temperate Trees in a Changing Climate, 251–62. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7549-6_7.

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Hänninen, Heikki. « The Annual Cycle Under Changing Climatic Conditions ». Dans Boreal and Temperate Trees in a Changing Climate, 263–335. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7549-6_8.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Temperate and boreal trees"

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Giménez, M. Herrera, C. López-Martinez, O. Antropov et J. M. Lopez-Sanchez. « Role of Temporal Decorrelation in C-Band SAR Interferometry over Boreal and Temperate Forests ». Dans IGARSS 2024 - 2024 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 4230–34. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss53475.2024.10641054.

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Saatchi, Sassan, Liang Xu, Yan Yang et Yifan Yu. « Evaluation of NISAR Biomass Algorithm in Temperate and Boreal Forests ». Dans IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2019.8898657.

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Eales, Jacqualyn, Neal Haddaway, Claes Bernes, Steven Cooke, Bengt-Gunnar Jonsson, Jari Kouki, Gillian Petrokofsky et Jessica Taylor. « How does prescribed burning in temperate and boreal forests affect biodiversity ? » Dans 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä : Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107246.

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Pang, Yong, Bingxiang Tan, Svein Solberg et Zengyuan Li. « Forest LAI estimation comparison using LiDAR and hyperspectral data in boreal and temperate forests ». Dans SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, sous la direction de Wei Gao et Thomas J. Jackson. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.826090.

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Talbot-Wendlandt, Haley, Samantha Volz, Karen Prestegaard, Zachary Gates et Susan Ziegler. « COMPARISON OF ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT, ROOT DISTRIBUTION, AND SOIL HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES IN BOREAL AND TEMPERATE FORESTS WITH SIMILAR ANNUAL PRECIPITATION ». Dans GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-358893.

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Golyukov, A. S., A. S. Shushpanov et I. A. Petrov. « Spatial-temporal dynamics of tree line in the Southern Siberia Mountains ». Dans Problems of studying the vegetation cover of Siberia. TSU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-927-3-2020-11.

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In recent decades, the tree line has been moving along the entire territory of the boreal forests due to climatic changes. In this work, the dynamics of the tree line and the area of closed stands in the Southern Siberian Mountains are analyzed. At all objects of the study, the advancement of the tree line is observed with an average advance rate of ~ 0.6 – 0.9 m per year. A significant relationship was found between the advancement of the tree line and the air temperature.
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Ponomarev, Vladimir, Vladimir Ponomarev, Elena Dmitrieva, Elena Dmitrieva, Svetlana Shkorba, Svetlana Shkorba, Irina Mashkina, Irina Mashkina, Alexander Karnaukhov et Alexander Karnaukhov. « CLIMATIC REGIME CHANGE IN THE ASIAN PACIFIC REGION, INDIAN AND SOUTHERN OCEANS AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY ». Dans Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b9475504153.46587602.

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Multiple scale climate variability in Asia of temperate and high latitudes, Pacific, Indian and South Oceans, their features and linkages are studied by using statistical analyses of monthly mean time series of Hadley, Reynolds SST, surface net heat flux (Q), atmospheric pressure (SLP), air temperature (SAT) from NCEP NCAR reanalyses (1948-2015). Three multidecadal climatic regimes were revealed for the whole area studied by using cluster analyses via Principal Components of differences between values of Q, SLP, SAT in tropical and extratropical regions of the Asian Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans. The climate regime change in 70s of the 20th century in this area is confirmed by this method. It is also found that the climate regime is significantly changed at the end of the 20th century in both same area and World Ocean. The characteristic features of recent climate regime after 1996-1998 are SLP increase in the central extratropic area of Indian Ocean, North and South Pacific being prevailing in boreal winter. It is accompanying SLP increase and precipitation decrease in South Siberia and Mongolia prevailing in boreal summer. Inversed SLP and precipitation anomaly associated with increase of cyclone activity and extreme events in the land-ocean marginal zones including Southern Ocean, eastern Arctic, eastern Indian, western and eastern Pacific margins. It is known that low frequency PDO phase is also changed at the same time.
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Ponomarev, Vladimir, Vladimir Ponomarev, Elena Dmitrieva, Elena Dmitrieva, Svetlana Shkorba, Svetlana Shkorba, Irina Mashkina, Irina Mashkina, Alexander Karnaukhov et Alexander Karnaukhov. « CLIMATIC REGIME CHANGE IN THE ASIAN PACIFIC REGION, INDIAN AND SOUTHERN OCEANS AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY ». Dans Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4316b52a9b.

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Multiple scale climate variability in Asia of temperate and high latitudes, Pacific, Indian and South Oceans, their features and linkages are studied by using statistical analyses of monthly mean time series of Hadley, Reynolds SST, surface net heat flux (Q), atmospheric pressure (SLP), air temperature (SAT) from NCEP NCAR reanalyses (1948-2015). Three multidecadal climatic regimes were revealed for the whole area studied by using cluster analyses via Principal Components of differences between values of Q, SLP, SAT in tropical and extratropical regions of the Asian Pacific, Indian and Southern Oceans. The climate regime change in 70s of the 20th century in this area is confirmed by this method. It is also found that the climate regime is significantly changed at the end of the 20th century in both same area and World Ocean. The characteristic features of recent climate regime after 1996-1998 are SLP increase in the central extratropic area of Indian Ocean, North and South Pacific being prevailing in boreal winter. It is accompanying SLP increase and precipitation decrease in South Siberia and Mongolia prevailing in boreal summer. Inversed SLP and precipitation anomaly associated with increase of cyclone activity and extreme events in the land-ocean marginal zones including Southern Ocean, eastern Arctic, eastern Indian, western and eastern Pacific margins. It is known that low frequency PDO phase is also changed at the same time.
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Janoff, Dwight. « Flexible, High Temperature Thermal Insulation Materials for Subsea Wellhead and Production Equipment ». Dans ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28392.

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As oil and gas wells are being drilled in deepwater, hydrate formation in the well has become a major concern. During a production shut down, gas hydrates can form and plug the bore of a subsea tree, tree piping, jumper, manifold and flow lines. During shut downs, hot produced fluids become stagnant and are cooled by the surrounding cold water, resulting in hydrate formation [1]. Thermal insulation is necessary to slow down this cooling process to prevent hydrate formation until the well production or hydrate inhibitor injection can be restored [2]. Currently available insulation materials for subsea applications are rated for internal temperatures of up to 121 °C (250 °F). These materials include NovoTherm, urethanes, and epoxy/syntactic foams, and vulcanized rubbers [3]. These materials may thermally age at above 121 °C (250 °F) such that the insulation bond line will become weakened or softened over time. Recently, insulation that will withstand 177 °C (350 °F) internal temperatures for high temperature, high pressure (HTHP) projects are being required by operators. Two new insulation materials, proposed for use on subsea wellhead and production systems at temperatures up to 177 °C (350 °F) will be discussed. The first material is based on addition cured silicone elastomer. The second material is based on a flexible Novolac epoxy. Both materials are cast in place into molds, have high tensile elongation, and possess the thermal properties necessary to meet cool down requirements for subsea production equipment. These materials are being proposed for use on manifolds, jumpers, production trees, and other subsea equipment.
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Guittonny, Marie, A. Desrochers, Bruno Bussiere, Helene Cartier, Christine Baribeau, Carl Pednault et Jean Sebastien David. « How to grow trees on the wastes of a boreal gold mine – identification of the main physico-chemical limitations ». Dans Seventh International Conference on Mine Closure. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1208_41_larcheveque.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Temperate and boreal trees"

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Reich, Peter B. Final Technical Report on Warming-Induced Biome Change at the Temperate-Boreal Ecotone : An Experimental Test of Key Regeneration Processes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juillet 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1523655.

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Douglas, Thomas, et Joel Blum. Mercury isotopes reveal atmospheric gaseous mercury deposition directly to the Arctic coastal snowpack. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), juin 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41046.

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Springtime atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) lead to snow with elevated mercury concentrations (>200 ng Hg/L) in the Arctic and Antarctic. During AMDEs gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is photochemically oxidized by halogens to reactive gaseous mercury which is deposited to the snowpack. This reactive mercury is either photochemically reduced back to GEM and reemitted to the atmosphere or remains in the snowpack until spring snowmelt. GEM is also deposited to the snowpack and tundra vegetation by reactive surface uptake (dry deposition) from the atmosphere. There is little consensus on the proportion of AMDE-sourced Hg versus Hg from dry deposition that is released in spring runoff. We used mercury stable isotope measurements of GEM, snowfall, snowpack, snowmelt, surface water, vegetation, and peat from a northern Alaska coastal watershed to quantify Hg sources. Although high Hg concentrations are deposited to the snowpack during AMDEs, we estimate that ∼76 to 91% is released back to the atmosphere prior to snowmelt. Mercury deposited to the snowpack as GEM comprises the majority of snowmelt Hg and has a Hg stable isotope composition similar to Hg deposited by reactive surface uptake of GEM into the leaves of trees in temperate forests. This GEM-sourced Hg is the dominant Hg we measured in the spring snowpack and in tundra peat permafrost deposits.
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Ahammad, Ronju, et Francisco X. Aguilar. Socioekonomiska indikatorer för hållbart skogsbruk - och användning i svenska miljömålssystemet. SLU Future forests, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.4s34ii4mn9.

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Sveriges miljömålssystem innehåller miljökvalitetsmål som beskriver det önskvärda tillståndet för miljön. Det innehåller också ett löfte till kommande generationer om ren luft, en hälsosam livsmiljö och rika möjligheter att njuta av naturen. I studien analyserade vi utvalda socioekonomiska indikatorer anpassade från Montrealprocessen (Montréal Process for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests) och undersökte hur indikatorer för skogssektorn kan användas i miljömålssystemet. Syftet var att öka medvetenheten om viktiga socioekonomiska dimensioner inom miljömålen, och att undersöka kopplingarna mellan miljömålen och den skogliga bioekonomin. Fokus ligger på skogssektorn på grund av dess betydelse för uppföljningen av miljömålen samt dess viktiga sociala och ekonomiska roll i det svenska samhället. Montrealprocessen valdes som ett vägledande ramverk för studien eftersom det är utvecklat för bedömning av hållbart bevarande och hållbar förvaltning av skog på nationell nivå, samt för att det införlivar viktiga ekonomiska, miljömässiga och sociala dimensioner. Analysen bygger på en blandning av litteraturstudier, genomgång av nationella och internationella databaser samt samråd med experter som har hjälpt till att identifiera och tolka de utvalda indikatorerna. Vi identifierade skogliga socioekonomiska indikatorer relevanta för miljökvalitetsmål kopplade till skogsfastigheter och ägande, ekonomiskt värde och konsumtion av trä och träprodukter, sysselsättning, bioenergi, tillgång till grönstruktur, tillgång till skog per invånare samt kulturella värden. De nationella indikatorer som analyserades för perioden 2000–2020 pekar på framsteg för såväl skyddad skog som virkesproduktion, samt att skogssektorn har bidragit med betydande ekonomiska värden genom förädling av trä och träprodukter. Skog är en viktig råvara för förnybar energi och tillhandahåller också mark för andra förnybara energikällor såsom vindkraft. Indikatorer som pekar på motgångar är att antalet skogsägare minskar, arbetsstyrkan krymper och skogsarealen per invånare minskar. Förklaringar är generationsskiften, högre effektivitet i industrin och fortsatt befolkningstillväxt. Indikatorer knutna till produktiv skogsmark, skogsenergi, skyddad skog per invånare och kulturell betydelse kan direkt stödja miljökvalitetsmålen Levande skogar, Begränsad klimatpåverkan samt Ett rikt växt- och djurliv. Genom export och utnyttjande av utländsk arbetskraft bidrar den svenska skogssektorn till konsumtion av trävaror utomlands och ekonomiskt välbefinnande i mindre utvecklade länder genom löner till anställda inom de gröna sektorerna. Informationen är begränsad för indikatorer knutna till renskötsel och kulturella värden. Tillgängliga data tyder på att skadorna på kulturlämningar i skogen minskar. Vi rekommenderar en löpande uppföljning av kultur- och bevarandevärden i de svenska skogarna för att ytterligare förbättra möjligheterna att följa upp de sociala och ekologiska hållbarhetskriterierna i miljömålssystemet.
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Ahammad, Ronju, et Francisco X. Aguilar. Socio-economic indicators for the assessment of sustainability in the Swedish forest sector, and linkages with the national environmental quality objectives. SLU Future forests, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.6cbejge10k.

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Sweden’s Environmental Quality Objectives (EQOs) have been adopted to help describe the environment the country wishes to achieve, and are a promise to future generations of clean air, a healthy living environment, and rich opportunities to enjoy nature. Here, we assessed selected socio-economic indicators adapted from the Montréal Process for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests (MP) to examine trends in the Swedish forest sector of direct relevance to the EQOs. We did this with the aim of raising awareness about important socio-economic dimensions related to the EQOs, and to explore the linkages between the EQOs and the forest bioeconomy. We focused on the forest sector because of its central importance to meeting the EQOs, and fundamental social and economic roles it plays in Swedish society. The MP was chosen as our guiding framework because it was developed to assess national-level sustainable forest conservation and management, thus, incorporating critical economic, environmental and social dimensions. We applied a mixed methods approach based on a literature review, analyses of national and multilateral databases, and consultation with experts to identify and interpret selected indicators. We identified forest sector socio-economic indicators relevant to the EQOs related to forest property and ownership, economic value and consumption of wood and wood products, employment, wood energy, access to greenery, per capita forest availability, and cultural values. Interpretation of national-level indicators estimated for the 2000-2020 period point to overall progress toward maintaining forest conservation and production areas and a sector that has added substantial economic value through the processing of wood and wood products. Forests are an importance source of renewable energy and increasingly support the location of non-wood energy sources through the placement of wind power mills across forested lands. Downward trends were observed in fewer forest owners, a shrinking workforce, and per capita forest area which might be explained by processes of bequeathing, higher industry efficiencies and continued population growth. Selected indicators related to production forests, wood energy, per capita protected forests and cultural importance suggest these can directly support relevant EQOs including living forests, limited climate impact, rich plant and animal life. Through exports and hiring foreign workers, the Swedish forest sector has kept a direct linkage with the consumption of wood products abroad and in supporting economic wellbeing in lesser-developed nations through wages from forestry and non-wood seasonal employment, respectively. There is limited current information on cultural aspects such as heritage values and reindeer herding. Available data suggest a declining trend in damages to cultural remains within forest felling areas. We recommend regular and periodic assessment of the cultural and conservation values for Swedish forests to strengthen the ability to assess social and ecological sustainability relevant to the EQOs.
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5

Kalen, Nicholas. Remediated for accessibility per Section 508. National Park Service, mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2298454.

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I conducted bat surveys at Richmond National Battlefield Park to assess the status of bat communities following potential impacts of the disease white-nose syndrome. This disease, caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has severely reduced populations of several bat species in the eastern United States, threatening some with regional extirpation. Most affected species include the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis), Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), and tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus). During the summers of 2016-2020, I sampled sites with acoustic bat detectors and conducted capture surveys using mist nets to characterize bat communities with a focus on documenting WNS-imperiled species. I also conducted non-reproductive, or dormant, season acoustic and capture surveys from 2017-2021, to investigate potential local wintering by bats, especially northern long-eared bats, which have recently been discovered wintering in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Acoustic results identified the presence of ten bat species by echolocation calls: big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), little brown bat, northern long-eared bat, Indiana bat, evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), tricolored bat, and Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). Capture surveys documented big brown bats, eastern red bats, silver-haired bats, and evening bats. To examine habitat associations of bat species, I used generalized linear mixed models of a selection of variable candidates: habitat type, distance to water, minimum nightly temperature, and nightly precipitation to predict summer activity. Activity of big brown, eastern red, hoary, and Mexican free-tailed bats was highest in open habitats. Myotis spp. were most associated with mixed forest habitats. Tricolored bat activity was highest and evening bat activity was lowest in riparian and wetland habitats. To examine seasonality in bat species occurrence, I modeled acoustic activity in passes/night by Julian date using generalized additive models. Activity of big brown, eastern red, little brown, and tricolored bats was highest during summer. Activity of northern long-eared and Indiana bats was very low overall but was also highest in the summer. Tree bat species hoary, silver-haired, and Mexican free-tailed bat activity was highest in the spring and fall. Dormant season results suggest some winter occurrences for most bat species. Visual validation of echolocation calls revealed misidentifications were problematic for Myotis spp. little brown bat, northern long-eared bat, and Indiana bat, but diagnostic calls of all three species were recorded. Acoustic passes identified as northern long-eared bats suggest some individuals may be wintering nearby, but winter activity was very low and not indicative of large overwintering populations.
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6

Kalen, Nicholas. Bats of Richmond National Battlefield Park following white-nose syndrome : Public version. National Park Service, mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299295.

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Résumé :
I conducted bat surveys at Richmond National Battlefield Park to assess the status of bat communities following potential impacts of the disease white-nose syndrome. This disease, caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has severely reduced populations of several bat species in the eastern United States, threatening some with regional extirpation. Most affected species include the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis), Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis), and tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus). During the summers of 2016–2020, I sampled sites with acoustic bat detectors and conducted capture surveys using mist nets to characterize bat communities with a focus on documenting WNS-imperiled species. I also conducted non-reproductive, or dormant, season acoustic and capture surveys from 2017–2021, to investigate potential local wintering by bats, especially northern long-eared bats, which have recently been discovered wintering in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Acoustic results identified the presence of ten bat species by echolocation calls: big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), little brown bat, northern long-eared bat, Indiana bat, evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), tricolored bat, and Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). Capture surveys documented big brown bats, eastern red bats, silver-haired bats, and evening bats. To examine habitat associations of bat species, I used generalized linear mixed models of a selection of variable candidates: habitat type, distance to water, minimum nightly temperature, and nightly precipitation to predict summer activity. Activity of big brown, eastern red, hoary, and Mexican free-tailed bats was highest in open habitats. Myotis spp. were most associated with mixed forest habitats. Tricolored bat activity was highest and evening bat activity was lowest in riparian and wetland habitats. To examine seasonality in bat species occurrence, I modeled acoustic activity in passes/night by Julian date using generalized additive models. Activity of big brown, eastern red, little brown, and tricolored bats was highest during summer. Activity of northern long-eared and Indiana bats was very low overall but was also highest in the summer. Tree bat species hoary, silver-haired, and Mexican free-tailed bat activity was highest in the spring and fall. Dormant season results suggest some winter occurrences for most bat species. Visual validation of echolocation calls revealed misidentifications were problematic for Myotis spp. little brown bat, northern long-eared bat, and Indiana bat, but diagnostic calls of all three species were recorded. Acoustic passes identified as northern long-eared bats suggest some individuals may be wintering nearby, but winter activity was very low and not indicative of large overwintering populations. An internal NPS version of this document that includes an appendix with capture survey site coordinates is available and may be requested as needed.
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7

Kalen, Nicholas. Bats of Petersburg National Battlefield following white-nose syndrome. National Park Service, mai 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299217.

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I conducted bat surveys at Petersburg National Battlefield Park (PETE) to assess the status of bat communities following potential impacts of the disease white-nose syndrome. This disease, caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans, has severely reduced populations of several bat species in the eastern United States, threatening some with regional extirpation. Most affected species include the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), the federally-endangered northern long-eared bat (Myotis septentrionalis) and Indiana bat (Myotis sodalis) (USFWS 2007, USFWS 2022a), as well as the tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus), which has been proposed for endangered status (USFWS 2022b). I sampled sites with acoustic bat detectors from the summer of 2016 through fall 2021 and conducted capture surveys using mist nets from 2016-2019 to characterize seasonal occurrence of bat species with a focus on documenting WNS-imperiled species. Surveys also sought to document potential over-wintering of bats at PETE, especially northern long-eared bats, which have recently been discovered wintering in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Acoustic results identified the presence of nine bat species by echolocation calls: big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans), little brown bat, Indiana bat, evening bat (Nycticeius humeralis), tricolored bat, and Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis). Northern long-eared bats were identified acoustically by software, but identifications were invalidated by visual review. Acoustic misidentifications also occurred for little brown and Indiana bats, but diagnostic calls were confirmed. Capture surveys documented big brown bats, eastern red bats, evening bats, and a single little brown bat. To examine habitat associations of bat species, I used generalized linear mixed models of a selection of variable candidates: habitat type, distance to water, minimum nightly temperature, and nightly precipitation to predict summer activity. Activity of big brown, hoary, silver-haired, and Mexican free-tailed bats was highest in open habitats. Little brown and eastern red bats were most associated with mixed forest habitats. Evening bat activity was highest in deciduous forests. Habitat type was not a significant predictor of activity for Indiana and tricolored bat activity. To examine seasonality in bat species occurrence, I modeled acoustic activity in passes/night by Julian date using generalized additive models. Activity of big brown, eastern red, little brown, tricolored, and evening bats was highest during summer. Activity identified as Indiana bats was very low overall but was also highest in the summer. Activity of tree bat species hoary, silver-haired, and Mexican free-tailed bat was highest during the dormant season and peak activity appeared associated with migration. Dormant season results suggest some winter activity for most bat species identified as present in the park.
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