Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Tartaro dentale »

The prevalence of dental and oral diseases in Indonesia tends to increase. The problem of high rate in dental and oral disease are currently influenced by community behavioural factors. High rate of dental and oral disease was also because of the Indonesian population who realized that they has dental and oral problem is only 23% of population. Community behaviour is closely related to the level of public knowledge about gum health and tartar. Lack of knowledge about gum health and ignorance of the dangers of tartar that caused by dental plaque causing people not to take advantage of dental health services when they have dental plaque and even become inflammation of the gums. That condition, will contribute to poor dental health status of the community. Therefore, this community service is carried out for educate the characteristics of calculus, gum inflammation and the treatment of tartar.

Dental problems in equines can cause emaciation, colic, and poor performance. Types of dental disease in equine populations have been reported worldwide in veterinary medicine; however, few detailed investigations of equine dental problems in Thailand have been published. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of equine dental problems in Thailand. Standard dental and oral cavity examinations were performed on 244 equines (232 horses and 12 donkeys) ranging in age from 2–21 years (median = 9.88) from Western, Northern, and Central parts of Thailand between January 2015 and December 2017. The dental disorders were recorded and the data was analyzed to determine the proportion as a percentage of dental disorders. Logistic regression was used to find relations between dental floatation routine, gender, age, body weight, and dental disorders. The survey showed that sharp cheek teeth (82.37%) was the most common problem, which was often associated with frontal hook (10.65%) and caudal hook (6.55%). Other disorders observed included incisor tartar (9.42%) and canine teeth tartar (9.42%). One to two years routine of dental examination and floatation has 2.54 times (p<0.01) higher chance to develop sharp teeth compared to 0.5-1 year routine. In addition, not having any routine increased this effect by 22 times(p<0.01). Sharp cheek teeth was by far the most found and significant dental problem in these equines. These findings show the importance of regular dental floating and tartar scaling. Early detection and treatment can improve equine oral health.

Abstract A primary patient motivation for oral hygiene is effective cleaning. Dentifrice serves this function by including ingredients such as abrasives, surfactants, and specialized cleaning ingredients such as anticalculus agents. This introductory article aims to introduce professionals, educators, and researchers on the rationale behind the development of an improved cleaning dentifrice formulation, Crest® Multicare Advanced Cleaning. This new dentifrice is based upon the application of an improved tartar control/cleaning ingredient that is a polymeric adjunct of a pyrophosphate anion commonly applied in tartar control and stain control whitening dentifrices. The polypyrophosphate anion, also referred to as sodium hexametaphosphate, produces superior activity and substantivity on oral surfaces as compared to both pyrophosphate and some other commonly used dental cleaning ingredients and cleaning/conditioning adjuncts. The increased activity and substantivity translate into significant improvements in the prevention of dental stains and supragingival calculus and in the non-abrasive removal of dental stains. This article describes the structure of polypyrophosphate as compared to the parent pyrophosphate molecule, the rationale for its improved chemistry, and, in particular, its tartar control chemistry. In addition, the fundamental mechanisms of calculus formation and inhibition are reviewed. Lastly, a preliminary clinical study evaluating the improved efficacy of a polypyrophosphate dentifrice is described where the tartar control activity of the polypyrophosphate dentifrice is shown to be superior to that of a clinically established and marketed industry standard pyrophosphate dentifrice.

The oral cavity is susceptible to several calcifications such as salivary calculi (sialoliths), dental calculus (tartar) and tonsillar concretions (tonsilloliths). Although several individual studies had been already carried out, a comprehensive morphological and elemental comparison between them is still missing.Sialoliths are most commonly found in the submandibular glands and are composed of regions rich in Ca and P minerals, namely hydroxyapatite, whitlockite and brushite, and regions consisting of organic matter with high-sulphur content. These regions are organized in alternating concentric layers. Several bacterial species have also been identified in sialoliths microstructure showing that infection occurs recurrently throughout the stone formation.Generally, tartar presents an inorganic structure rich in Ca and P minerals, such as brushite, octacalcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite and whitlockite, and an organic matrix, mainly constituted by aerobic bacteria and yeast or just anaerobic bacteria.Tonsilloliths occur most commonly on the crypts of the palatal tonsils and are composed of a mixture of organic matter, namely bacterial cells and epithelial debris, as well as inorganic material rich in Ca and P minerals such as hydroxyapatite. Volatile sulphur compounds produced by anaerobic bacteria are usually associated to these, in general, innocuous structures.The current study involved the ultrastructure and chemical characterization of the calcified structures by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy carried out with a JEOL JSM 7001F instrument with an INCA pentaFetx3 Oxford spectrometer operated at 15 kV. Higher resolution characterization has been performed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using a H8100 Hitachi instrument operated at 200 kV. SEM samples were prepared following metallographic procedures, whereas TEM samples were obtained following standard biological sample preparation procedures.The results show that sialoliths present the most complex structure, with a central core surrounded by concentric layers, while tartar and tonsilloliths do not have a distinctive architecture (Figures 1 (a), 2 (a) and 3 (a). At higher magnifications, layered structures, as well as crystals could be found in sialoliths and tartar (Figures 1 (b) and 2 (b). Bacteria were common in all the calcified structures, although in tonsilloliths their abundance is higher (Figure 3 (b)). All calcifications have similar elemental constitution, with Ca and P, indicating the presence of calcium phosphates (Figures 1 (c), 2 (c) and 3 (c). Sulphur was also found associated with the organic matter in sialoliths and tonsilloliths, though the amounts found in the latter were much smaller than initially expected.Based on the similarities found, new correlations between these calcification will be available. For instance, the mineralization process described in tartar can help understand the similar processes occurring in sialoliths and tonsilloliths, while the association between bacteria and sulphur in tonsilloliths can be a clue for their presence in sialoliths.The work was carried out with financial support of the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology through PTDC/SAU-ENB/111941/2009 and PEst-OE/CTM-UI0084/2011 grants.

SummaryObjective: The knowledge of an animal’s age is important for disease probability, prognoses, or epidemiological questions, but unfortunately, it is often unknown for dogs in animal shelters. A simple estimating procedure is preferable being quick and easy to perform, even for nonveterinarians. Material and methods: In 295 dogs the dimension of light reflection (diameter in millimetres), visible on the posterior lens capsule using a penlight, the grade of dental abrasion and dental tartar were documented photographically and the exact weight and age in days were obtained. These photographs were evaluated blinded. The dogs were divided randomly into two groups. The first group was used to establish a model for age determination using linear and logistic regression models considering the documented parameters, which was then validated with the data of the second group. Results: The size of ocular light reflection and age correlated significantly (r = 0.781; p < 0.001; sy,x = 2.45 years [SD of y for given x]). The linear regression model gave the final equation: Estimated age [months] = 13.954 + 33.400 × lens reflection [mm] + 8.406 × dental abrasion [grade] + 8.871 × tartar [grade] with a standard error of estimation of 2.26 years. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Age determination, even based on three parameters results in a large standard deviation making age estimation in dogs very crude.

Combe-Grenal site (Southwest France) was excavated by F. Bordes between 1953 and 1965. He found several human remains in Mousterian levels 60, 39, 35 and especially 25, corresponding to MIS 4 (~75–70/60 ky BP) and with Quina Mousterian lithics. One of the fossils found in level 25 is Combe-Grenal IV, consisting of a fragment of the left corpus of a juvenile mandible. This fragment displays initial juvenile periodontitis, and the two preserved teeth (LLP4 and LLM1) show moderate attrition and dental calculus. The SEM tartar analysis demonstrates the presence of cocci and filamentous types of bacteria, the former being more prevalent. This result is quite different from those obtained for the two adult Neanderthals Kebara 2 and Subalyuk 1, where more filamentous bacteria appear, especially in the Subalyuk 1 sample from Central Europe. These findings agree with the available biomedical data on periodontitis and tartar development in extant individuals, despite the different environmental conditions and diets documented by numerous archeological, taphonomical and geological data available on Neanderthals and present-day populations. New metagenomic analyses are extending this information, and despite the inherent difficulties, they will open important perspectives in studying this ancient human pathology.

A number of dental hygienists have developed pathologies that cause them to be absent from work for long periods of time, and making it difficult for them to return to work. Hygienists' work involves extended static muscular effort in the neck and pectoral girdle, combined with recurrent dynamic movements of the wrist and fingers, associated with efforts to remove tartar from the teeth. Over the last two years, a dozen dental hygienists have consulted us for various shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand and finger problems. Changes in methods, instruments, equipment and the environment have allowed hygienists to adopt safer working positions. Reduced muscular activity was confirmed by EMG testing. The use of telescopic pivoting armrests has facilitated the adoption of new working methods by dental hygienists, and also provided needed arm support. A new concept for a pivoting armrest has been developed with round gel elbows-rests.

In the article the effect of sodium lauryl sulfate, and lecithin on the enamel of the tooth and the comparative analysis of efficiency of use of toothpaste with lecithin and other components similar to toothpaste with sodium lauryl sulfate, which is significantly more efficient pasta with lecithin. In addition to significant improvements in dental index, pasta with lecithin showed bleaching properties of the enamel of the tooth and the ability to gradually remove tartar.

Haemophilia is a hereditary X-linked recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of either clotting factor VIII (haemophilia A) or IX (haemophilia B). Conventional treatment is currently based on the use of either plasma derived or recombinant coagulation factors. This paper reports on the case of a patient with severe haemophilia who presented with mesial decay and interproximal tartar build-up, for which extraction and scaling to remove tartar deposits were indicated. Following extraction, the usual haemostasis techniques were applied, and postoperative prophylactic antihaemophilic treatment was indicated for 2 or 3 days. The patient presented with moderate bleeding for a few minutes immediately after the procedure. Administration of factor VIII before surgery as well as the patient’s favourable pharmacokinetic response allowed for an optimal result. This treatment has afforded patients with haemophilia a better quality of life, and safe and efficient access to invasive surgical procedures.

Dental and oral hygiene is a condition in which the teeth in the oral cavity are clean, free from plaque , debris, tartar and food scraps on the surface of the teeth as well as no bad breath. By cleaning from food debris left between the teeth, the dental and oral hygiene can be achieved properly. Health maintenance requires supporting facilities that can help attempt to improve the degree of oral health, one of which is by the use of media. Media or props are aids for the promotion of dental health that can be seen, heard, touched, or smelled in order to facilitate communication and disseminate information. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using flipchart media in improving dental and oral hygiene among elementary students. We undertook the research at SD GMIM Tumpengan, Sea II Village, Pineleng District with a sample of 74 people. The study was conducted with an analytical survey with a cross-sectional study approach, using the T test. In conclusion, our work shows that flipcharts are effective in improving oral and dental hygiene.

L’analyse du microbiote oral et de son évolution séculaire se fait principalement à partir de l’analyse du tartre dentaire ancien des populations passées et du biofilm dentaire des populations modernes. Nous avons dans un premier temps fait le point des connaissances sur la paléomicrobiologie des bactéries et des archaea contenues dans le tartre dentaire et montré que les archaea faisaient partie du microbiote oral chez l'homme. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons mis en évidence le répertoire des archaea méthanogènes vivant dans la cavité orale par la culture (une nouvelle espèce Methanobrevibacter massiliense, Methanobrevibacter smithii et Methanobrevibacter oralis). La prévalence de ces archaea était significativement plus élevée chez les patients atteints de parodontite que chez les personnes contrôles. Ensuite, nous avons développé une méthode de génotypage Multispacer Sequence Typing pour typer M. oralis et M. smithii et révélé différents génotypes. Enfin, nous avons analysé le répertoire des archaea méthanogènes dans des échantillons de tartre dentaire ancien datant du 14ème au 19ème siècle. La prévalence et la diversité des archaea méthanogènes dans la cavité orale ont diminué significativement au cours des sept derniers siècles. Des archaea méthanogènes ont été retrouvées dans 75% des prélèvements de tartre dentaire (Candidatus M. massiliense à 44,6%, M. oralis à 19,6%, Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis-like à 12,5%, Candidatus Nitrososphaera evergladensis-like dans un prélèvement et Methanoculleus bourgensis dans un autre prélèvement). Un prélèvement de tartre positif pour Candidatus M. massiliense a été documenté par hybridation in situ en fluorescence
The analyses of oral microbiome and its secular evolution mainly use dental calculus in past populations and dental plaque in modern populations. In our thesis, we initially reviewed the knowledge actual about bacteria and archaea paleomicrobiology of the dental calculus. The review disclosed that archaea taked part in the secular core-microbiota in past and modern populations. In the second work, we demonstrated the repertoire of methanogenic archaea currently living in the oral cavity using culture-based approach and succeeded in isolating for the first time a new species named Methanobrevibacter massiliense in addition to Methanobrevibacter smithii and Methanobrevibacter oralis from dental plaque in periodontitis patients. This work showed that the prevalence of methanogens was significantly higher in periodontitis patients than in controls. Some methanogenic archaea were involved in periodontitis. Then, we developed Multispacer Sequence Typing to evaluate M. oralis and M. smithii and revealed different genetic variants in these archaea. Finally, we examined the repertory of methanogenic archaea in ancient dental calculus dating from the 14th to the 19th century. The prevalence and diversity of methanogenic archaea in the oral cavity decreased significantly during the last seven centuries. Methanogenic archaea were found in 75% of dental calculis (Candidatus M. massiliense, 44.6%; M. oralis, 19.6%; Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis-like, 12.5%; Candidatus Nitrososphaera evergladensis-like in one and Methanoculleus bourgensis in one specimen). One Candidatus M. massiliense dental calculus was further documented by fluorescent in situ hybridization

La cavità orale umana ospita una ricca e diversificata flora microbica la quale costituisce il “microbiota orale” (MO), secondo per abbondanza solo al microbiota intestinale. Data questa sua notevole rilevanza, il MO è stato negli ultimi anni largamente impiegato per la messa a punto di nuove metodologie diagnostiche (soprattutto grazie alla facilità di campionamento); inoltre, eventi di disbiosi del MO, sono stati associati all’insorgenza di numerose condizioni patologiche sia locali (carie, parodontite) che sistemiche (artrite reumatoide, malattie cardiovascolari, diabete, ecc). Di recente, sul MO ha posto i riflettori anche la medicina evoluzionistica, a seguito delle differenze di suscettibilità alle malattie mostrate dai nostri antenati che sono state documentate grazie a studi molecolari condotti sul tartaro dentale o dental calculus. Questo infatti, durante la sua formazione, determina la calcificazione in situ sia delle cellule batteriche che di eventuali detriti alimentari, ma soprattutto di molecole di DNA che, sebbene molto danneggiate, possono essere analizzate dalle nuove tecniche di sequenziamento ultramassivo. Durante questo progetto di dottorato è stata effettuata un’analisi composizionale e funzionale del MO a partire da substrati di DC ottenuti sia da pazienti sottoposti a cure dentali che da campioni archeologici, risalenti ad un arco temporale diacronico che si estende dal Paleolitico Superiore all’età medioevale. L’obiettivo primario di tale tesi è stato quello di valutare l'evoluzione dell’ecologia microbica del cavo orale e meglio comprendere l’associazione tra le modificazioni del MO, dovute principalmente alle abitudini alimentari, e l’insorgenza di patologie orali ed extra-orali in tempi recenti. Inoltre, un ulteriore focus di questo progetto è stato l’identificazione di microrganismi che sono stati putativamente persi o acquisiti nel corso della storia e che potrebbero essere associati a patologie sia locali che sistemiche. Le analisi oggetto di studio sono state condotte mediante due differenti approcci molecolari. Se da un lato infatti i normali protocolli attuati su materiale moderno si basano sul sequenziamento di una o alcune delle regioni ipervariabili del gene ribosomale 16S, gli approcci legati all’analisi di materiale antico prediligono il sequenziamento shotgun. In questo lavoro pertanto, il DC di 14 individui moderni è stato confrontato mediante sequenziamento delle regioni V3 e V4 del gene 16S rRNA con i profili recuperati da 14 campioni medioevali pubblicati nell’unico lavoro riportato in letteratura in cui è stata utilizzata una metodologia di sequenziamento comparabile. Inoltre, il DC di 6 individui moderni è stato sequenziato mediante approccio shotgun, ed i risultati prodotti sono stati confrontati con quelli ottenuti da 22 individui archeologici. Per tale studio sono stati seguiti i protocolli specificamente sviluppati per il recupero di materiale antico mentre le pipeline bioinformatiche utilizzate per l’analisi dei dati sono state modificate ad hoc, in modo da rendere totalmente confrontabili i due dataset oggetto di studio. L’analisi dei dati ottenuti mediante sequenziamento 16S ha messo in evidenza la prevalenza nei campioni antichi del phylum Proteobacteria ed una elevata abbondanza del phylum Actinobacteria; i campioni moderni presentano invece una maggiore abbondanza dei phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes e Fusobacteria. Il confronto a livello di genere ha documentato invece l’elevata abbondanza di Prevotella spp., Porphyromonas spp. e Fusobacterium spp. nei campioni moderni di DC mentre i campioni antichi hanno mostrato una maggiore prevalenza di Actinomyces spp. Queste analisi hanno quindi dimostrato la presenza nel DC ottenuto da campioni moderni, rispetto a quello ricavato da campioni antichi, di un maggior numero di microrganismi associato ad una condizione di disbiosi orale e quindi potenzialmente responsabili dell’insorgenza di patologie. Il confronto dei risultati ottenuti mediante sequenziamento shotgun ha mostrato, da un punto di vista della struttura del MO, la netta distinzione tra la totalità dei campioni antichi e quelli moderni, per tutte le categorie tassonomiche. In dettaglio, i phyla più abbondanti nei campioni antichi sono risultati Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes e Bacteroidetes mentre i campioni moderni, oltre a quelli appena citati, hanno mostrato anche elevati livelli di Spirochaetes. A livello di genere, invece, i microrganismi maggiormente rappresentati nei campioni antichi, sono Actinomyces, Olsenella, e Streptococcus mentre i campioni moderni hanno evidenziato un elevata abbondanza di Treponema spp., comunemente associato a patologie orali oltre a ridotti livelli di Neisseria spp., notoriamente considerato un batterio benefico per la salute orale. I campioni moderni hanno riportato anche la presenza di Porphyromonas gingivalis, assente invece in tutti i campioni antichi, largamente associata a patologie sia orali che extraorali. Considerati questi risultati, l’approfondita profilazione del microbiota orale mediante tecnologie “omiche” potrà quindi essere fondamentale sia per la definizione di alterazioni composizionali e/o metaboliche associate agli stati di malattia che, per lo sviluppo di farmaci e terapie mirate allo scopo di rendere la medicina sempre più personalizzata e di precisione.

O processo de corrosão está constantemente transformando os materiais metálicos de modo que a durabilidade e o desempenho dos mesmos deixam de satisfazer os fins a que se destinam. Uma alternativa de mitigar a corrosão desses materiais são os revestimentos metálicos. Dentre eles destaca-se a eletrodeposição, por se tratar de uma técnica simples e de baixo custo, quando comparada a outros procedimentos. A utilização dos depósitos de zinco-níquel eletrodepositados para melhorar a resistência à corrosão tem atraído um interesse crescente porque oferece uma alternativa particularmente promissora ao Zn puro, devido às suas melhores propriedades mecânicas e de resistência à corrosão. Neste trabalho foram estudados os efeitos dos parâmetros operacionais densidade de corrente e pH do banho eletrolítico sobre as propriedades da liga binária de Zn-Ni. Para otimização do processo e obtenção dos melhores revestimentos, foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial completo (2²) associado à metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR). Os depósitos foram caracterizados quanto à sua composição química através da técnica de Energia Dispersiva de Raio-X (EDX). Estudou-se o processo de eletrodeposição de liga Zn-Ni sobre um cátodo, utilizando um banho contendo sulfato de níquel, sulfato de zinco, citrato de sódio e tartarato de sódio e potássio como complexantes. Os experimentos com maiores teores de Zn foram os experimentos 1, 4 e 3. Os resultados comprovaram a influência da densidade de corrente e pH na composição química das ligas, bem como mostrou uma maior proporção de zinco em todos os experimentos confirmando o fenômeno anômalo de codeposição.

Students in dental education are increasingly becoming technologically advanced, perhaps more than their teachers. Their communication is progressively becoming reliant on technology rather than a person to person path. They are also more reliant on educational web based resources to support their learning. Advances or development in interactive web based educational tools (IWET) will meet their expectations and allow for an on demand flexible delivery of educational material that supports their learning and allows vertical and horizontal integration within the syllabus. IWET have the added benefit of bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and development of psychomotor skills. Interactive web based tools in dentistry are as valuable as other methods of traditional teaching. However, they should not replace the pedagogy but be complementary to it. Periodontology is the clinical, dental specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis and management of plaque bacteria-mediated inflammation in the supporting tissues around teeth. The complete removal of plaque-retaining calculus/tartar from all tooth surfaces is a crucial part of successful treatment. This calculus removal, be it above the gum margin (supragingival), or below the gum margin (subgingival), requires a psychomotor skill that may take years of practice to attain, particularly for subgingival calculus, where its removal relies on tactile sensation, and in effect is a blind procedure. This also requires the knowledge of and the use of various types of instruments, depending on the location in the mouth and whether the calculus is supragingival or subgingival. The initial stage of development of the skill requires repeated practice on clinical mannequins/simulators. Research collaboration between the Dental School and Hospital Cork and the Department of Computer Science at University College Cork saw the development of an interactive web-based educational tool and a phone application. The methodology employed in the development of these educational tools include a video recording of the clinical procedures for full mouth scaling with a visual narrative describing various seating positions of the dental clinician, instrument selection and application and a synchronized verbal description of the steps undertaken when engaging in a periodontal scaling procedure. These educational tools have been developed and will be made available for students to use during their practice on mannequins/simulators. DentLearn is a repository of interactive e-learning materials which can be populated dynamically with new content. The core of the e-learning tool is an e-learning content player that can display the video and the slides associated with a procedure in a synchronized manner. The player uses some recent Smile-based technologies that make the synchronization possible as well as it enhances the player controls with more visual elements. Furthermore, the player can swap between video and slides slides in the central panel for displaying the e-learning content. The repository contains at present only e-learning materials related with Periodontics teaching. However, it has some user friendly functions that allow for new content to be added to it. A scale down version of the repository was made available for mobile devices. A future aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of the interactive web-based tool and phone application as an educational support for dental students. Further plan is to apply this e-learning to other dental specialties in addition to the development of animation and simulation models that are virtually pressure sensitive, interactive and responsive.