Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Temi oppositivi »

Due tesi di fondo, distinte ma strettamente correlate tra loro, sono al centro di questo saggio. La prima è che la globalizzazione, non solo economica e tecnologica, ma anche sociale e culturale, incidendo sul piano giuridico chiama in causa il diritto comparato per ripensarne e riaffermarne la propria vocazione di studio critico di problematiche ed esperienze giuridiche e normative, che si pone, al livello teorico, come modo autoriflessivo di conoscenza del diritto. La seconda tesi è che vi sono temi, come è il caso emblematico della tutela ambientale, che assumono carattere di ‘fondamenti' di comparazione giuridica, nel senso di rappresentare un paradigma di un nuovo statuto metodologico ed epistemologico di questo campo di studi, che invece di conoscere il mondo attraverso il diritto, alla maniera di classificazioni (tassonomie) dei sistemi giuridici, cerca di conoscere il diritto attraverso il mondo, nella sua dimensione ‘globale', al tempo stesso territoriale e spaziale, particolare e comune, relativa e universale, come polarità tra loro non oppositive, ma complementari.

Resumo: O texto consiste numa ampla resenha crítica escrita pelo filósofo italiano Norberto Bobbio sobre o livro La comunità internazionale e il diritto [A comunidade internacional e o direito] (1950) de Mario Giuliano, na qual são discutidas essencialmente questões clássicas da filosofia do direito internacional, como a contraposição entre jusnaturalismo e juspositivismo, a natureza do direito internacional, a contraposição entre internacionalismo e cosmopolitismo, a reforma do direito internacional, a reforma da comunidade internacional, os temas da paz e da guerra, a cientificidade do direito internacional, a contraposição entre direito internacional e direito estatual e o tema do pacifismo. Palavras-chave: Mario Giuliano, direito internacional, comunidade internacional, internacionalismo, pacifismo. Abstract: This paper is a comprehensive critical review written by the Italian philosopher Norberto Bobbio on the book La comunità internazionale e il diritto [The international community and the right] (1950) by Mario Giuliano, which are discussed essentially classical questions of philosophy of law international, as the opposition between natural law and positive law, the nature of international law, the opposition between internationalism and cosmopolitanism, the reform of international law, the reform of the international community, the issues of peace and war, the scientificity of international law, opposition between international law and estatual rights and the issue of pacifism.Keywords: Mario Giuliano, international law, international community, internationalism, pacifism

Abstract. Introduction: the legislative speeches at plenary sessions in the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation provide rich material for analyzing deputy’s ideas about the world arrangement, including the issues of territorial and political nature. The latter are of interest because they are a kind of gateway to the “real world” in which real people and organizations live and operate in specific localities and territories. It can be assumed that with regard to the parties represented in the State Duma, their place in the partypolitical system is one of the factors of differences in Russia’s territorial image. The period under analysis covers the time between the State Duma’s 4th and 7th convocation (2003–2021), characterized by the formation of a fairly stable party-political system with the dominance of “United Russia” party and the representation of three parties of systemic opposition in the lower house of the Russian parliament. Objectives: to identify the differences between the factions of the State Duma in the volume and structure of references to geographical objects. Methods: “Natasha” library tools for analyzing natural language text based on deep learning methods, the OpenStreetMap automatic geocoding system, and content analysis. Results: compared to other factions, “United Russia” refers less to geographical entities in relation to the total speaking volume of its deputies. At the same time, the mention of Russia and everything “geographically” connected with it has a more abstract, that is, high-level character among “United Russia” members. This is manifested, at least, in two ways. Firstly, “United Russia” deputies talk less about geographic objects of the regional level and below. Secondly, in their general reference to specific regions, they are much more likely, compared to other factions’ deputies, to limit themselves by only naming the region. In other words, systemic opposition deputies talk more about towns and localities “within” regions. Conclusions: The territorial image of the country in the “United Russia” rhetoric significantly differs from the other factions’ image in the level of its abstraction. This may be explained by the role of “United Russia” as the party of power, i.e. the instrument of presidential dominance in parliament. Being politically dominant, it bears the main administrative burden in the Duma processes. This reduces its incentive for using the rhetoric that opens up the gateways to the “real world”.

Sikap para ulama Islam terhadap kalam, logika, serta filsafat Yunani, yang secara umum mereka sebut sebagai 'ulum al-awa'il, terbagi ke dalam dua buah orientasi, yaitu orientasi Tradisional yang menekankan bahwa rasio Islam harus difokuskan kepada usaha memahami dan mengaplikasikan wahyu jauh dari kegiatan filsafat, dan orientasi Rasional yang menyatakan bahwa tradisi Yunani itu tidak bertentangan dengan doktrin Islam. Orientasi Tradisional tersebut belum diperhatikan secukupnya oleh para penulis modern. Lewat ulasan terhadap literatur-literatur modern karya I. Goldziher, G. Maksidi, G.H.A. Juynboll, J. Pavlin, dan P.Sj. van Koningsveld, yang secara eksplisit dan elaboratif memaparkan aliran, tokoh, pendapat, dan argumentasi kaum "oposan" tersebut, kajian ini mengungkapkan bahwa sikap mendukung atau menolak kalam dan logika bukan monopoli aliran keagaaan tertentu. Ulama yang dianggap sebagai wakil dari aliran Tradisional ekstrim sekalipun dapat menjadi pembela utama kalam dan logika dan memberi konstribusi yang sangat berarti bagi kemajuan dua ilmu itu, dan sebaliknya. Kajian ini juga mengungkapkan bahwa kelima penulis modern tersebut tidak merujuk buku Shawn AI-Manthiq Wa Al-Kalam Min Fannay Al-Manthiq Wa Al-Kalam karya Al Suyuthi, sebuah teks yang sangat kaya dalam tema ini.Kata Kunci: opposition, kalam, logic, modern literature.

De lange studietider ved universitetsuddannelserne er et tilbagekommende tema i uddannelsespolitikken. I begge de store samfundsøkonomiske planer, som den daværende regering og opposition fremlagde i 2010, foreslås tiltag til afkortning af studietiderne. Men faktisk er der i de seneste år blevet indført en række tiltag, herunder stramme rammer for specialeskrivningen og færdiggørelsesbonus. Virkningerne af disse tiltag kendes endnu ikke. Det gælder også mulige utilsigtede konsekvenser, som for eksempel underminering af de studerendes faglige kompetencer og marginalisering af studerende med svagere forudsætninger og netværk. I artiklen argumenteres der for, at det i denne situation vil være uforsvarligt at indføre yderligere foranstaltninger til forkortelse af studietiderne.

Con l'entrata in vigore del Trattato di Lisbona e della Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell'Unione europea, da più parti è stata sottolineata l'obsolescenza del tema dei limiti costi-tuzionali al primato del diritto UE. Si assiste invece ad un ‘ritorno di attualità' della dottrina dei controlimiti e delle tensioni irrisolte che ruotano intorno alla tutela dei diritti fondamentali nel pluralismo costituzionale europeo. In tale contesto, il presente contributo mira a verifica-re se i crescenti conflitti interordinamentali costituiscano una minaccia per la tenuta dell'edificio europeo oppure se possano produrre anche una spinta propulsiva nel processo di costituzionalizzazione dell'Unione. A tal fine, saranno esaminati, da un lato, le tendenze osservabili nell'approccio (oppositivo vs. conciliativo) delle Corti costituzionali e della Corte di giustizia alle disarmonie nelle dinamiche relazioni tra ordinamenti, dall'altro, le eteroge-nee indicazioni emergenti dall'approccio orientato allo scontro o al confronto.

Resumen : El pensamiento cientifista moderno que pretende obtener certezas mediante la búsqueda de afirmaciones indiscutibles sobre hechos irrefutables derivados de la protocolización y estandarización de procedimientos que nos alejen del debate sobre los valores e intereses particulares, ha olvidado que la formalización que requiere el diseño de todo procedimiento aplicable a casos concretos supone siempre la incorporación de finalidades relativas a valores e intereses. Este olvido, propio del pensamiento moderno, se ha visto acompañado de otra actitud: la hiperespecialización de las disciplinas, de manera que sus consecuencias y los debates sobre las mismas en una especie de constante reinvención de la rueda se han reproducido estérilmente. Mediante un estudio interdisciplinar que pone de manifiesto las líneas comunes en debates paradigmáticos en los campos del derecho, la retórica, la lingüística, la ciencia cognitiva y la inteligencia artificial simbólica, así como la teoría política, pretendemos poner de manifiesto la incapacidad de las teorías procesualistas de satisfacer esa aspiración de certeza y neutralidad absoluta propia de las sociedades postmetafísicas en sentido habermasiano.Palabras clave: Debido proceso, debido proceso sustantivo, inteligencia artificial simbólica, filosofía política, J.Rawls, J. Habermas, C. Mouffe. Abstract :The modern scientificist thought that seeks to obtain certainty through the search for indisputable statements about irrefutable facts derived from the protocolization and standardization of procedures that take us away from the debate on particular values and interests, has forgotten that the formalization required for the design of any procedure applicable to specific cases always involves the addition of purposes related to values and interests. This oversight, typical of modern thought, has been accompanied by another attitude: the hyperspecialization of the disciplines, so that its consequences and the debates about them in a kind of constant reinvention of the wheel have been reproduced sterilely. Through an interdisciplinary study that highlights the common lines in paradigmatic debates in the fields of law, rhetoric, linguistics, cognitive science and symbolic artificial intelligence, as well as political theory, we intend to emphasize the inability of processual theories to satisfy an aspiration of absolute neutrality typical of postmetaphysical societies in the Habermasian sense. Keywords: Due process, substantive due process, symbolic artificial intelligence, political philosophy, J. Rawls, J. Habermas, C. Mouffe.

O. Spengler was one of the leading protagonists of cultural criticism in the 20th century. His oeuvre had been rooted in the German intellectual climate of the pre-war period and war years. The German tradition based on an ambivalent relation to modernity, after the German defeat suffered at the end of the First World War, emerged as the movement of ‘conservative revolution’. This new kind of conservatism, on the one hand, enthusiastically greeted technological advancement, while, on the other hand, rejected social and political modernization. The opposition of the city and the country-side was a central theme of this way of thought. Spengler in his ‘morphology of world history’ gave an outstanding place to this opposition. Our paper offers a reconstruction, in this respect, of the theory of Spengler. Santrauka O. Spengleris buvo vienas iš svarbiausių XX a. kultūros kritikos atstovų. Jo kūryba buvo įšaknyta vokiečių ikikarinio laikotarpio ir karo metų intelektualinėje atmosferoje. Vokiškoji tradicija, pagrįsta ambivalentišku santykiu su modernybe, po skaudaus vokiečių pralaimėjimo Pirmajame pasauliniame kare, iškilo kaip ,,konservatyviosios revoliucijos“ judėjimas. Naujas konservatizmo tipas, viena vertus, entuziastingai sveikino technologinį progresą, kita vertus, atmetė socialinę ir politinę modernizaciją. Priešprieša tarp miesto ir kaimo buvo pagrindinė diskusijų tema. Šiose diskusijose Spengleris su savo „pasaulio istorijos morfologija” užėmė iškilią vietą. Šiame straipsnyje pristatoma Spenglerio teorijos rekonstrukcija.

En el Senado siempre hubo individuos que se opusieron a Octavio y varios de ellos llegaron a conspirar contra él. Tras el confinamiento de Lépido del ámbito político, lo cual hizo que quedaran Antonio y Octavio frente a frente, este último fue objeto de varias conspiraciones. Esta forma de oposición más violenta es la que predomina en el relato de las fuentes clásicas, que recogen importantes datos para conocer las relaciones entre el Senado y el princeps. Sin embargo, de entre ellas, hay un hecho particular que llama la atención, ya que se trata de un caso de oposición no violenta y que llega a ser ensalzado en las fuentes (Tac., Ann., 3, 75), representado por el jurista Marco Antistio Labeón. En primer lugar, para abordar el tema recopilaremos los casos anteriores a Antistio Labeón que se opusieron a Augusto y haremos un breve perfil biográfico del personaje. Finalmente, indagaremos en los casos en los que Labeón mostró su oposición a la figura de Augusto.AbstractIn the Senate there were always individuals who opposed Octavius and several of them came to conspire against him. After the confinement of Lepidus from the political sphere, which caused Antonius and Octavius to remain face to face, the latter was subject to several conspiracies. This form of more violent opposition is the one that predominates in the ensemble of the classic sources, which collect important data to know the relations between the Senate and the princeps. However, among them, there is a particular fact that attracts attention, since it is a case of non-violent opposition and that it becomes extolled at the sources (Tac., Ann., 3, 75), represented by the jurist Marcus Antistius Labeo. To address the issue, first, we will collect the cases before Antistius Labeo which opposed Augustus and make a brief biographical profile of the character. Finally, we will investigate the cases in which Labeo showed his opposition to the figure of Augustus.

This study seeks to reveal receptions university student broadcasting beacon globe on film journalism. The purpose of this study to determine the meaning construction contents journalism-themed films through the movie shows them. The relations of meaning to the theme of movies they watch give you an idea about their opinions on the meanings contained in the movie scene. This study uses analysis reception Stuart Hall stated on the three main elements of meaning that is, the dominant meaning, the opposition of meaning and significance negotiations conducted by the subject studied. Construction of meaning built by the subject of research conducted with data triangulation technique, namely written questionnaires, interviews and discussions after watching the film so we get a more comprehensive picture of signification. The results showed that there are different meanings in one scene to scene ten dominated the meaning opposition to the meanings that awakened nature did the film. Next is the meaning of meaning on meaning construction negotiations in the tenth scene. Meaning become dominant meaning that does not give meaning to the subject of study of journalism movie theme. Penelitian ini berupaya untuk mengungkapkan resepsi mahasiswa broadcasting universitas mercu buana pada film jurnalistik, tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui konstruksi makna isi film bertema journalism melalui tayangan film yang ditonton mereka, relasi pemaknaan dengan tema film yang mereka tonton memberikan gambaran tentang pendapat mereka pada makna-makna yang terdapat di dalam scene film. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis resepsi Stuart Hall yang dinyatakan pada tiga elemen utama pemaknaan yakni, dominan makna, oposisi makna dan negosiasi makna yang dilakukan oleh subjek yang diteliti, konstruksi makna yang dibangun oleh subjek penelitian dilakukan dengan teknik triangulasi data, yakni daftar pertanyaan tertulis, wawancara dan diskusi setelah menonton film sehingga didapatkan gambaran pemaknaan yang lebih menyeluruh. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan pemaknaan pada scene satu hingga scene sepuluh yang didominasi pada pemaknaan opisisi terhadap makna-makna yang terbangun did alam film, pemaknaan berikutnya ialah pemaknaan negosiasi terhadap makna yang dibanun di dalam kesepuluh scene, pemaknaan dominan menjadi pemaknaan yang tidak memberikan arti kepada subjek penelitian terhadap tema film journalism.

Per esaminare l’influenza che gli eventi biografici possono aver avuto su un’opera marcata dalle intime pulsioni del suo autore, com’è nel caso di Sade, si è fatto ricorso sia a nozioni psicoanalitiche tecniche, sia a modelli biografici e di analisi testuale tributari della psicoanalisi. L’incarcerazione degli anni 1777-1790 è stata esaminata attraverso le missive private del periodo: in esse è emersa la problematica costituita dalla falsità del linguaggio altrui, e delineante un’impossibilità comunicativo-relazionale. Quest’ultima, d’altronde, già si era profilata negli anni infantili di Sade con la traumatica separazione dalla madre. Risultato dei due cruciali eventi biografici sarebbe (secondo un neologismo sadiano) l’“isolisme”, ovvero il rifiuto della comunicazione e della relazione con l’Altro. Tale rifiuto troverebbe espressione nell’opera nella negazione dei sentimenti altruisti, nel concomitante erotismo crudele e disumano perpetrato specie sulla figura femminile, e nell’impossibilità di conoscere appieno la “natura umana”. L’opera sarebbe allora la riarticolazione in simboli coscienti di quanto di sé e dell’altro, della dimensione erotica e comunicativo-relazione sfugge tendenzialmente alla coscienza e comprensione dell’autore. In tal senso, si può cogliere un’evoluzione dalla prima all’ultima delle opere prese in esame – Dialogue entre un prêtre et un moribond, Les 120 Journées de Sodome, Les Infortunes de la vertu, Histoire de Juliette: evoluzione che va nel senso di un allentamento dell’“isolisme”, di un’elevazione della donna da vittima a carnefice e di una maggiore conoscenza dell’essere umano. Concluderemmo allora che l’uomo Sade ha strutturato se stesso nell’opera, e viceversa che l’opera ha dato una nuova strutturazione all’esistenza di Sade. In order to examine the influence that biographical events may have had on a work marked by the intimate drives of its author, as is the case with Sade, technical psychoanalytic notions, biographical models and textual analysis tributary to psychoanalysis have been used. The imprisonment of the years 1777-1790 was examined through the private missives of the period: in them emerged the problem constituted by the falsity of the language of others, and delineating a communicative-relational impossibility. The latter, on the other hand, had already emerged in Sade's childhood years with the traumatic separation from his mother. The result of the two crucial biographical events would be (according to a Sadian neologism) the "isolisme", that is the refusal of communication and relationship with the other. This refusal would find expression in the work in the denial of altruistic feelings, in the concomitant cruel and inhuman eroticism perpetrated especially on the female figure, and in the impossibility of fully knowing "human nature". The work would then be the rearticulation into conscious symbols of what, in the erotic and communicative-relationship dimensions, tends to escape the author's consciousness and understanding. In this sense, we can see an evolution from the first to the last of the works examined - Dialogue entre un prêtre et un moribond, Les 120 Journées de Sodome, Les Infortunes de la vertu, Histoire de Juliette: an evolution that goes in the sense of a loosening of the "isolisme", an elevation of the woman from victim to tormentor and a greater knowledge of the human being. We would conclude then that the man Sade has structured himself in the work, and vice versa that the work has given a new structure to Sade's existence.

L'idea di "stato sociale" è una delle più controverse nella storia del pensiero politico contemporaneo. Il motivo dell'intervento dello stato nella vita economica, con scopi di consolidamento politico e di riequilibrio sociale, è stato oggetto di accese polemiche ideali fin dal suo affacciarsi, fra Sette e Ottocento, come possibile cura della povertà. Lo scontro tra fautori e oppositori delle politiche sociali si è poi ripresentato a proposito del formarsi dello stato sociale come strumento di integrazione del proletariato negli stati nazionali e come risposta ai diritti sociali connessi con la cittadinanza. E continua oggi, come riflesso culturale della crisi del Welfare e dell'offensiva ideologica neoliberista. Questo primo volume (dei due in cui l'opera è articolata) riattraversa i momenti più importanti della disputa nel secolo XIX, evocando temi come la formazione della cultura liberale e il suo confronto con la questione sociale, le varie ipotesi di protezione delle classi subalterne, le discussioni intorno all'emergere dei diritti sociali (come il diritto all'istruzione e il diritto al lavoro), la precoce formulazione delle ipotesi socialdemocratiche di riforma sociale. I TRE VOLUMI: Lo stato sociale nel pensiero politico contemporaneo L'Ottocento Lo stato sociale nel pensiero politico contemporaneo. Il Novecento Parte prima: Da inizio secolo alla seconda guerra mondiale Lo stato sociale nel pensiero politico contemporaneo. Il Novecento Parte seconda: dal dopoguerra a oggi

This chapter presents four case studies documenting ways in which Japan's precarious workers have mobilized in opposition to Japanese employers, and some of the effects that the workers have had in doing so. Nonregular workers face working conditions characterized by precarity, lack of bargaining power, low wages, and a rapid turnover of employment. Nevertheless, these case studies illustrate a number of important ways in which, through collective action, nonregular workers in Japan have been able to impose a number of sanctions on employers and receive a range of important concessions. This has led to changes in corporate governance, better treatment of workers, the payment of unpaid wages, and improved employment security. In some cases, solidarity among precarious workers has led to the collapse of temporary employment agencies (temp agencies), clearly demonstrating that workers' acts of refusal can generate changes in employment practices.