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1
Ortega, Dolors. « Negotiating Identity and Belonging in the Western Indian Ocean : Fluid Enabling Spaces in M.G. Vassanji’s Uhuru Street ». Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, no 82 (2021) : 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2021.82.03.
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This article analyses the short story cycle Uhuru Street, which describes the life of the members of the minority Ismaili community, whom Vassanji fictionalises as Shamsis, in the context of crucial changes in the history of Tanzania. Diaspora, fragmentation and ethnic multiplicity in a really hierarchical tripartite society will be studied within the framework of cross-cultural networking in the Western Indian Ocean, where complex identity relations are established. Our discussion stems from a brief historical genealogy of the Indian community in Tanzania, it analyses the complex identity relations and affiliations among Tanzanian citizens of Indian descent, and moves on to the analysis of Vassanji’s short stories in order to explore those fluid and enabling spaces where identity and belonging are to be negotiated.
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Miguel, Edward. « Tribe or Nation ? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania ». World Politics 56, no 3 (avril 2004) : 327–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100004330.
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This article examines how government policies affect ethnic relations by comparing outcomes across two nearby districts, one in Kenya and one in Tanzania, using colonial-era boundary placement as a “natural experiment.” Despite similar geography and historical legacies, governments in Kenya and Tanzania have followed radically different language, education, and local institutional policies, with Tanzania consistently pursuing more serious nation building. The evidence suggests that nation building has allowed diverse communities in rural Tanzania to achieve considerably better local public goods outcomes than diverse communities in Kenya. To illustrate, while Kenyan communities at mean levels of diversity have 25 percent less local school funding than homogeneous communities on average, the comparable figure in the Tanzanian district is near zero. The Kenya-Tanzania comparison provides empirical evidence that serious reforms can ameliorate social divisions and suggests that nation-building should take a place on policy agendas, especially in Africa.
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Schou Pallesen, Cecil Marie. « Making Friends and Playing the Game ». Journal of Extreme Anthropology 5, no 2 (1 avril 2022) : 72–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jea.9302.
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Bribery relations are a way to cope with the uncertainties of everyday life for many people living in Tanzania. For members of the Tanzanian Indian communities, the uncertainties not only count the faltering bureaucratic systems and a state lacking legitimacy. Being members of a resourceful yet marginalized ethnic group within a nation that has not been willing or able to offer them protection also puts Tanzanian Indian communities in a vulnerable position. Bribery friends, as this article shows, are relations that despite, or perhaps owing to, their uncertain nature create a level of certainty and protection. ‘Playing the game’, meaning to accept and engage in bribery, becomes a way for the Tanzanian Indians to control and claim both distance and belonging to a nation that never really accepted them as true citizens. Investigating the moral economy of bribery among Tanzanian Indians, the article argues that the experiences and logics of bribery help us to get a deeper understanding of Tanzanian Indians’ perception of the state and their role in it, which is, above all, ambiguous.
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Malefakis, Alexis. « Gridlocked in the city : kinship and witchcraft among Wayao street vendors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ». Africa 88, S1 (mars 2018) : S51—S71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972017001140.
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AbstractFor a group of Wayao street vendors in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, kinship relations were simultaneously an advantage and a hindrance. Their migration to the city and entry into the urban economy had occurred along ethnic and kinship lines. But, as they perceived the socially heterogeneous environment of the city that potentially offered them opportunities to cooperate with people from different social or ethnic backgrounds, they experienced their continuing dependency on their relatives as a form of confinement. Against the backdrop of the city, the Wayao perceived their social relations as being burdened with an inescapable sameness that made it impossible to trust one another. Mistrust, contempt and mutual suspicion were the flip side of close social relations and culminated in accusations ofuchawi(Swahili: witchcraft). However, these accusations did not have a disintegrative effect; paradoxically, their impact on social relations among the vendors was integrative. On the one hand,uchawiallegations expressed the claustrophobic feeling of stifling relations; on the other, they compelled the accused to adhere to a shared morality of egalitarian relations and exposed the feeling that the accused individual was worthy of scrutiny, indicating that relationships with him were of particular importance to others.
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Bender Shetler, Jan. « Historical memory as a foundation for peace : Network formation and ethnic identity in North Mara, Tanzania ». Journal of Peace Research 47, no 5 (septembre 2010) : 639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343310376441.
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Magoti, Iddy Ramadhani. « Compromising for Peace through Ritual Practices among the Kuria of Tanzania and Kenya ». Utafiti 13, no 2 (18 mars 2018) : 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-01302005.
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Kuria people, who straddle both sides of the Kenya–Tanzania border, have experienced interminable intra- and inter-ethnic warfare emanating from cattle rustling. The Kuria people are stereotypically described as cantankerous and indisposed to compromise or forgiveness when they have been wronged. But on the contrary, archival and secondary information as well as oral interviews conducted in the region demonstrate that through participation in different ritual forms, the Kuria people themselves have been responsible for maintaining harmony and serenity with their neighbours. Kuria who abide by their cultural beliefs, social norms, and respect for traditional leadership, do forgive, regularly initiate reconciliations, and actively maintain peaceful relations through participation in various ritual forms. It is evident that rituals constitute an integral part of the customary process of conflict resolution and peace building among the Kuria. Especially those rituals related to the prevention of cattle rustling have gained recognition and formal support of the central states on both sides of the border, to the extent that the powers embodied in these traditional Kuria rituals have sometimes overridden the jurisdiction of modern courts established in the Kuria areas.
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Rekdal, Ole Bjørn. « Money, milk and sorghum beer : change and continuity among the Iraqw of Tanzania ». Africa 66, no 3 (juillet 1996) : 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160958.
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This article focuses on the symbolic qualities of sorghum beer and milk among the Iraqw of northern Tanzania. The author illustrates how the villagers in a southern Mbulu village handle and make use of these two products, and seeks to illuminate the manner in which they both become associated with qualities that are perceived as positive and desirable. With the spread of the market economy, and of money as a medium of exchange, the symbolic content of sorghum beer and milk has come under considerable pressure. As products in demand, they may today circulate in impersonal relations which lack the social and religious qualities that they traditionally communicated. The monetisation of sorghum beer and milk has not, however, caused a breakdown in established practices, or in the structures of meaning in which such practices are embedded. The article illuminates some of the processes which seem to be of importance in explaining this remarkable cultural continuity in the face of fairly radical social change. The examples of sorghum beer and milk seem to reflect and highlight more general dynamics of change and continuity among the Iraqw, and it is suggested that they may help to shed light on certain seemingly paradoxical ways in which the Iraqw have been conceived by outsiders and by members of neighbouring ethnic groups.
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Thomas, Caroline. « Challenges of Nation-Building : Uganda—A Case Study ». India Quarterly : A Journal of International Affairs 41, no 3-4 (juillet 1985) : 320–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848504100302.
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The success or failure of nation-building in the new states has far-reaching implications for domestic, regional and international stability and security. This is aptly illustrated in South Asia today, where differences of language, culture and religion forge great obstacles to the creation of single nation states in both India and Sri Lanka. However, of all the regions of the developing world, it is sub-Saharan Africa that perhaps presents the greatest challenge to the idea of a nation-state. Colonial boundaries cut through ethnic groups and led to the creation of post-colonial states that were in no sense nations. These states contained several nations (or tribes) or part of nations within them. Unity that had been forged to rid colonies of foreign rule collapsed when independence was won and tribal loyalties resurfaced. Some states, such as Tanzania, have fared better than others since then in their efforts to create domestic unity, harmony and a nation-state. Others, such as Uganda, have sunk into anarchy. This paper looks at the example of Uganda in some detail. Particular attention is paid to the decade of the 1970's when Idi Amin was in power, and Uganda hit the international headlines on account of his reign of terror. Trends and events, both before and after Amin, are examined in an effort to establish whether the 1970's were an aberration or part of a continuing tradition of represssion in the name of state security. The Tanzanian action of intervening in Uganda, whatever the motive, had the effect of ridding Uganda of Amin. This action is analyzed in terms of its legitimacy and its consequences. The idea that nation-building is something which has to be generated from within, and cannot be imposed from without, is raised.
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Balezin, Alexander Stepanovich. « USSR and Zanzibar in the Years of Its Struggle for Independence and Unification with Tanganyika (Based on Archival Sources) ». Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no 1 (15 décembre 2020) : 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-54-66.
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Based on documents from the Russian archives - the Archive of foreign policy of the Russian Federation, the State archive of the Russian Federation, and the Russian state archive of modern history, the article examines the relations of the USSR with Zanzibar in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Soviet-Zanzibar relations are examined against the background of a complex period in the history of the island state, which included the stages of inter-party rivalry during the struggle for independence, the Zanzibar revolution itself, and the unification with Tanganyika. The author also draws attention to the ethnic composition of the Zanzibar population in the years before the start of the national liberation movement, the history of the origin of ethnic groups in the archipelago and their traditional relationships. The author examines in detail the composition and political orientation of the parties that took part in the struggle for independence. He also considers the influence of the political spectrum and the international situation of the Cold War period on the decisions of national leaders in choosing a support side for further development. The author also considers actions of two leading actors of the bipolar system, the USSR and the USA, in the struggle for influence on the young national elites of Zanzibar in particular, and then Tanzania as a whole. The author conducts a detailed analysis of the United States actions and its allies to intervene the party struggle within Zanzibar society and the further reaction of the USSR to these steps. He also considers the reasons for the decline in Soviet influence on Zanzibar and the events that led to the closure of the Soviet diplomatic missions. The author points out the ambiguity of Zanzibar and Tanganyika’s unification, which could be perceived as an artificial political act supported by interested global forces than the process of voluntary unification of the two young countries. A number of issues are considered almost for the first time in Russian historiography.
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Xiaoyang, Tang, et Janet Eom. « Time Perception and Industrialization : Divergence and Convergence of Work Ethics in Chinese Enterprises in Africa ». China Quarterly 238 (6 décembre 2018) : 461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030574101800142x.
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AbstractAs Chinese investors set up business operations in Africa, disagreements between Chinese and Africans regarding work attitudes have emerged. A prevailing view is that cultural differences cause tensions between groups with regards to the meaning of “hard work,” “discipline” and “eating bitterness.” However, we argue that conflicting perceptions of work ethics between Chinese and Africans are instead caused by evolving notions of time that accompany a transition from a pre-capitalist manner of production to that of industrial capitalism. First, we refute the assumption that culture determines work ethics. Second, we show that when a society industrializes, its notions of work ethics and time perception change; we then show how China's industrialization impacts its approaches to operations in Africa. Third, we use two case studies of Chinese investments in Tanzania and Ethiopia to illustrate how Chinese managers are changing African workers’ attitudes through time discipline. Finally, we discuss the implications of a convergence of work ethics between Chinese and Africans.
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Wangamati, Cynthia Khamala, Ibrahimu Mdala, Beatrice Ogutu, Kudely Sokoine, Moureen Ochieng, Sabrina Majikata, Christian Bernard Ochieng et Susan A. Kelly. « Assessment of whole school approach intervention to reduce violence affecting children in and around schools in Kenya and Tanzania : protocol for a before-and-after, mixed-methods pilot study ». BMJ Open 12, no 5 (mai 2022) : e055231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055231.
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IntroductionNational violence against children (VAC) surveys in Tanzania and Kenya reported that approximately three-quarters of children in Tanzania experienced physical violence while 45.9% of women and 56.1% of men experienced childhood violence in Kenya. In response to VAC, Investing in Children and their Societies—Strengthening Families & Protecting Children (ICS-SP) developed the whole school approach (WSA) for reducing VAC in and around schools. Objectives of this evaluation are to: (1) determine intervention’s feasibility and (2) the extent to which the WSA reduces prevalence and incidence of VAC in and around schools in Kenya and Tanzania; (3) gain insights into changes in stakeholders’ knowledge, attitudes and practices in relation to VAC following intervention implementation and (4) provide evidence-based recommendations for refining intervention content, delivery and theory of change (ToC).Methods and analysisThe study is a mixed-methods, controlled before-and-after, quasi experimental pilot designed to assess the delivery and potential changes in knowledge, attitudes, behaviours and VAC prevalence and incidence in and around schools following the WSA intervention implementation in Kenya and Tanzania. The preintervention phase will entail stakeholder enhancement of the WSA ToC and baseline cross-sectional surveys of teaching and non-teaching staff and parents (knowledge, attitude and practices), pupils (VAC incidents and school climate) and school safety audits. The WSA intervention implementation phase will include an intervention delivery process assessment and random school visits. In the postintervention phase, end-line surveys will be conducted similarly to baseline. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews will be held with ICS-SP staff, training facilitators, teachers, parents and pupils to gain insights into acceptability, delivery and potential intervention effects. Quantitative and qualitative data will be analysed using SPSS V.25 and NVIVO V.12, respectively.Ethics and disseminationEthics approvals were received from Amref Health Africa in Kenya (AMREF-ESRC P910/2020) and National Health Research Ethics Committee (NatHREC) in Tanzania (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol.IX/3655). Dissemination will be through research reports.
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Lees, Shelley, et Luisa Enria. « Comparative ethnographies of medical research : materiality, social relations, citizenship and hope in Tanzania and Sierra Leone ». International Health 12, no 6 (novembre 2020) : 575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa071.
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Abstract In this paper we bring together ethnographic research carried out during two clinical prevention trials to explore identities, relations and political imaginations that were brought to life by these different technologies. We highlight the ways in which critical anthropological engagement in clinical trials can help us radically reconsider the parameters and standards of medical research. In the paper we analyse the very different circumstances that made these two trials possible, highlighting the different temporalities and politics of HIV and Ebola as epidemics. We then describe four themes revealed by ethnographic research with participants and their communities but mediated by the specific sociopolitical contexts in which the trials were taking place. In both countries we found materiality and notions of exchange to be important to participants’ understanding of the value of medical research and their role within it. These dynamics were governed through social relations and moral economies that also underpinned challenges to Western notions of research ethics. The clinical trials offered a language to express both disaffection and disillusionment with the political status quo (often through rumours and anxieties) while at the same time setting the foundations for alternative visions of citizenship. Attached to these were expressions of ‘uncertainty and hope’ steeped in locally distinctive notions of destiny and expectations of the future.
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Binyaruka, Peter, August Kuwawenaruwa, Mariam Ally, Moritz Piatti et Gemini Mtei. « Assessment of equity in healthcare financing and benefits distribution in Tanzania : a cross-sectional study protocol ». BMJ Open 11, no 9 (septembre 2021) : e045807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045807.
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IntroductionAchieving universal health coverage goal by ensuring access to quality health service without financial hardship is a policy target in many countries. Thus, routine assessments of financial risk protection, and equity in financing and service delivery are required in order to track country progress towards realising this universal coverage target. This study aims to undertake a system-wide assessment of equity in health financing and benefits distribution as well as catastrophic and impoverishing health spending by using the recent national survey data in Tanzania. We aim for updated analyses and compare with previous assessments for trend analyses.Methods and analysisWe will use cross-sectional data from the national Household Budget Survey 2017/2018 covering 9463 households and 45 935 individuals cross all 26 regions of mainland Tanzania. These data include information on service utilisation, healthcare payments and consumption expenditure. To assess the distribution of healthcare benefits (and in relation to healthcare need) across population subgroups, we will employ a benefit incidence analysis across public and private health providers. The distributions of healthcare benefits across population subgroups will be summarised by concentration indices. The distribution of healthcare financing burdens in relation to household ability-to-pay across population subgroups will be assessed through a financing incidence analysis. Financing incidence analysis will focus on domestic sources (tax revenues, insurance contributions and out-of-pocket payments). Kakwani indices will be used to summarise the distributions of financing burdens according to households’ ability to pay. We will further estimate two measures of financial risk protection (ie, catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishing effect of healthcare payments).Ethics and disseminationWe will involve secondary data analysis that does not require ethical approval. The results of this study will be disseminated through stakeholder meetings, peer-reviewed journal articles, policy briefs, local and international conferences and through social media platforms.
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Daley, Patricia. « Ethical Considerations for Humanizing Refugee Research Trajectories ». Refuge : Canada's Journal on Refugees 37, no 2 (22 novembre 2021) : 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/1920-7336.40808.
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This paper argues that ethical responsibilities in refugee studies have focused on fieldwork, yet ethics ought to be applied to the research problematic—the aims, questions, and concepts—as potentially implicated in the production of harm. Using an example from Tanzania, I argue that policy has largely shaped the language, categories investigated, and interpretive frames of refugee research, and this article advocates greater attention to historical and contemporary processes underpinning humanitarian principles and practices, and how they might contribute to exclusion and ontological anxieties among refugees in the Global South. By expanding our conceptualization of ethical responsibilities, researchers can better explore the suitability, and the implications for the refugee communities, of the approach that they have adopted and whether they contribute or challenge the and dehumanization of people seeking refuge.
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Marando, Erasmus Satrunino, Eugene Lyamtane et Catherine Muteti. « Contribution of CSSC Training Program in Enhancing Decision for Catholic Sponsored Secondary School Heads in Musoma Diocese Mara Tanzania ». European Journal of Training and Development Studies 9, no 3 (15 mars 2022) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/ejtds.2014/vol9n3115.
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The study examined the contribution of Christian social service commission management training program in enhancing decision-making on financial management process by heads of Catholic sponsored secondary schools in Catholic Diocese of Musoma. The study was anchored on Human Relations Theory of management which was developed by Marry Parker Follet. The study employed a mixed-method approach in which convergent design was be used. Targeted population community members of nine projects and one leader of CSSC in Catholic Diocese of Musoma. The sample for included eighty project school, heads of school’s teachers and non-teaching staff. Data to answer the research questions of this study was collected using two data collection instruments namely; questionnaires, and interview guides. Questionnaires was used to obtain quantitative information from teachers, interview guide was used to collect qualitative data from non-teaching staff, heads of Schools and Chief Coordinator of CSSC. Validity of instruments was assured trustworthiness and dependability by requesting three researchers’ experts from Mwenge Catholic University and the Validity of qualitative data was through peer review and triangulations. The reliability was tested by using the Cronbach’s Alpha formula using Likert scale questions. The descriptive statistics was analyzed using mean scores, frequencies and percentages and presented in Tables. Analysis of qualitative data was through thematic and transcribe the data was presented in narrations form that which was supported by direct quotations. All along with the study, the researcher highly considered research ethics including the consent of the respondents and confidentiality of the information. The research findings revealed that the heeds of schools enhance the use of decision making on financial management skills in their schools as they were trained but they need to improve the use of the skills to involves all staffs. Basing on the findings of the research study, it can be concluded that the training of CSSC to school heads in Catholic Diocese of Musoma who attended the program enhances the use of decision making on financial management skills in their schools as they were trained in but only, they need to improve the use of the skill to involve both staffs means teaching staff and non- teaching staff on decision making on financial management. The study recommends that training shall be provided to both school managers and heads of schools to enable them to achieve school goals of teachers and institutions.
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Gabagambi, Julena Jumbe. « ‘Throwing a Baby with Bathwater,’ Restoration of the Tanzanian Indigenous Justice System : The Case of Sukuma, Kinga and Iraqwi Ethnic Groups ». African Journal of Legal Studies, 4 février 2021, 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340073.
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Abstract The indigenous justice systems were modes of resolving conflicts in Tanzanian communities for millenia before the introduction of the common law system as it was applied in England. The introduced mode, despite its success, is encumbered with a number of challenges. Apart from the challenges, the restoration of one’s customs and traditions is what makes one a human. The conventional justice system being ‘water’ to clean off dirt, the ‘baby’ is celebrated for what it has so far achieved; thus, the washed baby should not have been thrown into the water because in Africa, and Tanzania in particular, no one denies how valuable a baby is to parent and the community at large. Despite Tanzania’s efforts in capturing the bits of indigenous justice systems, the laws in place to a great extent roll on the bits of the conventional justice system. Protecting and preserving one’s customs has caught the interest of the international and regional community. That should awaken Tanzanians to look for the baby (indigenous justice systems) and appreciate its beauty. Ratification of the convention on tribal and indigenous people is optional; its negation devalues one’s customs and traditions. This paper comes with a reformatory agenda. The pumpkin in the homestead cannot be uprooted i.e. indigenous traditions must be preserved.
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HELLSTEN, SIRKKU K. « Bioethics in Tanzania : Legal and Ethical Concerns in Medical Care and Research in Relation to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic ». Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 14, no 03 (22 juin 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180105050358.
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