Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Tagar Family »

Valeriana jatamansi Jones, commonly known as Tagar, belongs to the Caprifoliaceae family and is valued for its medicinal properties. This research aims to assess the impact of specific plant growth regulators on different explants obtained from natural and in-vitro cultivated plants. Leaves and nodal explants from both sources were utilized, treated with 2,4-D, NAA, and BAP, and monitored for 30 days. Results indicate widespread callus formation among various explant types. Particularly intriguing is the robust response of in-vitro cultivated explants, in contrast to those from naturally grown plants. Nodal explants exhibited a remarkable tendency for producing multiple shoots, especially in a medium enriched with 20 µM BAP, highlighting BAP's efficacy in promoting shoot regeneration in controlled settings. This study underscores the potential of tissue culture for establishing effective protocols to conserve this medicinal plant, offering insights into sustainable and responsible utilization for informed conservation strategies.

Penelitian Bivalvia dan Gastropoda air tawar di Sulawesi Tenggara dilaksanakan pada Januari-Desember 2018 di (delapan) Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara, meliputi Kota Kendari, Kabupaten Konawe Selatan, Kabupaten Bombana, Kabupaten Kolaka, Kabupaten Kolaka Utara, Kabupaten Kolaka Timur, Kabupaten Konawe dan Kabupaten Konawe Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi jenis Gastropoda dan Bivalvia perairan tawar, diharapkan menjadi basis data tentang biodiversitas Gastropoda dan Bivalvia di Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara. Penelitian menggunakan metode purposive randhom sampling. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara manual dan diawetkan dengan larutan alkohol 70%. Identifikasi jenis dilakukan di Laboratorium Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Halu Oleo Kendari. Komposisi jenis Bivalvia dan Gastropoda perairan tawar di Sulawesi Tenggara - Klaster Daratan, diperoleh 11 Famili, 19 Genus dan 102 Spesies yang terdiri dari 33 jenis dengan status identified atau teridentifikasi sampai dengan tingkat spesies dan 69 jenis berstatus unidentified atau teridentifikasi hanya sampai ketingkat genus (genus Clithon 42 jenis, genus Septaria 2 Jenis dan genus Melanoides 25 jenis). Bivalvia dan Gastropoda yang berstatus unidentified didominasi oleh famili Neritidae genus Clithon dan famili Thiaridae genus Melanoides. Sedangkan yang berstatus identified juga didominasi oleh famili Neritidae, Thiaridae, Ampullariidae dan Corbicullidae. Disimpulkan bahwa Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara secara empirik memiliki biodiversitas gastropoda dan bivalvia air tawar yang sangat tinggi. Bivalvia and freshwater Gastropod research in Southeast Sulawesi was conducted in January-December 2018 in (eight) Regencies or municipality in Southeast Sulawesi Province, covering Kendari City, Konawe Selatan District, Bombana Regency, Kolaka Regency, Kolaka Utara Regency, Kolaka Timur Regency, Regency Konawe and Konawe Utara District. This study aims to determine the composition of freshwater gastropods and bivalves in Southeast Sulawesi Province - Mainland Clusters. This study aims to determine the composition of Gastropod and Bivalvia species of freshwater waters, is expected to be a database of Gastropod and Bivalvia biodiversity in Southeast Sulawesi Province. The study used a purposive randhom sampling method. Sampling was done manually and preserved with 70% alcohol solution. Species identification was carried out at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Halu Oleo University, Kendari. The composition of bivalvia and gastropoda in Southeast Sulawesi, were obtained by 11 families, 19 Genus and 102 Species, which consisted of 33 types identified or identified up to species level and 69 unidentified status types or identified only to the genus level (genus Clithon 42 species, genus Septaria 2 Type and genus Melanoides 25 species). bivalves and Gastropods with unidentified status are dominated by the family Neritidae genus Clithon and the Thiaridae family genus Melanoides, while the identified status is also dominated by the families Neritidae, Thiaridae, Ampullariidae and Corbicullidae. It was concluded that Southeast Sulawesi Province empirically has a very high biodiversity of gastropods and freshwater bivalves.

Tahar Djaout, 39-year-old journalist, poet and novelist, was struck by three bullets on 26 May 1993. He died on 2 June. He was the founder and editor of the weekly Ruptures, an openly anti-Islamist publication. He is the author of several novels including Les chercheurs d'os (1984), L'invention du désert (1987) and Les vigiles (1991) for which he won the Prix Méditerranée. The following piece is the last he wrote. What can be expected from a dialogue between parties whose social programmes are light years apart? he asks, and attacks the High State Committee for its failure to determine a direction for Algeria

Family always was among the most important human values. Family subject became essential part of the ethnolinguistic researches. Child birth, wedding, death and funeral is the cycle of life, particularly tightly related to traditional culture. Description of family rituals and traditions highlights family relationships which is the basis of this paper. Kinship subject constantly found in stories about ethnic religiosity, rites of folk medicine, myths and legends. In her article I. A. Sedakova has noted that “any discussion on the topic of kinship has sufficiently relevant data for complex linguistic research” (Sedakova, 2009, 226).The comprehension of family and its values are reflected in a completely different way in Lithuanian Tatar manuscripts written in Slavic languages and Arabic characters. Emigrants from Golden Horde and Crimean khanate were the one of the first muslims to settle in Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 14th century. Three most important events in human life: birth, wedding, death and accompanying rites used by Lithuanian Tatars are different from the ones used by local residents. In general Lithuanian Tatar rites have common Muslim roots, even though they have traces of shamanism and perceptible influence from Christianity. One can talk about religious syncretism when the various teachings of faith and cult rites are combined in the interplay of religions and their historical development. In this article we try to reveal the whole network of connections and relationships that contain the concepts of family and family values, based on texts written in Lithuanian Tatar manuscripts in Slavic languages (Ruthenian and Polish).

The article actualizes the problem of socio-cultural and ethnic identity of the Tatar people and the need to cherish and preserve the traditions of the Tatar family. The authors propose to discuss the practical aspects of the development of ethnic processes and the main directions of increasing the importance of ethnic characteristics in the humanization of social relations and the mission of ethnic positions in human life. Analysis of the literature on the problems of ethnic identity, detailing the characteristic desire of different peoples to support and preserve their own identity, determine both the possibility and the need to emphasize the inimitability and uniqueness of social and humanistic practices of their ethnoculture, taking into account the growth of understanding and comprehension of belonging to their ethnos, i.e. national consciousness and ethnic community. The aim of the research was to study and reveal the dialectical dynamic development of the main directions of the traditional national culture of the Tatar people. In modern conditions of active digital transformations of society, an attempt was made to show creative practices of educating children and adolescents on the basis of careful attitude to the national culture, to the national pedagogical experience, which are represented in family traditions and rituals, in holidays, games and folklore with the help of methods of structured analysis. Based on the interpretation of the research results, the experience of the ethnic system of education in the Tatar family is generalized and its features and socio-cultural humanistic functions are reflected; the essential characteristics of humanization of education in the Tatar ethnos, conveying the phenomenology of traditional pedagogical culture in the conditions of digitalization of socio-cultural processes, are shown; effective cultural and informational exchanges between the educational institution and the family in its ethno-pedagogical space are reflected.

Tighva Monastery was founded by Queen Consort Tamar, the daughter of David the Builder, a famous Georgian king who succeeded in uniting the country and making it a dominant regional power. According to the written sources, Tamar was married to Shah Manuchehr III, the Muslim ruler of Shirvan (modern Azerbaijan) around 1111, in order to “rule over Shirvan”. Tamar lived and reigned in the Muslim court for more than twenty years. Resulting from a need to secure a retirement home and final resting place, she initiated the construction of Tighva Monastery soon after her return to Georgia in the 1140s. As her husband Manuchehr died in 1160, it seems that Tamar left Shirvan still a married woman, for unknown reasons. Tamar cut ties with her family and spent the remainder of her life as a nun in Tighva. The Church of the Crucifixion in Tighva Monastery, which represents the main focus of this paper, gives a good example of how the place occupied by women during the Divine Liturgy not only indicated their social status, but also determined their visibility, demonstrating how architecture could be used to establish the limits of physical appearance of royal women in the twelfth century Georgian monastic space.

Kendari Bay is directly adjacent to the Kendari City area, so that it receives a lot of pressure mainly from community activities. This pressure causes the declining of mangrove forest area every year. Reproductive phenology of mangroves can be used in planning, collecting seeds, and seeding propagules for rehabilitation of degraded mangrove forest area. The aims of this research were to know the morphological characteristics of mangrove reprodutive organs and mangrove reproductive phenology of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora apiculata, and Rhizophora mucronata in Kendari Bay. The method using in this research was observation method that conducted directly in the field. Morphology and phenology of mangrove reproduction divided into 6 phases, i.e. flower bud, blooming flower, ovary, fruit, young propagule and mature propagule. The data was analysed descriptively. According to the result, the morphological characteristics of 4 mangrove species were different. Flower of B. gymnorrhiza was single, whereas flowers of C. tagal, R. apiculata and R. mucronata were inflorescences. Ovary of B. gymnorrhiza was hemi inferous, whereas ovaries of C. tagal, R. apiculata and R. mucronata were superous. R. mucronata had the largest propagule compared to other mangroves observed. The timing of mangrove reproductive phenology also showed different result. B. gymnorrhiza required 299 days to develop from flower bud to mature propagule and R. apiculata required 262 days, whereas C. tagal and R. mucronata had not been able known its phenological period because the timing data from ovary to fruit had not been obtained. Further research is needed to resolve this issue.

Abstrak Penelitian ini adalah dari melaksanakan Februari hingga April 2017. menyalak dari tujuh spesies bakau yaitu ,. Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou; Ceriops tagal ( Perr.) CB Rob .; dan Bruguiera cylindrica ; Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (kiri) Lam; Rhizophora stylosa Griff .; Rhizophora mucronata Lam .; dan Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Analisis fitokimia dan profil KLT dari ekstrak kasar kulit kayu yang dibandingkan. Analisis kualitatif menunjukkan bahwa Gonggongan Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou, Ceriops tagal ( Perr.) CB Rob.,Bruguiera cylindrica, Bru guiera gymnorrhiza ( Kiri ) Lam, Rhizophora stylosa Griff. , Rhizophora mucronata Lam ., Dan Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. memiliki beberapa metabolit sekunder yang penting, yaitu senyawa Fenol, Tanin, dan Flavonoid. Flavonoid hanya ada di Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Profil KLT menunjukkan bahwa dibandingkan DENGAN Nilai R f standar , Terdapat doa Titik hati kromatogram Ekstrak kasar Rhizophora stylosa Griff. sama dengan nilai standar (nilai RfFlavonoid-glikosida turun antara = 0,18; 0,26; 0,30) menunjukkan bahwa Rhizophora stylosa Griff mungkin mengandung Flavonoid-glikosida dan asam fenolat ( nilai R f asam fenolat, 0,63-0, 84). Sedangkan Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh mungkin mengandung asam fenolat. Namun, masih ada senyawa yang belum diketahui yang perlu diidentifikasi dalam penelitian lebih lanjut. Kata kunci: mangrove, fitokimia, Kromatografi Lapis Tipis

Abstract Background: Tagara is a very popular Ayurveda herb used in the treatment insomnia, epilepsy, neurosis, hepatoprotective, anticancerous, and analgesic. Characteristic smell is the typical feature of it. As per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and many other classical texts, rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi of the family Valerianceae is the accepted source of the drug. From some of the reports from early 1980s, it was found that roots of some aquatic plants such as Nymphoides macrospermum, Nymphoides hydrophylla, Nymphoides indica, and Limnanthemum cristatum were said to be used as Tagara instead of V. jatamansi in the South Indian markets. Aim: This study proposed to assess the present status of Tagara available in herbal raw drug markets of Kerala. Materials and methods: Five market samples of Tagara were collected from selected markets of Kerala, and some of the reported aquatic plants, collected from natural habitats nearby. Macroscopic, microscopic, histochemical, and powder microscopic characterization of all these samples were done as per the standard procedure mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and characters observed were compared with official source plant and pharmacopoeial standard. Results: Morphological characters of market samples of Tagara collected from the various markets of Kerala were not matching with the rhizomes of genuine drug V. jatamansi and that of Uttarakhand sample. The microscopic and histochemical examination also gave the same result. However, these samples showed similarities with the roots of Nymphoides macrospermam. Sample collected from Uttarakhand was the rhizome of V. jatamansi. Conclusion: The collected market samples of Tagara from various Kerala markets were not the rhizomes of V. jatamansi but the roots of N. macrospermam.

Ce travail vise initialement le rôle et l’image de Zahra/Ahmed qui représente la femme marocaine bucolique dans le roman La Nuit sacrée de Tahar Ben Jelloun qui lutte pour chercher son identité féminine perdue. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé au début de notre analyse le schéma de Greimas car il nous a aidé à montrer le rôle de Zahra/Ahmed dans le récit. Nous avons également approfondi notre travail en analysant l’environnement familial de Zahra et ses relations, la libération du corps, l’aspect religieux, l’obéissance dans le but de confirmer la tragédie de Zahra qui reflète la femme rurale au Maroc. Enfin, notre travail s’est achevé avec une étude sur le statut de la femme dans la société traditionnelle, à travers le personnage principal du récit, dans les sociétés traditionnelles patriarcales dans lesquelles l’homme instaure son pouvoir sur la femme.
This work initially aims at the role and image of Zahra / Ahmed, who represents the bucolic Moroccan woman in the novel The Sacred Night by Tahar Ben Jelloun who struggles to find her lost female identity. For this, we used Greimas’s scheme at the beginning of our analysis because it helped us to show the role and the dramatic situation of Zahra / Ahmed in the story. We also deepened our work by analysing the family environment of Zahra and its relations, the liberation of the body, the religious aspect, obedience in order to confirm the tragedy of rural women in Morocco. Finally, our work ends with a study of the status of women in a traditional society in which man establishes his power over woman.

I denna kvalitativa studie genomförs två gruppintervjuer av sammantaget sex personer i åldrarna 14-16 år, i Västerbotten, för att ta reda på hur flickor talar om begreppet “familj” och vilka faktorer som påverkar flickor i hur de talar om begreppet "familj". Millenniegenerationen beräknas frångå traditionella normer och är präglad av teknologins framväxt av sociala medier. Den traditionella kärnfamiljen har länge setts som ett ideal i samhället vilket också visar sig i socialtjänstens arbete, denna studie fokuserar på hur flickor idag ser på begreppet familj. Genom innehållsanalys av materialet skapas tre teman ”Modern familj”, ”Traditionella normer”, ”Det perfekta livet”. Resultatet visar att flickor kan antas prata om familj som något biologiskt och/eller socialt konstruerat. Det som främst påverkar hur intervjupersonerna talar kring begreppet “familj” är dels den egna familjen samt sociala medier, vilket kan förväntas vara representativt för målgruppen. Tydliga könsroller genomsyrar intervjupersonernas sätt att prata om familj. Denna studie visar att flickor kan tänkas ha ett öppet förhållningssätt kring olika typer av familjekonstellationer, samtidigt som traditionella värderingar kan reproduceras i praktiken. Vilket utifrån studiens resultat går att tolka som att normer kring kärnfamiljen kan styra flickor idag. Tidigare forskning visar på att människor i dagens moderna samhälle tycks längta tillbaka till det traditionella levnadssättet, vilket denna studies slutsatser styrker då det framgår att “kärnfamiljen” betraktas som ett ideal.

Bakgrund: Världsomfattande integrering ökar och detta medför en språkbarriär som skapar kommunikationsproblem inom vården. Det är en utmaning att integrera invandrargrupper till befintliga hälso- och sjukvårdstjänster och språkbarriärer är den största utmaningen för att tillgodose vårdbehovet av invandrarbefolkningen. Bristande kommunikation är ett hinder för en god vårdrelation. Dessutom anses kommunikation som en utmaning när två olika språk är inblandade, särskilt när tolkar inte finns. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelse av kommunikation med anhöriga som inte talar samma språk. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Studien är etablerad på nio vetenskapliga artiklar som resulterade i två kategorier: Språkbarriärer påverkar vården och Språkbarriärer kräver resurser. Sjuksköterskans upplevelse av språkbarriärer var negativa och användning av tolkar inom vården ansågs ha sina goda och dåliga funktioner. Trots det var sjuksköterskan i behov av ytterligare resurser. Slutsats: I litteraturstudiens resultat framkom det tydligt om sjuksköterskors negativa upplevelser av språkbarriärer. Detta sågs även som ett hinder då kommunikationen inte kunde genomföras på ett effektivt sätt med anhöriga som inte talade samma språk. Istället fick sjuksköterskor använda sig utav förenklat språk, icke-verbal kommunikation samt familjemedlemmars hjälp till att tolka som ersättning för auktoriserade tolkar. I resultatet framkom även att användning av tolkar inom vården både underlättade och försvårade kommunikationen mellan vårdgivare och vårdtagare som inte talade samma språk. Det är viktigt att sjuksköterskan anpassar kommunikation till anhörigas förutsättningar. Mer forskning krävs om hur sjuksköterskor kan stödja anhöriga som inte talar samma språk.
Background: Worldwide integration is increasing and this creates a language barrier that creates communication problems in health care. It is a challenge to integrate immigrant communities into existing health services and language barriers is the biggest challenge to meet the healthcare needs of the immigrant population. Lack of communication is an obstacle to a good care relationship. In addition, communication is considered a challenge when two different languages are involved, especially when interpreters do not exist. Purpose: The aim was to expose nurse's experiences of communication with relatives who do not speak the same language. Method: A literature review with an inductive approach. Results: The study is based on nine scientific articles that resulted in two categories: Language barriers affect health care and Language barriers require resources. The nurse's experience of language barriers was negative and the use of interpreters in health care was considered to have their good and bad functions. However, the nurse was in need of additional resources. Conclusion: The results of the literature study clearly appeared about nurses' negative experiences of language barriers. This was also seen as a hindrance because communication could not be effectively conducted with relatives who did not speak the same language. Instead, nurses had to use simplified language, non-verbal communication and use family members to help them interpret instead of authorized interpreters. The result also showed that the use of interpreters in health care had their good and bad sides between nurses and relatives who did not speak the same language. It is important that the nurse adapts communication to the conditions of relatives. More research is needed on how nurses can support relatives who do not speak the same language.

Choroid plexuses (CPs) are highly vascularized structures located at the ventricular system of the brain constituted by a monolayer of choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPEC) located on a basement membrane which form a barrier between the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (BCSFB). CPECs through their interconnections restrict the passage of different substances and pathogens between the blood and the CSF. Moreover, the microvilli at the apical side and an extensive infolding at the basolateral side enhance the contact between the CP epithelium and CSF, and between the epithelium and stroma interstitial fluid, respectively, thus allowing one of its main functions which is to maintain cerebral homeostasis. Among other features, there is the chemical vigilance which is performed by different mechanisms as the taste signalling, the clearance of xenobiotics, the clearance of amyloid beta and finally but with more relevance to this work, the olfactory signalling. This olfactory cascade is activated when an odorant binds to an olfactory receptor (OR) which is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that exists in different tissues in mammalian´s body. The trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a family of rhodopsin-like GPCRs which act as olfactory receptors with TAAR1 exception and are expressed in different tissues of different species. In humans there are 6 different types of TAARs and 3 pseudogenes. TAAR 13c, identified in zebrafish, can bind to cadaverine, a polyamine. Polyamines are polycations which appear naturally in cells and are closely related with neuronal cell biochemical activity at different points. Cadaverine is a diamine compound produced by the putrefaction of animal tissue and enable an aversive response to this odour. A previous data base research showed that TAAR1, 2 and 5 are the human receptors with more homology with TAAR13c and one of the more abundant TAARs in humans, which probably can trigger a response to a polyamine stimulus. TAAR1 was selected for this study because we could not amplify TAAR2 and 5 by RT-PCR in HIBCPP cell line. The HIBCPP cell line from choroid plexus carcinoma was used to the experiments and the expression of the mRNAs to the TAAR1 was demonstrated by the RT-PCR technique. In respect to polyamine´s biosynthesis and catabolic pathway enzymes identification, the RT-PCR technique enabled the confirmation of their mRNA expression after Sanger sequencing. The expression of key enzymes to these pathways was also demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and Western blot, in human CP cell line. To test the cell´s response to polyamines, calcium imaging (Ca2+ imaging) assays were performed and showed clear responses to cadaverine. After these tests, silencing of TAAR1 with a specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) was done and preliminary Ca2+ imaging responses to cadaverine enable to see a decrease in CP cells response, highlighting the potential role of TAAR1 in this polyamine response. In the closer future, more silencing assays will be done and Ca2+ imaging with transfected cells will be done too with cadaverine and other polyamines already tested as spermine, spermidine and putrescine. Western blot and immunocytochemistry techniques will enable the TAAR1 protein characterization and localization in the HIBCPP cells.
No sistema nervoso central (SNC) é possível observar a presença de distintas barreiras que assumem um papel fundamental na proteção do cérebro contra as variações nas concentrações de determinadas substâncias ao nível do sangue, assim como contra a entrada de organismos patogénicos, toxinas e outras substâncias. Contudo, este nem sempre é um mecanismo de controlo favorável uma vez que estas podem funcionar como uma barreira à entrada de substâncias para o tratamento de patologias do SNC. De entre as barreiras existentes no cérebro salienta-se a barreira entre o sangue e o cérebro, a barreira aracnóideia e a barreira entre o sangue e o líquido cefalorraquidiano, o plexo coroide. O plexo coroide (CP) é uma estrutura altamente vascularizada localizada em cada um dos quatro ventrículos cerebrais. O CP é constituído por uma monocamada de células epiteliais localizada numa membrana basal e que por sua vez, formam uma barreira entre o sangue e o líquido cefalorraquidiano. Estas células, através das suas interconexões como é o caso das junções aderentes, junções apertadas e desmossomas, impedem a passagem de diferentes substâncias e organismos patogénicos, do sangue para o líquido cefalorraquidiano. Para além destas evidências, há a destacar o facto de as microvilosidades presentes na face apical assim como as invaginações existentes na superfície basal permitirem também uma boa interação entre o epitélio do plexo e o líquido cefalorraquidiano e entre o epitélio e o fluido intersticial, respetivamente, permitindo um conjugar de condições que vão assegurar uma correta manutenção da homeostase cerebral. De entre outras funções desempenhadas por esta estrutura, salienta-se a produção e secreção do líquido cefalorraquidiano e a vigilância química deste, que é assegurada por diferentes mecanismos como a sinalização gustativa, a remoção de xenobióticos, a remoção da proteína ß-amilóide, envolvida em doenças como a doença de Alzheimer, e por fim a sinalização olfativa. Esta cascata de sinalização olfativa é ativada quando uma molécula odorante se liga a um recetor olfativo, um recetor acoplado a uma proteína G. Esta ligação vai despoletar as cascatas de segundo mensageiro da adenosina monofosfato cíclica e do inositol 1,4,5-trifosfato. Há evidências de que a estimulação destes recetores olfativos ocorre pela ativação da proteína G olfativa levando a um aumento da adenosina monofosfato cíclica através da adenilato ciclase 3 de membrana, resultando num aumento do influxo de Ca2+ através de um canal nucleotídico cíclico, resultando na despolarização da membrana e consequentemente na geração de um potencial de ação nos neurónios olfativos. Os trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) são uma família de recetores acoplados a proteína G que, à exceção do TAAR1, atuam como recetores olfativos, sendo expressos em diferentes tecidos em diferentes espécies. Diferentes estudos permitiram comprovar a expressão destes recetores em tecidos do epitélio olfativo e noutros como é o caso do cérebro, medula espinhal, coração, pulmões, fígado, baço, trato gastrointestinal, rins, testículos e células sanguíneas como os leucócitos. Em humanos é possível identificar 6 tipos diferentes de TAARs (1,2,5,6,8 e 9) e 3 pseudogenes (3, 4 e 7). Os genes que codificam para estes recetores encontram-se localizados no cromossoma 6 q23.1. O TAAR13c, expresso no peixe-zebra foi identificado como sendo o responsável por ligar à cadaverina, uma poliamina resultante da decomposição de tecidos mortos, gerada através da descarboxilação da lisina pela enzima lisina-descarboxílase, que ao ser detetada por este peixe, despoleta uma resposta aversiva por parte deste. As poliaminas são policatiões presentes em todas as células, que interagem com moléculas carregadas negativamente como é o caso do ácido desoxirribonucleico (DNA), ácido ribonucleico (RNA) ou ainda as proteínas. Estas substâncias como é o caso da cadaverina, espermina, espermidina e putrescina participam em diversas funções a nível fisiológico como o crescimento celular, proliferação, diferenciação, transcrição, tradução, regulação de canais iónicos, atividade enzimática, constituição das interações célula-célula e resposta ao stress oxidativo. Estas duas últimas funções conferem às poliaminas um papel fundamental no surgimento de diversas patologias do foro neurológico como é o caso da doença Parkinson, da esclerose lateral amiotrófica e isquemia, em que os valores destas substâncias surgem alterados. Contudo as poliaminas ao controlarem o stress oxidativo vão também ter um papel benéfico no controlo da doença de Alzheimer. Com o objetivo de estabelecer homologia entre o TAAR13c do peixe-zebra e os TAARs humanos foi realizada uma pesquisa com a ferramenta BlastX (NCBI) que revelou a existência de diferentes TAAR com maior homologia com o TAAR13c. Após uma pesquisa na base de dados Gene Expression Omnibus, foram selecionados para o estudo, os TAAR1, 2 e 5 por estes apresentarem maior abundância em humanos. Estes dados levaram-nos a supor que estes recetores teriam capacidade para despoletar uma resposta em células humanas do plexo coroide quando estimuladas por poliaminas como a cadaverina. Assim, o uso de uma linha de células humanas de carcinoma do plexo coroide, através da técnica de RT-PCR seguida de sequenciação pelo método de Sanger, permitiu identificar a expressão do mRNA para o TAAR1, o que não se verificou para os TAAR2 e 5. Um processo idêntico foi utilizado para a análise da expressão dos mRNAs para as enzimas das vias anabólica e catabólica das poliaminas, sendo a sua expressão confirmada por sequenciação. As enzimas chave destas vias, a espermina sintetase e a ornitina descarboxílase, foram também analisadas através das técnicas de Western blot e imunocitoquímica. Após a realização de um ensaio de MTT que permitiu comprovar que os estímulos de cadaverina aplicados não iriam comprometer a viabilidade celular, foram realizados ensaios de calcium imaging que possibilitaram verificar respostas por parte das células após estimulação com diferentes concentrações de cadaverina. Por forma e testar a especificidade da ligação do TAAR1 à cadaverina, foi realizado um ensaio preliminar (n=1) de silenciamento, transfetando as células com um pequeno RNA de interferência (siRNA) para o TAAR1. Os resultados demonstraram uma diminuição das respostas celulares à cadaverina quando em comparação com os controlos feitos apenas com o agente de transfeção ou com este último em conjunto com um scramble siRNA. Estes resultados, embora preliminares, são promissores quanto ao papel do TAAR1 na deteção da cadaverina. Futuramente, serão realizados novos ensaios de silenciamento do TAAR1 e estímulos com outras poliaminas como a espermina, espermidina e putrescina. Serão também efetuados ensaios de Western blot e imunocitoquímica, permitindo avaliar a expressão e localização do TAAR1.

Artikeln är ett försök att identifiera den så kallade Blåmålaren, en av Hälsinglands mest kända men hittills oidentifierade folkliga målare. Starka indicier talar för att Blåmålaren kan vara flera medlemmar i en familj, en man och en hustru från Bingsjö i Dalarna. Spridningen av de verk som på stilistiska grunder kan tillskrivas Blåmålaren följer nämligen denna familjs rörelser i Hälsingland under 1840-talet. I indiciekedjan ingår förutom arkivaliska belägg även analyser av pigment och färgämnen hos några av de undersökta verken.

Gender-based violence (GBV) and its threat to women's well-being is an insidious and widespread challenge in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Cultural beliefs about gender roles and sexuality, and religious teachings on marriage, masculinity, and femininity make interventions on GBV in the DRC difficult. This chapter examines a faith-based intervention, ‘The Tamar Campaign', which sought to align the strengths underpinning religion and culture. Findings revealed that participants of the Tamar Campaign reported 1) low prevalence of GBV four years after the intervention as compared to results of previous studies in the region, 2) positive effect of the intervention on marital satisfaction, and 3) engaging in activism alongside their family and community to combat GBV. This study thus offers initial evidence for faith-based interventions in not only reducing GBV, but also holistically improving women's overall well-being.

Gender-based violence (GBV) and its threat to women's well-being is an insidious and widespread challenge in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Cultural beliefs about gender roles and sexuality, and religious teachings on marriage, masculinity, and femininity make interventions on GBV in the DRC difficult. This chapter examines a faith-based intervention, ‘The Tamar Campaign', which sought to align the strengths underpinning religion and culture. Findings revealed that participants of the Tamar Campaign reported 1) low prevalence of GBV four years after the intervention as compared to results of previous studies in the region, 2) positive effect of the intervention on marital satisfaction, and 3) engaging in activism alongside their family and community to combat GBV. This study thus offers initial evidence for faith-based interventions in not only reducing GBV, but also holistically improving women's overall well-being.

Poet Robinson Jeffers’ conflicted relationship with Carmel’s tourist economy and his own role, as its widely-recognized poet laureate, within it provides the focus of the second chapter in this section. Concentrating on the early, notorious narrative, Tamar (1924), this chapter extends a discussion of modernist primitivism in Carmel to show how Jeffers reformulates what might otherwise be understood as an exotic and entertaining spectacle of local colour as a scathing political commentary that is aimed both locally and globally. Tamar, a terrifying poem that centres on a dissolute young man who fantasizes about going off to war as a pilot in order to escape problems at home, indicates how the experience of international war profoundly affects the lives of a pastoral farming community on the West Coast. As Jeffers shows, being far from the national capitols of government and culture neither isolates nor insulates the family from modern violence. Further, the poem presents the tragedy of the World War as divine retribution for the long and violent history of Western colonialism and imperialism, material and spiritual traces of which have collected on Carmel’s gorgeous beachfront property.

This chapter addresses the crisis of missing and murdered Indigenous women (MMIW) and examines how it was made legible to the state after decades of denial and inaction. Various studies and investigations (including the Missing Women Commission of Inquiry and the RCMP investigation) increased visibility of the MMIW crisis but failed to articulate its roots in the settler colonial state. Indigenous artists, alongside activists and family members, have been at the forefront of advocacy for MMIW crisis. This chapter examines several such artists including Tanya Tagaq, Rebecca Belmore, and Christi Belcourt. Their work engages various strategies for making the crisis understood in ways that exceed statistics, which erase individual identities and obscure the link between violence against Indigenous women and the settler colonial state as the cause of that violence.

Abstract In Dorothy Day’s The Long Loneliness, one woman’s story mirrors decades of American history: the Roaring Twenties, the Great Depression, and World War II—all of it viewed through the prism of a life given in service to the poor. The unforgiving density of her world, with its poverty, war, and social radicalism, creates the central metaphor of the book, which is the author’s personal loneliness. She writes, as it were, from the confessional, and her conversion to radical Catholicism lies at her book’s center. By the end of her autobiography, she has accomplished much—and has given up even more: marriage, family, and personal desires. Her story sparkles with characters—her unfeeling father, siblings, fledgling literati (such as Eugene O’Neill), daughter Tamar, but most of all her mentor, Peter Maurin. All contribute to what she calls “the miracle of our continuance.” She will be a saint.

The opening story of A City in Its Fullness is a myth of origins that presents the founding of Buczacz as an arrested attempt on the part of fervent Jews from the Rhineland Valley to journey to the Land of Israel. This story is compared with the historical record, which describes an economic emigration of Jews from central Poland in the sixteenth century into lands in the southeast newly colonized by Polish nobles. The Jewish community of Buczacz rebuilt itself after the Khmelnytskyi massacres of 1648 and the Tatar and Turkish incursions that followed. The community experienced relative prosperity and stability as a town owned by the Potocki family. The first book of A City in Its Fullness is devoted to the town’s principle places and institutions in the form of a grand tour conducted for the reader, with attention given to both Jewish and gentile space.

Artvin and its environs, located in the north-eastern corner of Anatolia, once was part of Tao-Klarjeti. This kingdom can be regarded, under political as well as cultural aspects, as one of medieval Georgia’s most significant regions. In noted centres of ecclesiastical life and scholarship such as Khandzta, Oshki and others, learned men laid the very fundamentals for Georgia’s spiritual and religious development. Furthermore, under the rule of the Bagrationi family Tao-Klarjeti played a crucial role in the unification process of the various Georgian principalities into one single monarchy, the Kingdom of Georgia (sakartvelos samepo), in 1008. This paved the way for what is generally referred to as Georgia’s Golden Age (sakartvelos okros xana), a period characterised by prosperity, political independence, and learning which reached its pinnacle with the reign of Queen Tamar from 1184 to 1213. This outstanding era was followed first by a gradual but steady political decline and later by the disintegration of the Georgian State, in particular caused by the rapidly expanding powers of the East, i.e. mainly by Mongols, Turks and their incessant invasions. In 1551, Tao-Klarjeti was finally conquered by the Ottomans. Almost all of its territory – with exception of a Russian intermezzo of about 43 years after the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878 – has been a part of the Turkish state up to the present day. It goes without saying that such a rich and multifaceted history has left numerous and quite variegated traces in all domains of the region’s culture. On the following pages, I will shed some light on a small number of toponyms, which reflect the Georgian past of the Artvin area, and have a closer look at their use, their meanings and their etymologies.

Forskningsrapporten ”Familiepædagogen” – som trivsel og forebyggelsesaktør belyser, hvad der kendetegner arbejdet med trivsel for ledere og pædagoger, når de har en tæt, forebyggende og opsøgende kontakt med familier. I forskningsrapporten skitseres tre policy `bølger´ for pædagogers og lederes arbejde med familier og børn, hvor trivsel bliver tillagt forskellige betydninger: (1) ”Trivsel som målbart fænomen – ledere og pædagoger forventes at opdele og måle børn”. (2) ”Trivsel som subjektivt oplevet – pædagoger og ledere forventes at leve sig ind i det enkelte barns perspektiv og situation”. (3) ”Trivsel som fællesskaber og tilhør – pædagoger og ledere forventes at skabe almene fællesskaber med plads til forskellighed blandt børn”. I rapportens policy analysen belyses især den sidste trivselsbølge og der rejses en række dilemmaer, som det pædagogisk set kan være vigtigt, at der er opmærksomhed på. I rapporten kan læses om, hvilke glidninger, der sker når aktuelle trivselsdagsordner med idealer om tilhør og fællesskaber fremhæver lederes og pædagogers ”relationskompetence”. Der belyses også, hvordan trivselsbølgen indebærer en økonomisk og administrativ bevægelse, når en vægtning af tilhør for flere børn i fællesskaber driver en udvidelse af almentilbuddet frem, der nu skal løse mere sammensatte opgaver for de samme ressourcer. Begge dele risikerer at individualisere pædagogers og lederes arbejde og at nedtone samfundsmæssigt ulige vilkår for familier, og børn, etiske dilemmaer og den organisatoriske indlejrethed for arbejdet Pædagoger og ledere arbejder i en høj kompleksitet – med talrige familier og børn og ikke blot én enkelt familie og barn ad gangen. I praksis analysen viser rapporten, hvordan pædagoger og ledere sammen udvikler en organisatorisk skarpsindighed, hvor de for at styrke familiers og børns tilhør på daglig basis gentænker deres organiseringer af praksisser og (op)finder ressourcer. Det er et arbejde, der ikke er synligt i organisatoriske diagrammer og arbejdsgange. I rapporten beskrives det som et tilbagevendende pædagogisk arbejde med ”at gøre tilhør”. Dette arbejde slider samtidig, og det forstærker og intensiverer høje følelsesmæssige krav i arbejdet. I lederes og pædagogers arbejde med familier og børn opstår en særlig social bekymringsform: De bekymrer sig for, om der opstår ulighed for familierne og børnene i kontakten med offentlige institutioner og i adgangen til hjælp. Den bekymring adskiller sig fra omsorgsbekymring og udviklingsbekymring. Det er samtidig en bekymringsform, der kan blive hjemløs, da der ofte ikke er nogen steder at placere den, og som de derfor selv tager på sig. Det løbende trivselsarbejde med at skabe tilhør for børn og familier kan for pædagoger såvel som ledere indebærer en tæthed og en voldsomhed. I rollen mellem det lyttende og tillidsopbyggende, og den rolle der ligger i det indgribende strækkes de her til det yderste.