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1
Jensen, Ola W. « Earthy Practice : Towards a History of Excavation in Sweden, in the 17th and 18th centuries ». Current Swedish Archaeology 12, no 1 (10 juin 2021) : 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2004.04.
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Excavation as a practice is commonly perceived as an outcome of the development of archaeology as a discipline during the 19th century. In line with this argument, earlier antiquarians, such as Olof Rudbeck and Olof Verelius, were exceptions. In this paper, the author stresses that excavation as a method was established in the late 17th century, only to become a natural practice in the next century. Issues that are ventilated are the circumstances behind this methodological introduction and its characteristics.
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Lähteenmäki, Maria. « Scholars discover local history : the case of northeast Lapland in the 18th century ». Polar Record 48, no 3 (15 décembre 2011) : 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247411000738.
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ABSTRACTThe academic study of local and regional history in Sweden took on a quite new form and significance in the 18th century. Humiliating defeats in wars had brought the kingdom's period of greatness to an end and forced the crown to re-evaluate the country's position and image and reconsider the internal questions of economic efficiency and settlement. One aspect in this was more effective economic and political control over the peripheral parts of the realm, which meant that also the distant region of Kemi Lapland, bordering on Russia, became an object of systematic government interest. The practical local documentation of this area took the form of dissertations prepared by students native to the area under the supervision of well known professors, reports sent back by local ministers and newspaper articles. The people responsible for communicating this information may be said to have functioned as ‘mimic men’ in the terminology of H.K. Bhabha. This supervised gathering and publication of local information created the foundation for the nationalist ideology and interest in ordinary people and local cultures that emerged at the end of the century and flourished during the 19th century.
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Wolff, Charlotta. « ARISTOCRATIC REPUBLICANISM AND THE HATE OF SOVEREIGNTY IN 18TH‐CENTURY SWEDEN1 ». Scandinavian Journal of History 32, no 4 (décembre 2007) : 358–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468750701659392.
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Räihä, Antti. « Lutheran Clergy in an Orthodox Empire. The Apppointment of Pastors in the Russo-Swedish Borderland in the 18th Century ». Perichoresis 13, no 2 (1 octobre 2015) : 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/perc-2015-0010.
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Abstract The history of the parishioners’ right to participate in and influence the choice of local clergy in Sweden and Finland can be taken back as far as the late Medieval Times. The procedures for electing clergymen are described in historiography as a specifically Nordic feature and as creating the basis of local self-government. In this article the features of local self-government are studied in a context where the scope for action was being modified. The focus is on the parishioners’ possibilities and willingness to influence the appointment of pastors in the Lutheran parishes of the Russo-Swedish borderlands in the 18th century. At the same time, this article will offer the first comprehensive presentation of the procedures for electing pastors in the Consistory District of Fredrikshamn. The Treaty of Åbo, concluded between Sweden and Russia in 1743, ensured that the existing Swedish law, including the canon law of 1686, together with the old Swedish privileges and statutes, as well as the freedom to practise the Lutheran religion, remained in force in the area annexed into Russia. By analysing the actual process of appointing pastors, it is possible to discuss both the development of the local political culture and the interaction between the central power and the local society in the late Early Modern era.
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Marcks, Carmen. « Die Büste eines Afrikaners aus der Sammlung Piranesi in Stockholm ». Opuscula. Annual of the Swedish Institutes at Athens and Rome 1 (novembre 2008) : 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30549/opathrom-01-13.
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A portrait bust of an African placed among the antiquities in the Royal Museum at Stockholm once belonged to the Roman artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi. It was brought to Sweden at the end of the 18th century at the instance of King Gustav III. The head is a work of the middle or second half of the 16th century. It belongs to a specific, local, Roman form of Mannerist portraits, which have in common a remarkable affinity to antique imperial portrait busts. While the head is an eclectic work combining an idealized countenance—a contemporary peculiarity of portrait art—with antique usages of portrayal, the bust itself seems to be a work that stands directly in the tradition of cinquecentesque Venetian busts. Obviously head and bust were not originally created as an ensemble.
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Niklasson, Mats, Igor Drobyshev et Tomasz Zielonka. « A 400-year history of fires on lake islands in south-east Sweden ». International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no 8 (2010) : 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf09117.
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Island-lake ecosystems are suitable for testing scale dependence in forests disturbance theories thanks to differences in the potential for fire spread on islands and the mainland. We investigated past fire regime on the mainland and on islands in a large lake in south-east Sweden. We used dendrochronological methods to reconstruct fire disturbances on 18 small islands (0.04–24.1 ha) and in 43 sites in the surrounding 75-km2 landscape over the last 400 years. In the past, fires were frequent on both islands and mainland but not synchronised on an annual scale. Significant temporal changes occurred around the middle of the 18th century. Before 1750, fires were less frequent on islands than on the mainland (median fire return interval 58 v. 25 years respectively). However, an inversion of this pattern was observed during 1750–1860: islands showed even shorter fire intervals than mainland locations, suggesting additional and likely human-related source of ignitions (median fire return interval 15 v. 29 years respectively). A substantial decrease in fire activity in both islands and mainland was apparent in 1860–1890. We suggest that the present fire regime (the last 100 years) on the small islands is largely natural as fire suppression is not present there. The dynamic nature of the fire regime on islands still requires further studies: islands may, at times, attract lightning, humans with fire, or both.
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Maiatskii, Dmitry I. « Northern and Western Europe in “Illustrated Tributaries of the Qing Empire” ». Oriental Studies 19, no 4 (2020) : 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-4-81-93.
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This paper explores features of the visual images and descriptions of the inhabitants of four European states (Sweden, Great Britain, the Netherlands and Switzerland), found in “Huang Qing Zhi Gong Tu” (“Tributaries of the ruling Qing dynasty”) – a Chinese historical and ethnographic book compiled by Fu Heng in the middle of the 18th century. The book is stored in the collection of rare Oriental books at St. Petersburg State University. Eight xylographic illustrations of the inhabitants of the European states are selected and analyzed. The attached explanatory texts are also translated. They contain information about the geographical location of the countries mentioned, as well as the history of their contacts with China and some notes about the inhabitants of these countries, including an anthropological portrait, a description of costumes, customs, occupations and so on. The interpretation is carried out in accordance with the principles of scientific translation used by academician Vasiliy M. Alekseev (1881–1951). In case of need the translations are supplemented with textological, historiographic and culturological commentaries. An analysis of the drawings and texts aids in recreating the picture of the perception by the Chinese of the mid-18th century of the four European states. The archaic names of countries and peoples used by compilers are analyzed. Misconceptions and stereotypes of Chinese compilers are revealed. Attempts are being made to explain their possible origins. The author of the paper found out that the compilers sometimes relied upon a method of explanation of the phenomena unknown to the Chinese by rethinking similar facts from the history and culture of China.
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AGEEVA, Olga. « THE PEACE OF NYSTAD AND RUSSIA’S IMPERIAL STATUS ». Perspectives and prospects. E-journal, no 4 (27) (2021) : 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32726/2411-3417-2021-4-49-62.
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The beginning of the 18th century was marked for Russia by a protracted war with Sweden, which lasted 21 years and ended with the signing of peace in Nystad on August 30, 1721. The article tells a documented story of the celebration of the Russian victory in the Great Northern War and the ceremony of presenting Peter I with the title of the Emperor of All Russia. The author also traces history of international recognition of the imperial title for Russian Tsars and imperial status for their land, which required diplomatic efforts and took several decades. This story clearly demonstrates the predominant understanding of the imperial status in the worldview of the epoch as a sign of a state’s place in the European hierarchy of powers rather than other characteristics of the imperial type of rule.
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Lozhkin, Eugeny. « The influence of Swedish Constitutionalism on the Russian policy of the "Northernism" ; of the late XVIII century ». Polylogos 6, no 4 (22) (2022) : 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s258770110021683-3.
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In this article the author proposes a new approach to understanding the period of the reign of the Emperor Paul I. The author draws parallels between the history of Russian and Swedish constitutionalism of the second half of the XVIII century, and argues for the typological similarity of the "Gustavian era" in Sweden and the reign period of the Paul I in Russia. At the same time, the politics of Paul I was based on the identification model of Russian “northernism” prevailing in the last third of the 18th century, within which the special role of Russia in the region of northern Europe was designated. Giving the necessary historical and political context, the author reconstructs the internal logic of the evolution of the political worldview of Paul I, who consistently developed from a constitutional to an absolute monarchy. It is suggested that solving of the problematic notion of Paul as a liberal and enlightened heir apparent and, at the same time, a despotic autocrat, can be interpreted within the framework of the transition from «enlightened absolutism» to «enlightened despotism».
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ØSTERGÅRD, UFFE. « The history of Europe seen from the North ». European Review 14, no 2 (12 avril 2006) : 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798706000263.
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The Nordic or Scandinavian countries represent variations on general European patterns of state and nation-building and political culture. Denmark and Sweden rank among the oldest and most typical of nation-states together with France, Britain and Spain and should be studied with the same questions in mind. Today, however, a sort of trans-state common Nordic identity coexists with independent national identifications among the Scandinavians. Nordic unity is regarded as a viable alternative to European culture and integration by large numbers of the populations. There has never existed a ‘Scandinavian model’ worthy of the name ‘model’. Because of a series of changes in great power politics in the 18th and 19th centuries, the major conflicts in Europe were relocated away from Northern Europe. This resulted in a virtual ‘neutralization’ of the Scandinavian countries north of the Baltic Sea. Today, the much promoted ‘Nordic identity’ reveals itself only through the nation-states. The ‘Association for Nordic Unity’ (Foreningerne Norden) was set up in 1919 only after all five Nordic countries had achieved independent nationhood: Norway in 1905, Finland in 1917, and Iceland in 1918 (the latter only as home rule to be followed by independence in 1944). The very different roads to independent nationhood among the Nordic countries and the idea of a common Nordic identity can be traced back to its beginnings in the 19th century
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Thomson, Erik. « Ödets teater : Ödesföreställningar i Sverige vid 1700-talets början [Fate's Theatre : conceptions of fate in Sweden at the beginning of the 18th century], Andreas Hellerstedt ». Scandinavian Journal of History 38, no 3 (juillet 2013) : 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03468755.2013.809217.
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Pchelov, Evgeniy V. « The Color Scheme of the Russian Titular Coats of Arms of the 17th – Early 18th Century ». Herald of an archivist, no 3 (2022) : 651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-651-661.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the color scheme of the Russian titular coats of arms of the 17th – early 18th century. Until late 17th century, the color scheme of coats of arms did not matter, since the emblems of the titular objects themselves were depicted on seals, for which they were created. However, by the end of the 17th century, these emblems began to acquire increasingly heraldic appearance. An important stage on this path was creation of the “Titulyarnik” in 1672. In this book, the titular coats of arms were presented in color, but this colorization was not of heraldic nature. Only two coats of arms borrowed from Western European heraldry had a coat of arms coloring. Otherwise, the coats of arms of the “Titulyarnik” looked more like color illustrations than coats of arms in the truest sense of the word. The color of the coats of arms on the golden plate of Alexei Mikhailovich made by master Y. Frobos in 1675 was equally conditional. Here the color scheme of the coats of arms performed functions of symmetry in the overall pictorial composition. On the charters of the turn of the 18th century, titular coats of arms were drawn following the model of the “Titulyarnik.” However, at the turn 1710s, the colorization of the titular coats of arms appeared on the charters (although the previous tradition also persisted for some time). The description of coats of arms in color was first presented in Russian in “The Core of Russian History” written in mid-1710s in Sweden. The authorship of this book remains debatable. The description of the coats of arms from “The Core of Russian History” finds almost exact analogies in the images of coats of arms on charters starting from 1710, and also repeats the coloring from the corrected drawings of I.-G. Korb, published together with descriptions of the titular coats of arms in the German publications in 1708 and 1710. Apparently, the colorization of the titular coats of arms was associated with the provincial and military reforms of Peter the Great. It is significant that azur became the main heraldic color for the shields of the titular coats of arms. Gueles did not occupy a dominant position. In general, the color scheme of the coats of arms of the Peter the Great era may have been influenced by the creation of the color scheme of Russian flags. Later, the color scheme of a number of titular coats of arms changed significantly. Such changes, in particular, were recorded in the “Armorial of banners” (Znamyonnyi Gerbovnik) of 1729. They were associated with closer compliance with the formal rules of Western European heraldry. Thus, the colorization of Russian titular heraldry fell in the context of its gradual transformation from seals and emblems to coats of arms and largely determined this process.
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Borovkova, Natalia V. « Lapidary Art of the Altai and the Urals of the Late 18th — 19th Centuries : The Russian Cultural Phenomenon and European Influence ». Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 23, no 3 (2021) : 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2021.23.3.060.
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The study of Russian stone-cutting art remains an important and urgent task of contemporary Russian art history. It is necessary to take a fresh look at this direction of Russian decorative art and find out whether Russian stone-cutting art is an internal phenomenon, or it is based on European borrowing. This article refers to works of stone-cutting enterprises of the Urals and the Altai, i. e. Yekaterinburg and Loktevsk Manufactories, which worked exclusively at the order of the Cabinet. In the late eighteenth century, there was a system for ordering stone products in Russia. To do this, they formed sets of “samples” of natural ornamental stone from Russian deposits and compiled albums of product projects. When sending an order to the factory, they attached a sketch and indicated the number of the stone which the product was to be made of. A complex analysis of Russian stone-cutting art testifies to the fact that it followed European fashion, traditions, and technology. European specialists were invited to Russia in order to organise stone-cutting production. Also, travellers brought elegant artworks made of decorative stone by European masters. By the late eighteenth century, stone-cutting production had come a much longer way in Western Europe than in Russia. The production of works of art made of stone was carried out in Italy, France, England, Sweden, and other European countries. Russian commissioners wanted to obtain similar items, and the masters imitated and reproduced European originals. When comparing designs of decorative vases, one can see an undoubted influence of European analogues. However, if there is an obvious similarity to their decorative design, Russian masters are characterised by the ability to reveal the unique aesthetic properties of the material. At the first stage, the influence of European masters was not to be argued, but later on, Russian stone-cutting art began to acquire its own unique features, although it developed along the lines of the dominating pan-European stylistic trends.
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Koryshev, Mikhail, Ekaterina Ivanova, Katja Petersen et Katja Schmidt. « From a dialogue of cultures to a dialogue of ideas : The Swedish theosophist Emanuel Swedenborg in the perception of the German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard in the context of the current discussion ». Scandinavian Philology 18, no 2 (2020) : 394–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2020.212.
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This article completes a series of works on the reception of Scandinavian and Dutch cultural heritage in the works of the outstanding German psychiatrist and psychologist Karl Leonhard (1904–1988). His assessments already deserve attention because the portraits of remarkable artists, writers, and thinkers presented in his works, thanks to the research and undoubted literary talent of their author, on the one hand, go beyond the usual pathographies in terms of depth of analysis and mastery of presentation. On the other hand, the portraits serve as artifacts of an era in the history of medicine, when on the foundation of a cultural dialogue between Russia and Germany a unique dialogue of the German and Russian psychiatric thought developed — something that the historical vicissitudes of the twentieth century could not prevent. The authors of the article make an attempt to bring together the approaches available to the history of culture to study the perception of the personality and work of Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772) as reflected in Leonhard’s last book. Leonhard’s assessments not only capture a certain period in the reception history of the Swedish thinker and naturalist in German culture — they are a monument to the peculiar naturalistic culture of German nosological psychiatry, inscribed in the history of medical thought. Clinical experience leads the German psychiatrist to conclude that Swedenborg’s diagnosis of schizophrenia in its traditional Kraepelinian sense, which the Russian school of psychiatry is inclined to follow, is wrong, but the German psychiatrist himself comes to the conclusion that Swedenborg has an amalgam type of psychosis — phonemic confabulation paraphrenia. Following Leonhard, the authors of the article examine Swedenborg’s works, the testimonies of his contemporaries about him and his family as well as reproduce the picture of symptoms of mental illness taking into account the latest historical, cultural and medical-psychological works about the Swedish mystic. In their critical analysis, the authors emphasize the relevance of the classification of Leonhard’s endogenous psychoses, drawing the reader’s attention to the evidence about Swedenborg’s emotional- volitional and cognitive sphere within the historical and cultural context of 18th century Sweden. In conclusion, the authors announce the publication of the full text of Leonhard’s essay translated into Russian with historical, cultural and medical-psychological commentary.
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Skoglund, Martin Karl. « Climate variability and grain production in Scania, 1702–1911 ». Climate of the Past 18, no 3 (4 mars 2022) : 405–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-18-405-2022.
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Abstract. Scania (Skåne in Swedish), southern Sweden, offers a particularly interesting case for studying the historical relationship between climate variability and grain production, given the favorable natural conditions in terms of climate and soils for grain production, as well as the low share of temperature-sensitive wheat varieties in its production composition. In this article, a contextual understanding of historical grain production in Scania, including historical, phenological, and natural geographic aspects, is combined with a quantitative analysis of available empirical sources to estimate the relationship between climate variability and grain production between the years 1702 and 1911. The main result of this study is that grain production in Scania was primarily sensitive to climate variability during the high summer months of June and July, preferring cool and humid conditions, and to some extent precipitation during the winter months, preferring dry conditions. Diversity within and between historical grain varieties contributed to making this risk manageable. Furthermore, no evidence is found for grain production being particularly sensitive to climate variability during the spring, autumn, and harvest seasons. At the end of the study period, these relationships were shifting as the so-called early improved cultivars were being imported from other parts of Europe. Finally, new light is shed on the climate history of the region, especially for the late 18th century, previously argued to be a particularly cold period, through homogenization of the early instrumental temperature series from Lund (1753–1870).
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Milasheva, Natalia V., Dmitrii V. Ovchinnikov et Vladimir O. Samoilov. « Robert Erskine — the first archiater and creator of military medicine and military medical education in Russia ». Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 23, no 4 (15 décembre 2021) : 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma80316.
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This study aimed to analyze many archival published documents and contemporary testimonies at the beginning of the 18th century, which reflects little-known facts of medicine history. The creation history of military medicine in Saint Petersburg, an integral part of the military history of Russia, was presented against the background of the most important events of the Northern War against Sweden (17001721) and military reform. The role of Robert Erskine (16771718), the reformer of Russian medicine, the head of the entire military medical service of Russia since 1706, the first Russian archiater, Surgeon in Ordinary to the King, and loyal companion and friend of Peter I was carefully studied, as he played a crucial role in establishing military medicine and medical education in Russia, mainly in Saint Petersburg. R. Erskine, who had encyclopedic-level knowledge, was also the creator and head of the Kunstkamera, the first public natural science museum in Russia (1714). The report of the head of the Moscow hospital on Yauza, Doctor N.L. Bidloo, to the Holy Synod (1722) with description and analysis of the most important facts of the Russian medicine history was also studied. Detailed documents on the number of sick and wounded people in Saint Petersburg since 1708 were presented. Not only military hospitals but also medical students in the military capital of Russia before 1715, had been documented. The documentary lists of Navy doctors from Saint Petersburg and lists of medical students who stayed in Saint Petersburg at the Navy Hospital, with the indication of the salary by articles (categories) for 1710, as well as documents on the number of sick and wounded people of the ground forces for 1712 and 1713 (Russian State Archives of the Navy), were presented. The medical staff lists of the Russian army for 1711 were examined. The absence of a large specialized medical complex at Vyborg side and insufficient suitable hospitals of any medical units located in wooden barracks at other territories cannot be proof of the absence of any hospitals until 1715 or medical schools until 1733. Ignorance of the military history of Russia can lead to numerous mistakes by historians who are interested in military medicine.
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Nolte, Hans-Heinrich. « Non-Orthodox Labour in Early Modern Russia ». Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no 5 (décembre 2022) : 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.5.6.
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While the Tsardom Russia in Early Modern Times till the 18th century experienced a constant demographic loss to slavehunters supplying the markets of Muslim Empires, there also was an influx of Non-Orthodox Prisoners of War (from Muslim Tatars to Protestant Swedes) and socially weak people from annexed territories. Most Jasak-paying communities remained ethnically Non-Russian, but some Non-Orthodox “foreigners” by being sold or selling themselves left their communities and entered the status of peasants respectively kholops. These mostly were integrated into the Russian Orthodox flock. By prohibiting Orthodox people to serve in Non-Orthodox households clergy and government hoped to safeguard laypeople against other creeds, but strengthened the labour-market of Non-Orthodox servants. Muslim estate-owners, Armenian merchants, German doctors, Scottish officers etc. wanted servants in house and garden to care for their households and keep their social standings. Non-Orthodox servants, referred to but not regulated in the basic law of 1649, remained ethnically Non-Russian and confirmed Russia’s character as “multi-ethnic Empire”.
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Samoylov, Nikolay A., et Dmitriy I. Mayatskiy. « Images of Europeans in the Chinese Woodblock Book Huangqing zhigongtu ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no 4 (2020) : 1259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.415.
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This article explores the Chinese historical and ethnographic work of the second half of the 18th century “Illustrated tributaries of the Qing Empire” (“Huangqing zhigongtu”). This book provides rich material for a systematic analysis of the views of the Chinese about European countries during the reign of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1911). Twenty eight images and descriptions of a number of European nations — Russians, Poles, Hungarians, Swedes, the English, the Dutch, etc. — which were found in the book, have been identified, classified, and analyzed. A range of issues and problems related to the content of the descriptions has been established and compared with the illustrations from the book. The article pays particular attention to identifying and explaining the anthropological and socio-cultural stereotypes that shaped the image of Europeans in China. The authors of this paper have found out that due to Catholic missionaries the Chinese compilers of “Huangqing zhigongtu” must have had enough information about Europe in the first part of the Qing period. Nevertheless, they made a large number of mistakes when describing the geographical location of several nations and relations between some of them. They also misunderstood some habits, traditions or anthropological features of their inhabitants. On the other hand, the compilers were more accurate and precise with regard to political and trade activities of the Europeans in China or near its frontier. Studying the “Huangqing zhigongtu” can shed light not only on important factors that formed the general picture of the Chinese worldview, but also contribute to a better understanding of motives that determined the foreign policy of the Qing Empire.
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Bjerregaard, Mikael Manøe. « Badstuer i middelalderen ». Kuml 57, no 57 (31 octobre 2008) : 211–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v57i57.24661.
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Bath-houses in medieval Denmark – a cultural historyThe subject of this article is bath-houses in medieval Denmark. The text is based on all available written sources from Denmark, but in order to obtain a fuller perspective on some aspects of the history of bath-houses it has also been necessary to use German sources as a supplement.Based on the scant historical records dealing with the course of actual bathing activity, it is argued that the most common bath was the sweat bath (similar to a modern sauna) rather than tub baths. A stove covered with granite boulders was heated and the bathers would produce sweat using either the direct heat of the stove or from steam produced by pouring cold water onto the hot stones. Sweating was further stimulated by beating the body with bundles of birch twigs and the bath culminated with rinsing in cold water (figs. 2-4). It is argued that, similar to the situation in both Germany and Sweden, bath-house staff would offer haircuts, bleeding and the treatment of wounds in addition to an actual bath (figs. 5-6). Referring to specific medieval illustrations, some argue that men and women bathed together in the public bath-houses, leading to sexual excesses. However, the relevant illustrations often depict brothels and not public baths (fig. 1).It is evident from historical records that members of all social classes frequented the public bath-houses – even royalty. From the early 14th century onwards we have historical evidence of so-called soul baths i.e. sums of money bequeathed by wealthy people to the poor to enable the latter to take a bath, often accompanied by a meal. Such bequests were common in the late 15th century but disappeared abruptly with the Reformation. According to medieval records, the use of bath-houses was also considered important in order to maintain health.The earliest indications in historical records of the existence of bath-houses in Denmark are found in Saxo’s Chronicles from the end of 12th century. From the 1260s onward specific bath-houses in towns appear in the historical records. Judging from the number of bath-houses mentioned in Danish towns it is argued that public bath-houses were a common feature in the urban landscape of medieval Denmark.The number of public bath-houses in towns declined at the beginning of the 16th century and even though a few existed in the major cities up until the 18th century the popularity of these institutions declined. The reasons for this are epidemics of syphilis occurring from the 1490s onward, the phasing out of soul baths and possibly a change in attitudes towards nudity and personal hygiene that resulted in a decline in general cleanliness in post-medieval times.Mikael Manøe BjerregaardVejle Museum
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Miloiu, Silviu-Marian. « Editorial Foreword ». Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 8, no 1 (15 août 2016) : 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v8i1_1.
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Volume 8, issue no. 1 (2016) of Revista Română de Studii Baltice şi Nordice/ The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies (RRSBN) gathers articles dealing with history, literary history and literary studies. The first group of articles engaged with topics related to Nordic and Baltic history from the early Middle Ages to the Modern Age. Such is the article which opens the journal signed by Costel Coroban. His thesis is that Konungs skuggsjá (King’s Mirror or Speculum Regale), the piece of work elaborated in 1250 under King Hákon Hákonarson (1217-1263) for his son, future King Magnús lagabœtir (1263-1280), emphasizes piety as one of the essential features of a good Christian. Cases of arrogance and individualism have to be chastened and that was one of the essential attributes and duties of a sovereign. Roxana-Ema Dreve tackles the national identity building in Norway following the separation from Denmark and the creation of a union with Sweden. The article addresses the 1830s’ developments especially with regard to the puzzling debate on the spoken and written national languages and the polemics of Henrik Wergeland and Johan Sebastian Welhaven. Henrik Ibsen continues to inspire inquiries in fields such as literature, social sciences, culture, philosophy as he did when he lived. Gianina Druță studies Ibsen’s masterpiece Hedda Gabler inspired by Gilles Deleuze’s concepts such as deterritorialisation, antigenealogy, rhizome or alliance. Dalia Bukelevičiūtė opens new perspectives in the field of social and welfare of Lithuanian population in Latvia during the interwar period and points out to the unbalanced situation between the two neighboring states of Latvia and Lithuania. While the number of Latvians in Lithuania who needed social protection was meagre, the number of Lithuanians in Latvia was considerable. This posed difficulties to the Lithuanian Government confronted, on one hand, with the needs of Lithuanians, the higher expenses of social services in Latvia and the desire to keep up the Lithuanian identity of the population across the border. This resulted into a wavering policy of the Lithuanian Governments which, however, always returned to the Convention on social assistance concluded with the Latvian counterparts in 1924. This issue of our journal continues to tackle the perceptions of Nordic peoples on Romania, in this case Mihaela Mehedinţi-Beiean depicting the Nordic and Russian travellers’ recollections of corruption and political instability imbedded into the Phanariot system of the 18th century Romania. Finally, this issue brings to the fore a Norwegian personality with a significant role in the Romanian-Norwegian relations, author of chapters, articles and books dealing with this topic: Jardar Seim. Crina Leon successfully sails through the memories of Professor Seim’s first encounters of Romania and the developments of this interest into a research topic.
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Søvsø, Mette Højmark. « Hjerteformede spænder fra nyere tid ». Kuml 62, no 62 (31 octobre 2013) : 145–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v62i62.24477.
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Heart-shaped brooches from modern timesDress accessories from modern times are only sparsely described in the Danish literature on the costume practices of the peasant population. The recent widespread use of metal detectors has yielded many finds which demonstrate that these dress accessories were found all across Denmark. Some types stand out as being particularly recognisable, and one of these comprises heart-shaped brooches typically decorated with a crown and birds. This article is based on ten such brooches in the collection of the Museums of Southwest Jutland, nine of which were found in the soil (fig. 1), but these will be comparable with brooches in many other museum collections across Denmark (fig. 7).Despite the fact that these ornaments have not left any particular traces in written or pictorial sources, they were very common. They were widespread across the entire country, even though the extant Danish literature on the subject is linked to particular geographical areas (fig. 6).The ornament type itself has a long history, and the Danish term særkespænde – shift brooch – refers to an original use in fastening the neck slit of a shift, the function originally performed by these brooches in the costumes of the High Middle Ages, (fig. 2).The heart as a motif on ring brooches and other ornaments is rooted in the Middle Ages and the Catholic symbolism, where the heart can symbolise both spiritual and worldly love, is associated with the worship of Christ (fig. 3).It is difficult to find a link between these medieval heart-shaped ring brooches and the heart-shaped brooches of post-Medieval times. The earliest dated Danish example is the silver brooch in the Horsens hoard dating from the middle of the 17th century (fig. 8), but there are no secure written or pictorial sources referring to such early use of these brooches in Denmark. Conversely, there are 17th century parallels in the published material from other countries (fig. 4).The brooches were used as lover’s gifts in Northern Germany, Norway and Sweden and occur in numerous variations and with various kinds of pendants and decoration, but always with the heart as the central motif (figs. 4 and 5). The brooches possibly had an original function innermost in the clothing as shift brooches, but at some time in the 18th – 19th century they began to be worn visibly as ornaments on the chest together with a scarf. Concurrent with this, they developed to become larger and more showy, as they were now worn where they could be seen (figs. 9, 10 and 11).The brooches could perhaps have had other functions and there are great differences in the size and quality of the examples that have been found and/or published. There are some reports that heart-shaped brooches were used in connection with children’s clothing/head attire in Norway.There were brooches for every taste, extravagant or simple, and some examples were intended for practical use, whereas others were exclusively for decoration. There was also something for every purse – some people could afford finer lover’s gifts than others. Mette Højmark SøvsøSydvestjyske Museer
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Ihalainen, Pasi. « The Lutheran National Community in 18th Century Sweden and 21st Century Finland ». Redescriptions : Political Thought, Conceptual History and Feminist Theory 9, no 1 (1 janvier 2005) : 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/r.9.1.6.
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Tseng, Chin-Yin, et Xinchun Wang. « Scientists Among Merchants : Linnaeus’s “Apostles” Aboard Vessels of the Swedish East India Company and the Advancement of Scientific Travels ». China and the World 03, no 03 (septembre 2020) : 2050010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729320500108.
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In its 82 years of existence, the Swedish East India Company, neither large nor powerful with regard to its economic significance, made an impact on the pursuit of scientific knowledge that lasted beyond the 18th-century maritime trade world. As the “apostles” of Carl Linnaeus traveled amidst the sailors and merchants aboard the vessels to Asia, these 18th-century naturalists reified the spirit of scientific research in its most primordial form: to collect as much material as quickly as possible, and, ideally, in a manner characterized by discipline, order, and efficiency. This type of systematized scientific travel developed in the 18th-century East Indian trade was carried over into the Swedish intellectual tradition in the 19th-century polar exploration and the early 20th-century geological-turned-archaeological expeditions in Asia, motivated by “curiosity” instead of “utility”. This was not necessarily by their own choice, but at the constraint of the historical reality that Sweden, following the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, lacked both the means and the motivation to harbor any military or colonial aspirations beyond her sovereign territory. Against the greater geopolitical scheme of things since the Age of Enlightenment, while commercial, political, and strategic motives informed the exploration of distant continents by the European powers, Sweden was forced to rely on a more modest, but certainly no less vigorous, motive — science itself.
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Carroll, Jerome. « William James and 18th-century anthropology ». History of the Human Sciences 31, no 3 (9 mai 2018) : 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118764060.
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This article discusses the common ground between William James and the tradition of philosophical anthropology. Recent commentators on this overlap have characterised philosophical anthropology as combining science (in particular biology and medicine) and Kantian teleology, for instance in Kant’s seminal definition of anthropology as being concerned with what the human being makes of itself, as distinct from what attributes it is given by nature. This article registers the tension between Kantian thinking, which reckons to ground experience in a priori categories, and William James’s psychology, which begins and ends with experience. It explores overlap between James’s approach and the characteristic holism of 18th-century philosophical anthropology, which centres on the idea of understanding and analysing the human as a whole, and presents the main anthropological elements of James’s position, namely his antipathy to separation, his concerns about the binomial terms of traditional philosophy, his preference for experience over substances, his sense that this holist doctrine of experience shows a way out of sterile impasses, a preference for description over causation, and scepticism. It then goes on to register the common ground with key ideas in the work of anthropologists from around 1800, along with some references to anthropologists who come in James’s wake, in particular Max Scheler and Arnold Gehlen, in order to reconceptualise the connection between James’s ideas and the tradition of anthropological thinking in German letters since the late 18th-century, beyond its characterisation as a combination of scientific positivism and teleology.
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Bernholz, Peter. « Political Parties and Paper Money Inflation in Sweden During the 18th Century ». Kyklos 54, no 2-3 (mai 2001) : 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0023-5962.2001.00149.x.
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Marker, Gary. « The Ambiguities of the 18th Century ». Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2, no 2 (2001) : 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2008.0094.
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Rjéoutski, Vladislav. « Key Concepts in 18th-Century Russia ». Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 21, no 2 (2020) : 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2020.0014.
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Speck, W. A. « Will the Real 18th Century stand up ? » Historical Journal 34, no 1 (mars 1991) : 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00014011.
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Hewson, John. « An 18th-century Missionary Grammarian ». Historiographia Linguistica 21, no 1-2 (1 janvier 1994) : 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.1-2.04hew.
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Summary Until the publication of the Micmac grammar of Father Pacifique (1939, 1990), the only published grammar of Micmac was that of Father Pierre-Antoine Maillard (c. 1710–1762), which although it was written early in the 18th century, was not published until the middle of the 19th century (1864). This work has formed the basis of all subsequent linguistic analysis of Micmac, since the missionary priests used it to help them learn the language, and Father Pacifique, in his 1939 grammar (which is today used as a handbook by those learning the language) acknowledges his profound debt to his distinguished predecessor.
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Frost, Robert I. « Sweden in the Seventeenth Century ». English Historical Review CXXI, no 490 (1 février 2006) : 311–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cej078.
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Schalow, Paul, et C. Andrew Gerstle. « 18th Century Japan : Culture and Society. » Monumenta Nipponica 45, no 3 (1990) : 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384912.
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Martola, Nils. « A Swedish notice from the middle of the 18th century on the Jews of New York ». Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 15, no 1-2 (1 septembre 1994) : 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69514.
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Per Kalm was born in 1716 in Sweden, the son of a family of Lutheran clergymen from the province of Ostrobothnia. He began his studies in natural sciences at Åbo Akademi in 1735, moved to Uppsala University in 1740, and soon became one of Carl Gustaf Linné’s foremost disciples. Pehr Kalm was considered as one of the purest exponents of 18th century Enlightenment and rationalism in Sweden/Finland. In October 1747 he commenced his journey to America, and returned to Stockholm in June 1751. His primary objective was to collect seeds of plants and trees considered to be economically useful for Sweden. During the journey Kalm kept a detailed diary in which he wrote observations on the weather, on plans and agricultural matters, on sundry customs among ethnic groups he met, reported discussions with different people, and made extracts from sources he deemed interesting.
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Sjöblad, Christina. « Att amma eller inte amma - ett problem i 1700-talets litteratur och verklighet ». Tidskrift för genusvetenskap 18, no 1 (17 juin 2022) : 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.55870/tgv.v18i1.4675.
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Starting with the diary written in the 1740's by Christina Hiärne, a member of the Swedish bourgeoisie, problems related to breast feeding and the role of the mother in the mid-18th-century are discussed. Christina Hiärne handed her firstborn over to a wet-nurse. Circumstances in Sweden, treated for example in the thesis of A. Brändström, are compared to the ones described in the wellknown studies by P. Aries and E. Badinter on the situation of children in 18th-century France. Different points of view in catholic and Protestant congregations are focused upon and the position of the church as regards the role of women are compared to populär and ingrained beliefs. Altogether, a complicated pattern of different cultural, classrelated and local traditions appears and the efforts from the point of view of the authorities to decrease infant mortality in Sweden and France are illustrated. In conclusion the populär novel Pamela (1740-42) by Richardson is used to exemplify how family relations were affected when Pamela's husband forbids her to breast-feed their firstborn child.
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Murhem, Sofia. « Advertising in a regulated economy : Swedish advertisements 1760-1800 ». Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 8, no 4 (21 novembre 2016) : 484–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-09-2015-0041.
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Purpose The aim of this paper is to examine the nature of newspaper advertisements for goods in Stockholm newspapers in the 18th century by studying what goods were advertised, how frequently they were advertised and what marketing strategies were used. The findings are discussed in relation to results from other countries and the institutional context. Design/methodology/approach The primary sources used are three Swedish papers published in Stockholm, one national, Inrikes tidningar, and two local. Stockholms Weckobladh and Dagligt Allehanda. In all, more than 1300 advertisements were examined. In addition, a number of secondary sources were used. Findings In contrast to most other countries, the guilds held a firm grip on Sweden’s (and Stockholm’s) business life throughout the 18th century, and enforced strict restrictions on market entry. Thereby, competition was reduced, the number of tradesmen was more or less constant and the need for marketing was low. The guilds also restricted advertising. This led to marketing strategies being underdeveloped in comparison to other countries, which affected Swedish marketing and Swedish advertisements all through the 19th century. Marketing was a viable option in 18th century Sweden, but only for those not restricted by guilds and societies. Originality/value There has been very little research on 18th century Swedish marketing. The paper also illustrates the need for including the institutional context when discussing historical marketing, which often has been neglected for this period in the international literature.
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Vekerdi, József. « An 18th-century Transylvanian Gypsy Vocabulary ». Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 59, no 3 (septembre 2006) : 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.59.2006.3.5.
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Simon, Jonathan. « A material perspective on 18th-century chemistry ». Metascience 19, no 1 (mars 2010) : 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-010-9355-x.
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Weiller, Kenneth J., et Philip Mirowski. « Rates of interest in 18th century England ». Explorations in Economic History 27, no 1 (janvier 1990) : 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90002-g.
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Stimson, S. C. « Political and economic theory in the 18th century ». History of the Human Sciences 21, no 1 (février 2008) : 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09526951080210010104.
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Ljustrov, Mikhail Yu. « On the Fragmentary Perception of French Literature in the 18th Century Russia and Sweden ». Studia Litterarum 1, no 3-4 (2016) : 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2500-4247-2016-1-3-4-193-204.
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Świtalska, Alicja. « IN BRIEF POLICE CITY HISTORY TO THE 18TH CENTURY ». space&FORM 2018, no 33 (30 mars 2018) : 287–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2018.33.e-02.
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Pichugin, Pavel V. « History of Theological Seminary Library in Novgorod (18th century) ». Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no 6 (12 décembre 2011) : 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2011-0-6-94-99.
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Ratto, Adrián. « Voltaire, Diderot, and Russian History in the 18th Century ». Eidos 36 (19 août 2021) : 318–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/eidos.36.194.03.
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En las primeras páginas de la Histoire de l’empire de Russie sous Pierre le Grand, publicada entre 1759 y 1763, Voltaire presenta una serie de reflexiones acerca del método que se debería seguir al escribir un trabajo histórico y de las características que debería tener un historiador ideal. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar en qué medida el texto se ajusta a la metodología que Voltaire se propone seguir. Se intenta mostrar que el autor se aleja por momentos de la misma, poniendo en riesgo el plan de la obra. Por otra parte, el artículo pone de relieve ciertas diferencias ideológicas y epistemológicas entre Voltaire y Diderot a propósito de la historia rusa, algo que puede resultar llamativo, en la medida en que sus textos son colocados, en general, bajo las mismas categorías historiográficas. En un plano más general, el texto arroja algunas luces acerca de la teoría de la historia en el siècle des Lumières.
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Gerstle, C. Andrew. « The Sense of History in 18th Century Jōruri Drama ». Maske und Kothurn 35, no 2-3 (septembre 1989) : 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/muk.1989.35.23.39.
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Lundh, Christer. « Remarriages in Sweden in the 18th and 19th centuries ». History of the Family 7, no 3 (janvier 2002) : 423–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-602x(02)00112-4.
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Helgason, Jon. « Why ABC Matters : Lexicography and Literary History ». Culture Unbound 2, no 4 (4 novembre 2010) : 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.10230515.
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The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I wish to discuss the origins of The Swedish Academy Dictionary against the backdrop of the social and cultural history of lexicography in 18th and 19th century Europe. Second, to consider material aspects of lexicography – the dictionary as interface – in light of German media scientist Friedrich Kittler’s “media materialism”. Ultimately, both purposes intend to describe how letters and writing have been constructed and arranged through-out the course of history. In Kittler’s view, “the intimization of literature”, that took place during second half of the 18th century, brought about a fundamental change in the way language and text were perceived. However, parallel to this development an institutionalization and disciplining of language and literature took place. The rise of modern society, the nation state, print capitalism and modern science in 18th century Europe necessitated (and were furthered by) a disciplining of language and literature. This era was for these reasons a golden age for lexicographers and scholars whose work focused on the vernacular. In this article the rise of the alphabetically ordered dictionary and the corresponding downfall of the topical dictionary that occurred around 1700 is regarded as a technological threshold. This development is interesting not only within the field of history of lexicography, but arguably also, since information and thought are connected to the basic principles of mediality, this development has bearings on the epistemo-logical revolution of the 18th century witnessed in, among other things, Enlightenment thought and literature.
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Shore, Heather. « Print Culture, Crime and Justice in 18th-Century London ». Social History 41, no 1 (2 janvier 2016) : 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2015.1112987.
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Hilaire-Perez, Liliane. « Invention and the State in 18th-Century France ». Technology and Culture 32, no 4 (octobre 1991) : 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3106156.
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Høst-Madsen, Lene. « An 18th-century timber wharf in Copenhagen Harbour ». Post-Medieval Archaeology 40, no 2 (septembre 2006) : 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174581306x160107.
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Blanco, Mónica. « Thomas Simpson : Weaving fluxions in 18th-century London ». Historia Mathematica 41, no 1 (février 2014) : 38–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hm.2013.07.001.
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Božić Bogović, Dubravka, et Mihaela Komar. « Demographic Indicators in the Registers of Marriages of the 18th Century Parish of Miholjac ». Review of Croatian history 16, no 1 (1 août 2020) : 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v16i1.11340.
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This paper, using historical demography methods, as well as quantitative, analytical and descriptive methods, determines, analyses and interprets the demographic indicators contained in the registers of marriages of the 18th century Parish of Miholjac. In addition to identifying the corpus of the data contained in the registers of marriages, to be potentially used as indicators of certain demographic facts relating to the past of the population of the 18th century Donji Miholjac and its immediate surroundings, the paper also determines the annual, seasonal, monthly and daily distribution of marriages and examines the level of the impact which social, religious, cultural, and economic factors had on entering into marriage. The assumption that the population of the 18th century Parish of Miholjac did not enter the demographic transition phase, in other words that it exhibits characteristics specific to pre-transitional societies, is verified by determining the age of newlyweds when entering marriage and by analysing remarriages.