Thèses sur le sujet « Tea Estates »

The purpose of this research study is to assess the funding and governance models utilised in the operations of cooperatives, with specific reference to Magwa and Majola Tea Estates in the Eastern Cape. Luyt (2008) observes that poverty levels in South Africa remain high, and have not been greatly reduced since 1994. There is general agreement amongst Eastern Cape communities that more than two decades after apartheid has ended, nearly half of South Africa’s population continue to live in poverty. A common understanding, is that cooperatives are geared and established to address poverty, address both social and economic development, even though they also emphasise a social focus, they are expected to be operated on sound business principles.

Makaibari Tea Estate is one of the plantations in Darjeeling, West Bengal, which has converted to organic practices. Organic agriculture is an acknowledged farming practice, with both environmental and health-related benefits. However, workers’ direct experience of working at an organic tea estate differs. This study was investigating the organic awareness, level of work satisfaction and health among the workers of Makaibari Tea Estate. The aim was to examine what advantages the workers perceive, as well as what limitations there still are to achieve a good work environment. The method used was qualitative and data was collected by interviewing 31 people from six villages belonging to the tea estate. Thematic analysis was used when coding the data. The results show that there is a lack of knowledge and awareness about the meaning of organic, both in a broader perspective, as well as within the tea estate. Even if there is a knowledge deficiency about the organic practices of Makaibari Tea Estate, the workers were very positive about Makaibari being organic. Moreover, the workers of the tea estate had very few health issues with even less of them related to their work situation. The work satisfaction was high but the majority of workers worked unwillingly. To increase the knowledge and awareness of organic, accessible information from the company should be provided on regular basis. Secondly, the wage and the education level should be raised, in order to empower the people on the tea plantation.

Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo demonstrar a heterogeneidade existente no seio do Movimento Tea Party - movimento político norte-americano surgido em 2009, integrado atualmente no Partido Republicano - tanto ao nível da sua ideologia como da sua estrutura. A pesquisa bibliográfica e a análise minuciosa de cada fação (libertários e religiosos) e da estrutura do Movimento possibilita-nos responder a uma série de questões, fulcrais, para uma melhor compreensão do objeto desta investigação. Ao nível da ideologia, teremos a oportunidade de verificar que as duas maiores fações existentes no seio deste Movimento, a libertária e a religiosa, partilham ideias e objetivos políticos distintos: económicos para os libertários; sociais e morais para os tea partiers religiosos. Relativamente à estrutura do Tea Party, uma multitude de grupos e organizações locais independentes umas das outras, bem como, a ausência de uma verdadeira oligarquia política, é visível nesta investigação. Consequentemente teremos a possibilidade de concluir que o Movimento Tea Party não é homogéneo mas antes heterogéneo, realizando de seguida, uma análise sobre quais as consequências que daí advirão, projetando com estes dados o possível futuro deste Movimento político.
The main objective of this dissertation is to demonstrate the heterogeneity that exists inside the Tea Party Movement – a north-american political movement appeared in 2009, today integrated in the Republican Party – as much in its ideology as in its structure. The bibliographical research, a detailed analysis of each faction (libertarian and religious) and an analyses of the structure of this movement will allow us to answer a series of crucial questions and will help us to a better understanding of the purpose of this investigation. We will have the opportunity to check that the ideology of the two biggest existent factions inside the Tea Party – the libertarian faction and the religious faction – share distinct political ideas and purposes: the libertarian are mostly concerned with the economy and the religious tea partiers are more concerned with the social conditions and moral values. About the Tea Party structure, there are a large number of groups and local organizations independent from each other, as well as the lack of a truly political oligarchy which is shown in this investigation. Therefore, we will have the possibility to conclude that the Tea Party movement is not homogeneous but heterogeneous. We will then analyze what consequences could come from this and with the help of these facts, a possible future of this political movement.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de cultivares, tipos de estacas de Camellia sinensis e doses de ácido indolbutírico no enraizamento de estacas, dois experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, no delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com 16 tratamentos, no esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 4, ou seja, tipos de estaca (herbácea e lenhosa), cultivares (Camellia sinensis IAC 259 e Yabukita) e quatro doses de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) (0, 30, 60 e 90 mg L-1), com quatro repetições. Cada repetição foi composta por 20 estacas da porção mediana dos ramos das plantas matrizes, coletadas em duas épocas do ano (verão e inverno). As estacas foram cortadas em bisel e mantidas com uma gema e uma folha inteira, com 5 a 7 cm de comprimento. A região basal das estacas recebeu ou não tratamento com ácido indolbutírico (AIB), através da imersão de 2,5 cm da base em solução aquosa do produto por 24 horas. Posteriormente, elas foram colocadas em bandejas de isopor de 72 células contendo vermiculita de grânulos médios. As estacas herbáceas apresentaram maior porcentagem de enraizamento com a aplicação de AIB comparada às estacas lenhosas, sendo que as estacas coletadas no período do verão apresentaram maior porcentagem de enraizamento em menor espaço de tempo, quando comparadas com as estacas coletadas no período do inverno. Estacas da cultivar Yabukita apresentaram maior potencial de enraizamento em relação às estacas da cultivar IAC 259. As concentrações recomendadas de AIB para o enraizamento de estacas de Camellia sinensis variaram de 56 a 83 mg L-1 em função da cultivar.
Aiming to evaluate the influence of Camellia sinensis cultivars, types of cuttings and doses of IBA on rooting, two experiments have been conducted in a green house in the experimental design in blocks randomized with 16 treatments, arranged in a 2 x 2 x 4, that is, cutting types (herbaceous and woody), cultivars (Camellia sinensis \'IAC 259\' and \'Yabukita\') and four doses of butyric acid (IBA) (0, 30, 60 and 90 mg L -1) with four replications. Each replication consisted of 20 cuttings from the middle portion of the branches from the mother plants, collected in two seasons (summer and winter). The cuttings were cut in bevel and maintained with a bud and a leaf, with 5-7 cm long. The basal cuttings have received or not treatment with indol butyric acid (IBA) by immersion of 2.5 cm from the base in an aqueous solution of the product for 24 hours. Later, they have been placed in trays with 72 cells containing medium granules of vermiculite. Herbaceous cuttings have presented higher percentages of rooting with IBA application compared to hardwood cuttings, and cuttings collected in summer have showed the highest percentage of rooting in the shortest time compared with the cuttings collected in winter. Yabukita cultivars cuttings had higher rooting potential in relation to the IAC 259 cuttings. IBA level to the rooting of Camellia sinensis varied from 56 to 83 mg L-1 according to cultivars

Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicologia Clínica, apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário
O presente trabalho tem como objectivo principal abordagem e compreensão da personalidade de Ted Bundy, com o recurso a uma metodologia de investigação qualitativa, o estudo de caso, submetida aos parâmetros da análise de conteúdo, constituindo-se desta forma um estudo de caracter transversal e exploratório. É proposto então uma analise da personalidade de um individuo, de acordo com uma perspectiva psicopatológica, de forma a serem possíveis respostas para questões de “como” e “porquê” que caracterizaram a evolução do presente estudo. Numa primeira fase do estudo, o mesmo debruçou-se na obra biográfica de Ted Bundy escrita por Michaud & Aynesworth, que se constituiu instrumento fundamental para o presente trabalho Num segundo momento foram consultadas obras complementares e indispensáveis à revisão e sustentação teórica da fase precedente. A análise e discussão incidiram sobre bibliografia consultada, que foi articulada e intersectada com a perspectiva psicanalítica para uma compreensão mais holística deste caso psicopatológico. Os resultados obtidos permitiram uma compreensão de Ted Bundy enquanto sujeito com características marcadamente psicopáticas.
ABSTRACT: The main goal of the present study is to approach and understand Ted Bundy’s personality through the research methodology, case study, submitted to the parameters of the content analysis. Due to its characteristics it can be classified as a cross-sectional and exploratory study. It is proposed to approach the individual's personality, within a psychopathological perspective, in order to be possible to answer the "how’s" and the "why’s" that arose throughout the elaboration period of this study. Initially the research was focused on the biography of Ted Bundy, written by Michaud and Aynesworth that became a fundamental instrument in its elaboration. In a second moment, information was collected from a number of other works used for the revision and theoretical support of the phase previously announced. The analysis and further discussion were both focused on bibliographical data collected which was articulated and intersected with the psychoanalytical perspective, for a whole and comprehensive understanding of this psychopathological case. The results obtained allow to understanding Ted Bundy as an individual with strong psychopathic features, and therefore his actions and ways of thinking were thus perceived and explained based on these characteristics.

Amb l’objectiu de valorar l’estat nutricional de nens/es amb Trastorn de l’Espectre Autista (TEA) i comparar-ho amb nens/es amb desenvolupament neurotípic (DT), es va estudiar una mostra escolar representativa de la província de Tarragona de nens/es d’Educació Infantil (3374 nens/es) i d’Educació Primària (3520 nens/es) (Projecte EPINED). En aquest estudi varen participar 79 nens/es amb diagnòstic de TEA, 42 nens/es amb TEA subclínic i 333 nens/es amb DT. S’han obtingut cinc articles científics. La revisió sistemàtica i metaanàlisi mostra que els nens/es amb TEA presenten en general ingestes més baixes en comparació amb els nens/es DT, encara que adequades en relació a les recomanacions. En segon lloc, s’ha adaptat i validat un qüestionari breu de consum alimentari per a nens/es preescolars. En tercer lloc, s’ha estudiat el consum alimentari de la mostra escolar, observant un consum similar entre diagnòstics per gran part dels grups d’aliments amb diferències en el grup proteic. En aquest sentit els nens/es preescolars tenen un consum significativament inferior als altres grups diagnòstics, sent aquest consum oposat en els nens/es d’Educació Primària. Els nens/es TEA tenen consums més allunyats de les recomanacions i risc més elevat d’obesitat. En quart lloc i en relació a la ingesta d’energia, macronutrients i micronutrients, en general no s’obtenen diferències entre diagnòstics, encara que s’observen elevades inadequacions en certs nutrients. Finalment, en el cinquè estudi, els nens/es d’Educació Primària amb TEA presenten valors més elevats que els DT en IMC, perímetre de la cintura, índex cintura/talla (ICT) els valors del qual, en aquest últim, s’associen a risc cardiovascular. En relació als resultats de l’ICT s’observa una associació entre aquest i el fet de tenir TEA i de presentar problemes psicològics internalitzats.
Con el objetivo de valorar el estado nutricional de niños/as con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA) y compararlo con niños/as con desarrollo neurotípico (DT), se estudió una muestra escolar representativa de la provincia de Tarragona de niños/as de Educación Infantil (3374 niños/as) y de Educación Primaria (3520 niños/as) (Proyecto EPINED). En este estudio participaron 79 niños/as con diagnóstico de TEA, 42 niños/as con TEA subclínico y 333 niños/as con DT. Se han obtenido cinco artículos científicos. La revisión sistemática y metaanálisis muestra que los niños/as con TEA presentan en general ingestas más bajas en comparación con los niños/as DT, aunque adecuadas en relación con las recomendaciones. En segundo lugar, se ha adaptado y validado un cuestionario breve de consumo alimentario para niños/as preescolares. En tercer lugar, se ha estudiado el consumo alimentario de la muestra escolar, observando un consumo similar entre diagnósticos para gran parte de los grupos de alimentos con diferencias en el grupo proteico. En este sentido los niños/as preescolares tienen un consumo significativamente inferior a los otros grupos diagnósticos, siendo este consumo opuesto en los niños/as de Educación Primaria. Los niños/as TEA tienen consumos más alejados de las recomendaciones y mayor riesgo de obesidad. En cuarto lugar y en relación con la ingesta de energía, macronutrientes y micronutrientes, en general no se obtienen diferencias entre diagnósticos, aunque se observan elevadas inadecuaciones en ciertos nutrientes. Finalmente, en el quinto estudio, los niños/as de Educación Primaria con TEA presentan valores más elevados que los DT en IMC, perímetro de la cintura, índice cintura/talla (ICT) cuyos valores, en este último, se asocian a riesgo cardiovascular. En relación con los resultados de la ICT se observa una asociación entre éste y el hecho de tener TEA y de presentar problemas psicológicos internalizados.
In order to assess the nutritional status of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and compare it with children with neurotypical development (TD), a representative school sample from the province of Tarragona of children in Nursery Education (3374 children) and Primary Education (3520 children) (EPINED Project) was studied. 79 children with a diagnosis of ASD, 42 children with subclinical ASD and 333 children with TD participated in this study. Five scientific papers were obtained. The systematic review and meta-analysis shows that children with ASD generally have lower intakes compared to TD children, although they are adequate in relation to the recommendations. Secondly, a short food consumption questionnaire for preschoolers was adapted and validated. Thirdly, the food consumption of the school-age sample was studied, observing a similar consumption among diagnoses for a large part of the food groups but with differences in the protein group. In this sense, preschoolers have a significantly lower consumption than other diagnostic groups, being this consumption opposite in school-age children. Children with ASD have higher consumption than recommended and a higher risk of obesity. Fourthly, and in relation to energy intake, macronutrients and micronutrients, no differences are generally obtained among diagnoses, although high inadequacies in certain nutrients are observed. Finally, in the fifth study, school-age children with ASD have higher scores than the DT in BMI, waist circumference, waist/height ratio (WHtR); WHtR has also been associated with cardiovascular risk. In relation to the results of WHtR, there is an association between this and the fact of having ASD and the fact of presenting internalized psychological problems.

O edifício localizado na Avenida Prestes Maia nº 911, no centro de São Paulo, desde a década de 1990 sem uso, foi ocupado em 2002 pelo Movimento Sem-Teto do Centro (MSTC). A partir do século XX, diversas ocupações foram realizadas por movimentos sociais de luta por moradia em edifícios vacantes no centro da cidade, como forma de pressionar o poder público para a efetivação de políticas habitacionais. Neste território em disputa, a ocupação Prestes Maia se tornou um importante símbolo e, por isso, foi escolhida como objeto de investigação do presente trabalho. Em consonância com o preceito da função social da propriedade, anunciado pelo Estatuto da Cidade, e com a possibilidade do atendimento pelo Programa de Arrendamento Residencial lançado como medida provisória em 1999 e convertido em lei no ano 2001 os movimentos sociais vislumbraram a possibilidade de habitar o centro, caracterizado por uma grande quantidade de edifícios vazios. Envolvida por um complexo jogo de forças, cada ocupação realizada mobiliza uma série de negociações, determinando uma teia de relações. O principal objetivo desta dissertação é desvendar está teia de relações Prestes Maia, a partir dos conflitos vivenciados por esta ocupação. Esta teia parte da identificação dos principais atores desta disputa, de diversas relações estabelecidas e resultados obtidos neste processo. Ao longo deste caminho percebemos a importância de não ficar apenas naquilo que é visível, o que nos permitiu investigar também a trama de interpretações subjetivas que compõe este território. Assim, procuramos lançar um olhar para esta teia de relações considerando a complexidade da disputa física e simbólica do centro, para adentrar diferentes camadas deste processo. Partindo do princípio de que a analise das relações estabelecidas dentro de um processo de mediação podem colaborar para a identificação de seus conflitos e problemas, realizamos uma operação de distinção de discursos no caso da ocupação Prestes Maia e, com isso, buscamos encontrar os impedimentos para a não conquista do território, ou seja, a não permanência de suas 468 famílias no centro da cidade de São Paulo. Assim, esperamos contribuir para a investigação do insucesso do acordo adquirido pelo grupo de sem tetos com o poder público, identificando os obstáculos e entraves decorrentes tanto do processo de negociação, quanto das políticas inadequáveis ao atendimento desta população.
The building number 911 on Avenida Prestes Maia, in the center of São Paulo city, since 1990 without use, was occupied in 2002 by the homeless movement of the center (MSTC). As from the XX century, several ocupations were realized by social movements fighting for home in empty buildings in the center of the city, as means to pressure public power to put into effect habitation policies. In this territory of contend, Prestes Maia occupation became an important symbol and, for this reason, was chosen as investigation object of the present work. In consonance with the precept of propertys social function, announced on the City Statute, and with the possibility of its accomplishment by the Residencial Lease Program- released as a provisory measure in 1999 and converted in law in 2001- the social movements saw the possibility of living in the center, characterized by a great amount of empty buildings. In the midle of a complex of power relations, each occupation realized has put in motion several negotiations, determining a web of relations. The main goal of this dissertation is the construction of the Prestes Maia web of relations, from the conflicts lived by this occupation. The starting point of this web is the identification of the main actors of this contend, the several relations established and the results obtained in this process. Along this path we realized the importance of paying attention not only in what is factual, and with that we could also investigate the thread of subjective interpretations that are part of this territory. In this manner, we tried to look at this web of relations considering the complexity of the fisical and simbolical contend in the center, to get into the diferent layers of this process. Starting from the principle that the analysis of established relations in a mediation process can colaborate with the identification of its conflicts and problems, we realized an operation of discourse distinction in the Prestes Maia occupation case and, with this, found the hindrances to the conquering of the territory, that is, the staying of 468 families in the center of São Paulo city. In this manner, we hope to contribute to the investigations of the unsuccessfullnes of the agreement obtained by the homeless group with the public power, identifying the obstacles and impediments resulting from the process of negotiation and also from the inadequate policies for the accomplishment of the needs of this population.

Syftet med den här studien var att beskriva den organisationskultur som företagsledare av mäklarbyråer försöker att skapa för de anställda att verka i. Med en kvalitativ ansats samlades data in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer via telefon eller ansikte mot ansikte. Totalt nio intervjuer genomfördes efter tillämpning av ett bekvämlighetsurval. Intervjuguiden innehöll sju teman: Grunden i verksamheten; Organisationsstruktur; Organisationskultur; Lönemodell; Belöningssystem, Rekrytering och Styrutmaningar. Insamlad data transkriberades och bearbetades om till empiri. Därefter användes tematisk analys för analys av materialet. Efter moment av kodning och grupperingar skapades kategorier och slutligen tre huvudteman; Organisationsstruktur, Styrutmaningar och Organisationskultur. Resultatet indikerade att det finns en enhetlig syn på hur de rådande styrutmaningarna ska bemötas hos varje mäklarbyrå. Mäklaryrket är ett individuellt yrke som i många avseenden kan verka slitsamt och hårt. Provisionsbaserad lön utgår till mäklarna för att skapa motivation att utföra sitt jobb i linje med företagets visioner. För att hantera de risker som en provisionsmodell medför, fokuserar företagsledarna på att implementera en kultur präglad av teamkänsla och lagarbete.
The purpose of this study was to describe and discuss the business culture that business leaders are trying to create for their employees to work in. With a qualitative design was used to collect data through semistructured interviews by telephone or face to face. A total of nine interviews were conducted after application of a convenience sampling. The interview guide consisted of seven themes: The business’ foundation; Business structure; Business culture; Salary model; Reward system, Recruitment and Control challenges. The collected data was transcribed and processed into empiricism. Thereafter, thematic analysis was used for the analysis of the material. After coding and grouping the codes, categories were created and also three main themes; Business structure, Control challenges and Business culture. The result indicated that there is a mutual aspect of how the existent control challenges should be responded to in the real estate agencies. Real estate agent is a lonely occupation that in many aspects can seem tough. Commissionbased salary is given to the real estate agents to create motivation to perform in line with the company’s visions. To handle the risks that a commissionbased salary model brings, the business leaders focus on implement a culture that centralizes team spirit and teamwork.

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This study aimed to evaluate the ambience on growth and yield characteristics of cultivars of lettuce in a greenhouse, greenhouse type, with and without screen termorefletora conducted in four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) in an organic system. Four experiments were conducted at the experimental station belonging to the core experimental stations Unioeste, from Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR, in the period 2011/2012. The plants were evaluated for growth characteristics at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 days after transplanting and the productive characteristics at harvest. For this we used two experimental designs, one was on the evaluation to the development of the seedlings before transplanting where treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a split-plot design with three replications, and the portion comprised of four production stations seedlings (spring, summer, autumn and winter), and subplots for lettuce cultivars (Kaiser, Raider Plus, Lucy Brown and Angelina). For the second design, corresponding assessments of plant growth treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in split-split plot design with three replications. The plots consisted of two rooms which are growing greenhouse gases with and without type screen termorefletora, subplots by cultivars of lettuce, and the split the season that culture was located. Each subsubplot comprised of 38 plants. Evaluated throughout the growing season plant height, crown projection, number of leaves, height and stem diameter, total dry matter of roots and shoots, we calculated the rate of crop growth rate, relative growth, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, leaf mass ratio, and the date of collection were also evaluated the number of leaves, diameter and height of the skirt of leaves, fresh weight of shoot, productivity, commercial fresh mass, diameter, height and number of leaves commercial, compact head, incidence of "tip burn". To characterize the growth environment are derived from temperature and relative humidity, evaporation from minitanques and soil temperature. Genotype environment interaction was observed in all evaluations. The best seasons for production of lettuce in the spring and fall, and to cultivate Angelina only recommended for spring. The environment screen termorefletora decreased air temperature at the hottest times of the day, the seasons of spring, summer and fall. The final yield of lettuce was not affected by the use of the screen termorefletora
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a ambiência no crescimento e características produtivas de cultivares de alface americana em ambiente protegido, tipo estufa, com e sem tela termorefletora, conduzidas nas quatro estações do ano (primavera, verão, outono e inverno) em sistema orgânico. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos, na estação experimental pertencente ao núcleo de estações experimentais da Unioeste, do município de Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR, no período de 2011/2012. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto às características de crescimento aos 0, 10, 20, 30, e 40 dias após o transplantio e quanto às características produtivas na colheita. Para isso foi utilizado delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas de dois ambientes de cultivo sendo estes, ambiente protegido tipo estufa com e sem tela termorefletora, as subparcelas pelas cultivares de alface americana e as subsubparcelas pela estação do ano em que a cultura foi implantada. Cada subsubparcela foi composta por 38 plantas. Avaliou-se ao longo do crescimento da cultura a altura da planta, projeção da copa, números de folhas, altura e diâmetro do caule, massa seca total, das raízes e da parte aérea, foram calculadas a taxa de crescimento da cultura, taxa de crescimento relativo, taxa assimilatória líquida, razão de área foliar, área foliar especifica, razão de massa foliar, e na data da colheita, foram avaliados o número de folhas, diâmetro e altura das folhas da saia, massa fresca da parte aérea, produtividade, massa fresca comercial, diâmetro, altura e número de folhas comercial, compacidade de cabeça e incidência de tip burn . Para a caracterização do ambiente de cultivo foram obtidos os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, evaporação a partir de minitanques e a temperatura do solo. Foi observado interação genótipo ambiente em todas as avaliações. As melhores estações do ano para a produção da alface foram à primavera e o outono, sendo a cultivar Angelina recomendada apenas para a primavera. O ambiente com tela termorefletora diminuiu a temperatura do ar nos horários mais quentes do dia, nas estações de primavera, verão e outono. A produtividade final da alface não foi afetada pela utilização da tela termorefletora

Simulations have considerable potential for the analysis of the evolution of economics systems, a subject often neglected by mainstream economics where the focus is on static equilibria. This thesis investigates the potential of this approach in urban economics. The purpose is to examine how global phenomena emerge from the interactions of economic agents. This is a promising method as a classical economics, lacking the appropriate analytic tools, concentrates on the existence of equilibria and refrains from investigating their stability. This study demonstrates the potential of simulations in three models. Firstly, in a standard model of traffic congestion it is shown that the Nash equilibrium is unstable and cannot be reached dynamically. Secondly, it is shown that simulations of the formation of urban land rents, reproduce elements of the theoretical equilibrium, and also endogenous vacancies, which are an important real-world phenomenon. Thirdly, an agent-based model of the housing market, which reproduces important empirical phenomena such as price dispersion, non-zero search times and vacancies, has been developed. The model provides a basis for the exploration of the complex dynamics of this market.

Cette thèse contribue à la recherché académique en immobilier en fournissant une estimation du risque pour la gestion d'investissement en immobilier commercial. L'investissement immobilier compte de nombreuses particularités parmi lesquelles la localisation, la liquidité, la taille d'investissement ou l'obsolescence et requiert une gestion active. Ces spécificités rendent les approches traditionnelles de mesure du risque difficile à appliquer. Ce travail de recherche se présente sous la forme de quatre articles académiques traitant de la gestion de portefeuille et du risque en immobilier. Ce travail est construit sur la littérature académique existante et repose les publications antérieures. Il s'attache d'abord à analyser les options de départ des locataires contenues dans les baux commerciaux en Europe continental et en étudie les impacts sur la valeur, la gestion et le risque des portefeuilles. Ensuite, la thèse étudie l'évaluation d'un outil de mesure du risque en finance, la Value at Risk au travers de deux approches novatrices.Dans le premier article, nous prenons en considérations les options de départ inclus dans les baux en Europe continental pour mieux apprécier la valeur et risque d'un portefeuille de biens immobiliers. Ceci est obtenu par l'utilisation simultanée de simulations de Monte-Carlo et de la théorie des options. Le second article traite de la durée de détention optimale d'un portefeuille immobilier lorsque sont pris en compte les options contenues dans les baux. Le troisième article s'intéresse à la Value at Risk et propose un modèle qui tient compte de la non-normalité des rendements en immobilier. Ceci est obtenu par la combinaison de l'utilisation du développement de Cornish-Fisher et de procédures de réarrangement. Enfin dans un dernier article, nous présentons un modèle spécialement développé pour le calcul de Value at Risk en immobilier. Ce modèle a la particularité de prendre en compte les spécificités de l'immobilier et les paramètres qui ont une plus grande influence sur la valeur des actifs.

La présence de dépendance spatiale des prix immobiliers impose aux méthodes d'estimation de prendre en compte cet élément. Les deux approches de la statistique spatiale sont l'économétrie spatiale et la géostatistique. La géostatistique estime directement la matrice de variance-covariance en supposant que la covariance entre les observations dépend inversement de la distance séparant leur localisation. L'économétrie spatiale définit et intègre la matrice d'interaction spatiale dans un modèle de régression hédonique. Si ces deux méthodes sont possibles pour étudier la dépendance spatiale des prix immobiliers dans des contextes variés, il n'existe cependant pas de règles très claires quant au choix de la méthode à sélectionner. Cette thèse procède à un examen détaillé de ces deux approches afin de pouvoir en distinguer les ressemblances et les différences, les avantages et les inconvénients. Des exemples d'application de chaque approche dans une étude immobilière sont présentés. La géostatistique est utilisée pour analyser la stationnarité du variogramme, ainsi que la sensibilité du variogramme aux paramètres de l'estimation hédonique. Le modèle d'économétrie spatiale est utilisé pour tenter d'identifier économétriquement le quartier dominant du marché immobilier d'une ville

Versailles au Grand Siècle était le foyer d'où rayonnait la gloire du Roi-Soleil. Toutes les institutions du Royaume, tout comme les Arts, les Sciences et les Lettres y jouaient un rôle en décor de fond des trois grandes scènes où se produisait la majesté royale : le château, les jardins et le Grand Canal. La Marine y participait, conformément à la politique de développement élaborée par Colbert. Le Grand Canal fut alors une annexe des arsenaux, un site d'exposition navale, où, à côté de bateaux dédiés aux loisirs nautiques appréciés par la Cour, des innovations, des prototypes et des bâtiments de combat furent présentés au Roi et concoururent à l'image de sa puissance. Au-dessus de cette flottille de Versailles régnait un bâtiment d'exception, superbe héritier de vingt cinq siècles d'histoire maritime des peuples de la Méditerranée : la galère réale du Grand Canal construite en 1685. A l'époque, la galère - parvenue à son apogée conceptuelle et technique - constituait toujours le navire emblématique de la domination navale du Roi. Bien que surclassée dans les batailles par l'artillerie des vaisseaux, elle conservait un prestige exceptionnel qui tenait notamment à sa magnificence et à son influence dans la communication politique et diplomatique de Louis XIV. Servir sur les galères, tant pour les officiers que pour les sous-officiers, les marins ou les soldats, conférait une haute dignité, très recherchée, sous l'égide de la Foi, de la Justice, de la grandeur et de la puissance du Roi. Une galère à Versailles, une réale, bien sûr, était ainsi dans l'ordre des choses. Elle y fut construite en 1685. Sa renaissance se situerait aujourd'hui dans la logique des restaurations menées depuis plus d'un siècle dans le château et son Domaine pour en retrouver l'apparence et l'atmosphère. Il n'en reste que deux panneaux décoratifs latéraux, et quelques rares informations d'archives. Rien qui renseigne directement sur les cotes de ce navire d'exception. Il a donc été nécessaire de reconstituer d'abord les méthodes de conception et de construction des galères. Il fallut ensuite adapter les résultats obtenus, parfois incompatibles entre eux, à la fonction du bâtiment, afin de parvenir à ressusciter son architecture générale dans laquelle convergent en cohérence toutes les sources et analyses historiques sur ce sujet.

La thèse porte sur la genèse et la mise en oeuvre du droit au logement opposable (DALO). Elle adopte une approche transversale de l'action publique, pour mieux révéler les logiques sociales de ses transformations. Menée au niveau national et dans quatre départements contrastés (Paris, Yvelines, Bas-Rhin, Vosges), l'enquête articule les méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. Elle donne à voir un processus de rationalisation de l'action publique par le recours à la justice, tout en pointant ses limites et ses effets pervers. Trois principaux résultats sont mis en valeur. Premièrement, la conduite de l'action publique intègre la critique sociale par le droit. Deuxièmement, le traitement du recours à la justice des demandeurs de logement sert une reprise en main par l'État d'une politique fortement décentralisée, qui reste cependant inachevée. Troisièmement, une obligation de résultat en matière de droit au logement légitime paradoxalement un ciblage croissant de l'intervention publique.

Alors même que les grandes priorités de la question du logement (loger, construire et habiter différemment, habiterl'existant, crises et contraintes) tendent à converger et à s'agréger à la charnière du changement de siècle, de nouvellesproblématiques, regroupées sous celle plus globale du développement durable, émergent et (ré)interrogent la productionde la ville. Les promoteurs immobiliers privés sont alors interpellés et mobilisés afin de répondre à cette nouvelleproblématique qui devient même prescription à la suite du Grenelle de l'environnement (2007). Les problématiquesde la durabilité proposent dès lors aux acteurs privés de la fabrique urbaine de se projeter sur une ligne de déclinaisonlogement-bâtiment-quartier-ville et à y opérer des allers-retours afin de répondre à la transversalité des composantes dela durabilité. D'un premier temps consacré au traitement énergétique du bâtiment et de son enveloppe, des promoteursse positionnent peu à peu à l'échelle du quartier durable et de la ville durable. Deux terrains d'études, l'écoquartierbordelais Ginko et la reconversion de l'entrepôt Macdonald, proposent d'éclaircir un pan encore peu approprié parla bibliographie : le portage privé d'opérations de quartiers durables. L'éclosion de l'urbanisme durable ouvre unedeuxième vie à ces deux opérations. Elle ouvre également de nouvelles opportunités aux acteurs privés pouvant opérerun balancement entre les échelles de la durabilité et en mesure de se projeter à l'échelle du quartier. Ce point derencontre, établi par une convergence d'intérêts communs entre acteurs publics et privés, permet alors aux promoteursaménageursde se poser comme force de proposition dans l'édification de quartiers durables.

The aim of the thesis is to assess the influence of the exterior finish works on the total price of a house. The total price of the house consists of the interior price valuated by the cost method and the price of the exterior finishes which were valuated with the help of two methods: the cost method and the simplified method based on the Property Valuation Act. The valuation also covers several periods of time: a new building and 11-, 25-, 50-, 75- and 100-years-old buildings. The thesis focuses on the lifetime of individual parts of the exterior finishes—especially the time after which it is necessary to replace or reconstruct a part. A significant focus was placed on the percents listed in the Act and their correspondence to the actual state. The thesis also deals with the various methods of valuation and their appropriateness in each case. It also mentions the influence of other factors on the price of an estate (the use of different exterior finishes, or a selection of a building location) but these factors were not examined in detail.

En Francie occidentale, le nombre de cartulaires, recueils de copies d'actes originaux, augmente à compter du milieu du XIe siècle. Les protagonistes du grand essor de leur production sont les monastères vers lesquels les donations ont alors afflué. Il est admis qu'aider à la gestion et à la protection de propriétés sont les préoccupations principales qui les ont conduits à la compilation des cartulaires. En même temps, les cartulaires monastiques apparus aux XIe et XIIe siècles sont caractérisés par la reconstruction orientée du passé ou la projection de l'image de ce que les monastères entendaient être. A fin de mettre en évidence la production élaborée et l'utilité des cartulaires qui répondent aux préoccupations diverses, nous avons examiné un cartulaire original, celui de l'abbaye de Saint-Cyprien de Poitiers. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons déterminé, au travers des critiques codicologique, paléographique et morphologique du cartulaire de Saint-Cyprien, la datation et les processus des deux séries de sa compilation; la première entreprise postérieurement à 1100 et la seconde avancée pendant dans les années 1110. Ensuite, nous avons examiné le texte des actes de ce cartulaire et caractérisé sa structure interne qui a adopté un classement géographique. L'élaboration minutieuse dans la disposition, la sélection et la description des actes prouve l'orientation de ce cartulaire pour créer une référence exacte du patrimoine à un moment précis au début du XIIe siècle, après la recomposition sociale, tandis que les éléments de mémoire collective sont latents dans le classement des actes. L'étude des actes d'autorité regroupés en tête du cartulaire a suggéré la reconstruction de l'histoire solennelle qui met en relief le prestige en tant qu' " abbaye épiscopale ". La fondation légendaire, l'octroi de la liberté monastique, l'institutionnalisation des églises dépendantes, la campagne réformatrice, les éléments de mémoire collective ont progressivement mûri par compilation. L'étude focalisée sur l'acte no 43, seul acte narratif et mentionnant l'abbaye de Cluny, a élucidé l'effacement élaboré d'un passé dans ce cartulaire, en examinant l'opposition entre Saint-Cyprien et Cluny au tournant des XIe et XIIe siècles. Ces analyses suggèrent que le cartulaire de Saint-Cyprien est confectionné comme codex qui représente précisément une image de ses patrimoines matériel et culturel au début du XIIe siècle. Son utilité principale serait l'utilisation pratique en tant que référence à la gestion domaniale mais, il pourrait servir comme emblème de la communauté monastique de Saint-Cyprien.

Les périphéries des villes syriennes, les unes agricoles ou maraîchères, les autres désertiques, ont connu au cours des dernières décennies du XXème siècle un puissant mouvement d'urbanisation, qui a très souvent donné naissance à des quartiers non réglementaires ; ceux-ci occupent en moyenne 40% du territoire des agglomérations et à peu près le même pourcentage de leur population. La ville de Lattaquié, chef-lieu de mohafazat et principale ville de la Syrie méditerranéenne, se situe pratiquement au niveau de cette moyenne nationale. La thèse est consacrée d'abord à analyser les raisons pour lesquelles les quartiers " clandestins " occupent une telle place alors que les pouvoirs publics n'ont cessé pendant des années de nier leur réalité. L'analyse combine l'intensité des mouvements migratoires vers la ville, les faibles résultats de la production de logements sociaux par l'Etat, l'impéritie des sociétés immobilières publiques, le très faible investissement des capitaux privés dans le logement locatif, et enfin les contraintes multiples imposées tant par les pouvoirs publics que par la municipalité de Lattaquié aux auto-constructeurs ou aux petits promoteurs privés (gel du foncier, plans d'aménagement urbain non publiés, difficultés d'obtention des permis de construire, etc.). La thèse vise ensuite à étudier les changements opérés dans le champ de la production urbaine et de l'urbanisme à partir de l'an 2000 et de l'arrivée au pouvoir de Bachar Al-Assad. Après une analyse des changements intervenus au plan national, elle cherche à en mesurer les effets au plan local (Lattaquié). Elle insiste sur la généralisation de la tolérance envers les quartiers non réglementaires, l'émergence (lente) de politiques de requalification des quartiers de ce type, la réalisation d'un grand programme de logements sociaux subventionnés par l'Etat, apparition de quelques résidences " fermées " pour classes riches.

En Chine, l'Etat reste le seul propriétaire de tous les terrains et par délégation, les collectivités territoriales gèrent elles aussi l'utilisation du foncier. Avant 1987, l'Allocation administrative (Allocation), souvent à titre gratuit, avait été la seule modalité d'offre foncière qui répondait aux demandes des utilisateurs publics. Dès que le droit d'utilisation du sol a pu être transféré légalement à partir de 1987, des réformes successives ont conduit au développement d'un "marché foncier". Le système d'offre foncière se décompose alors en deux modes principaux : le mode d'Allocation et le mode de cession. Les procédures, les acteurs et les utilisateurs agissant sur la dynamique foncière se sont de plus en plus complexifiés. Mais, le manque ou l'inefficacité des outils juridiques et des moyens pour assurer la gestion de la ressource foncière et sécuriser les transactions génèrent beaucoup de désordres et de dysfonctionnements dans le mouvement d'urbanisation accélérée en Chine. L'enjeu de ce travail est d'étudier l'articulation entre d'une part, l'offre foncière et d'autre part, la consommation excessive de terres agricoles, la rénovation totale des quartiers anciens de qualité patrimoniale, la rétention foncière et l'incohérence entre le marché du logement et les besoins fondamentaux résidentiels. Notre méthodologie a consisté en un large inventaire bibliographique pour assimiler les contextes fonciers chinois. Elle s'est aussi appuyée sur des entretiens avec différents acteurs intervenant dans l'urbanisme ainsi que sur des visites de terrains de trois études de cas : Beijing, Shanghai et Xi'an. L'objet de cette thèse est de tenter de comprendre, d'analyser, d'approfondir les fondements des régimes fonciers, et de saisir toute la diversité des situations réelles dans le but de favoriser l'urbanisation et le renouvellement urbain, en Chine, pour le futur. Au cours de cette réflexion, théorique et pratique, et en continuité avec le sujet de notre DEA, nous nous sommes demandé dans quelle mesure la pratique de l'urbanisme en France pouvait faire l'objet de transferts dans les villes chinoises.

RAMOS, Jeannette Filomeno Pouchain. Projeto educativo e político-pedagógico da escola De ensino médio: tradições e contradições na gestão e na formação para o trabalho. 2009. 245f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2009.
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The Brazilian education, founded by the logic submission of the educational project from the Jesuits, and the influences from the French, English and Americans, passed on to be considered a national problem with the proclamation of the republic in 1980. The attempt to regulate and to consolidate the social function propaedeutics, which denies the work, the industrialization who demanded the instrumental education for work and the reestablishment of the democracy in the state which reorganized the flexible production and impose the formation of a new type of worker (KUENZER, 1998) presents contradictories movements. In agreement with transformation the scientific technical conception of organization adopted participative democratic mechanism. Recognizing the contradiction in keeping distinct types of logic and the tendency of the liberal logic over the social logic, the challenger of the work management is to reverse this premise. As an alternative to the educational middle class project, the polytechnic education proposes to overcome the dual structure and history by omni lateral formation (SAVIANI, 2003). The elementary and middle school should be guided by the work as an excellent base for education (PISTRAK, 2005). The school, known as the work product of man, should be linked to school life as a social transformation combined with school education with material production and to promote self and social emancipation. In context, the general objective is to analyze the experience of reorganizing the educational work in creation of the politic pedagogic project of middle school, identifying perspectives, limits, possibilities, and resistances. The specifics objectives are to examine the evolution of the educational project in the social politic and economic history of Brazil, highlighting the management of school work and the formation of the young for work; analyze fundamentals, intentions and practices which guide the politic pedagogic project and identify and analyze the limits, possibilities and ways of group resistances in the management project. We choose as a theoretical methodological referential the Critic Theory and the method with materialistic history base. As instruments of qualitative and quantitative data collection we applied questionnaires, semi-structures interviews and focal groups. Among hypothesis should public school follow the educational project of middle class or should it follow the lines of vocational extent, instrumental; to attend to middle class project of the popular sector? The hard format of school has accomplished changes in the lines of directions? The politic pedagogic project working at Liceu do Maracanaú establish four pillars which reorganize the work in the school bearing in mind the full formation of the young. This school thinks, conceives and evaluates opposition to the others schools; it breaks with the traditional format of the work organization. The multiples intelligences are understood as principles, the project of work is the means to transformation of popular knowledge to the scientific knowledge with practice and social application of ideas in development of competencies and abilities, as means an half-yearly organizational and the evaluation as the learning observation. Scientific initiation in middle level education attends the interests of the school, highlighting the talents, improving the indicators and presenting results. This project is contradictory because the fundamentals and practice pedagogic reassures the principles of the traditional format and the process of schooling. This way the study confirms that is possible reorganize the work and this is done by the politic pedagogic project (PPP). Faced with the new demands the schools find themselves in a cross road and their functionality is placed at doubt. As a result of this, we point out the crises of education, formation of young and the society. It is necessary to invest in the contradictions of the system and take possession of them to construct another, the opposite and reverse. It is up to the intellectuals and educators to do their job.
A educação brasileira, permeada pela lógica da submissão do projeto educativo dos jesuítas, das influências francesas, inglesas e dos Estados Unidos da América, passa a ser considerada como problema nacional com a Proclamação da República em 1890. As tentativas de regulamentação e consolidação da função social propedêutica, que nega o trabalho, a industrialização que demandou a educação instrumental para o trabalho e a redemocratização do Estado que reorganizou a produção em flexível e impõe a formação do novo tipo de trabalhador (KUENZER, 1998) apresentam movimentos contraditórios. Em consonância com estas transformações a concepção técnico-científica de organização adota mecanismos democráticos-participativos. Como alternativa ao projeto educativo burguês, a educação politécnica propõe superar a dualidade estrutural e histórica por meio da formação omnilateral (SAVIANI, 2003). A escola fundamental e média deve guiar-se pelo trabalho como base excelente da educação (PISTRAK, 2005), portanto, deve vincular a vida escolar com a transformação social combinando educação escolar com produção material e promover a auto-emancipação e a emancipação social. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral é analisar a experiência de reorganização do trabalho educativo na constituição do projeto político-pedagógico da escola de ensino médio, identificando perspectivas, limites, possibilidades e resistências. Os objetivos específicos são examinar a evolução do projeto educativo na história sociopolítica e econômica do Brasil, destacando a gestão do trabalho escolar e a formação do jovem para o trabalho; analisar os fundamentos, intencionalidades e práticas que norteiam o projeto político-pedagógico e identificar e analisar os limites, possibilidades e formas de resistência coletiva na gestão do projeto. Optamos como referencial teórico-metodológico pela Teoria Crítica e pelo método de base materialista-histórica. Como instrumento de coleta de dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram aplicados questionários, grupos focais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Entre os questões levantadas destacamos se escola pública deve seguir o projeto educativo da burguesia – propedêutica – ou deve se pautar na dimensão profissionalizante, instrumental, por atender ao projeto burguês para o setor popular? A escola mineralizada tem conseguido ressignificar diretrizes? O projeto político-pedagógico (PPP) em curso no Liceu do Maracanaú estabelece quatro pilares que reorganizam o trabalho na escola tendo em vista a formação integral do jovem. Esta escola pensa concebe e avalia e na contramão da maioria das escolas, rompe com o formato tradicional de organização do trabalho. As inteligências múltiplas são compreendidas como princípio, os projetos de trabalho como meio para a transformação do saber popular para o saber científico com aplicação prática e social dos conteúdos no desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades, a organização semestral como meio e a avaliação como monitoramento da aprendizagem. A iniciação cientifica destaca os talentos, melhora os indicadores e apresenta resultados. Este projeto é contraditório, pois os fundamentos e a prática pedagógica reafirmam os princípios liberais e o processo de escolarização excludente. Deste modo, o estudo confirma que é possível reorganizar o trabalho e este se concretiza por intermédio do PPP. Diante destas novas demandas, as escolas se encontram numa encruzilhada e sua funcionalidade é colocada em dúvida. Como prognóstico, apontamos o aprofundamento da crise da educação, da formação do jovem e da sociedade. Urge investir nas contradições inerentes ao sistema, apropriar-se delas para construção do outro, do contrário. Cabe, portanto, aos intelectuais e educadores cumprirem com a sua tarefa.

The research was undertaken to investigate the impact of the Tshivhase Tea Estate on the space economy of Venda, the people and area ofMapate, and Duthuni, among whom the Tea Estate is established. The approach is based on principles. Principles of development theory are combined with appropriate spatial models. The development reality of Venda, together with many other development projects are analysed. Does the tea estate address the rural poverty problem? Findings are presented from a case study of Tshivhase and this proved the lack of growth and development impulses to alleviate the poverty of the rural people among whom it is located. Development is considered in terms of its possible simultaneous diffusion of economic activity and modernisation in all four dimensions of the spatial system : political, socio-cultural, economic and physical.
Department of Geography
M.A. (Geography)

Tese de doutoramento em Psicologia, na especialidade de Psicologia das Organizações, do Trabalho e dos Recursos Humanos, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra
A presente dissertação avalia quando e como os processos e os estados emergentes das equipas se relacionam entre si e com a eficácia grupal. Com base numa variedade de perspetivas teóricas e de amostras, debruçamo-nos sobre um conjunto de questões de investigação específicas (e.g., como medir os processos e estados emergentes das equipas a partir de uma perspetiva desenvolvimental, em quantos estádios e dimensões ocorre o desenvolvimento grupal), contribuímos para uma melhor compreensão das condições que influenciam a relação entre diferentes processos grupais (e.g., efeito da coragem do líder para ir além dos requisitos obrigatórios) e questionamos assunções (e.g., os processos de inovação aumentam sempre os níveis de eficácia das equipas). Para avaliar as relações entre processos, estados emergentes e eficácia das equipas conduzimos três estudos independentes, mas complementares. No primeiro estudo (Capítulo 2), olhamos para processos, estados emergentes e eficácia das equipas a partir de uma perspetiva desenvolvimental. Com base numa abordagem integrada de desenvolvimento grupal por estádios, descrevemos o desenvolvimento dedutivo e a validação de uma medida de desenvolvimento grupal. Resultados de três amostras, incluindo dados de múltiplas fontes e recolhidos em dois momentos temporais, suportaram a multidimensionalidade teórica da escala. A validade convergente e a validade discriminante foram estabelecidas; e a validade de critério foi avaliada através da relação entre a escala e três facetas de eficácia grupal: viabilidade, desempenho extra papel e reputação. Concluímos que a medida de 29 itens é válida e fiável para medir desenvolvimento grupal. Em termos teóricos, clarificamos a dimensionalidade do desenvolvimento grupal e ampliamos a sua rede nomológica. Em termos de intervenção, discutimos formas de aumentar os níveis de eficácia das equipas via desenvolvimento grupal. No segundo estudo (Capítulo 3), partindo da perspetiva interacionista dos processos de inovação e considerando as características das empresas de call center, avaliamos o papel moderador da coragem do líder para ir além dos requisitos obrigatórios nas relações entre as dimensões superordenadas dos processos de equipa (processos de transição, de ação e interpessoais), criatividade e implementação de inovações. Análises de dados provenientes de múltiplas fontes e pertencentes a 152 equipas de call center indicaram que os processos de equipa se relacionam positivamente com a implementação de inovações nas equipas via criatividade grupal, mas somente quando os líderes revelam coragem para ir além dos requisitos obrigatórios. Quando essa coragem falta aos líderes, as equipas têm dificuldade em desenvolver ideias criativas e em implementar inovações. Concluímos que, pelo menos no contexto de call centers, a capacidade dos líderes para ir além dos requisitos obrigatórios tem um papel central na estimulação da inovação em equipas. Enquanto nos estudos 1 e 2 olhamos para processos e estados emergentes das equipas a partir de um nível de abstração elevado (desenvolvimental e superordenado), no estudo 3 contribuímos para uma compreensão mais detalhada da instrumentalidade dos processos e estados emergentes das equipas para a eficácia grupal. Recorrendo a duas amostras, o Capítulo 4 contribui para uma melhor compreensão da relação entre processos de inovação em equipas e eficácia (medida como desempenho e reputação). Em adição, analisamos o papel moderador de dois estados emergentes das equipas: clareza e comprometimento com objetivos e tonalidade afetiva. Verificámos que a relação entre processos de inovação e desempenho é moderada pela clareza e comprometimento com objetivos, sendo a relação mais fortemente positiva quando a clareza e comprometimento com objetivos é elevada. Por sua vez, os processos de inovação relacionam-se mais positivamente com a reputação quando as equipas apresentam níveis baixos de tonalidade afetiva negativa. As implicações para a investigação e intervenção ao nível dos processos de inovação, dos estados emergentes e da eficácia das equipas são discutidas. Além de avaliarmos processos e estados emergentes grupais, tanto a um nível de abstração elevado como reduzido, e as suas relações com a eficácia grupal, na presente dissertação incluímos também uma discussão geral focada nas implicações chave dos estudos, bem como na apresentação de futuras vias de investigação.
This dissertation examines relationships between team processes, emergent states and effectiveness. Drawing upon a variety of theoretical perspectives and samples, we shed light on specific research issues (e.g., how to measure team processes and emergent states from a developmental perspective, the stages and dimensions of team development), contribute to a better understanding of the conditions that influence the relationship between different team processes (e.g., the effect of leaders’ courage to go beyond compliance), and challenge assumptions (e.g., whether team innovation processes always enhance team effectiveness). To evaluate the relationships between team processes, emergent states and team effectiveness, three separate but interrelated studies were conducted. In the first study (Chapter 2), we looked at team processes, emergent states and effectiveness from a developmental perspective. Based on an integrated stage approach to team development we reported the development and validation of a theory-based measure of team development. Drawing on three independent samples, including multisource and two-wave data, we found support for the scale’s theoretical multidimensionality. Convergent and discriminant validity was established, and criterion-related validity was determined through the scale’s relation with three facets of team effectiveness: viability, extra-role performance and reputation. We concluded that the 29-item measure is valid and reliable for the assessment of team development. Theoretically, we shed light on the dimensionality of team development and extended its nomological network. Practical implications for enhancing team effectiveness via team development were discussed. In the second study (Chapter 3), drawing on the interactionist perspective of team innovation processes and considering the characteristics of the call center business, we examined the moderating role of leaders’ courage to go beyond compliance in the relationships between the superordinate dimensions of team processes (transition, action, and interpersonal processes), team creativity and team innovation implementation. Analyses of multisource data from 152 call center teams indicated that team processes are positively related to team innovation implementation via team creativity, but only when team leaders reveal courage to go beyond compliance. When leaders lack such courage, teams struggle to develop creative ideas and to convert those ideas into implemented innovations. We concluded that, at least in call centers, the leaders’ capacity to go beyond compliance plays a key role in stimulating innovation in teams. Whereas in studies 1 and 2 we look at team processes and emergent states at high levels of abstraction (developmental and superordinate), in study 3 we contribute to a more fine-grained understanding of how different processes and emergent states are instrumental to team effectiveness. Using two distinct samples, Chapter 4 unpacks the relationships between team innovation processes and effectiveness (measured as performance and reputation). Furthermore, we examined the moderating role of two team emergent states: goal clarity and commitment, and affective tone. We found that the relationship between innovation processes and performance is moderated by goal clarity and commitment, such that the relationship is more strongly positive when goal clarity and commitment are high. Conversely, innovation processes are more positively related to reputation when teams report lower levels of negative affective tone. Implications for research on innovation processes, emergent states, and effectiveness were discussed along with implications for practice. In addition to evaluating team processes and emergent states, both at high and low levels of abstraction, and their relationships to team effectiveness, the dissertation also includes a general discussion highlighting key implications and avenues for future research.
FCT- SFRH/BD/76704/2011

碩士
國立屏東商業技術學院
不動產經營系(所)
101
The housing brokerage business in Taiwan has its operation unit mainly based on the branch office. The interaction among brokers within a branch office will create competitive and cooperative relationship. Nested structure characteristic exists between the branch office and the individuals, hence, in this study, hierarchical generalized linear model (HGLM) is used to investigate what factors will affect the brokers to select the helping efforts, meanwhile, random effect will be used to estimate the intercept and the slope. The empirical result shows that among different branch offices, brokers will have, on the average, very significant difference on the probability to select helping efforts, which means that the influence from the branch office hierarchy should be considered. In the personal hierarchy variables, it was found that educational level, years of accumulated experiences and marital status will affect positively the probability to select helping efforts, but age, square of accumulated years of experiences and proportion of personal performance bonus will affect negatively the probability to select helping efforts; in the branch office hierarchy variables, it was found that team bonus, size of the branch office will affect, in cross hierarchy way, directly the probability of the brokers to select helping efforts. Moreover, educational level, years of accumulated experiences, square of years of accumulated experiences and the proportion of personal performance bonus still show significant difference for whether helping effort is selected or not among branch offices.

碩士
國立屏東商業技術學院
不動產經營系(所)
102
The channel of realtor market has become saturated gradually. In order to compete under the environment of limited resources, how to inspire the benign interaction among branches and to promote real estate agents to effectively enhance job performance which affect teamwork and personal business enormously.The data collected from a questionnaire survey was conducted by different branch stores of the major real estate agencies in Kaohsiung city. A total of 510 questionnaires were distributed to 54 real estate agencies, 323 valid questionnaires retained, with a valid rate of recovery 63.33%.We adopted hierarchical linear modeling and regression analysis to investigate relationships of task interdependence, team cooperation, team conflict and team trust among different levels of branches, as well as its impact on the individual level of job performance. The results conclude that task interdependence has a positive impact on team cooperation; task interdependence has a negative impact on relationship conflict; relationship conflict has a negative impact on team cooperation; team trust has a positive impact on team cooperation. Besides, the results reveal that a 34.5％ of obvious variance from the real estate agents among different branch stores, among which, team cooperation has a positive impact on individual performance; task conflict has a positive impact on individual performance; relationship conflict has a negative impact on individual performance; team trust has a positive impact on individual performance. The empirical results of this study demonstrate that the establishment of better management mechanism for the team of real estate agents to enhance job performance while not ignoring the importance of task interdependence, team cooperation, task conflict, relationship conflict and team trust.

碩士
國立彰化師範大學
工業教育學系
88
The purpose of this study was to investigate work team with performance in sale step of real estate trading in Taiwan, R.O.C.To fulfill the research purpose, at first the results of literature review about the theories of work team and performance were adopted to form the basis of this study interview, and then questionnaire survey was also used to collect the empirical data of this study. There were 350 sampled work team members from 143 companies who responded to two instruments〝Work Team Present Scale〞and the 〝Work Team Performance Scale〞, which was complied by the researcher. The conclusion of this research were as follows: 1.The major structure is divisional structure and functional structure about the real estate trading operate to go across area. The real estate trading is divisional structure which was established for a long time and has much capital.The functional structure and team base structure are major structure of the fast sale rate. 2.There is significant differences in the work team expresses the differences of the corporation operate feature and organization structure. 3.There is significant differences in the work team performance which expresses the differences of the corporation operate feature, organization structure and work team form. 4.There isn’t significant differences in the work team which present the differences of the corporations which were established at different time, with different fund, and at the different operate condition and pushing case. 5.There isn’t significant differences in the work team performance which expresses the differences of the corporation were established at different time and with different fund. 6.The relation of organization features, business life cycle, work team present and work team performance, get the Stepwise Multiple Regression equation: the score of work team development = 6.3818＋0.3747 ×(corporation environment)＋ 0.2750 ×(work team features)＋0.2130 ×(social environment); the score of sale performance = 8.8151＋0.2620 ×(corporation environment)＋0.3522 ×(sale employees) －0.1887× (team work form)＋0.2706 ×(work team development)－0.2252×(corporation employees); the score of customer satisfied = 11.1139＋0.4355 ×(corporation environment)－0.1706 ×(team work form). Finally, some recommendations for the real estate trading, business and further study were suggested.

A adaptação é fundamental para a eficácia do trabalho em equipa em ambientes complexos. A literatura sugere que as características dos membros da equipa, os processos episódicos e os estados emergentes contribuem para a capacidade de as equipas se comportarem de forma adaptativa. No entanto, as causas e condições em que estas variáveis se relacionam e contribuem para a adaptação em ambientes de trabalho complexos exige mais investigação. Nesta dissertação, vamos concentrar-nos nas dinâmicas multinível, transversais e longitudinais que caracterizam o processo adaptativo. Os participantes dos estudos feitos nesta dissertação foram estudantes universitários, e trabalhadores de diversos contextos organizacionais (e.g. gestão; saúde hospitalar; policia). O teste das hipóteses de investigação foi feito através de metodologias de regressão e equações estruturais. A metodologia de regressão foi utilizada para estimar os efeitos diretos, indiretos e condicionados. A modelagem com equações estruturais foi utilizada para estimar os efeitos indiretos, multinível e longitudinais. No geral, os resultados sugerem que a performance adaptativa contribui para a eficácia das equipas em ambientes de trabalho complexos. Os nossos resultados também clarificam a natureza das relações entre as características dos membros das equipas, os processos e estados emergentes. Esta dissertação contribui para a teoria e a prática, uma vez que amplia o conhecimento prévio sobre as dinâmicas de adaptação do trabalho em equipa, e tece recomendações de como e por que razões as práticas de GRH devem incorporar os resultados desta dissertação na gestão de pessoas.
Team adaptation is paramount for effective teamwork in complex work environments. Literature suggests that team member characteristics, episodic team processes, and emergent states contribute to collective ability to behave adaptively. However, we know very little about the causes and conditions under which these constructs relate to predict adaptation and effectiveness in complex work environments requires further clarification. In this dissertation, we focus on the multilevel, cross-level and longitudinal examination of the dynamics of team member characteristics, episodic team processes, and emergent states driving team adaptation in the work place. In this dissertation data collection was done in simulated and field settings. Participants were university students and professional workers from diverse organizational settings (e.g. business; healthcare; police). Hypotheses testing were done through regression and structural equations modelling. Regression was used to estimate direct, indirect, and conditioned effects. Structural equations modelling were used to estimate indirect, multilevel and longitudinal effects. Overall, the results suggest that team adaptation contributes to team effectiveness in complex work environments. Our results also contribute to clarify the entanglement between team member characteristics, processes and emergent states in teams. This dissertation contributes to theory and practice as it extends previous knowledge on the dynamics of team adaptation, and it makes recommendations of why and how HRM practices should incorporate our findings in people management.

We investigate Collective Psychological Ownership (CPO), a feeling of collective possessiveness toward organizational objects without formal assertion of this ownership (that is, we feel this is “ours”). Specifically, we focus on the Ownership Activating Experiences (OAEs) as antecedents of CPO toward teamwork products and their role in the development of CPO, both at the individual and team levels. For that, we develop and test a scale to measure the three OAEs, initially proposed as crucial routes to the emergence of CPO by Pierce and Jussila (2010): control, investment, and knowledge. We also study CPO consequences, including team effectiveness evaluations, team turnover intentions, and championing intentions. Finally, we explore team membership change and its effect on CPO. Our findings show that CPO mediates the relationship between investment in and intimate knowledge regarding the product and important team outcomes, at the individual level. At the team level, the OAEs form a global (unidimensional) construct and adding a new team member has a negative relationship with the OAE and the formation of CPO. We also provide insights into CPO as an emergent state by proposing a process for its emergence at the team level and discussing the role of team dynamics based in the OAE and team identification. We highlight the importance of CPO to team effectiveness and the crucial role played by the OAE. In doing so, this work contributes to theory regarding both psychological ownership and teams and suggests important directions for future research in the intersection of both areas.
Este trabalho centra-se no constructo Collective Psychological Ownership (CPO), um sentimento de posse coletiva em relação aos objetos organizacionais sem que haja uma formalização dessa propriedade. Especificamente, estudamos as Ownership Activating Experiences (OAEs), isto é, experiências de ativação de propriedade como antecedentes do CPO em relação aos produtos do trabalho em equipa e o seu papel no desenvolvimento do CPO, tanto ao nível individual como da equipa. Primeiramente, desenvolvemos e testamos uma escala para medir as três OAEs: controlo, investimento e conhecimento. Adicionalmente, estudamos as consequências do CPO, incluindo avaliações de eficácia da equipa, intenções de saída da equipa e intenções de defesa do produto do trabalho. Por fim, exploramos a mudança de membros da equipa e seu efeito no CPO. Ao nível individual, o CPO medeia a relação entre investimento e conhecimento sobre o produto e importantes resultados da equipa. Ao nível da equipa, verificou-se que as OAEs formam um constructo global (unidimensional) e que a entrada de um novo membro nas equipas tem uma relação negativa com as OAE e a formação de CPO. Neste trabalho contribuímos para a elucidação do CPO enquanto estado emergente, propondo um processo para seu surgimento ao nível da equipa, envolvendo as dinâmicas da equipa baseadas nas OAE e na identificação. Salientamos também a importância do CPO e das OAE para a eficácia da equipa. Assim, este trabalho contribui para a teoria dos sentimentos propriedade psicológica nas equipas e aponta para a importância de investigação futura na ligação entre ambas as áreas.

After Jagiellonian dynasty ascended to the throne of Bohemia and especially at the time of permanent absence of the King in the land, the political ambitions of the estates of Bohemia, particularly the lords and knights, intensified. The estates strived, among other things, for codification of the land constitution which they succeeded in the beginning of the 16th century when the King issued the so-called Land Constitution of Vladislaus II. (Vladislavské zřízení zemské). At the same time, the estates also made an inventory of archives of the Crown deposited at Karlštejn castle, which is known as the Matouš of Chlumčany's Registry of Ten Coffers (Registrum desíti truhlic). These documents prove the power of bohemian nobility, who attempted to consolidate their position in judicial and administrational system of the country. At the same time they represented themselves as co-responsible political unit, alongside the King, which works for the good of the Kingdom and the whole Lands of the Bohemian Crown. My diploma thesis pursues the gradual growth of power of the bohemian nobility, who wanted to consolidate their position not only at the expense of royal cities, but also of the power of the King himself. The accent is mainly given to the most influential persons or aristocratic groups who...