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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Television broadcasting – European Union countries »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Television broadcasting – European Union countries"

Meyer, Manfred. « Educational Television in Member Countries of the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) ». Educational Media International 28, n^o 4 (décembre 1991) : 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0952398910280408.

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Sehl, Annika, Richard Fletcher et Robert G. Picard. « Crowding out : Is there evidence that public service media harm markets ? A cross-national comparative analysis of commercial television and online news providers ». European Journal of Communication 35, n^o 4 (28 février 2020) : 389–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323120903688.

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The impact of public service media (PSM) on media competition has become a topic of debate in many European countries. Some argue that PSM could starve commercial media, or discourage them from entering markets in the first place because they shrink commercial audiences, lowering both advertising income for free commercial television and willingness to pay for commercial products. Despite its prevalence as a policy argument, there has been limited research about the crowding out concept – and almost no research that is independent, comparative, and considers broadcasting as well as online markets. This article addresses these shortcomings by examining whether there is any evidence to support the crowding out argument by analysing national broadcast and online markets in all 28 European Union countries. More specifically, we focus on data on market resources, audience performance and payment for digital news. The analysis reveals little to no support for the crowding out argument for broadcasting and related online markets.

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Tereshchuk, Vitaliy. « Political and Institutional Characteristics of the Entry of the CEE Region into Regional Media Systems During the Bipolar and Post-Bipolar Periods ». Politeja 15, n^o 6(57) (13 août 2019) : 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.57.12.

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In the newly shaped post‑WWI Europe the CEE region was an integral part of the pan‑European media system. The iron curtain that split Europe into two parts in the bipolar period, inevitably led to the emergence of two separate media systems, i.e. the Western European one and the one driven by the USSR (and existing predominantly in Eastern‑European states). These systems were institutionalized by the establishment of separate broadcasting alliances and corresponding TV programme exchange networks. At the same time, in the context of the Cold War, the CEE region was a key target of Western broadcasting with the aim to counter Soviet propaganda and political influence. This factor reinforced by the willingness of the CEE countries to preserve their European identity caused the socialist media system (as well as other Soviet integration projects) to remain artificial and to be rejected in the region. It was clearly confirmed at the beginning of the post‑bipolar period, when, after the collapse of the socialist camp and the USSR, the Soviet‑driven International Radio and Television Organization ceased to exist, and the CEE countries integrated into the European Broadcasting Union, unleashing their desire to “return to Europe”. At the same time, in the context of a policy aimed at preserving control over the post‑Soviet space, Russia makes efforts which could be regarded as an attempt to restore (preserve) the common media space in the post‑Soviet territories. In the paper the CEE region is regarded in the broadest way, including all states which were in socialist bloc, and appropriate former European Soviet republics.

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Pivnitskaya, Olga V. « A True Teacher Is the One from Whom You Want to Learn All Your Life ». Musical Art and Education 8, n^o 3 (2020) : 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862//2309-1428-2020-8-3-149-158.

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This article is an attempt to show the beginning of Eduard Borisovich Abdullin’s creative path in the pedagogy of music education, in particular, his experience in teaching as an artistic director and conductor of the choir studio “Melodia” of the Palace of Pioneers in the city of Podolsk, Moscow Region. As a graduate student of the Lenin Moscow State Pedagogical Institute, the young teacher achieved tremendous creative success: the choir studio under his direction performed in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory, the Column Hall of the House of Unions, the P. I. Tchaikovsky Concert Hall, in the Kremlin Palace of Congresses; toured in the cities of the USSR and European countries. On the first television channel, two hour-long television programs were shown. The studio of the State House of Radio Broadcasting and Sound Recording has released educational records. For almost half a century, the “Melodiya” studio continued to meet with its leader, and all members of the choir strove to attend them in order to meet their Teacher again. Special attention is paid to the significance of the fundamental works by Eduard Borisovich Abdullin, which became the basis for the pedagogical interpretation by the author in his research activities of the conceptual provisions of the methodology of pedagogy of music education. The sequential expansion of the problem field of the conducted musical pedagogical research is described: from the theoretical substantiation of the model for the development of the Central Russian folk song tradition by children to the formation of a new direction of research searches associated with the use of various vocal techniques at the junction of different genres.

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KRASNOSTUP, H. « Legal aspects of the formation and implementation of state policy in the field of television and radio broadcasting ». INFORMATION AND LAW, n^o 1(13) (20 mai 2015) : 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37750/2616-6798.2015.1(13).272604.

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About legal aspects of formation and realization of state policy in the field of television and broadcast, definition of measures on adaptation of legislation in this sphere to the legislation of European Union.

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Varney, Mike. « European Controls on Member State Promotion and Regulation of Public Service Broadcasting and Broadcasting Standards ». European Public Law 10, Issue 3 (1 septembre 2004) : 503–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2004030.

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Public service broadcasting is still widely supported in the European Union, despite technological developments which are now offering a challenge to many of the traditional justifications offered for the support of the concept. This article aims to demonstrate that public service broadcasting, along with associated measures designed to support high standards of quality in other broadcasting services, are still very important in the modern context due to the media's pivotal role in society. An analysis of the impact of 'European public law' which, in this context, is primarily restricted to the law on the freedom to provide services and the associated effects of the 'Television Without Frontiers' Directive and the law relating to state aids, aims to highlight the impact which European Public Law has had on media regulation. Some of the more recent developments, such as the European Court of Justice's decision in Ferring and Altmark, along with the Commission's corresponding change in attitude to state funding of public service broadcasting, are welcomed. The Court's more recent decisions taken under the freedom to provide services are questioned more closely, as it appears that these measures can be said to have had a more significant impact upon the traditions of media regulation within Member State constitutions.

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Katsirea, Irini. « The Transmission State Principle : The End of the Broadcasting Sovereignty of the Member States ? » Cambridge Yearbook of European Legal Studies 6 (2004) : 105–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5235/152888712802759485.

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Observers of the media policies of the European Union contend that the transmission state principle of the Television Without Frontiers Directive, by ruling out the restriction of transfrontier broadcasts, which are in compliance with the laws of the originating state, has signified the end of the broadcasting sovereignty of the Member States. The transmission state principle is central to the objective of the Television Without Frontiers Directive to create an internal market in broadcasting services. Laid down initially in Article 2(2) of Directive 89/552/EEC, it has been transferred to Article 2a(1) following the adoption of the revised Directive 97/36/EC. The meaning of the principle has remained the same: Member States are obliged to ensure the unhindered reception of broadcasts lawfully transmitted in their state of origin. They only have a limited possibility to derogate provisionally from the transmission state principle, when foreign television broadcasts manifestly, seriously and gravely breach provisions concerning the protection of minors or public order.

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Galetić, Fran. « Market position of public television in post-transition countries of the European Union from 1995 to 2019 ». Ekonomski pregled 73, n^o 4 (2022) : 571–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32910/ep.73.4.4.

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Public television is present in every European country, and it position on the market has been changing during the process of transition from monopoly to oligopoly and further towards monopolistic competition market. In most transition countries of the European Union, this process started in early 1990s and today public television represents only one player on the market. This paper analyzes the position of public television in 8 countries: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia for the period from 1995 till 2019. The goal of this research is to analyze the changes in the market share of public television, as well as to compare public television position in these 8 countries. This will be done by applying descriptive statistic methods on the data about audience. The audience represents the market share, and it is analyzed on the level of each public TV channel. Countries are further divided into three groups, those with strong, middle and weak position of public television. Additionally, concentration analysis based on HHI will show how similar or different these markets are. The results show that the market power of public television has fallen in the analyzed period. Despite of that, in the majority of the 8 analyzed countries, public television still plays an important role on the market.

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Dillon, Thomas. « TV Quotas Under the AVMS Directive After Brexit ». Journal of World Trade 56, Issue 2 (1 mars 2022) : 307–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2022013.

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The European Union (EU)’s Audiovisual Media Services Directive 2010/13/EU (AVMS Directive) requires broadcasters to seek to ensure that a majority of transmission time is dedicated to ‘European works’. The definition of eligible works for this cultural quota includes states party to the European Convention on Transfrontier Television (ECTT), of which twenty EU Member States and the UK are among the members. EU broadcasters can hence satisfy the quota with UK works. It appears, however, that post-Brexit the European Commission contemplates an attempt to exclude UK works from the definition, so as to enlarge the share of the market available to EU Member State producers. This article examines that ambition against the obligations of the EU and its Member States under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the ECTT, concluding that several obstacles stand in the way of achieving that policy goal. AVMS, ‘Television without Frontiers’, European works, broadcasting quota, Brexit, GATS

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Thèses sur le sujet "Television broadcasting – European Union countries"

Sousa, Helena. « Communications policy in Portugal and its links with the European Union : an analysis of the telecommunications and television broadcasting sectors from the mid-1980's until the mid-1990's ». Thesis, City University London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319649.

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Karayannis, Vassilios-Petros. « Liberté économique et défense de l'intérêt général : le problème de retransmission par câble des émissions télévisées dans l'Union européenne ». Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211205.

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La thèse aborde le droit européen de la télévision sous deux aspects :les régimes administratifs d’accès des émissions télévisées aux réseaux câblés et les droits intellectuels.

En ce qui concerne l’accès des émissions aux réseaux câblés, la thèse met en avant le besoin de sauvegarder un service public de l’audiovisuel. Celui-ci est défini comme un ensemble des règles qui visent à la fois le paysage audiovisuel propre à chaque Etat membre (par exemple pluralisme) et le contenu des émissions proprement dit (émissions informatives, éducatives, épanouissement culturel etc.). Le droit communautaire primaire et dérivé, tel qu’interprété par la Cour de justice, fournit les moyens de conciliation entre, d’une part les intérêts généraux et, d’autre part, les exigences découlant de la libre prestation de services et de la libre concurrence.

En ce qui concerne l’application des droits intellectuels, la thèse aborde la problématique liée à l’épuisement ou la subsistance de ceux-ci. Dans le cas de la câblodistribution, la Cour a affirmé la subsistance du droit. Cette position est corroboré par la nouvelle directive européenne sur le droit d’auteur et les droits voisins dans la société de l’information. La thèse appuie la position de subsistance en considérant qu’elle constitue une condition essentielle pour la juste récompense des auteurs.

Enfin, la thèse aborde les questions plus spécifiques qui naissent à propos de la convergence technologique et juridique. Tout d’abord, il est avancé que le service public de l’audiovisuel n’est pas uniquement lié à des contraintes techniques, mais essentiellement à des objectifs qualitatifs (contenu des émissions). Ainsi, la thèse plaide en faveur de la pérpetuité du service public de l’audiovisuel dans l’ère du numérique. Par ailleurs, des questions plus spécifiques (comme l’accès à la boucle locale, l’interconnexion des réseaux et la numérisation des infrastructures) ont été examinées.

Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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KREMMYDA, Peristera. « Between competitiveness and pluralism : concentration in the broadcasting industry in the EU ». Doctoral thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4681.

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Defence date: 17 May 2004
Examining board: Prof. Giuliano Amato (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Enzo Cheli (Presidente dell'Autorità per le Garanzie delle Comunicazioni) ; Prof. Petros Mavroidis (Columbia Law School and University of Neuchatel) ; Prof. Hanns Ullrich (European University Institute)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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HANRETTY, Chris. « The Political Independence of Public Service Broadcasters ». Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13213.

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Defense date: 18 December 2009
Examining Board: Adrienne Héritier (EUI/RSCAS), Anker Brink Lund (Copenhagen Business School), Gianpietro Mazzoleni (University of Milan) (External Co-Supervisor), Alexander H. Trechsel (EUI) (Supervisor)
François Mény Prize for the Best Comparative Study of Political Institutions, 2010.
In this thesis, I demonstrate that the degree of political independence that a public service broadcaster has depends on the degree of legal protection given to it, and on the size of the market for news in that country. The latter affects broadcaster independence by creating more standardized and professionalized news, which in turn reduces politicians’ incentives to intervene in the broadcaster. The former affects broadcaster independence by making it less likely that such intervention will be effective. I demonstrate these claims in two ways. First, I conduct a large-N statistical analysis of 36 public service broadcasters (PSBs), in which I demonstrate that legal protection news market size are statistically significant predictors of PSB independence (as I operationalize it), and that other suggested explanatory factors — party system polarization and bureaucratic partisanship — have no effect. Second, I carry out a comparative historical analysis of six European PSBs—Radiotelevisione Italiana, Radiotelevisión Española, Radio Telefís Éireann (Ireland), the British Broadcasting Corporation, Danmarks Radio, and Sveriges Radio and its associated companies (Sweden) — and substantiate the claims made in my statistical analysis. In particular, I demonstrate that where the market for news was bigger, broadcasters capitalised on pre-existing journalistic experience, adopting the house-styles of press agencies and learning from journalists’ associations. Conversely, where the market was small, that experience could not be drawn on, and broadcast journalism attracted political intervention.
Version of thesis published as a book "HANRETTY, Chris, Public Broadcasting and Political Interference, Abingdon/New York, Routledge, 2011, Routledge Research in Political Communication"

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ARINO, Monica. « Regulation and competition in European broadcasting : a study of pluralism through access ». Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4544.

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KOENIG, Michael E. D. « The introduction of digital television in Europe : new problems and implications for competition and media concentration ». Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5518.

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ROTENBERG, Boris. « The legal regulation of communications bottlenecks in European digital television ; Boris Rotenberg ». Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4769.

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Defence date: 17 May 2005
Examining board: Prof. Bruno De Witte (Supervisor, European University Institute) ; Prof. Rachael Craufurd Smith, University of Edinburgh ; Prof. Roberto Mastroianni, Università Federico II di Napoli ; Prof. Hans Ullrich, European University Institute
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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IBÁÑEZ, COLOMO Pablo. « European communications law and technological convergence : deregulation, re-gulation and regulatory convergence in television and telecommunications ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14521.

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Awarded the Jacques Lassier Prize for the best doctoral thesis in Competition Law by the International League of Competition Law. The Prize is awarded every two years for Ph.D. dissertations written in competition law and related fields (including intellectual property and unfair competition), and was established in memory of Jacques Lassier, a former President of the League and one of the first practitioners in continental Europe to understand the importance of EU competition rules. The ceremony took place at Christ Church College in Oxford during the annual congress of the League.
Defence Date: 10 June 2010
Examining Board: Prof. Heike Schweitzer - Supervisor, European University Institute; Prof. Antonio Bavasso - University College London; Prof. Bruno de Witte - Universiteit Maastricht; Prof. Paul Nihoul - Université Catholique de Louvain
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
Technological convergence' is an expression depicting the blurring of boundaries between television and telecommunications. As a consequence of this process, the economic assumptions underlying legacy regulatory regimes no longer reflect market realities. Thus, technological convergence pushes for regulatory change, and this, in three directions: (i) deregulation, i.e. the removal of tools providing for exclusive and special rights; (ii) regulatory convergence, i.e. the creation of a level-playing-field between incumbents and new entrants and (iii) re-regulation, i.e. the introduction of new tools, either to replace legacy ones or to respond to emerging concerns. The first part of the dissertation examines the reaction to technological convergence in television and telecommunications regulation. While deregulation was unavoidable in both sectors, so pressing were technological developments, there are marked differences in other respects between them. Television regulation is an example of a 'defensive' reaction, in the sense that steps towards regulatory convergence and re-regulation have been slow and incremental. As a result, legislation is remarkably unstable and distortions, unavoidable. In addition, competition law has emerged as a source of regulation to deal with some concerns neglected in explicit regulatory regimes. In the telecommunications sector, by contrast, the Regulatory Framework for electronic communications constitutes an attempt to lay down, ex novo, a flexible and lasting regime. The second part examines choices around 'conflict points' between regimes, i.e. those areas of substantive overlap between the three sources of regulation identified above. Two conclusions follow from the analysis. First, it appears that one must differentiate, for normative purposes, between regulatory objectives (pluralism, effective competition, harmonisation...) and the specific tools through which these are implemented. In this sense, it seems feasible and justified to reconcile conflicting objectives across the value chain along the lines of tools that are more suited to apply in a changing environment. Secondly, it is noted that television and telecommunications activities are so inextricably linked that any attempt to regulate one of the two sectors in isolation from the other, as is currently the case, is artificial and unsustainable.

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SALVATORE, Vincenzo. « Concorrenza televisiva e diritto comunitario ». Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4776.

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BANIA, Konstantina. « The role of media pluralism in the enforcement of EU competition law ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/37779.

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Defence date: 5 November 2015
Examining Board: Professor Giorgio Monti, Supervisor-European University Institute; Doctor Rachael Craufurd-Smith, University of Edinburg; Professor Michal Gal, University of Haifa; Professor Peggy Valcke, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.
Received the The Institute of Competition Law 2016 Concurrences PhD Award.
EU Competition Law is generally believed to play a negligible role in protecting media pluralism. Three arguments are usually put forward to support this position. First, the application of EU competition law ensures market access, thereby potentially delivering an outcome that is of benefit to media pluralism, but this outcome is entirely dependent on the economic concerns the European Commission attempts to address in each individual case and hence (at best) coincidental. Second, precisely because it is driven by efficiency considerations, EU competition law is incapable of grasping the qualitative dimension of media pluralism. Third, when exercising State aid control, the Commission can (and must) play only a marginal role in the planning and implementation of aid measures aimed at promoting media pluralism. This thesis puts forward the claim that EU competition law has potential that remains unexplored by questioning the accuracy of the above three assumptions. To test this claim, it examines a number of traditional and new media markets (broadcasting, print and digital publishing, online search, and news aggregation) and competition law issues (concentrations, resale price maintenance agreements, online agencies, abuses of dominance, and State aids to public service media). The study demonstrates that if relevant assessments are conducted properly, that is, by duly taking account of the dimensions that drive competition in the media, including quality, variety and originality, and by making appropriate use of the tools provided by the applicable legal framework, EU competition law may go a long way towards safeguarding media pluralism without the need to stretch the limits of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Amidst a deregulatory trend towards the media and given that the likelihood that action with far-reaching implications under other branches of EU law is low, the normative suggestions put forward in this thesis possibly form the only realistic proposal on the contribution the EU can make to the protection of pluralism.

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Livres sur le sujet "Television broadcasting – European Union countries"

Moragas Spa, Miquel de, 1943- et Garitaonaindía Garnacho Carmelo, dir. Decentralization in the global era : Television in the regions, nationalities and small countries of the European Union. London : John Libby, 1995.

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Commission of the European Communities., dir. Strategy options to strengthen the European programme industry in the context of the audiovisual policy of the European Union / $c European Commission. Luxembourg : European Commission, 1994.

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The European Union democratic deficit and the public sphere : An evaluation of EU media policy. Amsterdam : IOS Press, 2002.

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Voss, Jörg Michael. Pluraler Rundfunk in Europa - ein duales System für Europa ? : Rahmenbedingungen für den öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunk in einer europäischen dualen Rundfunkordnung ; unter Berücksichtigung der Anforderungen der europäischen Meinungs- und Medienfreiheit. Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 2008.

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Hellwig, Irene. Rundfunkübertragungsrechte an den Olympischen Spielen im europäischen Kartellrecht : Medienmärkte, gemeinsamer Erwerb durch die European Broadcasting Union und Exklusivvergabe. Zürich : Schulthess, 2009.

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1938-, Price Monroe Edwin, et Verhulst Stefaan, dir. Parental control of television broadcasting. Mahwah, N.J : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2002.

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Cere, Rinella. European and national identities in Britain and Italy : Maastricht on television. Lewiston, N.Y : Edwin Mellen Press, 2000.

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Europe's digital revolution : Broadcasting regulation, the EU and the nation state. London : Routledge, 2001.

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Sänger, Jessica. Mediale Verwertung von Sportveranstaltungen : Zivilrechtliche Grundlagen der Verwertung und kartellrechtliche Analyse der Einkaufsgemeinschaft der EBU. Frankfurt am Main : PL Academic Research, 2015.

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Sandberg, Karin. Unzulässiger Protektionismus in der europäischen Medienpolitik ? : Die Massnahmen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft zum Schutz des europäischen Films und die Vereinbarkeit mit dem durch das GATT und die WTO-Vereinbarungen gebildeten Rechtsrahmen. Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 1998.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Television broadcasting – European Union countries"

Michailidou, Asimina, Elisabeth Eike et Hans-Jörg Trenz. « Journalism, Truth and the Restoration of Trust in Democracy : Tracing the EU ‘Fake News’ Strategy ». Dans Europe in the Age of Post-Truth Politics, 53–75. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13694-8_4.

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AbstractTrust in journalism in Europe and beyond has been undermined by a series of scandals, by the closeness of journalists to political parties and government, but also by more frequent attacks against freedom of speech and of the press run especially by populist leaders and new authoritarian governments. In some countries, like Hungary, Poland and Italy, the press freedom index is in steep decline, and governments have also entered a ‘war’ with journalism, putting increasing pressure on the free exercise of the profession, restricting budgets and the autonomy of public service broadcasting. In our chapter, we critically discuss the responses, i.e. counter-strategies, for trust-(re)building that this disruption triggers, from a top-down European Union (EU) policy perspective. We assess the EU’s response to the authoritarian and fake news challenge and discuss the limits of a voluntary (self) regulatory approach in light of public sphere standards.

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Çakır, Vedat, et Sibel Ozkan. « EU Media Policies in the Context of Media Pluralism and Turkey's Consistency ». Dans Handbook of Research on Social and Economic Development in the European Union, 500–509. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1188-6.ch029.

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Media pluralism is one of the basic principles of EU media policies, which enables the protection of cultural diversity and the representation of different voices in the media. One aim of media pluralism is to provide a cultural flow between all member and candidate countries that make up the Union, giving right of representation to each component, while the other is to ensure that the different voices in the countries are heard. However, this economy-centered audio-visual policy, which is based on the free circulation of television broadcasts within the Union, has been criticized for increasing the commercialization, not supporting public service broadcasting enough, and for being inadequate against the concentration in the sector. This chapter examines steps taken when reviewing the legislation on media pluralism in the EU and the reflection of Turkey's media policies and media pluralism in the application of these policies.

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Littoz-Monnet, Annabelle. « The Communitarisation of broadcasting regulation : the ‘Television Without Frontiers’ Directive ». Dans The European Union and Culture, 71–98. Manchester University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719074356.003.0004.

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Bajomi-Lazar, Peter, Vaclav Stetka et Miklós Sükösd. « Public Service Television in European Union Countries : ». Dans Trends in Communication Policy Research, 355–80. Intellect Books, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv36xvj36.21.

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Syvertsen, Trine, et Gunn Enli. « Public Service in Europe : Five Key Points ». Dans A Future for Public Service Television. The MIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9781906897710.003.0010.

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This chapter contextualizes the 2016 report A Future for Public Service Television: Content and Platforms in a Digital World through a review of relevant research on public broadcasting in Europe as well as studies of public service broadcasting in the Nordic region. The observations are structured around five key points that condense research as well as challenges, debates, and prospects: (1) the crisis discourse; (2) innovation and public service media; (3) distinctiveness; (4) editorial independence; (5) national differences and politics. Studies from other European countries have observed that an overall narrative of decline dominates the debate on public service. However, they also note that public broadcasters, in particular publicly funded institutions with long traditions, are managing better than the overall narrative describes.

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Chochliouros, Ioannis, Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou et Stergios P. Chochliouros. « Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) Evolution ». Dans Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition, 391–401. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-014-1.ch053.

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Achieving widespread access by all European citizens to new services and advanced applications of the information society is one of the crucial goals of the European Union’s (EU) strategic framework for the future. Towards realizing this primary target, multiple access platforms are expected to become available, using different access methods for delivery of services (and of related digital content) to a wide variety of end-user terminals, thus creating an “always-on” and properly “converged” technological and business environment, all able to support and to promote innovation and growth (Commission of the European Communities, 2005). The result will be a “complementarity” of services and markets in an increasingly sophisticated way. Economic and technology choices imply certain networks for certain service options. As these networks become more powerful, the temptation is to adapt certain characteristics of the network technology to make it suitable for modern services. The challenge is to build “bridges” or “links” between the different convergent technologies without undermining the business models on which they are built. In such a context, converging technology means that innovative systems and services are under development with inputs, contributions, and traditions from multiple industries, including telecommunications, broadcasting, Internet service provision, computer and software industries, and media and publishing industries, where the significance of standardization and interoperability can be fundamental. In any case, digital technology can offer the potential for realizing the future electronic information highways or integrated broadband communications. However, for the multiplatform environment to proliferate in liberalized markets and for the platforms themselves to complement each other, the related prerequisites and the governing regulatory environment must favor technologically neutral conditions for competition, without giving preference to one platform over others (Chochliouros & Spiliopoulou, 2005a). Among the latest European priorities for further development of the information society sector as described above were several efforts for extending the role of digital television based on a multiplatform approach (European Commission, 2002a). If widely implemented, digital (interactive) television may complement existing PC- and Internet-based access, thus offering a potential alternative for market evolution (Chochliouros, Spiliopoulou, Chochliouros, & Kaloxylos, 2006). In particular, following current market trends, digital television and third generation (3G) mobile systems driven by commonly adopted standards can open up significant possibilities for a variety of platform access to services, offering great features of substitution and complementarity. The same option holds for the supporting networks as well (European Commission, 2003a). Within the above fast developing and fully evolutionary context, the thematic objective of digital video broadcasting (DVB) applications (including both the underlying network infrastructures and corresponding services offered) can influence a great variety of areas (http://www.dvb.org). In particular, DVB stands as a suite of internationally accepted open standards, mainly related to digital television- and data-oriented applications. These standards (in most cases already tested and adopted in the global marketplace) are maintained by the so-called DVB Project, an industry-driven consortium with more than 300 distinct members, and they are officially published by a joint technical committee (JTC) of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC), and the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The existing DVB standards cover all aspects of digital television, that is, from transmission through interfacing, conditional access, and interactivity for digital video, audio, and data. In particular, DVB not only includes the transmission and distribution of television program material in digital format over various media, but also a choice of associated features (considered for exploiting capabilities of all underlying technologies). However, market benefits can be best achieved if a “harmonized” approach, based on a longterm perspective, is adopted since the beginning of all corresponding efforts, intending to facilitate a progressive development towards new (and more advanced) services in a smooth and compatible manner (Oxera, 2003). An essential precondition for this progress is the adoption, in the market sector, of common standards which, while providing necessary clarity for both producers and consumers in the short term for early introduction of digital television facilities, also supply the potential for subsequent smooth upgrading to new and higher grades of service. Thus, in the framework of competitive and liberalized environments DVB can support major efforts for the penetration (and the effective adoption) of enhanced multimedia-based services (Fenger & Elwood-Smith, 2000) independently of the type and/or format of the content offered while simultaneously promoting broadband opportunities. Furthermore, being fully conformant to the requirements imposed by convergence’s aspect, DVB can advance optimized solutions for different technical communications platforms. The European market has been widely developed in the area of (interactive) digital television (Chochliouros et al., 2006; European Commission, 2003b) and the EU is now leading further deployment through DVB procedures. The focus provided by a common set of technical standards and specifications has given a market advantage and spurred the appearance of innovation perspectives. Baseband: 1) In radio communications systems, the range of frequencies, starting at 0 Hz (DC) and extending up to an upper frequency as required to carry information in electronic form, such as a bitstream, before it is modulated onto a carrier in transmission or after it is demodulated from a carrier in reception. 2) In cable communications, such as those of a local area network (LAN), a method whereby signals are transmitted without prior frequency conversion.

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Carayannis, Elias G., et Christopher Ziemnowicz. « Information and Communication Technology-Enabled Economic Growth and Convergence ». Dans IT-Enabled Strategic Management, 295–319. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-908-3.ch014.

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Globalization can be viewed as a process of increased freedom and capacity of individuals and firms to conduct economic activities with residents of other countries. The driving forces of globalization stem from the reduction in barriers for conducting business across political and geographic barriers, as well as the reduction and convergence of transaction costs via advances in “transport of information.” There is a consensus that innovation and the accompanying progress in information and communication technology (ICT) serve as a catalyst for economic growth. This chapterdiscusses the ICT environment within the Central and Southeastern European (CSEE) counties and the changes in this sector within the European Union (EU). Examination of strategies taken by these nations to improve their economic performance may offer decision makers in other regions some options to deal with impending changes. Particular emphasis is on the efforts of CSEE nations to build a creditable government, reliable political system, and competitive economy. These nations serve as a laboratory for implementing radical changes in their political economy from a centrally planned, one-party system to a democratic market-based system. Specific recommendations include emphasis on effectual dissemination of information between purchasers and suppliers. Information broadcasting is highly related to the creation of an efficient digital system. Specific needs include improved capacity to standardize reports, forms and information transmission functions. Furthermore, IT support and training programs are essential to reduce market distortions.

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