Articles de revues : « SW Engineering »

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Kim, Seung-Gweon, et Byung-Sun Ko. « Evaluation on the Relationship between Software Engineering Level and Schedule Deviation in Software Development ». Journal of the Korea society of IT services 10, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2011) : 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.9716/kits.2011.10.4.191.

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Salehi, Vahid. « INTEGRATION OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIE IN CASE OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING IN AN INDUSTRIAL CONTEXT ». Proceedings of the Design Society 1 (27 juillet 2021) : 1887–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2021.450.

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AbstractCurrently, inconsistent software versions lead to massive challenges for many car manufacturers. This is partly because within the product lifecycle management and the software engineering process, there is no correct handling of software versions for the “data entry” (installation of software on the ECU) of the vehicles. Furthermore, there are currently major challenges for many vehicle manufacturers to ensure transparency, integrity and full traceability of SW data status vis-à-vis the legislator. To counteract these challenges, new solutions in the field of vehicle engineering are to be developed based on a new platform called “CarEngChainNet” and Blockchain technology. On the basis of the “CarEngChainNet” platform, new main and sub-chain chains will be developed that allow tamper-proof SW data management (Peer to Peer and crypto technology) across the entire PLM chain with new methods such as model-based systems engineering of the requirement, function and integration of the SW components in different areas of vehicle development. The aim is to develop new transmission chains of vehicles with individually packaged software artefacts (e.g. ECU software) that can be securely transmitted from server to server into the vehicle.

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Netshimbupfe, Adivhaho Frene, Mohame Almojtba Hamid Ali Abdalla, Binnur Demir Erdem, Youssef Kassem et Huseyin Camur. « Solid Work simulation as a virtual laboratory concept for supporting student learning of mechanical engineering ». New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 7, n^o 3 (1 décembre 2020) : 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v7i3.5233.

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Solid Works is a complete 3D CAD design solution, providing the product design team with all the mechanical designs, verifications, motion simulations, data management and communication tools that they need. This article presents an example of the design and analysis of the Savonius rotor blade to generate 10kW power output in the field of Mechanical Engineering (ME) using the Solid Work package (SW-P). The study was structured as an educational design experiment, which used the SW-P in teaching some ME courses in the ME degree programme at Near East University. An experiment of two equivalent groups was designed, one of the groups was the experimental group and the other was the control group; each of them consisted of five students. The same project was given to the first (the experimental group) and second (the control group) groups using SW-P and the traditional method: textbook-based numerical methods, respectively. The SW-P proved to be an efficient method for supporting the students’ ability to improve and understand the concept of some selected courses. The results show that students used SW-P to demonstrate a deeper learning and understanding of the course compared to the traditional method. Keywords: Educational design experiment, educational technology, mechanical engineering, Solid Work package.

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Shi, Changzheng, Lei Hu, He-Gao Wu, Qi-Ling Zhang et Kai Su. « Seismic Performance Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Frame-Shear Wall Structures in Hydropower Plants Based on Material Damage ». Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (10 septembre 2020) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6198594.

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For the reinforced concrete frame-shear wall (RCF-SW) structures in hydropower plants (HPs), the tensile cracking and compressive crushing of the reinforced concrete (RC) members are considered as the main potential damage. This paper presents a methodology to assess the seismic performance of RCF-SW structures. In this methodology, a concrete damage plasticity model is employed to simulate the reinforced concrete, and the structural seismic responses are investigated through nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Several engineering demand parameters (EDPs) based on the material damage are proposed to identify the structural engineering limit states and damage states at the member level. The case of x HP is provided as an example to illustrate the methodology and discuss the probable nonlinear response and structural damage state. The concrete damage evolution, reinforcement stresses, and drift ratios of the RCF-SW structure are presented, and the engineering limit states and structural damage states are identified. In comparison with the drift ratio index, the EDPs based on material damage are more suitable for identifying the damage state of the RCF-SW structure, whose damage is controlled by the damage of the RC members.

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Jadi, Supri, et A. Setiadi. « Structural Shifting and Electronic Properties of Stone-Wales Defect in Armchair Edge (5,5) Carbon Nanotube ». Advanced Materials Research 772 (septembre 2013) : 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.772.380.

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Stone Wales (SW) defect is one type of topological defect on the CNT, in this study we performed first principles calculations of SW defects in armchair edge (5,5) carbon nanotube (CNT) by the density functional theory (DFT). Two different defects were studied such as longitudinal and circumference types. Our calculation results show that a longitudinal SW defect is more stable than circumference SW defect. However barrier energy as parameter to control the SW defect in CNT was studied, in calculation we applied Nudge Elastic Band (NEB) method to find minimum energy path (MEP) and barrier energy for SW defect transitions. The result shows that barrier energy of circumference SW defect is lower than another one. We also found that in the case of circumference SW defect, armchair edge (5,5) CNT become semiconductor with the band gap of 0.0544 eV.

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Bandara, Madhushi, et Fethi A. Rabhi. « Semantic modeling for engineering data analytics solutions ». Semantic Web 11, n^o 3 (14 avril 2020) : 525–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sw-190352.

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Puerto, Maura C., George J. Hirasaki, Clarence A. Miller, Carmen Reznik, Sheila Dubey, Julian R. Barnes et Sjoerd van Kuijk. « Effects of Hardness and Cosurfactant on Phase Behavior of Alcohol-Free Alkyl Propoxylated Sulfate Systems ». SPE Journal 20, n^o 05 (20 octobre 2015) : 1145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/169096-pa.

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Summary The effect of hardness was investigated on equilibrium phase behavior in the absence of alcohol for blends of three alcohol propoxy sulfates (APSs) with an internal olefin sulfonate (IOS) with a C15–18 chain length. Hard brines investigated were synthetic seawater (SW), 2*SW, and 3*SW, the last two with double and triple the total ionic content of SW with all ions present in the same relative proportions as in SW, respectively. Optimal blends of the APS/IOS systems formed microemulsions with n-octane that had high solubilization suitable for enhanced oil recovery at both ≈25°C and 50°C. However, oil-free aqueous solutions of the optimal blends in 2*SW and 3*SW, as well as in 8 and 12% NaCl solutions with similar ionic strengths, exhibited cloudiness and/or precipitation and were unsuitable for injection. In SW at 25°C, the aqueous solution of the optimal blend of C16–17 7 propylene oxide sulfate, made from a branched alcohol, and IOS15–18, was clear and suitable for injection. A salinity map prepared for blends of these surfactants illustrates how such maps facilitate the selection of injection compositions in which injection and reservoir salinities differ. The same APS was blended with other APSs and alcohol ethoxy sulfates (AESs) in SW at ≈25°C, yielding microemulsions with high n-octane solubilization and clear aqueous solutions at optimal conditions. Three APS/AES blends were found to form suitable microemulsions in SW with a crude oil at its reservoir temperature near 50°C. Optimal conditions were nearly the same for hard brines and NaCl solutions with similar ionic strengths between SW and 3*SW. Although the aqueous solutions for the optimal blends with crude oil were slightly cloudy, small changes in blend ratio led to formation of lower phase microemulsions with clear aqueous solutions. When injection and reservoir brines differ, it may be preferable to inject at such slightly underoptimum conditions to avoid generating upper phase, Winsor II, conditions produced by inevitable mixing of injected and formation brines.

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Tudorache, Tania. « Ontology engineering : Current state, challenges, and future directions ». Semantic Web 11, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2020) : 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sw-190382.

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Wohlgenannt, Gerhard, Marta Sabou et Florian Hanika. « Crowd-based ontology engineering with the uComp Protégé plugin ». Semantic Web 7, n^o 4 (27 mai 2016) : 379–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sw-150181.

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Li, Jiayi, Yuanjiang Chang, Jihao Shi, Xiuquan Liu, Guoming Chen, Nan Zhang, Qingtao Guan et Yongguo Dai. « Probability Prediction Approach of Fatigue Failure for the Subsea Wellhead Using Bayesian Regularization Artificial Neural Network ». Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, n^o 11 (2 novembre 2022) : 1627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111627.

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The subsea wellhead (SW) system is a crucial connection between blowout preventors (BOPs) and subsea oil and gas wells. Excited by cyclical fatigue dynamic loadings, the SW is prone to fatigue failure, which would lead to the loss of well integrity and catastrophic accidents. Based on the Bayesian Regularization Artificial Neuron Network (BRANN), this paper proposes an efficient probability approach to predict the fatigue failure probability of SW during its entire life. In the proposed method, the BRANN fatigue damage (BRANN-FD) model reflecting the non-linear relationship between the input and output data was developed by the limited fatigue damage analysis data, which was utilized to generate thousands of non-numerical fatigue damage data of SW rapidly. Combining parametric and non-parametric estimation methods, the probability density function (PDF) of SW fatigue damage was determined to calculate the accumulation fatigue damage during service life. Using the logistic regression, the fatigue failure probability of SW was predicted. The application of the proposed approach was demonstrated by a case study. The results illustrated that the fatigue damage of SW would be viewed as obeying the Lognormal distribution, which could be used to obtain the accumulation fatigue damage in operation conveniently and randomly. Furthermore, the fatigue failure probability of SW nonlinearly increased with the increment in the accumulation fatigue damage of SW, which could be helpful to ensure the operation safety of SW in deepwater oil and gas development, especially for aged wellhead.

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Li, Baoyan, Hasan Kesserwan, Gudong Jin et S. Mark Ma. « NMR Fluid Substitution–A New Method of Reconstructing T2 Distributions Under Primary Drainage and Imbibition Conditions ». Petrophysics – The SPWLA Journal of Formation Evaluation and Reservoir Description 62, n^o 4 (1 août 2021) : 362–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/pjv62n4-2021a2.

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Most nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based petrophysics models, such as pore structure characterization and permeability prediction, were developed using T2 distributions measured at fully water-saturated conditions (i.e., Sw = 1). The downhole implementation of those models across the hydrocarbon zones is disputable due to partial saturation (Sw < 1) conditions; hence, a correction to such effects on T2 distributions is required. This paper provides a critical review of the fluid substitution methods currently available in the industry and presents an improved method for enhanced formation evaluation. In the new method presented, an effective irreducible water saturation model is used to account for the pore structure and capillary pressure effects, which were barely considered by the currently available NMR fluid substitution methods. For water-wet reservoir rocks, the typical NMR T2 distribution at the partial saturation condition displays a clear separation between the wetting and nonwetting phases. The water phase can be classified as irreducible and movable fluid volumes. Then, using a T2 mapping relationship and a total porosity constraint, the T2 distribution of movable water at Sw < 1 is shifted and amplified to determine the T2 distribution of movable water at Sw = 1. To validate the new method, NMR measurements were conducted on sandstone samples at Sw = 1 as well as Sw < 1. The reconstructed T2 distribution at Sw = 1 was compared with the measured T2 distribution at Sw = 1. Results showed that the reconstructed T2 distribution matched very well with the T2 distribution measured at Sw = 1, confirming the robustness of the new technique. Parameters used in the reconstruction methodology are observed to be a good indicator of pore connectivity. During desaturation, the water T2 in large pores shifts to a shorter T2 because of the enhanced surface relaxation as the water volume decreases while the surface area remains constant. Therefore, the amplitude at the short T2 increases. The increased amplitude was remapped to large pores in reconstructing T2 spectra of full saturation.

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Jaakkola, Hannu. « IT Trends and Their Effect on the SW Engineering Culture ». IFAC Proceedings Volumes 29, n^o 2 (septembre 1996) : 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)43776-1.

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Salman, Saed, Najeh Rekik, Alaaedeen Abuzir, Adil Alshoaibi et Jamal Suleiman. « The Effect of an External Electric Field on the Electronic Properties of Defective CBN Nanotubes : A Density Functional Theory Approach ». Crystals 12, n^o 3 (25 février 2022) : 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12030321.

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We investigated the effects of applying an external electric field on the electronic properties of Stone-Wales (SW) defective carbon-boron-nitride nanotubes (CBN) using first principles calculations. The defective CBN nanotubes were modeled by introducing Stone–Wales defects in the boron-nitride segment (BN-SW), the carbon segment (C-SW), and the carbon-boron-nitride interface segment (CBN-SW). Initially, we studied the formation energies and the structural stability for all models. As a result of adding the SW defects, the calculated bandgap values of the C-SW and CBN-SW models showed significant changes compared to the pristine CBN nanotube. Meanwhile, the BN-SW model showed a slight bandgap change because of the strong covalent bonding between the boron and nitrogen atoms. Applying a transverse electric field induced a fast bandgap closing response in all models, indicating a rapid semiconductor-to-metal phase transition. The defective C-SW and CBN-SW models demonstrated unique bandgap closing patterns in response to applied transverse and longitudinal electric fields, while pristine and BN-SW models had similar bandgap responses.

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Lv, Hui, Shun Sheng Chen, Ping Han, Wei Yan Luo, Ling Dong et Ke Hai Liu. « Component Analysis, Quality Measurement and Antioxidant Activity of Sambucus williamsii Seed Oil ». Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (juin 2014) : 1120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.1120.

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The purpose of this study was to extract Sambucus williamsii (SW) seed oil by supercritical carbon dioxide. Volatile components in SW seed oil were analyzed by GC/MS and 17 volatile components were identified. Physical and chemical indexes of the oil were determined by GB code methods and the results showed that these indexes were in accordance with the Chinese national standards. The antioxidant activity of the oil was evaluated by reducing power assay. A significant and linear correlation coefficient between the reducing power activity and the concentration of SW seed oil was found (R=0.9957). The experimental result suggested that SW seed oil had potential antioxidant activity.

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А.А. Romanov et D.A. Shpotya. « OVERCOMING THE DISADVANTAGES OF THE SOFTWARE AND METHODOLOGICAL TOOLS OF MODEL-BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING USED IN THE DESIGN OF SYSTEMS ». Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences 22, n^o 6 (2020) : 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/1990-5378-2020-22-6-92-103.

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Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University) The paper advocates the need to move from separate stages of the product life cycle (LC; R&D, production, operation) to a single project implemented in a new paradigm of system design based on software and methodological tools of model-based systems engineering (MBSE). Currently available in Russia foreign software (SW) and methodological MBSE tools for the design and development (D&D) of systems (including space instruments) are expensive and complex. This paper formulates and considers the question: «Is it possible to reduce the cost and simplify the use of software and methodological MBSE tools by means that are available to a wide audience of users?». To answer this question, the authors analyzed SysML, QFD method, HoQ method, and the SW for their application. As the result of literature review, it is shown that in the leading countries, the relevance of implementing these tools in the design and development of hardware and software systems is increasing. For the use of SysML, QFD, HoQ by a wide audience of potential users from Russian Federation were defined software tools. 13 disadvantages that prevent the application of SysML, QFD and HoQ, as well as SW for their use were identified. In order to overcome the identified disadvantages, was developed SW and methodological MBSE tool based on modernization, specification and synthesis of SysML, QFD, HoQ and SW for their application. The developed MBSE SW and methodological tool allows for a wide audience of users to D&D systems in accordance with MBSE approach (QFD, HoQ, SysML), to identify critical requirements of different development elements, to develop automatically (in a few hours instead of several days) and update SysML models of requirements, to reduce labor costs for the implementation of the D&D LC stages of future analog products by 5-10%. As a result of validation of SysML models, it is proved that their repeated use reduces the planning time of the LC stages of analog products by up to 60%, increases the compliance of the reporting documentation of the LC stages with the requirements of regulatory and technical documents by 10%.

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Chen, Yan, Xiaoyang Shi, Mingjia Li, Yilun Liu, Hang Xiao et Xi Chen. « Strain and defect engineering on phase transition of monolayer black phosphorene ». Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, n^o 34 (2018) : 21832–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp01334a.

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Fill, Hans-Georg. « SeMFIS : A flexible engineering platform for semantic annotations of conceptual models ». Semantic Web 8, n^o 5 (6 avril 2017) : 747–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sw-160235.

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González, José, Armando Cuéllar, Pedro Abreu, Max Monan, Enmanuel Nossin et Frantz François-Haugrin. « Antioxidant Activity of gossypitrin isolated from the petals of Talipariti elatum (Sw.) Fryxell (Malvaceae) in Cuba ». International Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, n^o 10 (31 octobre 2017) : 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25125/engineering-journal-ijoer-sep-2017-20.

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Ivancova, Olga, Vladimir Korenkov, Olga Tyatyushkina, Sergey Ulyanov et Toshio Fukuda. « Quantum supremacy in end-to-end intelligent IT. Pt. I:Quantum software engineering–quantum gate level applied models simulators ». System Analysis in Science and Education, n^o 1 (2020) (2020) : 52–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.37005/2071-9612-2020-1-52-84.

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Principles and methodologies of quantum algorithmic gates design for master course and PhD students in computer science, control engineering and intelligent robotics described. The possibilities of quantum algorithmic gates simulation on classical computers discussed. Applications of quantum gate of nanotechnology in intelligent quantum control introduced. Anew approach to a circuit implementation design of quantum algorithm gates for fast quantum massive parallel computing presented. The main attention focused on the development of design method of fast quantum algorithm operators as superposition, entanglement and interference, which are in general time-consuming operations due to the number of products that have performed. SW & HW support sophisticated smart toolkit of supercomputing accelerator of quantum algorithm simulation on small quantum programmable computer algorithm gate (that can program in SW to implement arbitrary quantum algorithms by executing any sequence of universal quantum logic gates) described. As example, the method for performing Grover’s interference operator without product operations introduced. The background of developed information technology is the "Quantum / Soft Computing Optimizer" (QSCOptKBTM) SW based on soft and quantum computational intelligence toolkit.

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Viollier, Michel, et Patrick Raberanto. « Radiometric and Spectral Characteristics of the ScaRaB-3 Instrument on Megha-Tropiques : Comparisons with ERBE, CERES, and GERB ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 27, n^o 3 (1 mars 2010) : 428–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jtecha1307.1.

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Abstract The Indian–French Megha-Tropiques mission, scheduled to be launched in 2010, will carry radiation and microwave sensors to study the energy and water cycle in the tropics. The radiation sensor, the third model of the Scanner for Radiation Budget (ScaRaB-3), is dedicated to the earth’s radiation budget, the difference between the solar absorbed flux and the terrestrial emitted flux. These fluxes are calculated from satellite measurements of outgoing shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiances using angular distribution models (ADMs). For practical reasons, the LW radiation is calculated from the difference between a total (T) channel (0.2–100 μm) and an SW channel (0.2–4 μm). With the ADM application, the radiance calibration remains the most critical issue in the radiation budget estimation. The 1% accuracy goal is difficult to achieve, specifically in the SW domain. The authors explain their efforts to improve the radiometric calibration of ScaRaB-3. The internal calibration module is improved: the sensor is switched between SW and T channels by rotating the filter wheel on which the SW filter is now installed. Because the pyroelectric detector is sensitive to the thermal effect of the electromagnetic radiation independently of its spectral range, this plan allows calibrating the SW channel as a T channel by viewing a blackbody. Indeed, the transfer of the T calibration to the SW domain requires perfect knowledge of the total spectral response and of the transmittance of the SW filter, which is discussed in the article. Spectral errors are calculated with updated data. In the SW domain, they are found to be the smallest compared to those of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES), and the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB).

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Wilch, Jan, Juliane Fischer, Nikolai Langer, Markus Felger, Matthias Bengel et Birgit Vogel-Heuser. « Towards automatic generation of functionality semantics to improve PLC software modularization ». at - Automatisierungstechnik 70, n^o 2 (1 février 2022) : 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auto-2021-0138.

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Abstract Functions of automated Production Systems (aPS) can be realized by control software (SW), whose high quality and short development time are, therefore, vital. To achieve both, SW should be modular and, thereby, reusable. Static code analysis can help improve the modularization of existing software, e. g., by automatically analyzing control and information flow. However, manual code reviews are still typically required because planning a SW’s modularization requires a semantic understanding of its functionality. This paper presents an approach to, instead, identify SW functionality automatically and evaluates it with SW from three aPS manufacturers.

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Daoud, Ahmed Osama, Ayman Ahmed Ezzat Othman, Herbert Robinson et Ali Bayyati. « An investigation into solid waste problem in the Egyptian construction industry : A mini-review ». Waste Management & ; Research : The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 38, n^o 4 (11 février 2020) : 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x20901568.

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Solid waste management (SWM) is one of the most critical global challenges nowadays. It has a severe negative effect on the triple bottom line of sustainability. Construction and demolition waste (CDW) contributes about 50% of the total global annual generated SW. In the particular case of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region including Egypt, the SW problem has become a major challenge, and the need to find sustainable solutions is overwhelming. However, the region faces several challenges that hinder the development of an effective and efficient SWM system. This has resulted in the predominance of unsustainable SWM practices such as indiscriminate disposals. The aim of this paper is to investigate the escalating problem of SW in the MENA region, while focusing on CDW in Egypt as a part of the total generated SW, by reviewing the most recent research papers, and technical and governmental reports on the SW problem. The main challenges towards effective and efficient SWM systems and recommendations for improvement are gathered in this study based on the explored literature. Findings from this study are expected to be beneficial to local and central governments, academics, construction industry practitioners, and policymakers contending with the problems of SW in the MENA region and especially CDW in Egypt.

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Bessman, Sara, Elizabeth Harrison, Alexandra Easterling, Ashley Phares, Madeline Teisberg, Michelle Snider, Ian Robertson et Gena Glickman. « 0015 Effectiveness-Implementation Study of Two Novel Lighting Interventions for Shiftworkers on a Submarine Watchfloor ». Sleep 45, Supplement_1 (25 mai 2022) : A6—A7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsac079.014.

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Abstract Introduction Shiftwork is common in the military, where around-the-clock readiness is necessary. Yet, non-standard schedules can negatively impact sleep, circadian health, and performance. Light is a leading countermeasure due to its phase shifting and alerting properties, with higher intensities and shorter wavelengths eliciting relatively greater effects. New technologies allow for deliberate spectral engineering that targets specific photobiological responses. This study examined the efficacy and implementation of two spectrally-distinct lights for improving sleep, alertness, and performance in active duty service members working nightshift schedules. Methods Participants were service members working 12-h shifts (0530-1730) on a high-security, submarine watchfloor (N=56, 9 females; mean+SE age=28.95 + 0.76). Lighting interventions included LED panels (3,721 cm2) that were either enhanced (SW+) or depleted (SW-) in short wavelength energy, while maintaining a comparable color temperature (~3000 K) and photopic illumination (~300 lux at 46 cm from eyes). For both SW+ and SW-, a bank of light panels were arranged across the front of the watchfloor and illuminated for the full duration of the nightshift. In addition, participants wore blueblocker glasses after nightshifts up until bedtime, when eye masks were worn during sleep. There were two data collection periods that coincided with existing 16-day schedule cycles: the first contained an 8-day baseline (BL1) and 8-day SW+ condition, and the second contained an 8-day baseline (BL2) and 8-day SW- condition (order within those 16-day periods was pseudo-randomized). Sleep and alertness were assessed via actigraphy, sleep diary, psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Implementation metrics were obtained with questionnaires. Results All analyses are still ongoing. Preliminary examinations show higher satisfaction with the SW+ than BL1, and greater comfort and fewer symptoms under both SW+ and SW- as compared to BL1. Most felt the SW+ and SW- improved alertness on shift and expressed an interest in keeping the lights on the watchfloor. Conclusion Findings thus far indicate the interventions were well-received by participants. Subsequent analyses will further examine barriers to intervention use and the efficacy of the lights for improving sleep, alertness, and performance in service members working nightshifts. Support (If Any) ONR TS-788

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Ivancova, Olga, Vladimir Korenkov, Olga Tyatyushkina, Sergey Ulyanov et Toshio Fukuda. « Quantum supremacy in end-to-end intelligent IT. PT. III. Quantum software engineering – quantum approximate optimization algorithm on small quantum processors ». System Analysis in Science and Education, n^o 2 (2020) (30 juin 2020) : 115–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37005/2071-9612-2020-2-115-176.

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Principles and methodologies of quantum algorithmic gate-based design on small quantum computer described. The possibilities of quantum algorithmic gates simulation on classical computers discussed. A new approach to a circuit implementation design of quantum algorithm gates for fast quantum massive parallel computing presented. SW & HW support sophisticated smart toolkit of supercomputing accelerator of quantum algorithm simulation on small quantum programmable computer algorithm gate (that can program in SW to implement arbitrary quantum algorithms by executing any sequence of universal quantum logic gates) described

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Zhao, Yu, Adrian Santelli, Xiang-Yang Zhu, Xin Zhang, John R. Woollard, Xiao-Jun Chen, Kyra L. Jordan et al. « Low-Energy Shockwave Treatment Promotes Endothelial Progenitor Cell Homing to the Stenotic Pig Kidney ». Cell Transplantation 29 (1 janvier 2020) : 096368972091734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689720917342.

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Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) patrols the circulation and contributes to endothelial cell regeneration. Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (ARAS) induces microvascular loss in the stenotic kidney (STK). Low-energy shockwave therapy (SW) can induce angiogenesis and restore the STK microcirculation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that SW increases EPC homing to the swine STK, associated with capillary regeneration. Normal pigs and pigs after 3 wk of renal artery stenosis were treated with six sessions of low-energy SW (biweekly for three consecutive weeks) or left untreated. Four weeks after completion of treatment, we assessed EPC (CD34+/KDR+) numbers and levels of the homing-factor stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 in the inferior vena cava and the STK vein and artery, as well as urinary levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and integrin-1β. Subsequently, we assessed STK morphology, capillary count, and expression of the proangiogenic growth factors angiopoietin-1, VEGF, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase ex vivo. A 3-wk low-energy SW regimen improved STK structure, capillary count, and function in ARAS+SW, and EPC numbers and gradients across the STK decreased. Plasma SDF-1 and renal expression of angiogenic factors were increased in ARAS+SW, and urinary levels of VEGF and integrin-1β tended to rise during the SW regimen. In conclusion, SW improves ischemic kidney capillary density, which is associated with, and may be at least in part mediated by, promoting EPCs mobilization and homing to the stenotic kidney.

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Riazantseva, M. O., V. P. Budaev, L. M. Zelenyi, G. N. Zastenker, G. P. Pavlos, J. Safrankova, Z. Nemecek, L. Prech et F. Nemec. « Dynamic properties of small-scale solar wind plasma fluctuations ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, n^o 2041 (13 mai 2015) : 20140146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0146.

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The paper presents the latest results of the studies of small-scale fluctuations in a turbulent flow of solar wind (SW) using measurements with extremely high temporal resolution (up to 0.03 s) of the bright monitor of SW (BMSW) plasma spectrometer operating on astrophysical SPECTR-R spacecraft at distances up to 350 000 km from the Earth. The spectra of SW ion flux fluctuations in the range of scales between 0.03 and 100 s are systematically analysed. The difference of slopes in low- and high-frequency parts of spectra and the frequency of the break point between these two characteristic slopes was analysed for different conditions in the SW. The statistical properties of the SW ion flux fluctuations were thoroughly analysed on scales less than 10 s. A high level of intermittency is demonstrated. The extended self-similarity of SW ion flux turbulent flow is constantly observed. The approximation of non-Gaussian probability distribution function of ion flux fluctuations by the Tsallis statistics shows the non-extensive character of SW fluctuations. Statistical characteristics of ion flux fluctuations are compared with the predictions of a log-Poisson model. The log-Poisson parametrization of the structure function scaling has shown that well-defined filament-like plasma structures are, as a rule, observed in the turbulent SW flows.

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Rouquerol, Jean, Klaus Unger et Francisco Rodriguez-Reinoso. « Kenneth SW Sing : Obituary ». Adsorption Science & ; Technology 34, n^o 9-10 (décembre 2016) : 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617416682659.

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Andrews, Philip, Philip Lax et Sergey Leonov. « Triggering Shock Wave Positions by Patterned Energy Deposition ». Energies 15, n^o 19 (27 septembre 2022) : 7104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15197104.

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The problem considered in this work is shock wave (SW) positioning control in shock-dominated flows. Experiments are conducted to investigate the triggering effect of patterned near-surface electrical discharges on SW reflection from plane walls. In the wind tunnel, M=4, P0 = 4 bar, a solid wedge SW generator is mounted on the upper wall. Q-DC filamentary electrical discharges were arranged on the opposite wall, so that the SW from the wedge impinged on the plasma filaments that are arranged flow-wise in either a row of three or a single central filament. Within the supersonic flow, narrow subsonic areas are actuated by electrical discharge thermal deposition, resulting in pressure redistribution, which, in turn, relocates the reflection of impinging SW to a predefined position. Mie scattering, schlieren imaging, and wall pressure measurements are used to explore the details of plasma-SW interaction. Using Mie scattering, the three-dimensional shape of the SW structure is mapped both before and after electrical discharge activation. Plasma-based triggering mechanisms are described in terms of the physical principles of flow control and a criterion for determining the effectiveness of the flowfield control.

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Nichol, D. « The geo-engineering significance of laterite construction in Goa, SW India ». Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 33, n^o 3 (août 2000) : 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh.33.3.181.

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Dipova, N. « The engineering properties of tufa in the Antalya area, SW Turkey ». Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 44, n^o 1 (février 2011) : 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/08-091.

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Kurilin, Sergey P., Andrey M. Sokolov et Nikolai N. Prokimnov. « A computer program for electromechanical system operational diagnostics based on the topological approach ». Journal Of Applied Informatics 16, n^o 4 (31 août 2021) : 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0649-2021-16-4-62-73.

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The paper presents a method, a mathematical model, and a computer program for the operational diagnostics of an electromechanical system (EMS). During EMS operation, service aging changes the properties of the parametric matrices of the windings and, as a consequence, the characteristics of the EMS vector space. Periodic testing of the vector space offers relevant and reliable data on the current health of the EMS, its changes during operation, and the risk of loss of function. The object of the study is an asynchronous electric motor (AEM). It is urgent to automate the process of assessing the current health of an AEM and to organize the storage of information on its states at different stages of its life cycle. To solve the problem, software (SW) for accumulation of information on AEM operation and for evaluation of its basic performance metrics has been developed in the Python programming language. The SW is based on the topological approach to diagnostics, which implies the analysis of the current responses of motor rotor windings to phase voltage pulses. The SW enables one to determine the rate of the service aging of an item, the probability of its survival and residual life, to obtain access to the history of previous diagnostics, and to visualize the in-service history of the above-mentioned performance metrics. The developed SW can be used to increase the AEM operation efficiency and to plan engineering or repair work; it can also be used as an information source for re- engineering and modification of existing AEMs. The described SW can be extended to perform operational diagnostics based on the topological approach of devices of various types. Also, this SW can be considered as a separate information component of the digital twin of a complex EMS, which will allow us to study the main indicators of its reliability, fault tolerance and operational efficiency at all stages of the life cycle.

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Kless, Daniel, Ludger Jansen et Simon Milton. « A content-focused method for re-engineering thesauri into semantically adequate ontologies using OWL ». Semantic Web 7, n^o 5 (23 juin 2016) : 543–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sw-150194.

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González, José, Armando Cuéllar, Silvia C. Morales et Max Monan. « Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical studies and Antibacterial activity of Wood from Talipariti elatum Sw. (Fryxell) in Cuba ». International Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, n^o 11 (30 novembre 2017) : 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25125/engineering-journal-ijoer-nov-2017-14.

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Eiamsa-Ard, Smith, Arnut Phila, Khwanchit Wongcharee, Varesa Chuwattanakul, Monsak Pimsarn, Naoki Maruyama et Masafumi Hirota. « Thermal Visualization and Performance Analysis in a Channel Installing Transverse Baffles with Square Wings ». Energies 15, n^o 22 (20 novembre 2022) : 8736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228736.

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The experimental examination of local heat transfer, thermal intensification, friction factors, and thermal performance factors (TPF) in a rectangular channel with square-winged transverse baffles (SW-TB) are presented in this paper. The purpose of this study is to modify the typical transverse baffles (TB) into square-winged transverse baffles (SW-TB) in order to improve the thermal performance and heat transfer rate of the channel. The effects of SW-TBs with various wing attack angles and Reynolds numbers on the heat transfer performance characteristics were examined using a thermochromic liquid crystal sheet. In the experiments, the SW-TBs were attached to the bottom wall of the channel, which had an aspect ratio (W:H) of 3.75:1. The SW-TBs had a width (w) of 150 mm, a square perforated cross-sectional area (a × b) of 8 × 8 mm2, and attack angles (θ) of 0° (solid transverse-baffle), 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, and 90°. The bottom wall of the channel was evenly heated, while the other walls were insulated. The temperature contours on the heated surface were plotted using temperatures obtained through using the thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) image-processing method. Experimental results revealed that the SW-TBs created multiple impinging jets, apart from the recirculation. At the proper attack angles (θ = 22.5° and 45°), the SW-TBs offered greater heat transfer rates and caused lower friction losses, resulting in higher TPFs than the solid transverse baffles. In the current work, channels where the SW-TBs display a θ = 45° presented the greatest TPF, as high as 1.26. The multiple impinging jets issuing by the SW-TBs suppressed the size of the recirculation flow and allowed better contact between the fluid flow and channel wall.

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Ham, Seung-Hee, Seiji Kato et Fred G. Rose. « Impacts of Partly Cloudy Pixels on Shortwave Broadband Irradiance Computations ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 36, n^o 3 (mars 2019) : 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0153.1.

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AbstractBecause of the limitation of the spatial resolution of satellite sensors, satellite pixels identified as cloudy are often partly cloudy. For the first time, this study demonstrates the bias in shortwave (SW) broadband irradiances for partly cloudy pixels when the cloud optical depths are retrieved with an overcast and homogeneous assumption, and subsequently, the retrieved values are used for the irradiance computations. The sign of the SW irradiance bias is mainly a function of viewing geometry of the cloud retrieval. The bias in top-of-atmosphere (TOA) upward SW irradiances is positive for small viewing zenith angles (VZAs) <~60° and negative for large VZAs >~60°. For a given solar zenith angle and viewing geometry, the magnitude of the bias increases with the cloud optical depth and reaches a maximum at the cloud fraction between 0.2 and 0.8. The sign of the SW surface net irradiance bias is opposite of the sign of TOA upward irradiance bias, with a similar magnitude. As a result, the bias in absorbed SW irradiances by the atmosphere is smaller than the biases in both TOA and surface irradiances. The monthly mean biases in SW irradiances due to partly cloudy pixels are <1.5 W m−2 when cloud properties are derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard Aqua.

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Schorr, Michael, Benjamín Valdez, Amir Eliezer, Ricardo Salinas et Carlos Lora. « Managing corrosion in desalination plants ». Corrosion Reviews 37, n^o 2 (26 mars 2019) : 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2018-0038.

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AbstractEnvironment quality, clean energy and worldwide water scarcity have been established today as central disciplines in modern science, engineering and technology. The innovative desalination technology of saline water (SW) contributes to alleviate these problems by producing fresh water from SW, mainly seawater and brackish water. Desalination plants (DPs) have a high level of corrosion risk as they handle and process aggressive SW under severe operating conditions, which include filtration, heat exchange, distillation, evaporation, agitation and circulation and high flow velocities, often turbulent. These SW, that is, sea, brackish and brines, cause localized corrosion such as pitting, crevice, galvanic and stress corrosion. In addition, biological fouling and mineral scaling are frequent nuisances that alter the equipment surface performance and induce corrosion. Two main technologies are used to obtain potable water and a brine for disposal: thermal evaporation and membrane separation, called reverse osmosis. The main way to minimize corrosion is the correct selection of corrosion-resistant materials for the fabrication of DP equipment, structures, installations and machinery. To protect the DP materials, industrial paints, polymeric coatings and rubber linings compatible with the DP fluids are applied. Cathodic protection with sacrificial anodic metals and/or impressed direct electrical current and corrosion inhibitors are supplied.

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Frolov, Sergey M., Konstantin A. Avdeev, Viktor S. Aksenov, Illias A. Sadykov, Igor O. Shamshin et Fedor S. Frolov. « Interaction of Shock Waves with Water Saturated by Nonreacting or Reacting Gas Bubbles ». Micromachines 13, n^o 9 (19 septembre 2022) : 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091553.

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A compressible medium represented by pure water saturated by small nonreactive or reactive gas bubbles can be used for generating a propulsive force in large-, medium-, and small-scale thrusters referred to as a pulsed detonation hydroramjet (PDH), which is a novel device for underwater propulsion. The PDH thrust is produced due to the acceleration of bubbly water (BW) in a water guide by periodic shock waves (SWs) and product gas jets generated by pulsed detonations of a fuel–oxidizer mixture. Theoretically, the PDH thrust is proportional to the operation frequency, which depends on both the SW velocity in BW and pulsed detonation frequency. The studies reported in this manuscript were aimed at exploring two possible directions of the improvement of thruster performances, namely, (1) the replacement of chemically nonreacting gas bubbles by chemically reactive ones, and (2) the increase in the pulsed detonation frequency from tens of hertz to some kilohertz. To better understand the SW-to-BW momentum transfer, the interaction of a single SW and a high-frequency (≈7 kHz) sequence of three SWs with chemically inert or active BW containing bubbles of air or stoichiometric acetylene–oxygen mixture was studied experimentally. Single SWs and SW packages were generated by burning or detonating a gaseous stoichiometric acetylene–oxygen or propane–oxygen mixture and transmitting the arising SWs to BW. The initial volume fraction of gas in BW was varied from 2% to 16% with gas bubbles 1.5–4 mm in diameter. The propagation velocity of SWs in BW ranged from 40 to 580 m/s. In experiments with single SWs in chemically active BW, a detonation-like mode of reaction front propagation (“bubbly quasidetonation”) was realized. This mode consisted of a SW followed by the front of bubble explosions and was characterized by a considerably higher propagation velocity as compared to the chemically inert BW. The latter could allow increasing the PDH operation frequency and thrust. Experiments with high-frequency SW packages showed that on the one hand, the individual SWs quickly merged, feeding each other and increasing the BW velocity, but on the other hand, the initial gas content for each successive SW decreased and, accordingly, the SW-to-BW momentum transfer worsened. Estimates showed that for a small-scale water guide 0.5 m long, the optimal pulsed detonation frequency was about 50–60 Hz.

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Wan, Meng-Wei, Cybelle Morales Futalan, Cheng-Hung Chang et Chi-Chuah Kan. « Effect of coagulation mechanisms on the fouling and ultrasonic cleaning of PTFE membrane ». Water Science and Technology 66, n^o 11 (1 décembre 2012) : 2291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.425.

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In this study, the effect of coagulation pretreatment on membrane fouling and ultrasonic cleaning efficiency was investigated using a dead-end polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microfiltration system. The extent of membrane fouling was examined under different coagulation mechanisms such as charge neutralization (CN), electrostatic patch effect (EPE) and sweep flocculation (SW). Fouling through EPE mechanism provided the greatest flux decline and least permeate flux recovery over CN and SW. EPE produces more stable, smaller and more compact flocs while CN and SW have large, easily degraded and highly-branched structured flocs. The predominant fouling mechanism of EPE, CN and SW is pore blocking, a combination of pore blocking and cake formation, and cake formation, respectively. Better permeate flux recovery is observed with SW over CN and EPE, which implies formation of less dense and more porous cake deposits. The morphology of fouled membranes was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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Byun, Bo Suk, Yo Chul Choi et Young Taek Park. « A Study on the Development of Practical Systems Engineering Management Plan Template Using the Systems & ; Software Engineering Infra ». Journal of the Korean society for railway 15, n^o 5 (30 octobre 2012) : 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7782/jksr.2012.15.5.442.

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Ashoori, E., et W. R. R. Rossen. « Can Formation Relative Permeabilities Rule Out a Foam EOR Process ? » SPE Journal 17, n^o 02 (22 mai 2012) : 340–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/134906-pa.

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Summary Foam is a promising means of increasing sweep in miscible- and immiscible-gas enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Surfactant alternating gas (SAG) is a preferred method of injection. Numerous studies verify that the water relative permeability function krw(Sw) is unaffected by foam. Studies of foam have used a variety of krw functions. This paper shows a connection between the krw(Sw) function and SAG foam effectiveness that is independent of the details of how foam reduces gas mobility. For simplicity, we analyze SAG processes in the absence of mobile oil; success without oil is a precondition to success with oil, and our analysis also applies to a miscible-gas process with oil in 1D in the absence of dispersion. Fractional-flow methods have proved useful and accurate for modeling foam EOR processes. The success of SAG depends on total mobility at a point of tangency to the fractional-flow curve, which defines the shock front at the leading edge of the foam bank. One can determine total mobility directly from the coordinates of this point (Sw, fw) if the function krw(Sw) is known. Geometric constraints limit the region in the fractional-flow diagram in which this point of tangency can occur. For a given krw(Sw) function, this limits the mobility reduction achievable for any possible SAG process. We examine the implications of this limitation for different krw functions. These implications include the following. Increasing nonlinearity of the krw function is advantageous for SAG processes, regardless of how foam reduces gas mobility. SAG is inappropriate for naturally fractured reservoirs if straight-line relative permeabilities apply, even if extremely strong foam can be stabilized in fractures. It is important to measure krw(Sw) separately for any formation for which a SAG process is envisioned.

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Li, Jian, Dongji Lei, Chenguang Zhao et Hui Meng. « Complex Resistivity Dispersion Characteristics of Water-Bearing Coal Based on Double Cole-Cole Model ». Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (11 décembre 2019) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4913767.

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Reservoir fracture evaluation is an important research topic in the coalfield. In recent years, complex resistivity (CR) has been widely used in oil logging and achieved good results, such as permeability evaluation, water saturation (Sw) prediction, and aquifer identification. Therefore, the method has the potential to evaluate coal seam fracture. In the experiment, the real part R and imaginary part X of bituminous and anthracite coal with different Sw were measured by the impedance measuring instrument, then the Double Cole-Cole model was used to fit experimental data and analyze conductive mechanism. The main results are as follows: (1) the dispersion of CR parameters Reρ and Imρ is closely related to the metamorphism degree, frequency, and Sw; (2) induced polarization is the fundamental reason for the variation of coal samples’ complex resistivity parameters with frequency change; and (3) the Double Cole-Cole model agrees well with the experimental data, and the model parameters m1 and τ2 are strongly correlated with Sw. The parameters m1 and τ2 can be used to evaluate the Sw of fractures in coal seams and thus to evaluate the effect of hydraulic fracturing.

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Yeong Kim, Hee. « Quantitative risk evaluation based on IEC 61508 for SW functional safety of marine bigdata analysis system ». International Journal of Engineering & ; Technology 7, n^o 2.12 (3 avril 2018) : 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.12.11037.

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Background/Objectives: SW functional safety is beyond the SW quality and IEC 61508 is needed instead of ISO/IEC 9126.Embedded SW for Sensor or actuation is needed to be tested as perspectives of functional safety.Methods/Statistical analysis: Risk analysis and quantitative risk evaluation procedure is used for estimating the risk of SW related to safety of equipment and embedded system. FMEDA (Failure Mode, Effects and Diagnostic Analysis) is one of the method for certifying SIL(Safety Integrity Level) but it is not easy to use when the sensors or actuations are too many. FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) is simple method to use with another bigdata analysis technique. MBAS (Marine Bigdata Analysis System) is the SW to be analyzed the risk quantitatively in this study to assure the target safety.Findings: Test methods based on IEC 61508-3 are defined as SIL to assure SW quality effectively but SIL of FMEDA uses complex equations to be defined and sensing equipment parts could be classified as failure rates for input data for equations. I recommend simple method to decide test methods as Severity Level that is very similar to SIL but very easy based on FMEA in this study. MBAS is bigdata solution and sensing data can be validated and verified by the analyzed results of the relation of process functions as dependent value from sensor data as independent value.Improvements/Applications: No needed to be classified and be calculated the detected or undetected failure rate of sensor to assign the parts of equipment to define risks.

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Safar, Mona, Magdy A. El-Moursy, Mohamed Abdelsalam, Ayman Bakr, Keroles Khalil et Ashraf Salem. « Virtual Verification and Validation of Automotive System ». Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, n^o 04 (31 mars 2019) : 1950071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619500713.

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An integrated framework for Virtual Verification and Validation (VVV) for a complete automotive system is proposed. The framework can simulate/emulate the system on three levels: System on Chip (SoC), Electronic control unit (ECU) and system level. The framework emulates the real system including hardware (HW) and software (SW). It enhances the automotive V-cycle and allows co-development of the automotive system SW and HW. The procedure for debugging AUTOSAR application on the virtual platform (VP) is shown. SW and HW profiling is feasible with the presented methodology. Verification and validation of automotive embedded SW is also presented. The proposed methodology is efficient as the system complexity increases which shortens the development cycle of automotive system. It also provides fault injection capability. With HW emulation, co-debugging mechanism is demonstrated. A case study covering the framework capability is presented. The case study demonstrates the proposed framework and methodology to design, simulate, trace, profile and debug AUTOSAR SW using VPs.

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Mohsen, M. F. N. « Modification of Welge's Method of Shock Front Location in the Buckley-Leverett Problem for Nonzero Initial Condition (includes associated papers 15193 and 15282 and 15797 and 15915 and 16458 ) ». Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal 25, n^o 04 (1 août 1985) : 521–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/12231-pa.

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Abstract In the analytical solution of the Buckley-Leverett problem, Welge1 recommends that to locate a front, one should draw a tangent to the fractional saturation curve from the origin. In this paper I establish that this procedure will be correct only for the case of a zero initial condition. For a nonzero initial condition, a mass-conserving front will be located farther down the flow direction. The implications of this finding for error analysis in comparing numerical solutions to the analytical one are discussed. Introduction To establish the accuracy of a numerical solution to the Buckley-Leverett equation, one normally seeks a comparison with the analytical solution. Difficulties arise, however, when a zero initial saturation over the space domain, normally imposed on the analytical solution, is to be expressed numerically while incorporating a nonzero boundary condition. For example, the finite-element method using a "Chapeau" basis function by necessity generates a ramp initial condition. The objective of this paper is to provide a modification to Welge's1 method for an appropriate location of the front on the basis of mass conservation for a condition where some water greater than the residual water saturation is initially present. The analytical solution to the Buckley-Leverett equation is known to yield a multiple-value saturation profile that is resolved by locating a front on the basis of mass conservation. This was suggested by Buckley and Leverett.2 A quick way of locating the front was provided by Welge,1 and is also discussed in Ref. 3. Welge's method locates the front accurately for the particular case when the initial saturation is zero (or a constant residual water saturation) over the entire space domain. In the more general case of a nonzero initial condition (i.e., initial saturation greater than residual saturation), his method needs modification. One such method is presented in this paper. Development of the Modified Technique The Buckley-Leverett equation is given byEquation 1 whereqt=total volumetric flow rate (L3/T),fw=fractional flow of wetting phase,Sw=saturation of wetting phase,t=time (T),x=space coordinate (L),A=cross-sectional area normal to flow (L2), andf=porosity. Introducing ut=qt/Af, the total interstitial flow velocity, Eq. 1 may be written asEquation 2 It was shown by Buckley and Leverett2 that the solution to Eq. 2 may be generated by computing the displacement, ?x, experienced by any saturation, Sw.Equation 3 Owing to the bell-shaped property of dfw/dSw as a function of saturation Sw, the solution of Eq. 3 generates a triple-value function, ?x(Sw,t). The physical incompatibility of the multiplicity of Sw at a given x on the advanced saturation profile of the wetting phase was resolved by Buckley and Leverett2 by locating a front while maintaining conservation of mass. Welge1 rightfully pointed out the computational effort in computing the area every time a solution is required. He established that the mass-conserving front location may be arrived at by drawing (in the fw vs. Sw plane) a tangent from the origin (Sw=Swr, fw=0) to the fw(Sw) curve. The saturation at the point of tangency is the saturation at which the front is to be located. I now show that Welge's method will yield the correct front location only in the special case of zero initial condition - i.e., when Sw(x,0)=Sw for all x. For the more general case of a nonzero (over and above Sw) initial condition, Welge's method will be modified. A nonzero initial condition affects the solution in two respects.

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Tornow, F., H. W. Barker, Velázquez Blázquez, C. Domenech et J. Fischer. « EarthCARE’s Broadband Radiometer : Uncertainties Associated with Cloudy Atmospheres ». Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, n^o 11 (novembre 2018) : 2201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0083.1.

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AbstractThe Earth Clouds, Aerosol and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) satellite’s Broadband Radiometer (BBR) consists of three telescopes and a rotating chopper drum (CD). Together they yield alternating measurements of total wave (TW; 0.25 to >50 μm) and shortwave (SW; 0.25–4 μm) radiances with point spread functions that translate to 0.6-km-diameter pixels. The mission requires that SW and TW radiances be averaged over 100-km2 domains. Correspondingly, the average longwave (LW) radiances are the differences between TW and SW averages. It is shown that impacts on domain-average nadir radiances resulting from alternating samples of TW and SW signals for realistic cloudy atmospheres are sensitive to the variance of cloudy-sky radiances, CD rotation rate, and along-track length of averaging domains. Over domains measuring 5 × 21 km2 and at a 50% rotation rate, uncertainties reached up to 3.2 and 4.1 W m−2 sr−1 for SW and TW radiances, respectively. The BBR’s design allows for in-flight alteration of the CD rate. An approximate method is provided for estimating SW and LW uncertainties resulting from the CD rate. While the nominal rotation rate meets EarthCARE’s mission requirements, reducing below 75% of that rate will lead to uncertainties for domain-average LW radiances that will often exceed mission requirements. This could be mitigated by increasing the size of averaging domains but that would compromise the BBR’s role in EarthCARE’s radiative closure assessment program. Uncertainties for off-nadir radiances are largely free of impacts arising from changes to the CD rotation rate.

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Soleimani, Shima, Omid Bozorg-Haddad, Arezoo Boroomandnia et Hugo A. Loáiciga. « A review of conjunctive GW-SW management by simulation–optimization tools ». Journal of Water Supply : Research and Technology-Aqua 70, n^o 3 (8 février 2021) : 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.106.

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Abstract The conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water (GW-SW) resources has grown worldwide. Optimal conjunctive water use can be planned by coupling hydrologic models for the simulation of water systems with optimization techniques for improving management strategies. The coupling of simulation and optimization methods constitutes an effective approach to determine sustainable management strategies for the conjunctive use of these water resources; yet, there are challenges that must be addressed. This paper reviews (1) hydrologic models applied for the simulation of GW-SW interaction in the water resources systems, (2) conventional optimization methods, and (3) published works on optimized conjunctive GW-SW use by coupling simulation and optimization methods. This paper evaluates the pros and cons of GW-SW simulation tools and their applications, thus providing criteria for selecting simulation–optimization methods for GW-SW management. In addition, an assessment of GW-SW simulation–optimization tools applied in various studies over the world creates valuable knowledge for selecting suitable simulation–optimization tools in similar case studies for sustainable water resource management under multiple scenarios.

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Ragab, Ragab, et Christel Prudhomme. « SW—Soil and Water ». Biosystems Engineering 81, n^o 1 (janvier 2002) : 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bioe.2001.0013.

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Araya, K., et G. Guo. « SW—Soil and Water ». Biosystems Engineering 81, n^o 3 (mars 2002) : 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bioe.2001.0030.

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Di Stefano, C., et V. Ferro. « SW—Soil and Water ». Biosystems Engineering 81, n^o 4 (avril 2002) : 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bioe.2001.0034.

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Oron, Gideon, Yoel DeMalach, Leonid Gillerman, Itsik David et Susan Lurie. « SW—Soil and Water ». Biosystems Engineering 81, n^o 2 (février 2002) : 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bioe.2001.0038.

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