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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Syria – Economic history »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Syria – Economic history"

Akhmedov, V. M. « SYRIAN CRISIS : HISTORY AND CURRENT POLITICS ». Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, n^o 3 (13) (2020) : 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2020-3-265-272.

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The article studies main developments, implications and results of the 10 year Syrian crisis. The author pays special attention to the historical preconditions that caused those events in Syria, focusing on actual political, social, economic, ethnic, ideological, regional, and international dimensions of the Syrian crisis based on historical background. The author tries to make some forecasts about further development of the current situation in Syria in view of abilities to peacefully resolve the conflict by political instruments rather than military options. The publication tends to study new tendencies in the Syrian crisis development. The author argues that today the Syrian conflict is developing in a different paradigm that can be tentatively designated as the “post-terrorist” stage in the Syrian uprising. Main attention is paid to Russia’s politics in Syria and its ability to rebuild the main institutions of the Syrian state. Political steps and tendencies of major regional and international players in the Syrian crisis are analysed. In this regard the author supposes and demonstrates in this article that much depends on how Russia, Turkey, Iran, the United States and Israel change the previous agreements on the security system in Syria. The author believes that despite all the complexity of this crisis, peace in Syria is quite possible. A lot depends on political will and the readiness for mutual compromises between key internal and external actors in the Syrian crisis.

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Saad Aldin, Ammar. « History and Development of the National Library of Syria ». Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, n^o 2 (20 juillet 2020) : 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-2-173-181.

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In the context of the decreasing intensity of the armed conflict, but still ongoing crisis in the Syrian Arab Republic (Syria), preservation of the historical and cultural monuments, including manuscript ones, is important for the country and its future. Al-Assad National Library of Syria has a leading role in the preservation of the documentary heritage of the country. The history of the emergence and development of the National Library of Syria has a number of political, cultural and social features. At present, Russian universities are updating the Arabic country studies. The author notes that the number of publications on the history and development of librarianship in Syria in the Russian professional press is insufficient, thus confirming the relevance of the present study. The fact that the National Library has survived despite the war is of great value to the Syrian people, the Arab world and the UNESCO World Heritage. The article considers the emergence, formation and development of the Al-Assad National Library of Syria. The author shows the revival of the first National library in the territory of Syria (Az-Zahiriya Library) during the Ottoman occupation and describes the historical and political situation that accompanied its appearance. The article highlights the main sources of the formation of Az-Zahiriya Library collections in the late nineteenth century. The author provides analytical information on the growth dynamics of its collections and considers the significant role of Az-Zahiriya National Library during the French mandate in Syria and after gaining independence. In the 1970s, strengthening processes of progressive socio-economic and cultural transformations led to the emergence of Al-Assad National Library, which became the new National library of Syria. The article analyses the main stages of creation of Al-Assad National Library and presents its main characteristics and challenges at present.

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Shibley, Gregory J. « Negotiating Urban Environment and Economy in New York’s Little Syria, 1880-1946 ». Journal of Urban History 44, n^o 6 (24 décembre 2015) : 1081–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215607222.

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Syrian immigrants populated New York’s Lower Manhattan, creating a neighborhood known as Little Syria. Sources employ “mother colony” and other evocative terms to highlight the unique importance of New York’s Arabic-speaking enclave to Syrian immigrant settlements throughout the United States. Yet no scholarly monograph on Little Syria, covering the entire period of its existence, from approximately 1880 to 1946, has been published. This article argues that early Syrian immigrants used their distinctive ethnicity to economic advantage within this urban enclave but exited its unhealthy environment as soon as they could. Like others, Syrians found unparalleled opportunities for mobility and financial success in New York. Manifesting an Arabic culture and an affinity for the middle class, they left Little Syria behind, and made no concerted attempt to preserve the old neighborhood. They embraced ethnicity as an economic virtue but distanced themselves from ethnicity as an environmental burden.

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Aydin, Ulviyye. « The Syrian Refugee Crisis : New Negotiation Chapter In European Union-Turkey Relations ». Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 19, n^o 2 (juillet 2016) : 102–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2016.19.2.102.

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Syria is one of the countries where a revolution wave named Arab Spring uprose in early 2011. The most radical discourse from Arab Spring into the still ongoing civil wars took place in Syria as early as the second half of 2011. At the beginning it was a civil protest against Assad’s government. Nobody could not estimate the future developments in Syria. The cost of the war in Syria increases every day. More than 250,000 Syrians have lost their lives in four-and-a-half years of armed conflict, which began with anti-government protests before escalating into a full-scale civil war. More than 11 million others have been forced from their homes as forces loyal to President Bashar al-Assad and those opposed to his rule battle each other - as well as jihadist militants from Islamic State. Mixed featured developments and longer resistance of Assad’s regime than estimated escalated tension in Syria in last four and half years. As a result, many countries in the Middle East, such as Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon, also Turkey, Serbia, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, Austria, Netherlands, Bulgaria are the sides that should pay a cost of the Syrian war. These states spend a remarkable budget for the Syrian refugees. Economic expenditure is just one dimension of Syrian refugee crisis. Movement of Syrian refugees to the European countries passing Turkish borders is one of the biggest migration crisis of the modern world history. Considering multifaced impacts of the migration, the aim of this paper is to analyze the Syrian refugee crisis as a new negotiation headline between the Europan Union and Turkey.

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Gifford, Lindsay A. « Syria : The Change That Never Came ». Current History 108, n^o 722 (1 décembre 2009) : 417–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2009.108.722.417.

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Kamla, Rania, Sonja Gallhofer et Jim Haslam. « Understanding Syrian accountants' perceptions of, and attitudes towards, social accounting ». Accounting, Auditing & ; Accountability Journal 25, n^o 7 (14 septembre 2012) : 1170–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09513571211263239.

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PurposeThis paper adds to a focus of the social accounting literature (on perceptions and attitudes to social accounting) by seeking to offer insights into Syrian accountants' attitudes towards, and perceptions of, social accounting in Syria in the first decade of the twenty‐first century, with particular attention to its role, future development and implementation.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of an analysis of interviews of Syrian accountants; contextual analysis (and an appreciation of the prior literature).FindingsSyrian accountants' perceptions are shaped by developments in Syria's socio‐political and economic context, encompassing imperialism/colonialism, globalisation and cultural specificities, including Islam. Interviewees perceived a significant role for a social accounting – that would parallel the Western form of social accounting – in enhancing well‐being in the dynamic context. At the same time, they were reluctant to see the development and implementation of this accounting in Syria as an urgent issue, so that this social accounting might be left initially at least with an even more marginal part to play than in the West. The study suggests that a combination of forces – global developments, Western imperialism and Syria's colonial history – have had a substantively repressive rather than progressive impact on the development of social accounting in Syria vis‐à‐vis its more positive potential.Research limitations/implicationsAll limitations of interview research apply. This study focuses on Syria in a context when economic transition was a major issue. Further studies of economies in transition would be of interest.Practical implicationsAn awareness of how the local and the global interact in debates over social accounting can provide insights for policy makers concerned with accounting regulation.Originality/valueThe focus on Syria, a non‐Western country, enriches the social accounting literature, which focuses mainly on Western developments.

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Rabat, Lujain. « The historical development of decentralisation in Syria ». Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva : istoriia i sovremennost, n^o 6 (2022) : 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020201-8.

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This article presents a comparative historical analysis of the development of decentralization in Syria during three historical stages: under the Ottoman empire, during the French mandate, and in the period after the country became independent. The purpose of this research is to reveal patterns that explain the current state of decentralization in Syria today. Primary sources such as legislative decrees and constitutions, as well as secondary scientific and analytical sources are used in this work to analyse the development of decentralization in Syria. This article identifies different aspects, in which the local administration system today has been influenced by previous laws and practices developed by previous governments, namely the country’s administrative-territorial division, the concentration of power at the local level with centrally appointed persons, and the perception of decentralization as a threat to security. Despite many constitutions and legislations throughout Syria’s history mentioning decentralization and empowering local administrative units, governance remains a highly centralized process, giving elected local administrative units limited powers and responsibilities. The securitization of administrative processes as well as prioritizing economic, political, military, and other elite interests throughout Syria’s history have been obstacles to decentralising powers and responsibilities to local administration bodies. However, due to the development of events on the ground in Syria since the beginning of the crisis in 2011, different views on the best form of decentralization for the country’s future, and the role it can play at this important stage of the country's history began to appear in the Syrian society.

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Medvedko, Sergei Leonidovich. « The situation of Syrian Christians in the context of the Arab Spring events ». RUDN Journal of World History 13, n^o 4 (15 décembre 2021) : 374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8127-2021-13-4-374-383.

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The article is based on the information published in foreign and Russian sources and media, as well as on the basis of the authors own research and interviews carried out in Syria. The aim of the work is to study the situation of Syrian Christians after the events of the Arab Spring-2011. This is the scientific novelty of the topic. The article is devoted to the problems that not only touched, but most dramatically affected the life of Christians in Syria, who traditionally presented at least 12% of its population (and much more in the past). They are representatives of the most indigenous religion in the Syrian Arab Republic (SAR). The work also traces the role of Christians in the history and socio-political life of Syria, analyzes their current situation, evaluates the events of recent years and draws appropriate conclusions. In particular, the author believes that the Arab Spring led not only to huge human and economic losses, but also to serious ethno-confessional structural changes in the society of the SAR. With the possible disappearance of this native part of the Syrian population, who lived here and represented almost all the inhabitants of that region before the Islam, the republic may lose not only 12 percent of the most educated and active part of its population, but also its tourist attractiveness in the eyes of the whole world. Although Syria has always been considered the cradle of Christianity it could lose its reputation as one of the most tolerant countries of the Arab world.

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Genç, Hamdi, et İbrahim Murat Bozkurt. « Ottomans : Unwanted Immigrants in Brazil at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century ». Journal of Migration History 7, n^o 1 (22 avril 2021) : 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00701002.

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Abstract This article addresses the Ottoman migration to Brazil from current Lebanon and Syria. The article explores reasons for the migration, the Ottoman State’s attitude towards this migration and the measures taken to control it. It also analyses the socio-economic and political relations between the Ottoman State and Brazil, and the socio-economic situation of the Lebanese and Syrians who migrated to Brazil as well as the attitude of the Brazilian government. In addition, the article highlights the attitude of the Brazilian government to Lebanese and Syrian migrants. The article is mostly based on Ottoman archives accessed through the State Archives Department of the Turkish Presidency. These documents give a distinctive character to the article compared with other studies in this field, namely that it is one of very few focusing on migration from Lebanon and Syria to Brazil in the Ottoman period that uses archival resources of the country of emigration.

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Humphreys, R. Stephen, et Muhsin D. Yusuf. « Economic Survey of Syria during the Tenth and Eleventh Centries ». American Historical Review 92, n^o 2 (avril 1987) : 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1866741.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Syria – Economic history"

Senior, Louise Marie 1958. « Time and technological change : Ceramic production, labor, and economic transformation in a third millennium complex society (Tell Leilan, Syria) ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282841.

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This study investigates changes in ceramics at Tell Leilan, Syria, during three consecutive periods between 2500 and 2200 B.C. These changes co-occur with significant socio-political changes: urbanization of the region and fledgling statehood. The approach developed to examine ceramic change in this work is Ceramic Technical Sequence Analysis (CTSA) which combines the strategies of ceramic ecology, the French technique et culture school, and behavioral archaeology. CTSA is also informed by practice theory; thus, the limitations of previous work in ceramic technology are reduced. This technologically-based work discloses that the ceramic change noted at Leilan is the result of intensified ceramic production, notably faster manufacturing techniques. Estimates of labor costs were attempted through proxy measures of time expended in procuring and processing raw materials, and in pottery production techniques, including vessel formation, decoration and firing. Investigations are ordered according to the chaine operatoires used in ceramic manufacture at Leilan, and each aspect of the chaine operatoire is specifically examined in regard to changes in time expended during manufacture activities. Though archaeologists often inform their research with scientific techniques, this project is atypical in the number of methods applied, as well as the additional information gleaned from interviews with contemporary artisan-craft potters (N > 40). Investigation of multiple lines of evidence, rather than reliance on a single technique, strengthen this study's conclusions. Data were derived from a variety of characterization techniques used in Materials Science and Geosciences. Neutron activation analysis (INAA), systematic refiring tests, examination of petrographic thin sections, strength testing, dilatometry studies (thermal expansion), xeroradiography, observation of and consultation with modern potters and macroscopic examination of artifacts, were used to observe changes in ceramic production between the three stratigraphically delineated temporal phases at Tell Leilan. Not every aspect of chaine operatoire informs equally, nor agrees, on the topic of time expenditure. Vessel forming techniques deduced through "pot reading" of manufacture marks left on vessel surfaces proved to be the most fruitful. Ceramic Technical Sequence Analysis is productive in investigation of ceramic change, and when guided by larger research questions, may provide a link between ceramic- and social change.

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Schorle, Katia. « Long-distance trade and the exploitation of arid landscapes in the Roman imperial period (1st - 3rd centuries AD) ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5138c044-6331-4c3c-8402-1a80f6215bd6.

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If as argued the Mediterranean consisted in Antiquity of a unity determined by similar environmental factors and crises which were mitigated through established networks of trade and exchange, the border regions of the Roman Mediterranean, particularly to the South and East, were characterised by a radically different environment. This thesis focuses on the development of three of the arid regions bordering the ancient Mediterranean, namely the Fazzan oases in the Libyan Sahara, the Eastern Desert of Egypt and the region of Palmyra in Syria. These arid regions have received considerable archaeological attention in recent years, and a review of them will highlight the factors which enabled these regions to interact with the Roman Empire through trading dynamics, but also through the development of local resources. Central questions within this thesis concern the extent to which the environment would have tailored the potential of these regions, and if the existence of trade routes and social networks both affected and were affected by settlement and exploitation patterns in the region. Trade was created by geographically much broader social requirements for foreign or exotic goods, yet was restricted by the possibility to pass through these regions. Developments were conditioned by the constant need for balance between the state as a power enforcing and representing peace and security and local entities, and what the local social organisation had to offer in term of rent and stability to the state as an institution. After an introduction (Chapter 1) delineating the aims of the thesis, Chapter 2 defines influential theories and models that will be considered for this thesis, namely environmental factors, social networks and institutional economics. The archaeological evidence is then discussed in each relevant chapter: Chapter 3: The Libyan Sahara; Chapter 4: The Eastern Desert of Egypt; Chapter 5: Palmyra. Chapter 6 discusses major factors that may work as explanations for the development of agriculture, the exploitation mineral resources, and trade in these regions. The choice of regions both inside and outside the Roman Empire also allows a discussion on the rise of economic activities linked to the imperial economy. As such, the thesis moves away from a romano-centric perspective and proposes to look instead for internal factors, such as the development of complex societies with organisational frameworks and social networks which enable them to overcome the challenges of their geo-climatic settings. This study concludes that the developments identified in each chapter were not a factor of environmental changes but human agency. The state, or private individuals or communities successfully organised the resources necessary to integrate the regions into wider networks of intense trade in the imperial period. These concerned both physical infrastructure, and the development of far-reaching social networks.

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Klucas, Eric Eugene 1957. « The Village Larder : Village Level Production and Exchange in an Early State ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565574.

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Adra, Kaïs. « Les relations économiques et socio-culturelles entre la France et le Levant (la Syrie et le Liban) sous le mandat 1919 - 1946 ». Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100017.

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Le traité de Versailles semble marquer une rupture géopolitique profonde sur la scène internationale. Il place la France dans une position hégémonique (provisoire) en Europe et met le Proche-Orient au cœur des mutations et des innovations de l’entre-deux-guerres. L’effondrement de l’Empire Ottoman avec lequel la France entretenait des liens privilégiés depuis longtemps, la redistribution du pouvoir et des frontières qui en résulte, l’émergence de la SDN, porteuse de la doctrine de la sécurité collective et d’une réflexion sur de nouveaux cadres de domination visant des objectifs et des ambitions renouvelés, sont autant de facteurs qui reconfigurent les relations entre la France et les pays du Levant. En 1919, la France se voit confier par la SDN le mandat de conduire la Syrie à l’autonomie, en l’accompagnant dans son développement économique, social, politique et culturel. Les relations entre la France et la Syrie sont désormais réglées par la Charte du mandat qui encadre et par les usages plus ou moins décalés qu’en font les acteurs en fonction de la conjoncture et des tensions dans la société et entre les nations et du caractère antagoniste ou conciliable des ambitions de chacun…
The Treaty of Versailles appears to mark a profound geopolitical disruption on the international scene. It puts France in a hegemonic position (provisional) in Europe and the Middle East makes the heart mutations and innovations of the period between the wars. The collapse of the Ottoman Empire which France maintained close ties for a long time, the redistribution of power and boundaries that result, the emergence of the League, carrier of the doctrine of collective security and reflection on new domination frameworks objectives and renewed ambitions, are all factors that reconfigure the relationship between France and the Levant.In 1919, France was entrusted by the League of Nations mandate to lead Syria to autonomy, accompanying it in its economic, social, political and cultural. Relations between France and Syria are now set by the Charter of office that oversees and by the way, more or less offset than the actors do depending on the situation and the tensions in society and among nations and character antagonist or reconcile the ambitions of each

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El, Daccache Georges. « La Banque de Syrie et du Liban, levier de développement ou instrument de l’impérialisme français ? (1919-1945) ». Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL110.

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La Banque de Syrie et du Liban a été créée le 2 janvier 1919 par la Banque Impériale ottomane. Étant une banque commerciale, elle s’est vue attribuer, suite à la signature de la Convention du 23 janvier 1924 avec les États du Levant, le privilège de l’émission de la nouvelle livre libano-syrienne. Cette monnaie est rattachée directement au Franc français afin de faciliter le fonctionnement administratif de la France au Levant et le commerce avec la Métropole. Forte de cette position, la Banque n’a pas hésité d’exercer parallèlement son activité de banque commerciale et en tirer profit. Son activité principale est axée vers le crédit et les avances aux États du Levant et aux particuliers. En plus d’être l’agent financier des États du Levant, elle a été connue aussi pour être une banque de dépôt. Sa position d’une banque émettrice du billet local a inspiré confiance à la population locale pour y venir déposer leurs économies. Sa connaissance du territoire a poussé les capitaux français à s’allier avec elle pour l’exécution de leurs investissements au Levant. Tout au long de son existence, la BSL sera un acteur incontournable de la place financière en Orient. Son histoire est considérée comme indissociable de l’histoire économique du Levant et de la France
The Bank of Syria and Lebanon was created on January 2, 1919 by the Imperial Ottoman Bank. Being a commercial bank, it has been attributed, following the signature of the Convention of January 23, 1924 with the States of the Levant, the privilege of the issue of the new Lebanese-Syrian bank-note. This currency is directly attached to the French Franc to facilitate the administrative operation of France in the Levant and trade with the Metropolis. In this position, the Bank has not hesitated to simultaneously carry out its commercial banking activity and profit from it. Its main activity is focused on credit and advances to the Levant States and individuals. In addition to being the financial agent of the Levant States, it has also been known to be a deposit bank. Its position as a bank issuing the local bank-note has inspired confidence to the local population to come and deposit their savings. Its knowledge of the territory has pushed French capital to ally with it for the execution of their investments in the Levant. Throughout its existence, BSL will be a key player in the financial market in the East. Its history is considered inseparable from the economic history of the Levant and France

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Kunselman, David E. « Arab-Byzantine War, 629-644 AD ». Ft. Leavenworth : Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA494014.

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APELLANIZ, RUIZ DE GALARRETA Francisco Javier. « Pouvoir et finance en méditerranée pré-moderne : le deuxième Etat Mamelouk et le commerce des épices ». Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6593.

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Defence date: 25 September 2006
Examining board: Prof. Anthony Molho (IUE, Directeur) ; Prof. Jean-Claude Garcin (Université d'Aix-Marseille I) ; Prof. Mercè Viladrich (Universitat de Barcelona) ; Prof. Diogo Curto (IUE)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

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Livres sur le sujet "Syria – Economic history"

The Ottomans in Syria : A history of justice and oppression. London : I.B. Tauris Publishers, 2000.

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Aperghis, G. G. The Seleukid royal economy : The finances and financial administration of the Seleukid empire. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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Haldon, John F. Money, power and politics in early Islamic Syria : A review of current debates. Farnham, Surrey, England : Ashgate, 2009.

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Die Renaissance der Städte in Nordsyrien und Nordmesopotamien : Städtische Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Bedingungen in ar-Raqqa und Ḥarrān von der Zeit der beduinischen Vorherrschaft bis zu den Seldschuken. Leiden : Brill, 2002.

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Forging urban solidarities : Ottoman Aleppo 1640-1700. Leiden : Brill, 2010.

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Migliorino, Nicola. (Re)constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria : Ethno-cultural diversity and the state in the aftermath of a refugee crisis. New York : Berghahn Books, 2008.

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Migliorino, Nicola. (Re)constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria : Ethno-cultural diversity and the state in the aftermath of a refugee crisis. New York : Berghahn Books, 2008.

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Migliorino, Nicola. (Re)constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria : Ethno-cultural diversity and the state in the aftermath of a refugee crisis. New York : Berghahn Books, 2008.

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1946-, Özdalga Elisabeth, dir. Late Ottoman society : The intellectual legacy. New York : RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.

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World Bank. The Kurdistan region of Iraq : Assessing the economic and social impact of the Syrian conflict and ISIS. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2015.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Syria – Economic history"

Morony, Michael G. « MICHAEL THE SYRIAN AS A SOURCE FOR ECONOMIC HISTORY ». Dans Hugoye : Journal of Syriac Studies (Volume 3), sous la direction de George Kiraz, 141–72. Piscataway, NJ, USA : Gorgias Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31826/9781463214081-010.

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Schnabel, Reinhold. « Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Germany ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 179–93. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_12.

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Abstract Migration patterns in Germany have changed considerably during the post-war period. The active recruitment of “guest workers” stopped during the 1970s and was replaced by family reunification. Two big crisis-driven immigration waves swept Germany, following the collapse of Yugoslavia and the crises in the countries from Syria to Afghanistan. These immigration waves triggered legislation aimed at reducing immigration incentives, especially in the asylum law. From the early 2000s on, German policy turned more liberal following the EU Directives on freedom of movement and for highly qualified persons from non-EEA countries. Migration patterns changed dramatically, with EEA countries becoming the leading source of German immigration. EEA countries replaced the Anglo-Saxon immigration countries as the leading sources and destinations of migration. It is reassuring for economic policy that EU migrants, notably from Bulgaria and Romania, display high levels of employment and have boosted German employment, while unemployment rates reached historic lows. During the past decades, migration obstacles for EEA citizens have been lowered or abolished. Main obstacles to immigration of non-EEA citizens persist due to the restrictive law on residence permits. As a result, student visas, academic credentials, or family reunification are the main legal pathways to Germany. Given the difficulty to proof the equivalence of a foreign non-academic degree, it is far more promising for persons from third countries to apply for asylum with the chance to get a permanent residence permit after several years as a tolerated migrant.

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Caruana-Galizia, Paul. « Decline and Stagnation in the Arab World : Preliminary Real Wage Evidence Comparing Algeria, Egypt, Syria and Tunisia, 1847–1913 ». Dans Research in Economic History, 1–40. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s0363-326820150000031001.

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« The Economic History of Ottoman Rule in Bilad al-Sham The Economic Impact of the Ottoman Conquest on Bilad al-Sham ». Dans Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule, 99–114. BRILL, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004191044_009.

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« Aspects of the Economic History of Damascus during the First Half of the Eighteenth Century ». Dans Syria and Bilad al-Sham under Ottoman Rule, 137–54. BRILL, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004191044_011.

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Murphy, Dawn C. « A Responsible Power ? » Dans China's Rise in the Global South, 96–142. Stanford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503630093.003.0005.

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China created special envoys for the Middle East, Syria, and Africa to address what it perceives as hot spots and challenges to peace and security in these regions. When it was initially established, China's special envoy for Middle East issues focused on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. In a post-Arab awakening environment, the envoy's scope expanded to include Syria, Iran, Yemen, Libya, and the Belt and Road Initiative. Eventually China set up a separate envoy to address issues in Syria. In Africa, China's envoy initially focused on Darfur, but in recent years it has shifted attention to South Sudan and Sudan, Mali, Africa’s Great Lakes region, economic engagement with Africa, a shared colonial history with the continent, and the spread of Ebola. The special envoy for Middle East issues is competitive and norm divergent.

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Szanto, Edith. « Economies of Piety at the Syrian Shrine of Sayyida Zaynab ». Dans Muslim Pilgrimage in the Modern World, 172–82. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651460.003.0008.

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The author of this article has focused on the shrine of Sayyida Zaynab on the outskirts of Damascus, Syria. The shrine is visited by Iraqi, Afghan, and Iranian Shiite Muslims. This chapter provides a brief history of the shrine town and examines the geographical distribution of economic activities in the shrine town. By examining the various pious "economic” activities in and around the shrine, she contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how space and consumerism influence religious practices and consumer relationships.

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Parry, Jonathan. « Britain, Egypt, and Syria in the Heyday of Mehmet Ali ». Dans Promised Lands, 144–73. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181899.003.0006.

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This chapter tracks the governance of Mehmet Ali in Egypt for over a quarter of a century before he invaded Syria in 1831–32. In Egypt, there was a lot of positive British engagement with Mehmet Ali, who seemed both a necessary and a beneficial figure. The chapter argues that it was less flamboyant than the French courting of him, but it achieved three essential British aims. First was safe travel through the country, which was crucial in reaching India—and in exploring Egyptian history. The second was a political influence: Mehmet Ali was the strongest military leader in the Ottoman Empire and a key figure in resolving the Greek crisis. The third was an economic gain for well-placed individuals. By the 1830s, there were a lot of British “Mehmetists.” Ultimately, the chapter examines a vigorous debate about Mehmet Ali's regime. It follows how the debate came to turn on whether Mehmet Ali's statist regime was suited to a potentially European space like Syria, or just to “African” Egypt.

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Richmond, Oliver P. « The multiple dimensions of peace ». Dans Peace : A Very Short Introduction, 1–6. 2^e éd. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780192857026.003.0001.

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Abstract This chapter introduces and explores the varying dimensions of peace in practice and theory. It recognizes how international relations have long been subjected to geopolitical tensions leading to the growing scale of wars, as well as more recently contributing to the failure of peacebuilding, peacekeeping, and mediation tools in Libya, Yemen, and Syria. While peace practices and theories have made huge advances in recent history, violence remains a political and economic tool for authoritarian governments and powerful states. As such this reflects controversies over whether peace or war is the natural condition of humanity. According to a wide range of scientific and historical sources, the emergence of peace is closely correlated to a variety of political, social, economic, and cultural struggles against war and oppression.

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James, Simon. « Impact of Garrison and Base on the City ». Dans The Roman Military Base at Dura-Europos, Syria. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743569.003.0029.

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What effect did the military base and the people who occupied it have on Dura-Europos, as both civil community and urban landscape? It was clearly profound, seen in the military transfiguration of so much of the city’s fabric. But was it as traumatic and negative as Rostovtzeff and his colleagues envisaged, with a once-proud Greek polis reduced to a diminished, cowed, and brutalized satellite village of a Roman military camp? Or was it indeed more benign or even positive, seeing cordial shared urban prosperity based on a military-pay-induced economic boom, as more recent commentators like Stoll, Reeve, Sommer, and Ruffing have variously sketched? What does the new study of the archaeological evidence indicate? In some ways, it is now clear that impact of the military was even greater than the Yale expedition realized. As we have seen, the base area included the Citadel and most or even all of the N branch of the inner wadi, and so was significantly larger than hitherto thought. On the other hand, far from being the result of a sudden, short, massively disruptive episode of appropriation, conversion, demolition, and building c.210 as envisaged by Rostovtzeff, the base evolved incrementally over half a century, apparently beginning with the Palmyrene archers’ cantonment of the later 160s. This reflected a history of residence of substantial Roman regular forces in the city starting considerably earlier than previously envisaged, correspondingly characterized by incremental change. On present evidence, instead of massively expanding c.210, resident troop numbers may have peaked c.190, with little or no increase when the garrison was reshaped c.210, which episode saw qualitative change (replacement of some auxilia by legionaries), rather than quantitative. We have no clear evidence of significant subsequent variation in troop levels between the 210s and 250, although these cannot be ruled out. There was, then, a large presence of Roman troops inside the walls during the last decades of the second century, as well as the first half of the third. This has significant implications for wider political history, as well as local affairs.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Syria – Economic history"

Branson, Richard. Unlearned History : The Ineffectual Application of U.S. Broad Economic Sanctions Against Syria. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, octobre 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1000875.

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