Articles de revues : « Tamarini »

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Evans, David T., Leslie A. Knapp, Peicheng Jing, Marian S. Piekarczyk, Virginia S. Hinshaw et David I. Watkins. « Three Different MHC Class I Molecules Bind the Same CTL Epitope of the Influenza Virus in a Primate Species with Limited MHC Class I Diversity ». Journal of Immunology 162, n^o 7 (1 avril 1999) : 3970–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.3970.

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Abstract One of the most remarkable features of the MHC class I loci of most outbred mammalian populations is their exceptional diversity, yet the functional importance of this diversity remains to be fully understood. The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) is unusual in having MHC class I loci that exhibit both limited polymorphism and sequence variation. To investigate the functional implications of limited MHC class I diversity in this outbred primate species, we infected five tamarins with influenza virus and defined the CTL epitopes recognized by each individual. In addition to an immunodominant epitope of the viral nucleoprotein (NP) that was recognized by all individuals, two tamarins also made a response to the same epitope of the matrix (M1) protein. Surprisingly, these two tamarins used different MHC class I molecules, Saoe-G*02 and -G*04, to present the M1 epitope. In addition, CTLs from one of the tamarins recognized target cells that expressed neither Saoe-G*02 nor -G*04, but, rather, a third MHC class I molecule, Saoe-G*12. Sequence analysis revealed that Saoe-G*12 differs from both Saoe-G*02 and -G*04 by only two nucleotides and was probably generated by recombination between these two alleles. These results demonstrate that at least three of the tamarin’s MHC class I molecules can present the same epitope to virus-specific CTLs. Thus, four of the tamarin’s 12 MHC class I molecules bound only two influenza virus CTL epitopes. Therefore, the functional diversity of cotton-top tamarin’s MHC class I loci may be even more limited than their genetic diversity suggests.

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Madden, D., P. A. Garber, S. L. Madden et C. A. Snyder. « Rain-forest canopy-connectivity and habitat selection by a small neotropical primate, Geoffroy's tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi) ». Journal of Tropical Ecology 26, n^o 6 (11 octobre 2010) : 637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467410000441.

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Abstract:Wild populations of a small neotropical primate, Geoffroy's tamarin (Saguinus geoffroyi), were studied through 30-s instantaneous observational sampling to identify different canopy habitats used by this tamarin. Tree and shrub canopies were sampled in randomly selected plots and in nearby plots that tamarins were observed to use in the forests of Agua Clara, Panama (28 d, 59 100-m2 plots, 32.25 h of tamarin observations, 27 tamarins in total), and in the nearby forests of Barro Colorado Island (49 d, 29 100-m2 plots, 29.6 h of tamarin observations, 14 tamarins in total). Light penetration through the canopy, ambient temperature and humidity, presence of other primates, stem diameters, plant life-forms, distribution of woody flora, abundance of fleshy fruits and arthropods typically consumed by tamarins and abundance of thorny vegetation and biting arthropods in plots used by tamarins were compared with control plots. Habitats used by tamarins had significantly shorter distances between adjacent tree canopies and between canopies and the ground. There was a random distribution of large insects and fleshy fruits that tamarins are known to eat. Habitat selection by tamarins may not be influenced by spiny vegetation, but tamarins may avoid areas with abundant hooked thorns and blood-sucking arthropods. Mobility along runways in various tiers of a rain-forest canopy may be of primary importance, with local abundance of food being a secondary consideration in habitat selection by this small primate.

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Lapenta, Marina Janzantti, et Paula Procópio-de-Oliveira. « The Fate of Seeds Dispersed by Golden Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus Rosalia) in an Atlantic Forest Fragment, Brazil ». Tropical Conservation Science 2, n^o 3 (septembre 2009) : 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194008290900200301.

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Frugivores, as seed dispersers may influence the spatial patterns of adult and juvenile plants, but a large portion of the potential recruitment of plant populations is lost to seed predators. The majority of seeds dispersed by primates are killed by seed predators or moved by secondary dispersers. Little is known about post-dispersal seed-predation and seedling distribution of exploited plant species. This study iinvestigated the survival and establishment of seedlings from seeds defecated by the golden lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus rosalia), a frugivorous endemic primate of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Two groups of golden lion tamarins were studied in the União Biological Reserve from April 2003 to March 2004. Seeds from fruits consumed by tamarins and collected from their feces were evaluated with respect to the following: germination success, seed disappearance or secondary dispersal on the forest floor, seed predation, and seedling establishment and survival for the length of the study period. The tamarin groups consumed 88 fruit species. Of these, 38 were used to run 107 experiments which indicated that more than 50% of the seeds disappeared, about 15% died before germinating and seeds of 22 species reached the seedling stage. At the end of the study, only 15 of these species still had surviving seedlings. Studies on seed fate are important for understanding the role of the golden lion tamarind in the natural process of forest regeneration in the lowland Atlantic Forest of the state of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.

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Ruiz-Miranda, Carlos Ramon, Adriana Gomes Affonso, Marcio Marcelo de Morais, Carlos Eduardo Verona, Andreia Martins et Benjamin B. Beck. « Behavioral and ecological interactions between reintroduced golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia Linnaeus, 1766) and introduced marmosets (Callithrix spp, Linnaeus, 1758) in Brazil's Atlantic Coast forest fragments ». Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 49, n^o 1 (janvier 2006) : 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132006000100012.

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Marmosets (Callithrix spp.) have been introduced widely in areas within Rio de Janeiro state assigned for the reintroduction of the endangered golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia). The objetives of this study were to estimate the marmoset (CM) population in two fragments with reintroduced golden lion tamarin to quantify the association and characterize the interactions between species. The CM population density (0,09 ind/ha) was higher than that of the golden lion tamarin (0,06 ind/ha). The mean association index between tamarins and marmosets varied among groups and seasons (winter=62% and summer=35%). During the winter, competition resulted in increases in territorial and foraging behavior when associated with marmosets. Evidence of benefits during the summer was reduced adult vigilance while associated to marmosets. Golden lion tamarins were also observed feeding on gums obtained from tree gouges made by the marmosets. Marmosets represented a threat for the conservation of golden lion tamarins.

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Wea, Redempta, I. Gusti Komang Oka Wirawan et Bernadete Barek Koten. « Kecernaan Nutrien pada Babi Lokal Periode Pertumbuhan yang Diberi Ransum Mengandung Biji Asam Biokonversi Spontan (NUTRIENTS DIGESTIBILITY IN GROWING LOCAL PIG FED WITH DIET COMPOSED OF SPONTENOUS BIOCONVERTED-TAMARIND SEED) ». Jurnal Veteriner 18, n^o 4 (23 janvier 2018) : 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.4.610.

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A research aimed to evaluate nutrients digestibility in growing local male pig fed spontaneous bioconverted-tamarind seed has been done in animal feed technology laboratory of Kupang State Agricultural Polytechnic.The research used 25 local male grower pigs with body weight around 3-6 kg. The study used a randomized block design with five treatments, i.e. R0 = ration using tamarind seeds without bioconversion, R1 = ration using spontaneous bioconversion tamarinds for 24 hours, R2 = rations using spontaneous bioconversion tamarinds for 48 hours, R3 = rations using bioconversion tamarinds spontaneous for 72 hours, and R4 = rations using spontaneous bioconversion tamarinds for 96 hours. Each treatment was repeated five times in which each of them used five pigs. Parameters observed were nutrient digestibility (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and ash). The data were analyzed by using variance and continued by Duncan’s multiple range test to determine the differences between treatments. The results showed that the time of spontaneous bioconversion of tamarind seeds increased the digestibility of tamarind seed nutrients and it was concluded that the best time of spontaneous bioconversion was for 72 hours.

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Snowdon, Charles T., et David Teie. « Affective responses in tamarins elicited by species-specific music ». Biology Letters 6, n^o 1 (2 septembre 2009) : 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0593.

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Theories of music evolution agree that human music has an affective influence on listeners. Tests of non-humans provided little evidence of preferences for human music. However, prosodic features of speech (‘motherese’) influence affective behaviour of non-verbal infants as well as domestic animals, suggesting that features of music can influence the behaviour of non-human species. We incorporated acoustical characteristics of tamarin affiliation vocalizations and tamarin threat vocalizations into corresponding pieces of music. We compared music composed for tamarins with that composed for humans. Tamarins were generally indifferent to playbacks of human music, but responded with increased arousal to tamarin threat vocalization based music, and with decreased activity and increased calm behaviour to tamarin affective vocalization based music. Affective components in human music may have evolutionary origins in the structure of calls of non-human animals. In addition, animal signals may have evolved to manage the behaviour of listeners by influencing their affective state.

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Schulman, F. Y., R. J. Montali, M. Bush, S. B. Citino, L. A. Tell, J. D. Ballou, T. L. Hutson et al. « Dubin-Johnson-like Syndrome in Golden Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia) ». Veterinary Pathology 30, n^o 6 (novembre 1993) : 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589303000601.

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On routine blood screens, persistent conjugated hyperbilirubinemia was discovered in two groups of closely related adult female golden lion tamarins ( Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia, n = 8). Bromosulfophthalein (BSP) retention tests were performed on four hyperbilirubinemic and three control tamarins. BSP excretion was delayed in hyperbilirubinemic tamarins as compared with controls. Grossly, liver of affected tamarins was dark brown to black, with a prominent reticulated pattern. Histologic examination revealed abundant intrahepatic pigment, primarily in a centrilobular and midzonal distribution. Most of the pigment did not react with Perls' Prussian blue method for iron. Hall's method for bilirubin, or the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology acid-fast method for lipofuscin but was positive with Fontana and lipofuscin-ferric ferricyanide reduction techniques. Liver from control golden lion tamarins had intrahepatocellular Perls' iron-positive pigment diffusely throughout the lobule with a small amount of Fontana method-positive pigment. Ultrastructurally, hepatocytes from a hyperbilirubinemic tamarin contained pleomorphic electron-dense structures within lysosomes. Transport studies demonstrated secretion of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled glycocholic acid, a fluorescent bile acid analog, into bile canaliculi and no secretion of carboxydichlorofluorescein diacetate, a non-bile acid organic anion, by liver from a hyperbilirubinemic tamarin. In contrast, control liver secreted carboxydichlorofluorescein diacetate readily into bile canaliculi. The clinicopathologic presentation of this syndrome in golden lion tamarins is similar to that described for Dubin-Johnson syndrome of human beings.

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Murray, Leeland, Brian J. Schutte, Amy C. Ganguli et Erik A. Lehnhoff. « Impacts of Tamarix (L.) Litter and Mycorrhizal Amendments on Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & ; Pav.) Pers. Competitiveness and Mycorrhizal Colonization ». Agronomy 9, n^o 8 (15 août 2019) : 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9080453.

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Tamarix spp. are ecological threats in the Southwest U.S.A. because they displace native vegetation, increase soil salinity, and negatively affect soil microbial communities. After Tamarix L. removal, legacy effects often necessitate restoration to improve ecosystem services of Tamarix-impacted communities. Commercial mycorrhizae fungal inoculation has been recommended to improve restoration success, although inoculation treatments are rarely tested on lesser-known facultative riparian species. Our study asked two questions: (1) Can a commercial mycorrhizal fungal inoculant increase native Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. (mule-fat) performance against Tamarix chinensis Lour. (i.e., tamarisk) and is this influenced by tamarisk leaf litter? (2) Is mycorrhizal colonization of mule-fat roots influenced by tamarisk stem density and leaf litter? A greenhouse experiment was performed with mule-fat cuttings in soil collected from a tamarisk monoculture. Treatments were factorial combinations of tamarisk stem densities (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 stems pot−1) with or without mycorrhizal inoculation and tamarisk litter. There were five replications and two greenhouse runs. The total biomass of both species was determined and mule-fat arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization rates were determined via the magnified intersection method. Increasing tamarisk biomass negatively affected mule-fat biomass, but there were interactions with tamarisk biomass, litter and mycorrhizal inoculation, with litter and inoculation increasing mule-fat growth at high tamarisk biomass. Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization was high in all treatments, yet at higher tamarisk stem densities, inoculation and litter improved colonization. Interestingly, litter did not negatively impact mule-fat as predicted. Moreover, litter and mycorrhizal inoculum interacted with tamarisk to improve mule-fat growth at higher tamarisk biomass, suggesting an opportunity to improve restoration success when in competition with tamarisk.

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Nam, Jae-Hwan, Kristina Faulk, Ronald E. Engle, Sugantha Govindarajan, Marisa St. Claire et Jens Bukh. « In Vivo Analysis of the 3′ Untranslated Region of GB Virus B after In Vitro Mutagenesis of an Infectious cDNA Clone : Persistent Infection in a Transfected Tamarin ». Journal of Virology 78, n^o 17 (1 septembre 2004) : 9389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.17.9389-9399.2004.

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ABSTRACT GB virus B (GBV-B), the virus most closely related to hepatitis C virus (HCV), infects tamarins and causes acute hepatitis. The 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of an infectious GBV-B clone (pGBB) has a proximal short sequence followed by a poly(U) tract and a 3′ terminal sequence. Our investigators previously demonstrated that the 3′ terminal sequence was critical for in vivo infectivity. Here, we tested the effect of deleting the short sequence and/or the poly(U) tract from pGBB; infectivity of each mutant was tested by intrahepatic transfection of two tamarins with transcribed RNA. A mutant lacking both regions was not viable. However, mutants lacking either the short sequence or the poly(U) tract were viable. All four tamarins had a wild-type-like acute infection and developed acute hepatitis. Whereas we found that five tamarins transfected with the wild-type clone pGBB had acute resolving infection, one tamarin transfected with the poly(U) deletion mutant became persistently infected. This animal had viremia and hepatitis until its death at week 90. The genomes recovered at weeks 2, 7, 15, 20, 60, and 90 lacked the poly(U) stretch. Eight amino acid changes were identified at week 90. One change, in the putative p7 protein, was dominant at week 15. Thus, persistence of GBV-B, like persistence of HCV, was associated with the emergence of virus variants. Four tamarins inoculated with serum collected at weeks 2 and 90 from the tamarin with persistent infection had an acute resolving infection. Nonetheless, the demonstration that GBV-B can persist in tamarins strengthens its relevance as a surrogate model for the study of HCV.

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Evans, D. T., M. S. Piekarczyk, T. M. Allen, J. E. Boyson, M. Yeager, A. L. Hughes, F. M. Gotch, V. S. Hinshaw et D. I. Watkins. « Immunodominance of a single CTL epitope in a primate species with limited MHC class I polymorphism. » Journal of Immunology 159, n^o 3 (1 août 1997) : 1374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.159.3.1374.

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Abstract MHC class I molecules play a crucial role in immunity to viral infections by presenting viral peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. One of the hallmarks of MHC class I genes in outbred populations is their extraordinary polymorphism, yet the significance of this diversity is poorly understood. Certain species with reduced MHC class I diversity, such as the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), are more susceptible to fatal viral infections. To explore the relationship between this primate's limited MHC class I diversity and its susceptibility to viruses, we infected five cotton-top tamarins with influenza virus. Every tamarin recognized the same immunodominant CTL epitope of the influenza nucleoprotein. Surprisingly, this nucleoprotein peptide was bound by Saoe-G*08, an MHC class I molecule expressed by every cotton-top tamarin. Two tamarins also made a subdominant response to an epitope of the matrix (M1) protein. This peptide appeared to be bound by another common MHC class I molecule. With the exception of an additional subdominant response to the polymerase (PB2) protein in one individual, no other influenza-specific CTL responses were detected. In populations or species with limited MHC class I polymorphism like the cotton-top tamarin, a dependence on shared MHC class I molecules may enhance susceptibility to viral infection, since viruses that evade MHC class I-restricted recognition in one individual will likely evade recognition in the majority of individuals.

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Chinan, Vasilică C., Lucian Fusu et Ciprian C. Mânzu. « First record of Inocutis tamaricis in Romania with comments on its cultural characteristics ». Acta Botanica Croatica 74, n^o 1 (1 mars 2015) : 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/botcro-2015-0001.

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AbstractInocutis tamaricis is a lignicolous basidiomycete associated exclusively with Tamarix species. The first Romanian record of this species is reported from Constanţa city near the Black Sea coast where it was detected on Tamarix tetrandra. We noticed that in pure culture it forms swollen hyphae in the aerial mycelium, which have not been reported so far for I. tamaricis.

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Heymann, Eckhard W., Lisieux Fuzessy et Laurence Culot. « Small but Nice–Seed Dispersal by Tamarins Compared to Large Neotropical Primates ». Diversity 14, n^o 12 (25 novembre 2022) : 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14121033.

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Tamarins, small Neotropical primates of the genera Saguinus and Leontocebus, have a mainly frugivorous-faunivorous diet. While consuming the pulp of a high diversity of fruit species, they also swallow seeds and void them intact, thus acting as seed dispersers. Here we compare different aspects of the seed dispersal ecology of tamarins with that of large Neotropical primates from the genera Ateles (spider monkeys) and Lagothrix (woolly monkeys). Due to their small body size, tamarins disperse seeds of a smaller size range, fewer seeds per defecation, and seeds from a smaller number of different plant species per defecation compared to these atelines. We discuss whether tamarin seed dispersal is redundant or complementary to seed dispersal by atelines. On the level of plant species, our comparisons suggest that redundancy or complementarity depends on the plant species concerned. On the habitat level, seed dispersal by tamarins and large New World primates is probably complementary. Particularly, since tamarins are capable of persisting in disturbed forests and near human settlements, they are more likely to contribute to the natural regeneration of such areas than larger primates.

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Heymann, Eckhard W. « On the identity of the tamarin AMNH 98303 (“<i>Saguinus fuscicollis tripartitus</i>” ; Primates : Haplorrhini : Simiiformes : Platyrrhini : Callitrichidae) ». Primate Biology 9, n^o 1 (24 janvier 2022) : 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-9-1-2022.

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Abstract. The American Museum of Natural History houses the skin of a tamarin (AMNH 98303) labelled as Saguinus fuscicollis tripartitus. However, the specimen does not match the phenotype of this taxon, now named Leontocebus tripartitus, nor that of any other known species or subspecies of Leontocebus. In this note, we review past taxonomic revisions of the genus Saguinus – revisions that were largely driven by the contentious species or subspecies status of the golden-mantled saddleback tamarin S. fuscicollis tripartitus – and compare the phenotype of AMNH 98303 with those of other tamarins in the same genus to discuss the possible status of this specimen.

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Cadavid, L. F., A. L. Hughes et D. I. Watkins. « MHC class I-processed pseudogenes in New World primates provide evidence for rapid turnover of MHC class I genes. » Journal of Immunology 157, n^o 6 (15 septembre 1996) : 2403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.157.6.2403.

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Abstract The MHC class I genes of the New World primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), are an exception to the high polymorphism and variability displayed by this multigene family. We report the isolation of the first two processed pseudogenes from the MHC region in primates. These two MHC class I-processed pseudogenes (MHC-PS1 and -PS2) were found in several species of New World primates, suggesting a possible explanation for the cotton-top tamarin's limited MHC class I diversity. The pattern of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in PS1 suggests that the gene that gave rise to this processed pseudogene was once subject to selection for variability in the peptide binding region and might, therefore, have been functional. Additionally, PSI is not closely related to the expressed cotton-top tamarin's MHC class I genes, but does show some similarity to So-N1, a tamarin pseudogene from which no transcript has been found. Thus, PS1 may represent a remnant of a once active MHC class I gene that is no longer functional in the cotton-top tamarin. The MHC class I loci in primates, therefore, appear to be evolving by a continual process of duplication and inactivation. This process seems to be exaggerated in New World primates and may in part be responsible for the cotton-top tamarin's limited MHC class I diversity.

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Knutson, Allen E., James L. Tracy, Chris Ritzi, Patrick J. Moran, Tom Royer et C. Jack Deloach. « Establishment, Hybridization, Dispersal, Impact, and Decline of Diorhabda spp. (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) Released for Biological Control of Tamarisk in Texas and New Mexico ». Environmental Entomology 48, n^o 6 (11 octobre 2019) : 1297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz107.

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Abstract Three Diorhabda spp. tamarisk beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were established in Texas from 2003 to 2010 for biological control of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.): Mediterranean tamarisk beetles, D. elongata (Brullé) from Greece, also established in New Mexico; subtropical tamarisk beetles, D. sublineata (Lucas) from Tunisia; and larger tamarisk beetles, D. carinata (Faldermann) from Uzbekistan. More than one million tamarisk beetles were released at 99 sites. Species establishment success ranged from 52 to 83%. All three species now co-occur in New Mexico with the northern tamarisk beetles, D. carinulata (Desbrochers). A phenotypic hybrid scoring system was developed to assess Diorhabda phenotype distributions and character mixing in hybrid zones. Widespread field populations of bispecific hybrid phenotypes for D. carinata/D. elongata and D. sublineata/D. elongata rapidly appeared following contact of parental species. Initial distributions and dispersal of Diorhabda spp. and hybrids are mapped for Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Kansas, where they produced large-scale tamarisk defoliation and localized dieback for 3–4 yr. However, populations subsequently severely declined, now producing only isolated defoliation and allowing tamarisk to recover. Diorhabda sublineata and D. elongata temporarily produced nontarget spillover defoliation of ornamental athel, Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst, along the Rio Grande. Hybrid phenotypes were generally bimodally distributed, indicating some degree of reproductive isolation. Additional diagnostic phenotypic characters in males allowed more precise hybrid scoring. Character mixing in some hybrid populations approached or reached that of a hybrid swarm. The significance of hybridization for tamarisk biocontrol is discussed.

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Lapenta, MJ, P. Procópio-de-Oliveira, MCM Kierulff et JC Motta-Junior. « Frugivory and seed dispersal of golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia (Linnaeus, 1766)) in a forest fragment in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil ». Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, n^o 2 (mai 2008) : 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000200004.

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The influence of the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) as a seed disperser was studied by monitoring two groups of tamarins from December 1998 to December 2000 (871.9 hours of observations) in a forest fragment in south-east Brazil. The tamarins consumed fruits of 57 species from at least 17 families. They ingested the seeds of 39 species, and 23 of these were put to germinate in the laboratory and/or in the field. L. rosalia is a legitimate seed disperser because the seeds of all species tested germinated after ingestion, albeit some in low percentages. These primates do not show a consistent effect in final seed germination, because they benefit some species while damaging others. Feces were examined for seeds that had been preyed upon or digested.

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Mahdavi, Sayed Mosayeb, et Mahdieh Asadi. « New flat mite species of the genus Tenuipalpus (Acari : Tenuipalpidae) from Iran ». Systematic and Applied Acarology 23, n^o 11 (9 novembre 2018) : 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.11.11.

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New species of the genus Tenuipalpus Donnadieu, 1875 (Acari: Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae), namely Tenuipalpus tamarixi sp. nov. from Tamarix sp. (Tamaricaceae) is described from Iran (Kerman Province). This species belongs to the proteae species group. A key to all known species of subgroup keiensis is also provided.

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Mentari Situmorang, Elfri, Melya Riniarti et Duryat. « Respon Perkecambahan Benih Asam Jawa (Tamarindus Indica) Terhadap Berbagai Konsentrasi Larutan Kalium Nitrat (Kno3) ». Jurnal Sylva Lestari 3, n^o 1 (9 février 2015) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl131-8.

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ABSTRACT Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a multipurpose tree that can be developed either vegetative or generative propagation. Vegetative propagation of tamarind can produce abundant fruit if the plant organs derived from superior parent trees. However, due to the rare availability of natural tamarind stands now days, then the generative propagation by seed, can be the right choice for its cultivation. Generally, tamarind seeds are dormant, so it requires a pre-treatment to break its dormancy. One way to break it was using potassium nitrate (KNO3). This study aimed to determined the response of soaking treatment to the germination of tamarinds seeds with KNO3 solution at various concentrations and the most effective concen-tration of KNO3 solution to stimulate tamarind seeds germination. The experiment was con-ducted at the Greenhouse Seed Control and Certification Institute of Food Crops and Horticulture (BPSBTPH) Lampung Province, from July to August 2013. This research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 5 treatment of KNO3 solution soaking (0,1%, 0,2%, 0,3%, 0,4% and without KNO3) and 3 replications. Every unit of experiments con-sisted of 100 seeds. Observed parameters included percentage of germination, mean of day germination and percentage of germination seeds per day. Bartlett test was employed to figure out the homogenity of datas. Then, analysis of variance was used to analyse datas. Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) was used to the advanced analysis. The entire data tested on 5% significant level. The result showed that soaking of tamarind seeds in water (without KNO3) during 24 hours gave the best response to break its dormancy, and the most effective concentration to break dormancy of tamarind seeds was 0,4%. Keywords: dormancy, germination, pottasium nitrate, tamarind

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Buchanan-Smith, H. M., D. A. Anderson et C. W. Ryan. « Responses of Cotton-Top Tamarins (Saguinus Oedipus) to Faecal Scents of Predators and Non-Predators ». Animal Welfare 2, n^o 1 (février 1993) : 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600015438.

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AbstractThe responses of 56 cotton-top tamarin monkeys (Saguinus oedipus) to the faecal scent of predators and non-predators were recorded to determine if there was a differential response. Methylene chloride extracts were prepared from the faeces of suspected predators (margay and tayra) and non-predators (capybara and paca) known to co-exist with the tamarins in the wild The faecal extracts were presented to the tamarins on wooden dowels in their enclosures. Untreated dowel and dowel treated with methylene chloride served as controls. The tamarins exhibited high anxiety responses to predator scent compared to non-predator scent which produced low anxiety responses. No sex differences were found but an age difference was apparent: younger individuals were more curious than their elders. The response pattern was observed in captive-born individuals and was not affected by whether or not their parents were wild-caught or captive-born. This indicates that the discrimination of predator and non-predator scents is innate. However, this should not be taken to mean that captive cotton-top tamarins should be re-introduced to the wild without prior predator avoidance training. The implication of this study for animal welfare is that in captive environments where both predator and prey species are kept, it is important that predators, and their faeces, are not situated where prey species can detect their presence through olfaction, because prey species may suffer continual levels of heightened anxiety with possible detrimental effects.

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LISBOA, C. V., R. H. MANGIA, N. R. C. DE LIMA, A. MARTINS, J. DIETZ, A. J. BAKER, C. R. RAMON-MIRANDA, L. F. FERREIRA, O. FERNANDES et A. M. JANSEN. « Distinct patterns of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in Leontopithecus rosalia in distinct Atlantic Coastal Rainforest fragments in Rio de Janeiro – Brazil ». Parasitology 129, n^o 6 (18 novembre 2004) : 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182004005918.

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Previous studies on infection of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve population of wild free-ranging Leontopithecus rosalia have shown the presence of genotype T. cruzi II, associated in Brazil with human disease. Herein, this study has been extended, the infection being evaluated in L. rosalia of 3 different tamarin populations, inhabiting distinct forest areas located in the same Atlantic Coastal Rainforest. Edentata, Marsupialia, Rodentia and Chiroptera were examined exclusively in the Poço das Antas Biological Reserve. Excluding Chiroptera, T. cruzi infection was found in all orders. Biochemical and molecular characterization demonstrated that golden lion tamarins maintained stable infections by T. cruzi II. The isolates from the other mammals corresponded to T. cruzi I, suggesting independent transmission cycles occurring among the sylvatic mammals inside Poço das Antas Biological Reserve. Significant differences in the infection patterns presented by the 3 populations of wild and captive-born golden lion tamarins were noticed. In Poço das Antas a considerably higher number of positive haemocultures from tamarins with positive serological titres was observed in comparison to those obtained from other areas. The implications for conservation and public health of an active sylvatic cycle in the Atlantic Coastal Rainforest of Rio de Janeiro are discussed.

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Bransky, Nathaniel, Temuulen Sankey, Joel B. Sankey, Matthew Johnson et Levi Jamison. « Monitoring Tamarix Changes Using WorldView-2 Satellite Imagery in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 5 (4 mars 2021) : 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050958.

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Remote sensing methods are commonly used to monitor the invasive riparian shrub tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) and its response to the northern tamarisk beetle (D. carinulata), a specialized herbivore introduced as a biocontrol agent to control tamarisk in the Southwest USA in 2001. We use a Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) supervised classification method with WorldView-2 (2 m spatial resolution) multispectral images from May and August of 2019 to map healthy tamarisk, canopy dieback, and defoliated tamarisk over a 48 km segment of the Colorado River in the topographically complex Grand Canyon National Park, where coarse-resolution satellite images are of limited use. The classifications in May and August produced overall accuracies of 80.0% and 83.1%, respectively. Seasonal change detection between May and August 2019 indicated that 47.5% of the healthy tamarisk detected in May 2019 had been defoliated by August 2019 within the WorldView-2 image extent. When compared to a previously published tamarisk map from 2009, derived from multispectral aerial imagery, we found that 29.5% of healthy tamarisk canopy declined between 2009 and 2019. This implies that tamarisk beetle impacts are continuing to accumulate even though land managers have noted the presence of the beetles in this reach of the river for 7 years since 2012.

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De VIeeschouwer, K., K. Leus et L. Van Elsacker. « An Evaluation of the Suitability of Contraceptive Methods in Golden-Headed Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus Chrysomelas), with Emphasis on Melengestrol Acetate (MGA) Implants : (I) Effectiveness, Reversibility and Medical Side-Effects ». Animal Welfare 9, n^o 3 (août 2000) : 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600022739.

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AbstractFinding a responsible method of population control that does not compromise animal welfare is a pressing problem for zoological institutions and conservation breeding programmes. This is exemplified by the conservation breeding programme of the golden-headed lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysomelas. The number of golden-headed lion tamarins in captivity is currently being limited by, among other means, the use of contraception. We have conducted a study on the effects of contraceptive methods used in golden-headed lion tamarins. Data were collected through the distribution of a survey. The use of Melengestrol acetate (MGA) implants in females was by far the most widespread contraceptive method. It was very effective in preventing reproduction, provided that females were not pregnant at the time of implantation. Pregnancies that had commenced before MGA implantation were carried to term and resulted in viable infants, as far as noted. However, the degree of reversibility was very low and, if females did conceive after MGA implantation, infant survival was lower than expected. The widespread use of MGA implants in golden-headed lion tamarins (and probably other species) should be seriously reconsidered. Alternative methods of population control should be investigated. Possible options include the use of other contraceptive methods, limiting the number of offspring through natural factors and the use of euthanasia under very strict conditions. Animal welfare implications associated with the use of euthanasia are discussed.

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Ceraulo, Simona, Polina L. Perelman, Sofia Mazzoleni, Michail Rovatsos et Francesca Dumas. « Repetitive Sequence Distribution on Saguinus, Leontocebus and Leontopithecus Tamarins (Platyrrhine, Primates) by Mapping Telomeric (TTAGGG) Motifs and rDNA Loci ». Biology 10, n^o 9 (30 août 2021) : 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10090844.

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Tamarins are a distinct group of small sized New World monkeys with complex phylogenetic relationships and poorly studied cytogenetic traits. In this study, we applied molecular cytogenetic analyses by fluorescence in situ hybridization with probes specific for telomeric sequences and ribosomal DNA loci after DAPI/CMA3 staining on metaphases from five tamarin species, namely Leontocebus fuscicollis, Leontopithecus rosalia, Saguinus geoffroyi, Saguinus mystax and Saguinus oedipus, with the aim to investigate the distribution of repetitive sequences and their possible role in genome evolution. Our analyses revealed that all five examined species show similar karyotypes, 2n = 46, which differ mainly in the morphology of chromosome pairs 16–17 and 19–22, due to the diverse distribution of rDNA loci, the amplification of telomeric-like sequences, the presence of heterochromatic blocks and/or putative chromosomal rearrangements, such as inversions. The differences in cytogenetic traits between species of tamarins are discussed in a comparative phylogenetic framework, and in addition to data from previous studies, we underline synapomorphies and apomorphisms that appeared during the diversification of this group of New World monkeys.

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Poudineh, Farzad Minab, Sara Ramroodi et Mohammad Bagheri. « Two new species of the genus Raphignathus Dugès (Acari : Raphignathidae) from Southeast of Iran ». Systematic and Applied Acarology 24, n^o 6 (19 juin 2019) : 1006–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.24.6.6.

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Two new species of the genus Raphignathus Dugès (Acari: Raphignathidae); R. hamooniensis sp. nov., and R. tamaricis sp. nov., are described based on adult female specimens associated with salt seder trees (Tamaricaceae: Tamarix aphylla L.) in the Sistan region, Sistan and Baluchestan province, southeast Iran.

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Stanyon, Roscoe, Dorotea Giusti, Naiara Pereira Araújo, Francesca Bigoni et Marta Svartman. « Chromosome painting of the red-handed tamarin (Saguinus midas) compared to other Callitrichinae monkeys ». Genome 61, n^o 10 (octobre 2018) : 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2018-0119.

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Here we present, for the first time, the complete chromosome painting map of Saguinus midas, the red-handed tamarin. Chromosome banding and painting with human chromosome-specific probes were used to compare the karyotype of this species with those of four other Neotropical primates of the subfamily Callitrichinae: Leontopithecus rosalia, Callithrix geoffroyi, C. penicillata, and Mico argentatus. The chromosome painting map of S. midas was identical to that of L. rosalia and other previously studied tamarin species (genera Saguinus and Leontopithecus). The three marmoset species studied (genera Callithrix and Mico) differed in the painting pattern of four human probes (chromosomes 1, 2, 10, and 16). These paints identified the presence or absence of chromosome associations HSA 1/10 and 2/16 in these taxa. By integrating our data with those from the literature, we were able to propose an ancestral Callitrichinae karyotype. The genera Saguinus and Leontopithecus (tamarins) conserve the ancestral Callitrichinae karyotype, while Mico and Callithrix (marmosets) show more derived karyotypes due to chromosome translocations and fissions that occurred during the evolution of these taxa.

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Vorster, Anthony, Brian Woodward, Amanda West, Nicholas Young, Robert Sturtevant, Timothy Mayer, Rebecca Girma et Paul Evangelista. « Tamarisk and Russian Olive Occurrence and Absence Dataset Collected in Select Tributaries of the Colorado River for 2017 ». Data 3, n^o 4 (17 octobre 2018) : 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data3040042.

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Non-native and invasive tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) are common in riparian areas of the Colorado River Basin and are regarded as problematic by many land and water managers. Widespread location data showing current distribution of these species, especially data suitable for remote sensing analyses, are lacking. This dataset contains 3476 species occurrence and absence point records for tamarisk and Russian olive along rivers within the Colorado River Basin in Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. Data were collected in the field in the summer of 2017 with high-resolution imagery loaded on computer tablets. This dataset includes status (live, dead, defoliated, etc.) of observed tamarisk to capture variability in tamarisk health across the basin, in part attributable to the tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda spp.). For absence points, vegetation or land cover were recorded. These data have a range of applications including serving as a baseline for the current distribution of these species, species distribution modeling, species detection with remote sensing, and invasive species management.

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Shang, Nianjie, Qiaoqiao Zhu, Meixue Dai et Guoyan Zhao. « Complete Genome Sequence of the Heavy-Metal-Tolerant Endophytic Type Strain of Salinicola tamaricis ». Genome Announcements 6, n^o 16 (19 avril 2018) : e00358-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomea.00358-18.

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ABSTRACT The first complete genome sequence of a recently described Salinicola tamaricis species was determined for the strain F01T (=CCTCC AB 2015304T =KCTC 42855T). The strain was isolated from the leaves of wetland plant Tamarix chinensis Lour and shows a high tolerance to heavy metals, such as manganese, nickel, lead, and copper ions.

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Sainsbury, A. W. « The Humane Control of Captive Marmoset and Tamarin Populations ». Animal Welfare 6, n^o 3 (août 1997) : 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600019825.

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AbstractIn zoo and laboratory colonies of marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae) there has been an increasing need to adopt breeding control methods. In zoos, this need has been driven by a growth in populations. In laboratories, increased interest in control options has followed from the requirement to improve welfare by housing potential breeding animals together. Progestagen-containing contraceptive implants or depot-injections, prostaglandin injection regimes, vasectomy and various group-management methods have been used to control reproduction in marmoset and tamarin colonies. There is a need for advances in control techniques suitable for use in zoos. In the meantime, a policy of selective euthanasia or the use of vasectomy are recommended as control methods. In laboratories, although improved control methods are required, a number of techniques have been found to be satisfactory. When there are surplus marmosets and tamarins, the alternatives for their utilization include movement to other colonies, use for studies within zoos or in laboratories, sale to private keepers or euthanasia. Selling these animals privately is not recommended, except in exceptional circumstances. The preferred control option will differ in each circumstance and guidance is given in this paper.

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Nelson, S. Mark, et Rick Wydoski. « Butterfly Assemblages Associated with Invasive Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) Sites : Comparisons with Tamarisk Control and Native Vegetation Reference Sites ». Journal of Insects 2013 (19 août 2013) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/561617.

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We studied butterfly assemblages at six types of riparian landscapes in five different watersheds in the southwestern United States (n=34 sites). Sites included exotic-invasive Tamarix ramosissima (tamarisk) dominated sites; sites where tamarisk was controlled, but not actively revegetated; sites revegetated with upland plants; sites where control was followed with riparian plant revegetation; native riparian vegetation sites; and sites that were a mixture of native and tamarisk vegetations. Local butterfly species were linked regionally by identifying species consisting of more sensitive butterflies that are less resilient to vegetation changes and environmental perturbations and then identifying a subgroup that was reported from all watersheds. This allowed for a regional assessment relevant to all watersheds. Significant differences were found between the abundance of these in-common disturbance sensitive species at different landscapes. Sites where tamarisk was removed without restoration had butterfly metrics similar to the low values at tamarisk sites. The assumption that tamarisk removal is sufficient to recover sensitive species was not true in cases we examined. Soil moisture and riparian condition were identified as important variables associated with abundance of more sensitive butterfly species. Results support the importance of reinstating stream-flow regimes and suggest active restoration of sites if sensitive riparian wildlife species are desired.

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POGUE, MICHAEL G. « A new species of Schinia H bner from riparian habitats in the Grand Canyon (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae : Heliothinae) ». Zootaxa 788, n^o 1 (22 décembre 2004) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.788.1.1.

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Schinia immaculata, new species, is described from riparian habitats along the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon. Habitats include the shoreline, new high water dominated by tamarisk (Tamarix sp., Tamaricaceae), and old high water characterized by mesquite (Prosopis sp., Fabaceae), acacia (Acacia sp., Fabaceae), and desert shrubs. Adult and male genitalia are illustrated and compared with Schinia biundulata Smith.

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Beames, Burton, Deborah Chavez, Bernadette Guerra, Lena Notvall, Kathleen M. Brasky et Robert E. Lanford. « Development of a Primary Tamarin Hepatocyte Culture System for GB Virus-B : a Surrogate Model for Hepatitis C Virus ». Journal of Virology 74, n^o 24 (15 décembre 2000) : 11764–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.24.11764-11772.2000.

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ABSTRACT GB virus-B (GBV-B) causes an acute hepatitis in tamarins characterized by increased alanine transaminase levels that quickly return to normal as the virus is cleared. Phylogenetically, GBV-B is the closest relative to hepatitis C virus (HCV), and thus GBV-B infection of tamarins represents a powerful surrogate model system for the study of HCV. In this study, the course of infection of GBV-B in tamarins was followed using a real-time 5′ exonuclease (TaqMan) reverse transcription-PCR assay to determine the level of GBV-B in the serum. Peak viremia levels exceeded 109 genome equivalents/ml, followed by viral clearance within 14 to 16 weeks. Rechallenge of animals that had cleared infection resulted in viremia that was limited to 1 week, suggestive of a strong protective immune response. A robust tissue culture system for GBV-B was developed using primary cultures of tamarin hepatocytes. Hepatocytes obtained from a GBV-B-infected animal maintained high levels of cell-associated viral RNA and virion secretion for 42 days of culture. In vitro infection of normal hepatocytes resulted in rapid amplification of cell-associated viral RNA and secretion of up to 107 genome equivalents/ml of culture supernatant. In addition, infection could be monitored by immunofluorescence staining for GBV-B nonstructural NS3 protein. This model system overcomes many of the current obstacles to HCV research, including low levels of viral replication, lack of a small primate animal model, and lack of a reproducible tissue culture system.

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Garcia, Francini de Oliveira, Bárbara Heliodora Soares do Prado, Edil de Jesus Souza, Valmir Machado, Cristiane Vieira Albino et Vlamir José Rocha. « NEST BOX USE AND POLYGYNY IN AN ENDANGERED PRIMATE SPECIES : THE BLACK LION TAMARIN (LEONTOPITHECUS CHRYSOPYGUS) ». Oecologia Australis 25, n^o 01 (15 mars 2021) : 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2021.2501.16.

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The black lion tamarin, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, is an endemic and endangered primate species from the Atlantic Forest of the interior of São Paulo State, Brazil. Its mating system is characterized as monogamous and females give birth to two twin infants during each breeding season. They are known to mainly sleep in tree holes, which is considered as a pertinent strategy for increasing their protection from predators during the night. Artificial cavities, like nest boxes, have been installed for other species in areas where tree cavities are depleted, in order to replace them. In this study, we report (i) the use of nest boxes in the wild by a group of black lion tamarins and (ii) the first record of polygyny for this species.

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Xu, Shuang Dui, Xin Lin He, Guang Yang, Jiang Chun Chen, Wen Xin Yang, Si Chen et Cui Wang. « The Study in Sap Flow Characteristics and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Haloxylon Ammodendron and Tamarix in the Gurbantunggute Desert ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 522-524 (février 2014) : 390–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.522-524.390.

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According to the sap flow characteristics and photosynthetic characteristics of Haloxylon ammodendron and Tamarix, we measured the sap flow with the method of thermal diffusion. To monitor photosynthesis with application the instrument CI-340, and the result shows that: (1)The daily net photosynthetic rate change of Haloxylon ammodendron is a typical double peak type, and Tamarixs is a single peak type; (2)The daily transpiration variation of Haloxylon ammodendron is similar to net photosynthetic rate change rule, it has a phenomenon which we called noon break, Tamarixs isnt obvious, it presents volatile changes slightly; (3)The daily sap flow of Haloxylon ammodendron is a typical double peak type, Tamarixs isnt obvious, it presents volatile changes slightly, and at sometimes the sap flow of branches is greater than the breasts. The results provide some supports for ecological water demand of the plants. It has some significance for ecological environment construction of the Gurbantunggute Desert.

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Susanti, Dewi, Onny Setiani, Umaroh Umaroh, Kun Aristiati, Imam Djamaluddin Mashoedi et Mardiyono Mardiyono. « EFFECT OF CONSUMING TAMARIND AND TURMERIC DRINK ON THE LENGTH OF PERINEAL WOUND HEALING IN POSTPARTUM MOTHERS ». Belitung Nursing Journal 3, n^o 4 (31 août 2017) : 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.33546/bnj.155.

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Background: The incidence of perineal tear is still high in Indonesia. It is therefore the intervention to acceleate wound healing is needed. The use of turmeric and tamarind is considered as the alternative treatment for wound healing. However, little is known about the effect of the combination of turmeric and tamarind.Objective: To determine the effect of consuming turmeric and tamarind on the duration of perineal wound healing.Methods: The study was a quasi-experimental study with one group post-test only design conducted in the working area of the Community Health Center of Ngesrep and Srondol, Semarang City, Central Java in December 2016 until January 2017. There were 28 respondents recruited using consecutive sampling, with 14 randomly assigned in each group. The REEDA scoring system was used to measure the wound healing. Data were analyzed usig Independent t-test.Results: The results revealed that The average duration of wound healing in the intervention group was 6.25 days, while in the control group was 8.57 days with p-value 0.000 (<0.05), which indicated that there was statistically significant effect of tamarind turmeric drink of the duration of perineal wound healing in postpartum mothers.Conclusion: There is a significant effect of turmeric tamarinds drink on the duration of perineal wound healing in postpartum mothers. It is therefore suggested to the health providers, especially midwives, to apply this intervention the accelerate healing of perineal wound in postpartum mothers.

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Li, Jingsong, Ce Yang, Tabassum Hussain, Xiaohui Feng, Xiaojing Liu et Kai Guo. « Long-Term Effect of Tamarisk Plantation on Soil Physical Properties and Soil Salt Distribution in Coastal Saline Land ». Agronomy 12, n^o 8 (18 août 2022) : 1947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12081947.

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Ecological restoration of coastal land by planting salt-tolerant plants has been widely used to construct vegetation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes induced by tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) shrub on coastal soil physical quality and as well as the corresponding impact on salt distribution in the soil. A field study was conducted on coastal saline land, North China, where tamarisk plantation was established 5-year-old (T-5yr) and 11-year-old (T-11yr), and compared with barren land as control (CK). Quantitative soil physical properties, soil physical quality index, soil salt distribution, and salt leaching were examined. The results indicated that planting tamarisk improved the coastal soil properties at higher degree in topsoil than in deep soil layers. Tamarisk plantation significantly increased soil organic carbon content and pH. It also enhanced the formation of soil large aggregates and porosity; however, reduction soil bulk density and salt content in topsoil were recorded. Soil physical quality index was positively correlated with root weight density of tamarisk, and soil of T-11 yr plantation exhibited the highest soil physical quality index, with promoted soil physical functions of supporting root growth and the resistance to soil degradation. In addition, tamarisk induced soil physical changes which enhanced the salt-leaching in rainy season and contributed to the homogeneous salt distribution in soil profile. Consequently, the ecological benefits of tamarisk vegetation turned coastal saline land into a fertile land by plant–soil interaction and the soil structure improvement, therefore, it prevented the natural soil accumulation by accelerating the salt leaching after tamarisk was restored. This study provides some insights into the mechanism of tamarisk on coastal soil restoration and its regulation of soil salt distribution.

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Drus, Gail M., Tom L. Dudley, Matt L. Brooks et J. R. Matchett. « The effect of leaf beetle herbivory on the fire behaviour of tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima Lebed.) ». International Journal of Wildland Fire 22, n^o 4 (2013) : 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10089.

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The non-native tree, Tamarix spp. has invaded desert riparian ecosystems in the south-western United States. Fire hazard has increased, as typically fire-resistant native vegetation is replaced by Tamarix. The tamarisk leaf beetle, Diorhabda carinulata Desbrochers, introduced for biological control, may affect fire behaviour by converting hydrated live Tamarix leaves and twigs into desiccated and dead fuels. This potentially increases fire hazard in the short term before native vegetation can be re-established. This study investigates how fire behaviour is altered in Tamarix fuels desiccated by Diorhabda herbivory at a Great Basin site, and by herbivory simulated by foliar herbicide at a Mojave Desert site. It also evaluates the influence of litter depth on fire intensity. Fire behaviour was measured with a fire intensity index that integrates temperature and duration (degree-minutes above 70°C), and with maximum temperature, duration, flame lengths, rates of spread and vegetation removal. Maximum temperature, flame length and rate of spread were enhanced by foliar desiccation of Tamarix at both sites. At only the Mojave site, there was a trend for desiccated trees to burn with greater fire intensity. At both sites, fire behaviour parameters were influenced to a greater degree by litter depth, vegetation density and drier and windier conditions than by foliar desiccation.

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Marnata, Caroline, Aure Saulnier, Dimitri Mompelat, Thomas Krey, Lisette Cohen, Célia Boukadida, Lucile Warter et al. « Determinants Involved in Hepatitis C Virus and GB Virus B Primate Host Restriction ». Journal of Virology 89, n^o 23 (23 septembre 2015) : 12131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01161-15.

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ABSTRACTHepatitis C virus (HCV) only infects humans and chimpanzees, while GB virus B (GBV-B), another hepatotropic hepacivirus, infects small New World primates (tamarins and marmosets). In an effort to develop an immunocompetent small primate model for HCV infection to study HCV pathogenesis and vaccine approaches, we investigated the HCV life cycle step(s) that may be restricted in small primate hepatocytes. First, we found that replication-competent, genome-length chimeric HCV RNAs encoding GBV-B structural proteins in place of equivalent HCV sequences designed to allow entry into simian hepatocytes failed to induce viremia in tamarins following intrahepatic inoculation, nor did they lead to progeny virus in permissive, transfected human Huh7.5 hepatoma cells upon serial passage. This likely reflected the disruption of interactions between distantly related structural and nonstructural proteins that are essential for virion production, whereas such cross talk could be restored in similarly designed HCV intergenotypic recombinants via adaptive mutations in NS3 protease or helicase domains. Next, HCV entry into small primate hepatocytes was examined directly using HCV-pseudotyped retroviral particles (HCV-pp). HCV-pp efficiently infected tamarin hepatic cell lines and primary marmoset hepatocyte cultures through the use of the simian CD81 ortholog as a coreceptor, indicating that HCV entry is not restricted in small New World primate hepatocytes. Furthermore, we observed genomic replication and modest virus secretion following infection of primary marmoset hepatocyte cultures with a highly cell culture-adapted HCV strain. Thus, HCV can successfully complete its life cycle in primary simian hepatocytes, suggesting the possibility of adapting some HCV strains to small primate hosts.IMPORTANCEHepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that infects over 150 million individuals worldwide and leads to chronic liver disease. The lack of a small animal model for this infection impedes the development of a preventive vaccine and pathogenesis studies. In seeking to establish a small primate model for HCV, we first attempted to generate recombinants between HCV and GB virus B (GBV-B), a hepacivirus that infects small New World primates (tamarins and marmosets). This approach revealed that the genetic distance between these hepaciviruses likely prevented virus morphogenesis. We next showed that HCV pseudoparticles were able to infect tamarin or marmoset hepatocytes efficiently, demonstrating that there was no restriction in HCV entry into these simian cells. Furthermore, we found that a highly cell culture-adapted HCV strain was able to achieve a complete viral cycle in primary marmoset hepatocyte cultures, providing a promising basis for further HCV adaptation to small primate hosts.

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Waring, Gwendolyn. « Developing Shoreline Communities and Potential for Natural Vegetation in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Arizona-Utah ». UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 14 (1 janvier 1990) : 73–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1990.2885.

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The plant community along the shoreline of Lake Powell in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area is resilient and dynamic. It is surviving the fluctuations in water level that characterize such reservoirs, and native plants are becoming established. Although the diversity of animals associated with the exotic dominant, Tamarix ramosissima, is lower than that of native riparian species, a surprising number of species are associated with tamarisk in this harsh country.

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Everitt, J. H., et C. J. Deloach. « Remote Sensing of Chinese Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) and Associated Vegetation ». Weed Science 38, n^o 3 (mai 1990) : 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500056526.

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Chinese tamarisk is an invader of riparian sites in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Plant canopy light reflectance measurements showed that Chinese tamarisk had higher visible (0.55- and 0.65-μm wavelengths and 0.63- to 0.69-μm waveband) reflectance than did associated woody and herbaceous plant species in the late fall-early winter period when its foliage turned a yellow-orange to orange-brown color prior to leaf drop. Chinese tamarisk had a yellow-orange color on conventional color (0.40- to 0.70-μm) aerial photographs during this phenological stage that made it distinguishable from other plant species. Computer analyses of conventional color film positive transparencies showed that Chinese tamarisk populations could be quantified from associated vegetation. This technique can permit area estimates of Chinese tamarisk infestations on wildland areas.

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Nascimento, Alexandre T. Amaral, et Lucia A. J. Schmidlin. « Habitat selection by, and carrying capacity for, the Critically Endangered black-faced lion tamarin Leontopithecus caissara (Primates : Callitrichidae) ». Oryx 45, n^o 2 (avril 2011) : 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000943.

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AbstractThe Critically Endangered black-faced lion tamarin Leontopithecus caissara has a restricted distribution consisting of small mainland and island populations each with distinct habitats in coastal south-eastern Brazil. The conservation action plan for the species recommends translocation to increase population size and promote genetic exchange among threatened isolated populations, measures that require an understanding of habitat and resource requirements. We investigated habitat selection by the black-faced lion tamarin, comparing habitats and examining frequency of use by two insular groups and two mainland groups. Using this understanding of habitat preferences we were able to refine current estimates of the carrying capacity (K) for this species. Habitats preferred by mainland groups were swamps and inundated areas and secondary forest. Submontane forest was avoided, as were hydromorphic lowland forest and urbanized areas. Island groups used mainly tall lowland forest and arboreal restinga (forest on sandy soil). The finding that L. caissara avoids montane forest sheds light on its restricted distribution to low elevation coastal plains. An estimate of K indicated c. 700 individuals, which could be increased to c. 1,500 with appropriate conservation management measures. Findings agree with the supposition that lion tamarins are typical of mature Atlantic forest, with little altitudinal variation but flexible in their use of successional stages. Future conservation management measures should account for differences in habitat use, selection and differences between island and mainland habitats.

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Moonsri, Piyarut, Wilaiporn Pongpian et Kristiya Moonsri. « Production of Activated Carbon from Moldy Damaged Tamarind-Pod ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 855 (octobre 2016) : 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.855.137.

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This research studied production of activated carbon (AC) derived from tamarind pods damaged by mold. Folk wisdom kiln which manufactured from an oil tank size of 200 L was used for pyrolysis and carbonization of tamarind pod derived from sweet and sour tamarinds. The AC was produced by using chemical activation and thermal activation at the optimal condition. Then the physical and chemical properties of the AC were investigated. From the study, it was found that optimal condition for charcoal carbonization of the tamarind pod was 400 °C for 4 hrs. The optimal condition for thermal activation was 600 °C for 1-2 hrs. The phosphoric acid (H3PO4) showed higher effectiveness for activation than distillation water (H2O), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2). The produced AC has specific surface area of 851.58-910.31 m2/g (BET Theory), a pore volume of 2.24-2.32 cm3/g with an average pore radius of 50.90 to 52.53 Å, iodine number of 613.9-654.8 mg/g, phenols adsorption of 61.7-83.1% and apparent density 0.4528 g/cm3. The results from proximate analysis shown that the AC has the moisture content of 6.81-7.54% (wt), the ash content of 6.58-7.31% (wt), the volatile matter of 38.26-40.12% (wt) and the fixed carbon of 52.57-55.16% (wt). The performance of the AC for acetic acid adsorption according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm exhibited a monolayer adsorption isotherm and the AC adsorbed the acetic acid well and strength. Therefore the produced AC can be further used for filter material in small water treatment.

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Vidal, Marcelo Derzi, et Renato Cintra. « Effects of forest structure components on the occurence, group size and density of groups of bare-face tamarin (Saguinus bicolor - primates : Callitrichinae) in Central Amazonia ». Acta Amazonica 36, n^o 2 (2006) : 237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672006000200014.

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This study analyzed the influence of forest structural components on the occurence, size and density of groups of Bare-face Tamarin (Saguinus bicolor) - the most threatened species in the Amazon - and produced the first map of distribution of groups in large-scale spatial within the area of continuous forest. Population censuses were conducted between November 2002 and July 2003, covering 6400 hectares in the Ducke Reserve, Manaus-AM, Brazil. Groups of S. bicolor were recorded 41 times accordingly distributed in the environments: plateau (20); slopes (12); and lowlands (09). The mean group size was 4.8 indiv./group, and ranged from 2 to 11 individuals. In the sites where the groups were recorded, and in an equivalent number of sites where no tamarins were found located at least 500 m from those where they had been recorded, we placed 50 m x 50 m plots to record the following forest structural components: abundance of trees; abundance of lianas; abundance of fruiting trees and lianas; abundance of snags; abundance of logs; percentage of canopy opening; leaf litter depth; and altitude. Bare-face Tamarin more often uses areas with lower abundance of forest logs, smaller canopy opening and with higher abundance of snags, areas in the forest with smaller canopy opening present higher density of S. bicolor groups. Apparently this species does not use the forest in a random way, and may select areas for its daily activities depending on the micro-environmental heterogeneity produced by the forest structural components.

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Everitt, James H., David E. Escobar, Mario A. Alaniz, Michael R. Davis et James V. Richerson. « Using Spatial Information Technologies to Map Chinese Tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) Infestations ». Weed Science 44, n^o 1 (mars 1996) : 194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500093759.

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This paper describes the application of airborne video data with global positioning system and geographic information system technologies for detecting and mapping Chinese tamarisk infestations in the southwestern United States. Study areas were along the Colorado River in southwestern Arizona, the Rio Grande River in extreme west Texas, and the Pecos River in west-central Texas. Chinese tamarisk could be readily distinguished on conventional color video imagery in late November when its foliage turned a yellow-orange to orange-brown color prior to leaf drop. The integration of the global positioning system with the video imagery permitted latitude/longitude coordinates of Chinese tamarisk infestations to be recorded on each image. The global positioning system latitude/longitude coordinates were entered into a geographic information system to map Chinese tamarisk populations along the three river systems.

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Whitcraft, Christine R., Drew M. Talley, Jeffrey A. Crooks, John Boland et John Gaskin. « Invasion of tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) in a southern California salt marsh ». Biological Invasions 9, n^o 7 (6 février 2007) : 875–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-006-9081-x.

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Kimball, Bruce A., et Kelly R. Perry. « Manipulating Beaver (Castor canadensis) Feeding Responses to Invasive Tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) ». Journal of Chemical Ecology 34, n^o 8 (27 juin 2008) : 1050–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9496-1.

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Endress, Ansgar D., Donal Cahill, Stefanie Block, Jeffrey Watumull et Marc D. Hauser. « Evidence of an evolutionary precursor to human language affixation in a non-human primate ». Biology Letters 5, n^o 6 (8 juillet 2009) : 749–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0445.

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Human language, and grammatical competence in particular, relies on a set of computational operations that, in its entirety, is not observed in other animals. Such uniqueness leaves open the possibility that components of our linguistic competence are shared with other animals, having evolved for non-linguistic functions. Here, we explore this problem from a comparative perspective, asking whether cotton-top tamarin monkeys ( Saguinus oedipus ) can spontaneously (no training) acquire an affixation rule that shares important properties with our inflectional morphology (e.g. the rule that adds –ed to create the past tense, as in the transformation of walk into walk-ed ). Using playback experiments, we show that tamarins discriminate between bisyllabic items that start with a specific ‘prefix’ syllable and those that end with the same syllable as a ‘suffix’. These results suggest that some of the computational mechanisms subserving affixation in a diversity of languages are shared with other animals, relying on basic perceptual or memory primitives that evolved for non-linguistic functions.

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Hagiladi, A., J. Ben-Jaacov et A. Eliasaf. « Damage Caused by Wind-Borne Salts to Landscape Plants and its Prevention by a Wind-Controlled Sprinkler System ». Journal of Environmental Horticulture 7, n^o 3 (1 septembre 1989) : 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-7.3.85.

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Abstract Ocean spray carried by wind was shown to be the main cause of leaf scorching of vegetation along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. An overhead sprinkling system was designed to be activated when wind velocity reached a critical level. It was shown to reduce leaf scorching. The degree of protection depended on plant species. Plants showed different degrees of sensitivity to wind-borne salts in the following increasing order: Japanese Pittosporum (Pittosporum tubira Ait.), Thorny Elaeagnus (Elaeagnus pungens Thunb.), Common Oleander (Nerium oleander L.), Tamarisk, Athel (Tamarix aphylla Karst.).

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Aurisicchio, Luigi, Amedeo De Tomassi, Nicola La Monica, Gennaro Ciliberto, Cinzia Traboni et Fabio Palombo. « Regulated and Liver-Specific Tamarin Alpha Interferon Gene Delivery by a Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vector ». Journal of Virology 79, n^o 11 (1 juin 2005) : 6772–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.11.6772-6780.2005.

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ABSTRACT Gene therapy approaches based on liver-restricted and regulated alpha interferon (IFN-α) expression, recently shown to be effective in different murine hepatitis models, appear promising alternatives to inhibit hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in patients and minimize side effects. Tamarins (Saguinus species) infected by GB virus B (GBV-B) are considered a valid surrogate model for hepatitis C to study the biology of HCV infection and the development of new antiviral drugs. To test the efficacy of local delivery and expression of IFN-α in this model, we have developed HD-TET-tIFN, a helper-dependent adenovirus vector expressing tamarin IFN-α (tIFN) under the control of the tetracycline-inducible transactivator rtTA2s-S2. Expression of tIFN was successfully induced both in vitro and in vivo in rodents by doxycycline administration with consequent activation of IFN-responsive genes. More importantly, tIFN efficiently inhibited GBV-B replicon in a Huh-7 hepatoma cell line at low HD-TET-tIFN doses. A certain degree of transcriptional control of tIFN was achieved in tamarins injected with HD-TET-tIFN, but under the conditions used in this study, infection and replication of GBV-B were only delayed and not totally abrogated upon virus challenge. Hepatic delivery and regulated expression of IFN-α appear to be a possible approach for the cure of hepatitis, but this approach requires more studies to increase its efficacy. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing a regulated gene expression in a nonhuman primate hepatitis model.

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Murray, Leeland, Brian J. Schutte, Carol Sutherland, Leslie Beck, Amy Ganguli et Erik Lehnhoff. « Integrating conventional management methods with biological control for enhanced Tamarix management ». Invasive Plant Science and Management 12, n^o 03 (15 août 2019) : 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/inp.2019.20.

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AbstractInvasive shrubs like Tamarix spp. are ecological and economic threats in the U.S. Southwest and West, as they displace native vegetation and require innovative management approaches. Tamarix control typically consists of chemical and mechanical removal, but these methods may have negative ecological and economic impacts. Tamarisk leaf beetles (Diorhabda spp.) released for biocontrol are becoming increasingly established within Western river systems and can provide additional control. Previous Diorhabda research studied integration of beetle herbivory with fire and with mechanical management methods and herbicide application (e.g., cut stump), but little research has been conducted on integration with mowing and foliar herbicide application, which cause minimal soil disturbance. At Caballo Reservoir in southern New Mexico, we addressed the question: “How does Tamarix respond to chemical and mechanical control when Diorhabda is well established at a site?” A field experiment was conducted by integrating mowing and foliar imazapyr herbicide at standard (3.6 g ae L−1 [0.75% v/v] and low (1.2 g ae L−1 [0.25% v/v]) rates with herbivory. Treatments were replicated five times at two sites—a dry site and a seasonally flooded site. Beetles and larvae were counted and green foliage was measured over 2 yr. Mowing and full herbicide rates reduced green foliage and limited regrowth compared with low herbicide rate and beetles alone. Integrating conventional management such as mowing and herbicide with biocontrol could improve Tamarix management by providing stresses in addition to herbivory alone.

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Waring, Gwendolyn. « The Evaluation of Developing Shoreline Communities and Potential for Natural Vegetation in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Arizona-Utah ». UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 12 (1 janvier 1988) : 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1988.2705.

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This research was initiated in November, 1988, to evaluate plant communities developing along the shoreline of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area in northern Arizona and southern Utah. One goal of this research is to determine the species composition of these communities and their distribution on representative substrate types throughout the recreation area. Secondly, the interactions of native and exotic plant species present in the recreation area will be evaluated experimentally, to determine the feasibility of establishing populations of native species in these plant communities which, currently, are largely comprised of the exotic riparian tree species tamarisk, Tamarix ramosissima.

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