Articles de revues : « Sustainable development – Law and legislation – Europe, Eastern »

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STORONYANSKA, Iryna, et Ivan ZALUTSKYY. « INSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL BASIS OF SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT REGULATION IN UKRAINE ». Economy of Ukraine 2022, n^o 12 (26 décembre 2022) : 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2022.12.034.

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The problems of creating the institutional and legal framework for spatial development in Ukraine in the context of implementation of European practice are considered. The content, methodological principles and tools of sustainable spatial development policy in EU countries are revealed. The European practice of interaction of spatial development policy with other sectoral policies, coordination of social and economic requirements for a balanced organization of territory with its ecological and cultural functions has been studied. Based on a retrospective analysis of national legislation, the specifics and fragmentation of shifts in institutional and legal framework of sustainable spatial development are revealed. Current problems of creating the institutional environment in Ukraine and spatial development policy regulation in the context of implementation of European approaches are highlighted. It is proposed to consider spatial development as an orderly and aimed at the optimization of spatial changes process of managing elements and connections of individual territories based on thorough estimation, synergistic use and qualitative preservation of their spatially diversified features. In order to eliminate the gaps and ambiguity in spatial and socio-economic planning, it is recommended to implement in the draft law "On the principles of integrated spatial development in Ukraine": Guiding Principles for Sustainable Spatial Development of the European Continent, adopted by CEMAT, in particular, regarding the priorities of spatial development in Eastern Europe; the coordinating role of spatial policy and the correlation of its goals with regional policy goals, as well as with the sectoral policies that have the greatest influence on the spatial situation in the country and in territories in question; national policy of integrated spatial development focused on diversified promotion of the development of internal potential of all territories, their functional integration while preserving the polycentric structure of the settlement system; a unified system of documents on integrated spatial development at the national, regional and local levels, the hierarchy of their correlation, procedures for preparation, reaching mutual agreement on documents, adoption, storage and remote access, etc.

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Ciot, Melania-Gabriela. « On European Green Deal and Sustainable Development Policy (the Case of Romania) ». Sustainability 13, n^o 21 (5 novembre 2021) : 12233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112233.

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Reaching the EU climate-neutrality objective in 2050 is very ambitious, especially for the Member States from Central-Eastern Europe. All the Member States will face challenges of transformational changes, but a good preparation of their administrative capacity will be a consistent support. The aim of this article is to analyze Romania’s decision-making process for the implementation of the European Green Deal Strategy, reflected in its administrative capacity. For achieving this goal, an interesting model of analysis was elaborated, which takes into consideration three levels and dimensions: strategic (with executive and legislative dimensions), administrative (national and regional dimensions) and outcomes (assessed from a well-being lens and public opinions surveys). The model will be applied at the European and national levels (Romania). It uses qualitative research strategies and methods. The transversal character of the EGD strategy, the coordination needed for its implementation, and the interdependencies and regional approach are important components that pave the way for the elaboration of the National Green Deal Plan, which becomes compulsory for an adequate design of the sustainable, adaptive, and mature Romanian administrative capacity. In addition, the article proposes a few recommendations at the national and local levels for the preparation of a better implementation of the EGD.

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Piosik, Andrzej, Marzena Strojek-Filus, Aleksandra Sulik-Górecka et Aleksandra Szewieczek. « Gender and Age as Determinants of Job Satisfaction in the Accounting Profession : Evidence from Poland ». Sustainability 11, n^o 11 (31 mai 2019) : 3090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113090.

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One of the aspects of sustainable social and economic development is providing the public with the opportunity to conduct economic activity. This requires the proper development of information systems, identification of the determinants of performance, and development of the accounting profession. The aim of our study was to assess the sense of job satisfaction and prestige of the accounting profession in Poland, as seen by accountants themselves, depending on factors such as gender, age, and others. The background for the research was a country located in Central and Eastern Europe, which had just been through a political and economic transition. The study used questionnaire surveys and was based on nonparametric statistical methods: Chi-square, U Mann–Whitney, and the Kruskal–Wallis test. Herein, we provided evidence that strong feminization of the profession can be observed in Poland, and that women’s financial satisfaction with their profession was lower than that of men, in small companies as well as in companies without any foreign equity investment. We confirmed that age is more important than gender in differentiating perceived job satisfaction. The findings indicated that the assessment of the accounting profession should be considered when creating legislative solutions for sustainable social and economic development.

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Văculișteanu, Georgiana, Silviu Costel Doru, Nicușor Necula, Mihai Niculiță et Mihai Ciprian Mărgărint. « One Century of Pasture Dynamics in a Hilly Area of Eastern Europe, as Revealed by the Land-Use Change Approach ». Sustainability 15, n^o 1 (27 décembre 2022) : 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010406.

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Land use is paramount to sustainable development, and in the past, important changes happened under the influence of various factors. Revealing these changes in a meaningful manner, not just as total statistics but also as fluxes and at a spatial level, allows us to detect and associate them with the factors involved. We show a study case in Iași County, Romania, using a raster approach to change detection for a land-use-type database that extends to the 1920s. The database was created from topographic, remote sensing, and field data collected between 1920 and 2006, with five intervals between 1960, 1980, 1990, and 2000, starting from CORINE Land Cover data. These periods mark the socio-political and natural changes in the study area. The change detection results are well matched with the identified drivers and their spatial distribution. The fluctuations between land-use types provide a good way to create drivers’ associations. Our analysis can be easily applied to any other concerned areas and could be used as base references for any legislative intention to determine land-use-type changes because it can be learned from past conversions with regard to failures or examples of good practice.

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Costi, Alberto. « Environmental justice and sustainable development in Central and Eastern Europe ». European Environment 8, n^o 4 (juillet 1998) : 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0976(199807/08)8:4<107 ::aid-eet162>3.0.co;2-u.

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Kryshtanovych, Svitlana, Tetiana Kornieieva, Olga Malinovska, Larysa Sokolik et Maryana Bortnikova. « SMART Management of Sustainable Development of the Region in the Context of Globalization ». International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, n^o 6 (21 octobre 2022) : 1765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.1706010.

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The main purpose of the study is to determine the main stages of SMART management of sustainable development of the region for the countries of Eastern Europe in the context of globalization. The issue of implementing a SMART management system today is relevant and critical for the further optimal functioning of the regional management system. The process of implementing SMART management itself is complex and complex, given this, there is a real need to find new methods for systematizing this process in the regional management system. The methodology involves the application of the method of graphic representation of the functional achievement of the goal. This methodology allows you to depict the main stages of achieving the goals in the beat way. Based on the results of the study, we have formed a graphically step-by-step model of effective SMART management of sustainable development of the region for the countries of Eastern Europe under the influence of globalization. As a result of the formation of this model, we have algorithmized and systematized the process of implementing SMART management of sustainable development of the region for the countries of Eastern Europe in the context of globalization. The use of this model will facilitate the adaptation of regional governance systems to a qualitatively new type of management. The study has limitations and concerns limited access to the socio-economic and sustainable development of the regions. We have taken only the regions of Eastern Europe as an example, but in the future we should expand our graphically step-by-step model of effective SMART management of sustainable development of the region for the countries of Eastern Europe under the influence of globalization for the regions of the whole world.

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Kryshtanovych, Svitlana, Tetiana Kornieieva, Olga Malinovska, Larysa Sokolik et Maryana Bortnikova. « SMART Management of Sustainable Development of the Region in the Context of Globalization ». International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, n^o 6 (21 octobre 2022) : 1765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170610.

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The main purpose of the study is to determine the main stages of SMART management of sustainable development of the region for the countries of Eastern Europe in the context of globalization. The issue of implementing a SMART management system today is relevant and critical for the further optimal functioning of the regional management system. The process of implementing SMART management itself is complex and complex, given this, there is a real need to find new methods for systematizing this process in the regional management system. The methodology involves the application of the method of graphic representation of the functional achievement of the goal. This methodology allows you to depict the main stages of achieving the goals in the beat way. Based on the results of the study, we have formed a graphically step-by-step model of effective SMART management of sustainable development of the region for the countries of Eastern Europe under the influence of globalization. As a result of the formation of this model, we have algorithmized and systematized the process of implementing SMART management of sustainable development of the region for the countries of Eastern Europe in the context of globalization. The use of this model will facilitate the adaptation of regional governance systems to a qualitatively new type of management. The study has limitations and concerns limited access to the socio-economic and sustainable development of the regions. We have taken only the regions of Eastern Europe as an example, but in the future we should expand our graphically step-by-step model of effective SMART management of sustainable development of the region for the countries of Eastern Europe under the influence of globalization for the regions of the whole world.

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Golovko, Liudmyla, Olena Uliutina, Iryna Davydovych et Oksana Ilina. « Legal Regulation of Combating Domestic Violence in Eastern Europe ». European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, n^o 3 (1 octobre 2021) : 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n3p253.

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Considering the increase in the number of cases of domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is relevant to study the practices of combating domestic violence, which have become effective in individual countries. The problem of domestic violence is global and various countries have been working to overcome it for a long time. Eastern European countries, especially the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland, have made significant progress in combating domestic violence. Therefore, it is appropriate to study their experience. The article examines state policy, national legislation and best practices for preventing and combating domestic violence in these countries.

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Tarasevych, Olena, Yevhen Akhromkin, Anastasiia Volkova, Daria Zablodska et Andriy Akhromkin. « Resilient Openness of Eastern European Cities in the Conditions of Sustainable Development ». Problemy Ekorozwoju 18, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2023) : 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2023.1.11.

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This article is devoted to the research of the resilience category, which is now one of the best safety catalysts of each state and its cities. The authors consider the resilience of cities and European countries in terms of preserving the vector of their sustainable development and successful confrontation with external and internal challenges, political and intellectual elite’s efforts to anticipate and neutralize these challenges. This material is disclosed in scientific and practical approaches to openness of countries (cities), as well as through analysis of results of resilience estimation on large cities of Eastern Europe in sustainable development conditions. The article emphasized importance of ratings and methods that reflect the results of the transparency assessment of the city councils’ activities in order to ensure their social, economic and environmental development. For the purposes of the article the authors presented main assessment results of pollution and comfort of residence in cities of Eastern Europe, which allowed to carry out comparative assessment analysis of openness and transparency of the Ukrainian cities in the context of their resolution under sustainable development conditions.

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Nałęcz, Hanna, Łukasz Skrok, Dawid Majcherek et Elżbieta Biernat. « Through Sport to Innovation : Sustainable Socio-Economic Development in European Countries ». Sustainability 12, n^o 24 (15 décembre 2020) : 10489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410489.

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Using clustering and principal component analysis, we demonstrate that—at the national level in Europe—innovativeness correlates strongly to both social capital and participation in sport. In this aspect, countries such as the Scandinavian countries and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe differ visibly. Referring to prior empirical research, we claim that a causal relation between sports, through social capital, and innovativeness can be established. In the context of social capital accumulation, we further discuss the role of sports clubs, often perceived as a socially intensive form of participation in sport, but most likely diminishing in this respect lately.

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Farmer, Andrew M. « A New Network to Aid Enforcement of Environmental Laws in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia ». European Energy and Environmental Law Review 8, Issue 1 (1 janvier 1999) : 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1999003.

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A new international network (ECAINECE) of environmental law enforcement agencies was established in May 1998 covering countries of central and eastern Europe and Central Asia. It is different from existing European networks (e.g. IMPEL) in not focusing on a common set of legislation, but shares common goals of exchange of information and experience. Success of the network would significantly aid the development of environmental law and its enforcement in non EU accession transition states.

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Somlyody, L. « Quo vadis water quality management in central and eastern Europe ? » Water Science and Technology 30, n^o 5 (1 septembre 1994) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0219.

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Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are going through unique political, economic, institutional, and social changes associated with the heritage of serious pollution problems from the past. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the water quality management strategies CEE countries may take including the rationale of introducing Western policies in the short run. The policy to be selected must be viable under the existing pressing financial conditions and should feasibly be expanded towards a long-term sustainable scenario as economy improves. As a basis the present economic, social, and institutional setting is outlined, and the state of water quality and the role of emissions of various origins are summarized. A special focus is devoted to municipalities with low and unbalanced levels of infrastructure; the development of these infrastructures could be aburden even for stable economies. An overview and evaluation are given for the water supply, sewerage, and wastewater treatment for urban areas with populations greater than 25,000 in five countries of the CEE region together with a discussion of legislation issues. Major elements of cost-effective development strategies are discussed and illustrated by examples. They incorporate improved demand management and the closing of material cycles, the upgrading of wastewater treatment facilities to match the level of sewerage, the application of regionally variable effluent (and/or ambient) water quality standards and their gradual tightening based on a river basin approach, the innovative selection of combined chemical-biological technologies (for both upgrading and new design) depending on local conditions and the multi-stage development of wastewater treatment plants. The policy suggested for the next couple of decades is characterized by a number of non-uniformities which raises considerable implementation challenges.

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Tambovceva, Tatjana, Dzintra Atstaja, Maria Tereshina, Inga Uvarova et Agita Livina. « Sustainability Challenges and Drivers of Cross-Border Greenway Tourism in Rural Areas ». Sustainability 12, n^o 15 (23 juillet 2020) : 5927. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12155927.

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This article provides a practical example of the development of cross-border tourism and its link to achieving sustainable development goals. Greenways (GWs) are successful and recognized initiatives in Western Europe, but have recently also shown development trends in Eastern Europe, notably, in the Baltic Sea Region and Russia. These initiatives improve the quality of life and provide opportunities for sustainable economic activities for the local communities, especially in rural areas, adding value to their natural, cultural, historical and human heritage. The authors studied examples of best practice in scientific literature and practice, encouraging the development of cross-border tourism and GWs in Europe and Russia, in order to further adapt it to other continents. Analyzing the environmental, economic, social and institutional factors in the region and their role in sustainable development, the need for institutional regulation that would allow the development of a wider development of GWs is identified. Research results reveal sustainable development dilemmas of positive socioeconomic effects of GWs and negative environmental effects of increased flows of tourists. Focus groups and expert interviews allowed us to assess the level of various factors contributing to sustainable development and clarify the directions of the future research.

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Mendelski, Martin. « The eu’s Pathological Power : The Failure of External Rule of Law Promotion in South Eastern Europe ». Southeastern Europe 39, n^o 3 (22 décembre 2015) : 318–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763332-03903003.

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What impact does the European Union (eu) have on the development of the rule of law in South Eastern Europe (see)? The author of this article argues and shows that the eu has: 1) a positively reinforcing (healthy) effect with regard to judicial capacity and substantive legality, i.e. the alignment of domestic legislation with international standards, and 2) a negatively reinforcing (pathological) effect with regard to judicial impartiality and formal legality (the inner morality of law). The author explains the pathological impact of eu-driven rule of law reforms by referring to the eu’s deficient reform approach and to unfavorable domestic conditions, which in their interplay reinforce certain reform pathologies (legal instability, incoherence, politicization) that undermine the rule of law. The main argument is supported by a mixed method study. A quantitative indicator-based analysis measures rule of law development across four key dimensions on the basis of a variety of data (e.g. survey-based indicators, cepej data, and a unique dataset on legislative output). Additionally, the author draws on a number of qualitative interviews that he conducted with magistrates from see and representatives from the eu, the European Court of Human Rights, and the Council of Europe. The author concludes from these findings that external rule of law promotion in weak rule of law countries is not transformative, but rather reinforces systemic deficiencies that undermine the rule of law.

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Timofejevs, Péteris F. « The Environment and Populist Radical Right in Eastern Europe : The Case of National Alliance 2010–2018 ». Sustainability 12, n^o 19 (1 octobre 2020) : 8092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198092.

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Although the literature on populist radical right parties (PRRP) in Western and Eastern Europe has expanded considerably in the last two decades, relatively little is known about the views on nature and the environment of the PRRP in Eastern Europe. This study focuses on the Latvian PRRP “National Alliance” (NA), which has not only been a coalition government partner since 2011, but occupied a ministerial post tasked with environmental policy from 2014 to 2019. This article examines how the NA viewed nature, the environment, and governance for sustainability in the period 2010–2018, and more specifically, whether and to what extent the NA’s vision of nature and the environment was compatible with its sustainable development position. The study employs qualitative content analysis examining the official party literature. The results indicate that the party’s vision embraced the sustainable development position in its declaratory statements on nature and environmental policy. The NA’s views on governance for sustainability demonstrate a strong statist preference, downplaying more participatory approaches, thus departing from the sustainable development governance position.

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Zsamboki, K., et M. Bell. « Local Self-Government in Central and Eastern Europe : Decentralization or Deconcentration ? » Environment and Planning C : Government and Policy 15, n^o 2 (juin 1997) : 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c150177.

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The development of autonomous local self-governments is a critical, albeit often over-looked, element of the long-term transition to democracy in Central and Eastern Europe and the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union. All countries in the region have taken clear steps to pass legislation creating new local government institutions. Such institutional reform is necessary, but not sufficient, for the development of autonomous local self-government. In this paper we present several fundamental criteria which must be satisfied in order to establish and nurture autonomous local self-government. We test these criteria against institutional reforms in Central and Eastern Europe and the newly independent states to gauge the extent to which there has been actual devolution of governmental responsibility from central to local governments. We conclude that, although some individual strands of these fundamental reforms may have received some attention in the current transition process, such attention is more ad hoc than strategic. As a result, the goal of creating autonomous local self-governments has not been achieved. Donor nations and reform elements in each country must think strategically about all dimensions of this local government transition if these changes are to be institutionalized and the transition is to be successful in the long term.

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Bąk, Iwona, Katarzyna Wawrzyniak et Maciej Oesterreich. « Competitiveness of the Regions of the European Union in a Sustainable Knowledge-Based Economy ». Sustainability 14, n^o 7 (23 mars 2022) : 3788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073788.

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The aim of the article is to analyze the level of the knowledge-based economy (KBE) in the European Union countries in terms of sustainable development. The added value of the work is the presentation of research results at different levels of data aggregation (EU countries, EU macro-regions, EU regions). This type of approach was used for the first time in this study. The research assumes that knowledge and skills are one of the basic factors in implementing the concept of sustainable development. Currently, there are very large disproportions at the level of KBE in the countries, macro-regions, and regions of the EU. It also translates into their socio-economic situation and thus into competitiveness and innovation. The highest level of KBE is in north-western and central Europe countries, while the lowest is in the countries of eastern and south-eastern Europe. This regularity also applies to macro-regions and regions located in these countries.

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Shkaruba, Anton, Hanna Skryhan, Olga Likhacheva, Viktar Kireyeu, Attila Katona, Sergey Shyrokostup et Kalev Sepp. « Environmental drivers and sustainable transition of dachas in Eastern Europe : An analytical overview ». Land Use Policy 100 (janvier 2021) : 104887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104887.

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BACON, PHILIP J., JEREMY D. CAIN, MICHAL KOZAKIEWICZ, MARCIN BRZEZINSKI et ANNA LIRO. « PROMOTING MORE SUSTAINABLE RURAL LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT : A CASE STUDY IN EASTERN EUROPE USING BAYESIAN NETWORK MODELS ». Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 04, n^o 02 (juin 2002) : 199–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333202000966.

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A Bayesian Network approach to developing effective policies for more sustainable rural land use and development is presented which: • incorporates several different stakeholder viewpoints • integrates and balances the results from different viewpoints, and thus facilitates compromise land use solutions • elucidates the main factors affecting stakeholders' decisions, on which policy levers will operate more effectively • allows differences between "expected change" and "observed change" to be understood as arising from uncertainty and variation about "the average situation" • demonstrates the crucial roles of beliefs and uncertainties in determining the preferred options of different groups • emphasises the need to know the beliefs and uncertainties of local land managers • incorporates public participation and social learning while such necessary data are gathered. The approach's merits for fostering pro-active policy design and subsidiarity, and for focusing the research needed to underpin rural policy are discussed.

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Koval, Viktor, Piotr Olczak, Nataliia Vdovenko, Olena Boiko, Dominika Matuszewska et Inesa Mikhno. « Ecosystem of Environmentally Sustainable Municipal Infrastructure in the Ukraine ». Sustainability 13, n^o 18 (13 septembre 2021) : 10223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810223.

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For the Ukrainian population, there are factors surrounding the choices and preferences one must consider when changing permanent residence. Smart residential areas should be built according to Ukrainian legislation and global innovations, which would reduce administrative dislocations, the load on megalopolises, and negative anthropogenic impacts, and should be based on the increase in energy efficiency and reducing waste. We analyzed the core principles of designing smart residential areas and concluded that constructing cutting-edge residential areas should involve private investments in order to avoid shadow schemes and irrational use of funds (in the Ukraine, the share of the shadow market is more than 50%). Research shows that, as humans inhabit a three-dimensional space, it is possible to predict migration and other permanent residence/behavioral responses, the analysis of which allows controlling migration flows and improves the conditions of Ukraine’s small residential areas based on decarbonization. We conclude that energy saving systems can reduce consumption in a city by 60% and improve Ukraine’s ecosystem. Research also shows that reducing “dislocation”, in terms of population density, by creating open, innovative, eco-friendly environments based on green economy principles, can provide innovative development maps and economic, social, and cultural population growth, decreasing the load on big cities/regional economies, and encourage the restoration of sales markets and production after the COVID-19 pandemic. We developed a model to assess the innovativeness of residential areas, apply alternative methods of energy generation, and analyze the impact of the energy production and consumption market in Europe (with recommendations for the Ukraine). This article estimates energy intensity indicators of the gross domestic product in the Ukraine and in Europe, offering methods to decrease energy dependence and increase energy efficiency in the Ukraine, by adopting alternative energy sources (e.g., biohydrogen out of residues, air, and solar energy), and enhancing environmental legislation.

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Ljuša, Melisa, Mehmed Cero et Zlata Grabovac. « BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA IN THE CONTEXT OF REGIONAL AND GLOBAL COOPERATION FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIODIVERSITY ». Radovi Šumarskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Sarajevu 49, n^o 1 (1 novembre 2021) : 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54652/rsf.2019.v49.i1.26.

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UDK: 574:502(497.6) With the geographical position and climate conditions it has, Bosnia and Herzegovinais a countryof unique life forms and biodiversity. The flora, fauna and fungi of Bosnia and Herzegovina are among the most diverse in Europe, and the high level of endemism and relict species provide for the country’s significance at the global biodiversity level (UNCBD, 2019). Since 2002, Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD), has been following global trends of conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Followingthe Convention, among others, six national reports were developed, as well as the Strategy and Action Plan for Protection of Biological Diversity in Bosnia and Herzegovina (NBSAP) by 2020. These documents seek to ensure that protection and sustainable use of biodiversity become inevitable principles when relevant sectoral policies, strategies and legislation at all governmental levels of Bosnia and Herzegovina are being developed. In 2013, the Bosnian-Herzegovina Clearing House Mechanism (CHM) portal for sharing information on biodiversity was established within the global network CBD CHM. As a member country of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), Bosnia and Herzegovina actively represents and advocates for the interests of Eastern Europe. Bosnia and Herzegovina has made significant contribution to the preparation of a Regional and Sub-Regional Assessment for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Europe and Central Asia, which was adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session of IPBES (Medellin, Colombia, March 2018). In the context of regional and global cooperation, Bosnia and Herzegovina significantly contributes to the organization of the workshop and the preparation of an Eastern European Action Document on Pollinators, Food Security and Rural Development, within BES-Net Trialogue. Bosnia and Herzegovina reaffirmed its commitment to the status of pollinators by accessing to the global Coalition of the Willing on Pollinators at the 6th IPBES Plenary Session.

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Papp, Cristian-Remus, Ivo Dostál, Václav Hlaváč, Gavril Marius Berchi et Dušan Romportl. « Rapid linear transport infrastructure development in the Carpathians : A major threat to the integrity of ecological connectivity for large carnivores ». Nature Conservation 47 (25 mars 2022) : 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.47.71807.

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The development of sustainable transport is a key challenge in societies where there is an accelerated need for socio-economic development. This is the case for seven countries from central and south-eastern Europe that share the Carpathian Mountains. The challenge of developing sustainable transport requires transdisciplinary, or at least cross-sectoral cooperation, between the transport development and nature conservation sectors. Such cooperation is not in the culture of the Carpathian countries, which together host some of the most remarkable biodiversity values in Europe, including the largest populations of brown bear, grey wolf and Eurasian lynx. The overall length of motorways in these countries more than quintupled in the last 30 years and the rapid expansion of Linear Transport Infrastructure (LTI) continues at exacerbating rates. The rich biodiversity habitats are being fragmented and the concept of ecological connectivity is poorly understood and implemented by the national authorities. Ecological networks for large carnivores are not defined nor officially recognised in the Carpathian countries, with little exceptions. The legislation is not consistent across the strands of ecological connectivity and is not harmonised between the countries to effectively support transnational conservation efforts. Thus, the critical intersections between planned or even existing LTI and ecological corridors for large carnivores cannot be identified, in most cases leading to increasing habitat fragmentation and isolation of wildlife populations in the region. We summarised all this key context-related information for the Carpathians in relation to LTI development and ecological connectivity. To counteract this trend in the Carpathian ecoregion, we propose a set of recommendations to: improve and harmonise the legislation; develop and endorse methodologies for designating ecological corridors; address the cumulative impact on ecological connectivity; define other threats on landscape permeability; improve stakeholder engagement, cooperation and communication; develop comprehensive and transparent biodiversity and transport databases; monitor wildlife and transport for implementing most appropriate mitigation measures and strategies; build capacity to address the issue of sustainable transportation; and foster transnational cooperation and dialogue. Bringing these elements together will support the design of ecological networks in a way that considers the needs and location of both current and future habitats and contribute to efforts to address the climate crisis. These specific recommendations are relevant also for other areas of the world facing similar problems as the Carpathians.

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Ocolișanu, Andreea, Gabriela Dobrotă et Dan Dobrotă. « The Effects of Public Investment on Sustainable Economic Growth : Empirical Evidence from Emerging Countries in Central and Eastern Europe ». Sustainability 14, n^o 14 (16 juillet 2022) : 8721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148721.

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The relationship between sustainable growth and public investment, considered one of the key factors, is a topic of interest in the context of globally adopted sustainable development strategies and current budgetary constraints, especially in the case of tight budgets in developing countries, which constrain public investment more than current expenditure, for political or other reasons. Although there are endogenous growth patterns that incorporate public spending as a factor that promotes growth, the findings in the empirical literature provide contradictory results. The study is an empirical investigation into the effects of public investment on sustainable economic growth in emerging EU and Central European countries. For the period 1995–2019, the research shows that, in most of the countries included in the sample, the long-term impact of a public capital shock on GDP is estimated to be negative. The analysis of the effect of public investment on sustainable economic growth was performed by applying the VAR model and impulse response functions, the results being confirmed by estimating the accumulated multiplier to obtain the GDP response to a shock equal to a standard deviation of public capital.

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Tomoszková, Veronika. « Umweltschutzrecht in Tschechien ». osteuropa recht 67, n^o 3 (2021) : 298–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0030-6444-2021-3-298.

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After 40 years of a totalitarian regime, the state of the environment in Czechoslovakia was catastrophic. The revolutions that swept through Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in 1989/1990, including Czechoslovakia, sparked enthusiastic hopes for a better, democratic and perhaps “greener” future for this region. The major strategic goal of all the post-communist CEE countries was to join the European Union. The “eastern” enlargement was to take place under strict conditions in order to ensure that the EU does not suffer the negative consequences of an ill-prepared expansion. In the light of joining the EU, Czechoslovakia managed to adopt the whole series of progressive environmental legislation. However, after the parliamentary elections in June 1992 and the split of Czechoslovakia, environmental protection had to give way to economic growth and the overall transformation of society. This paper describes the development of Czech environmental law from a legal and a political perspective, providing examples illustrating the Czech Republic’s performance in implementing the EU environmental law and policy. After 17 years of membership in the EU, the Czech Republic and the implementation of the EU environmental law is still in conditional mode - the availability of the EU funds is the main leverage and motive to comply with the EU law.

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Ladychenko, Viktor, Olena Gulac, Karim Yemelianenko, Yurii Danyliuk et Volodymyr Kurylo. « Ensuring Sustainable Development of Local Self-Government : Foreign Experience for Ukraine ». European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2021) : 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n4p167.

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In order to build effective democratic governance under the Council of Europe Action Plan for Ukraine, local governments and elected representatives must have the knowledge and tools to manage modern and efficient resources, and local governments in general must increase their transparency, activities to strengthen citizens' trust in local political institutions. In its ambitious plans to implement effective governance, the Government of Ukraine is working to create a modern system of local self-government that promotes the dynamic development of regions and transfers as much power as possible to the level closest to citizens - communities. The article is devoted to the issue of ensuring the sustainable development of local self-government in Ukraine on the basis of the experience of building the system of local self-government in the European countries. Foreign experience with the existing system of local governments of Ukraine is compared. Local governments are classified into representative and executive. The practice of organizing their activities is studied. Both regional and local representative bodies and municipalities were studied. Different types of individual and collegial executive bodies of local self-government of foreign countries, methods of their formation, management models are given. The real state of the results of the reform of local self-government and decentralization, as well as the administrative-territorial system in Ukraine has been established. The main positive features of the system of local self-government bodies of foreign countries are identified and options for implementing sustainable development methods for self-government of Ukraine are proposed, including through effective state control, election of key local government officials, codification of local self-government legislation and balancing the status and powers of representatives and executive bodies of local self-government.

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Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Arcadio A. Cerda, Yansui Liu, Leidy García, Yuriy Timofeyev, Kristijan Krstic et John Fontanesi. « Sustainability Challenge of Eastern Europe—Historical Legacy, Belt and Road Initiative, Population Aging and Migration ». Sustainability 13, n^o 19 (5 octobre 2021) : 11038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131911038.

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The historical legacy of Eastern European and the Balkans’ health systems was mutually interdependent and shaped by local socioeconomic circumstances. Three distinctive systems of risk sharing and health financing developed since the late XIX century were the Bismarck, Beveridge, and Semashko systems. Modern day healthcare systems in these countries are challenged by population aging, accelerated innovation in medical technology, growing purchasing power and rising demand for healthcare services. Supply-side changes contribute to demand-side efficiency bottlenecks in financing, driving up the costs of the already expensive medical care. All of the nations have a large share of citizens experiencing difficulty with affordability and access to medical care, particularly in rural and remote areas. Network of health technology assessment agencies have mushroomed over the past three decades. Principles of health economics theory and cost-effective resource allocation are slowly gaining ground in governing authorities’ mindset and decision-making processes. For many years to come, pharmaceuticals and medical services will remain dependent on out-of-pocket spending. Currently, accelerating and spreading 4.0 Industrial Revolution, together with the Belt and Road Initiative, are likely to substantially impact the further economic development of this vast region. Post-pandemic “green” recovery strategies adopted by many of the Eastern European governments shall also make this transition toward sustainable development more difficult and challenging, given the large dependency of all these economies on traditional carbon fuels.

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Hohmann, Balázs. « Possibilities for Modernization of Conciliation Board Procedures in the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe - Online Dispute Resolution and Electronic Communication ». European Journal of Social Sciences 4, n^o 1 (15 mai 2021) : 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/554xup42d.

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Conciliation bodies are the main European forums for alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes, providing an institutionalized opportunity to remedy consumer infringement cases quickly, cheaply and efficiently. The institution has excellent dispute resolution efficiency not only in Hungary, but also at the international level, which greatly contributes to the enforcement of the consumer protection legislation of the countries concerned. The scientific examination of the work of the bodies and the legislation related to them, the number of domestic and international scientific works resulting from them are modest, while the efficient operation of the bodies depends not only on practical and legal factors, but also on the theoretical basis. Although legislative reforms in this area have led to a number of innovations and modernizations, they have left untouched a number of theoretical and practical issues that also pose significant problems in law enforcement, such as the satisfactory settlement of cross-border disputes, electronic communication and even communication, that it is possible to involve artificial intelligence, other software solutions in decision-making or online dispute resolution within the framework of the procedure. Applied research on the operation of conciliation bodies covered bodies and bodies in Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. Due to the large number of consumer legal relations, the significance of these research results in the national economy cannot be considered negligible either. The research supported by the ÚNKP-20-3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund.

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Ozkaya, Gokhan, et Ayse Demirhan. « Multi-Criteria Analysis of Sustainable Travel and Tourism Competitiveness in Europe and Eurasia ». Sustainability 14, n^o 22 (19 novembre 2022) : 15396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215396.

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The travel and tourism industry has numerous components that contribute to the economy and create new jobs since it is a service sector that incorporates other service networks. Furthermore, it acts as a catalyst in sustaining investment attractiveness and economic indicators such as closing the current account deficit. The Travel and Tourism Competition Index utilized in this research has four dimensions and fourteen indicators. In this research, the Entropy-based VIKOR approach, which is a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making method, Spearman Correlation analysis, and K-means clustering analysis were employed to propose a methodological novelty in this field. The study analyzed the competitiveness of significant European and Eurasian nations based on key indicators. According to country evaluations, Spain, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Switzerland differ from other countries in a positive sense and with a significant difference. Eastern European and Balkan nations are often at the bottom of the table. As a consequence of this study, it is expected that the results of future studies using other methodologies or methods will be compared with this study. At the same time, it is aimed to explain the relevant indicators and their dimensions.

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van der Meer, Frits M., Caspar F. van den Berg et Gerrit SA Dijkstra. « Rethinking the ‘Public Service Bargain’ : the changing (legal) position of civil servants in Europe ». International Review of Administrative Sciences 79, n^o 1 (mars 2013) : 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020852312467548.

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It can be argued that because of the rise of New Public Management and the growing dominance of labor law and HRM practices, the so-called ‘traditional’ public law formulation of the position of civil servants has come under pressure in a number of Western European countries in recent decades and have shaken the ‘bargain’ agreed between the political and administrative leaders since the Second World War. By contrast, in Central and Eastern Europe and Britain, new Weberian-type civil service legislation has been introduced. In this analysis, we examine both apparent opposites from a public sector bargains perspective and find that European countries are at a crossroads in their reflection on the ‘bargain’. Points for practitioners For practitioners in this field two considerations are important to note. The first is that while the discussion about the (legal) position of civil servants within their political-administrative system may seem to be a national debate, in essence it forms part of a more general debate that is conducted all across Europe. The second is that both theoretically and empirically, two dimensions of the bargain have to be distinguished, namely on the one hand the material labor conditions (pay, job protection, etc.) and on the other hand the values of bureaucracy (impartiality, integrity, loyalty, etc.). As our empirical analysis shows, these two dimensions have become increasingly independent from each other in the discussions and reforms in various countries over recent decades. In other words, managerial reforms in terms of material labor conditions have in practice been paired with the renewed emphasis on Weberian values of bureaucracy. Whether this decoupling is sustainable from a policy point of view in the long run (i.e. whether Weberian-style labor conditions are or are not conditional for high levels of Weberian values of bureaucracy), remains to be seen.

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Suchanek, Michał, et Agnieszka Szmelter-Jarosz. « Environmental Aspects of Generation Y’s Sustainable Mobility ». Sustainability 11, n^o 11 (8 juin 2019) : 3204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113204.

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This research paper identifies and explores the opinions and attitudes of young people about urban transport. It is the first study on this topic, based on the survey, analysing the mobility choices of young adults (more specifically, Generation Y) in Poland and for countries in Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of the paper is to show their travel behaviour from sustainable mobility perspective. The primary data was obtained through the online survey. The data analysis was held with use of factor analysis and ANOVA. The research results indicated the variables influencing the environmental dimension of sustainable mobility attitudes of young adults in four areas: the ecology-oriented approach to transport, opinions about sharing economy, public car concept and future transport system. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the ecology-oriented approach between people born in different decades, between men and women and between people with driving licences and people without them. Those results provide the insights for local authorities and mobility service providers. The recommendations at the end of the paper focus on the need for continuation of research in similar fields.

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Sopilnyk, Rostyslav, et Juliusz Piwowarski. « Access to a genuinely independent and impartial trial : a review of the sixteenth sustainability goal completeness ». Law, Business and Sustainability Herald 1, n^o 1 (25 mai 2021) : 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46489/lbsh.2021-1-1-5.

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The sixteenth sustainability goal is about equality in access to justice. However, according to some events in Eastern Europe, access is insufficient. The court must be genuinely independent and impartial. In this regard, we decided to find arguments in favour of expanding the sixteenth sustainability goal. A review of the sources and a theoretical study indicated a clear link between judicial independence and sustainable development. We used the method of doctrinal research. ECtHR cases have become our data for qualitative analysis. We have reaffirmed that judicial independence is the condition of the rule of law. It means conduction of proceedings without any pressure or interference on a judge, particularly from other branches of government. We argue that the entire independence of the judiciary appears on the background of the subjective and objective independence of the judge. In addition, this study demonstrates that judicial independence is a condition for sustainable development. It is associated with public trust and public confidence in the reality of such independence. In the example of equality of parties, we pointed out that there is no need to detail the sixteenth goal further. With our study, we wish to breathe new energy into the sixteenth goal of sustainable development

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Sheate, W. R. « The Environmental Impact Assessment Amendment Directive 97/11/EC - A Small Step Forward ? » European Energy and Environmental Law Review 6, Issue 8/9 (1 août 1997) : 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr1997036.

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The Environmental Impact Assessment ("EIA") Amendment Directive 97/11/EC was finally agreed in March 1997 and is due to be brought into force in Member States by 14 March 1999. With the new imperative of sustainable development since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, it was hoped that amendments proposed to the original EIA Directive 85/337/EEC would improve on the original legislation, reflecting EIA best practice throughout Europe and benefit from the lessons of EIA systems worldwide. While the Amendment Directive will bring about a number of significant improvements it falls short of bringing more radical changes, such as formal scoping, post-project monitoring and enhanced public participation (common in many other systems). Key changes are summarised in Table 1 which indicates where changes have occurred to the articles of the original Directive. This is supplemented by a more detailed discussion of the various issues raised.

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Anishchenko, Tetiana. « CONFLICT OF INTEREST : FROM THE LAW TO THE COURT DECISION ». Administrative law and process, n^o 3(34) (2021) : 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2227-796x.2021.3.03.

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The author of the article has studied specific features of normative and legal regulation of the issues of competitive interests in Ukraine. It has been noted that there are still problematic issues of practical application of the norms of current legislation in regard to drawing up protocols by authorized entities and in regard to court hearings in the relevant category at the present stage of development of anti-corruption legislation. The author has separately emphasized on specific features of resolving competitive interest in foreign countries. There is an example of the fact that the most common issues regulated by EU law are the obligation to maintain impartiality and the ban on combining positions, while the issues of gifts, rewards and restrictions on choosing activities after leaving office are almost not raised. Special attention has been paid to studying the Generalizations of Judicial Practice in Cases on Administrative Offenses Related to Corruption; the Methodical Recommendations on the Application of Certain Provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Preventing Corruption” regarding the prevention and settlement of competitive interests, the compliance with restrictions on the prevention of corruption developed by the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption in 2021 has become a special achievement of recent years, aimed at forming unified approach to the compliance with the rules for the prevention and settlement of competitive interests, restrictions on the prevention of corruption as an integral part of preventing the commission of corruption and corruption-related offenses. The report on the implementation of anti-corruption reforms in Eastern Europe and Central Asia countries, published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development on deepening cooperation, has been separately highlighted. This report summarizes the implementation of the Istanbul Anti-Corruption Action Plan and notes that the quality of mechanisms for monitoring the implementation of anti-corruption policies remains low in almost all of the indicated countries; in most cases it is based not on objective indicators and criteria, but on reports from executing agencies.

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Petkun, H. V., et V. V. Nedosekov. « Analysis of EU and Ukrainian legislation for the cattle welfare ». Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 24, n^o 106 (16 juillet 2022) : 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10617.

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“Animal welfare” – is a complex concept that characterizes the physical, mental, and natural state of animals at a given time and the ability to meet their needs. Animal welfare is a hallmark of the world of quality human nutrition and innovative livestock and is the basis for the sustainable development of society. The article aims to research and analyze the legislation on cattle welfare in the EU and Ukraine, highlight their strengths and weaknesses, and introduce proposals for better implementation of Ukrainian legislation in European norms. European legislation covers the welfare of animals during their life on the farm, the welfare during transport, and the welfare of animals during slaughter. This article analyzes in detail the following legal provisions: Directive 98/58/EC on the protection of animals kept for farming purposes, Council Directive 2008/119/EU establishing minimum standards for the protection of calves, Council Regulation 1/2005 covering standards for the transport of animals, Council Regulation № 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter and ancillary recommendations such as the Council of Europe Recommendation on bovine animals and the OIE Standards for the Welfare of Dairy Cows. Currently, Ukrainian welfare legislation is represented by the Law on the Protection of Animals from Cruelty (2006) and the Law of Ukraine on Veterinary Medicine (1994). These laws do not cover the protection of animal welfare and do not meet modern requirements. In 2014, by signing an agreement with the EU on creating a deep and comprehensive free trade area, Ukraine committed to updating legislation in the animal welfare field and implementing it as much as possible to European standards. Only in 2021, a new law on veterinary medicine was adopted, which has a section on animal welfare and approved five requirements for animal welfare, but the main problem is that they came into force on 01.01.2026. Given that by 2023 the EU plans to improve its legislation in the field of animal welfare, there is a need to accelerate the implementation of the new Law on veterinary medicine in Ukraine. Also necessary are training for farmers to teach and explain new rules, develop a specific regulation with minimum standards for the welfare of cattle and cattle, review shortcomings, and organize discussions with scientists in the field of animal welfare to improve legislation, create a clear roadmap the Law.

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Wysocka, Donata, Jadwiga Biegańska et Elżbieta Grzelak-Kostulska. « Construction Activity as an Element of Suburban Zone Development ». Land 10, n^o 11 (11 novembre 2021) : 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111229.

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The dynamic process of suburbanisation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland, causes changes in the scale of the construction activity, mainly in the communes surrounding large cities. Although, in Poland, suburbanisation processes were initiated with the system transformation, and the first spatial planning law was adopted only in 1994. In addition, building permits were issued in an unplanned manner, regardless of future consequences. As a result, housing development, despite its high intensity in suburban zones, is dispersed and chaotic. The aim of this study is to juxtapose the construction activity with the guidelines governing this sphere contained in strategic and planning documents, with the example of the suburbs of Toruń. On the basis of the statistical data, and the planning and strategic documents at different levels, it is shown that construction activity, because of its interference in space, is indeed an important element shaping suburban zone development; there is a burning need for the appropriate, i.e., sustainable and long-term, planning of this process. This planning may be boosted by considering the potential development scenarios for the analysed communes belonging to the Toruń suburban area set out in this study.

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Zimon, Dominik, Peter Madzik et Pedro Domingues. « Development of Key Processes along the Supply Chain by Implementing the ISO 22000 Standard ». Sustainability 12, n^o 15 (31 juillet 2020) : 6176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156176.

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The aim of the article is to answer the question of whether the implementation of the requirements of the ISO 22000 standard in the food supply chain can support the implementation of key processes occurring in them, and thus increase the level of food quality and minimize its waste. The research was conducted out among several European countries, and an attempt was carried out to compare how the standard is perceived by entrepreneurs operating in Poland, Slovakia (Central and Eastern Europe), and Portugal (Western Europe). Covering the Polish, Slovak, and Portuguese organizations with the research process resulted from the fact that in recent years in these countries, an increase in the diversity of food demand and fragmentation of the food market has been observed. This forced food supply chains to be strictly focused on increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of production and distribution systems, as well as taking into account customer requirements and the implementation of sustainable solutions. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the implementation of the requirements of the ISO 22000 standard along food supply chains can positively affect the implementation of key processes and thus contribute to reducing food waste at each stage of the supply chain.

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Vaishar, Antonín, et Milada Šťastná. « Sustainable Development of a Peripheral Mountain Region on the State Border : Case Study of Moravské Kopanice Microregion (Moravia) ». Sustainability 11, n^o 19 (8 octobre 2019) : 5540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195540.

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The sustainability of rural areas is considered to be most threatened in peripheral, hardly accessible microregions with insufficient economical sources. The paper analyses one such rural area in the eastern part of Moravia from the viewpoint of individual economic, social, and environmental sustainability pillars. The area under study is the mountain territory on the border with Slovakia, which is under large-scale landscape protection. The area with very limited economic sources has been impacted with a change to the geopolitical situation after 1993 (from the centre of Czechoslovakia to the fringe of Czechia). It was stated that the environmental pillar is in the best of conditions; however, perhaps threatened with missing technical infrastructure in relation to the disposal of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste, the social pillar is improving in relation to the post-productive transition, whereas the economic pillar is the most fragile because of its dependence on exogenous jobs in surrounding towns. In general, the microregion seems to be sustainable at the moment. Long-term sustainability will depend on the general economic, demographic, and climatic development of the country and Europe.

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Trachuk, Petro, Uliana Mykhaylyshyn, Ihor Dashutin, Olena Hubska et Yevhen Hetman. « The municipal authorities of Eastern European countries : Financial and economic aspects ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, n^o 26 (21 février 2020) : 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.26.02.38.

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Description: The purpose of the article is to study theoretical and practical aspects of local government organization and activities in Eastern Europe. The subject of the article is the issues of legislative support of the financial and economic bases of functioning of the municipal authorities of the Eastern Europe Statesю Methodology. In the course of study general scientific and special methods were used, which are the means of scientific research. In particular, comparative legal method was used for the analysis of the norms of substantive law of Eastern European countries, scientific categories, definitions and approaches. Historical and legal method gave an opportunity to reveal the meaning of the concepts of «local budget», «local self-government», to highlight the development of scientific views on specific issues. System analysis method was applied for an integrated generalization of the features of each country under consideration. The system-structural method made it possible to determine the state and government objective factors in the financial and economic spheres. The results of the study. It is recognized that due to the relatively low share of income, the entire financial system of municipalities is unstable, as well as the economic conditions in which local self-government operates. Although the analysis showed that the size of municipal budgets gradually increased, in the end they do not correspond to the level of inflation in these countries Practical implications. To ensure the autonomy of local government, it is especially important to manage the own revenue base of the territories and reduce their dependence on subsidies from higher-level budgets. In our opinion, subsidies should cover only certain types of expenditures of either national or regional importance and ensure equalization of the financial situation of the territories. Value / originality. The analysis of the relevant legislation and legal literature of the countries in question allows us to conclude that the expenditure part of the minimum budget determined by the legislator is calculated according to the norms and standards established by representative higher authorities on the basis of the law and the available funds, while the revenues of the minimum budget should cover the minimum necessary expenses guaranteed by higher authorities.

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Fu, Heng Yang, et Ji Shan Xu. « Groundwater Protection in Water Laws ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (février 2013) : 2242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2242.

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The traditional water laws in many countries in Europe and North America viewed groundwater as the property of the owners of the land above it. Land owners could use the groundwater under his land freely without considering the impact to his neighbours. Today, the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization have resulted excessive extraction of groundwater and pollution of groundwater quality in many countries and regions. The grim situation has prompted the change of the world's water law and made many regulations of groundwater protection come into being. Most of countries in the world have tried to control the extraction of groundwater by issuing licenses, and to protect groundwater from pollution by introducing water quality standards and environmental requirements. The article summarizes the rules relating to the protection of groundwater in the past and present water laws, and analyses the development trend of the groundwater protection in contemporary water laws and the process of international groundwater legislation. The laws specially used for groundwater protection are less. The legislative progress which realizes the sustainable utilization of groundwater is still very slow.

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Gebska, Monika, Anna Grontkowska, Wiesław Swiderek et Barbara Golebiewska. « Farmer Awareness and Implementation of Sustainable Agriculture Practices in Different Types of Farms in Poland ». Sustainability 12, n^o 19 (28 septembre 2020) : 8022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198022.

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Sustainability has been an emerging issue for years in the economy and agriculture. Making agriculture sustainable has become so essential that it has become part of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). However, producers ultimately decide individually the practices they implement. This is why farmers play a central role in ensuring a sustainable agricultural system, which results from farmers’ knowledge and expectations. Although numerous studies address sustainability issues, little is known about farmers’ knowledge and implementation of sustainable practices at different types of farms, especially in central and eastern Europe. This study aimed to determine Polish farmers’ awareness of sustainability with regards to animal and crop production. This paper also shows how farmers value the advantages arising from sustainable production. The study was carried out among 300 farms classified by type (dairy, beef cattle, pork, and crop production). The research instrument used was a questionnaire, with the Likert scale. The results show that dairy farmers and pork farmers declared higher knowledge and better implement sustainable practices than other farmers. The producers’ views on the benefits coming from sustainable agriculture varied. However, the two most significant advantages were recognized—the protection of water against pollution and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

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Popa, Adriana Florina, Stefania Amalia Jimon, Delia David et Daniela Nicoleta Sahlian. « Influence of Fiscal Policies and Labor Market Characteristics on Sustainable Social Insurance Budgets—Empirical Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries ». Sustainability 13, n^o 11 (31 mai 2021) : 6197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116197.

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Social protection systems are a key factor for ensuring the long-term sustainability and stability of economies in the European Union, their reform being nowadays present in the political agenda of member states. Aging and the dependence on mandatory levies applied to the employed population on the labor market represent a threat for the sustainability of public social protection systems. In terms of sustainability, our purpose was to highlight the factors influencing social insurance budgets, considering the fiscal policies implemented in six countries of Central and Eastern Europe and their particular labor market characteristics. Therefore, a panel study based on a regression model using the Ordinary Least Squares method (OLS) with cross section random effects was used to determine the correlations between funding sources and labor market specific indicators. The data analyzed led to relevant results that emphasize the dependence of social insurance budgets on positive factors such as the average level of salaries, the share of compulsory social contributions, the unemployment rate, and the human development index, suggesting the continuing need for professional and personal development of the workforce.

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Grącik-Zajączkowski, Małgorzata. « Intra-Regional Cooperation in Eastern Dimension of the European Neighborhood Policy : Challenges and Opportunities ». Reality of Politics 7, n^o 1 (31 mars 2016) : 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop201602.

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The Eastern Partnership was established by the EU in 2009 as a new institutional framework for building cooperation between the EU and six countries from Eastern Europe and Southern Caucasus (i.e Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine) as well as between the partner-countries themselves. The initiative was based on commitment to fundamental values such as democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights, market economy rules, sustainable development and good governance. The idea of how to treat the countries left after the downfall of the Soviet Union was one of the biggest challenge for the EU’s foreign policy. After the admission of Central European Countries to the EU in 2004 and 2007 the Union decided to launch a program which would provide the Eastern neighbors with an alternative to membership a set of incentives for engaging in economic, social and political reforms. The EU decided to promote regional cooperation under the Eastern Partnership instead of bringing the countries closer to the accession formula. The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the problem of cooperation between the Eastern partners. Major question is whether the initiative has contributed to enhancing of cooperation among the partners and if it has what tangible progress has it brought to the benefit of the whole European Neighborhood Policy.

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Horodyskyy, Ivan, Andriy Borko et Mariia Sirotkina. « ADAPTATION OF UKRAINIAN CORPORATE LEGISLATION TO EUROPEAN STANDARDS ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, n^o 3 (25 juin 2021) : 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-3-56-64.

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Defining the European vector of development of Ukraine in the model of international cooperation as a priority involves the use of European standards in the field of law. This is impossible without careful adaptation work to bring the domestic legal system in line with the system that exists in the countries of the European Union. Recent changes in legislation have been long-awaited and have been a breakthrough in the corporate and financial sectors. The authors aim to carry out a comprehensive analysis of Ukrainian corporate law by comparing the political governance of Eastern Europe, economic and political aspects of the current situation, problems of corporate governance and ways to solve them, and the current stages of adaptation of corporate law in its transformation to the EU’s norms. In February 2018, the European Commission proposed to consider 2025 a possible date for the accession of Serbia and Montenegro, which means recognizing these countries as the first league in the Balkans, even in case the EU Council does not approve this date. The second league was set by the Council in June 2018, when 2019 was marked as a possible conditional date for the opening of accession negotiations with Albania and Macedonia. While the third league is for the accession of Bosnia and Kosovo, for which no date has been set. Negotiations with Turkey have been suspended. For comparison, if we take into account both political and economic indicators, Ukraine is approximately equal to the Balkan states of the second league. The prospect of EU membership has been recognized as the strongest external factor in domestic political change in the countries surrounding the EU. In accordance with the requirements of the Association Agreement with the EU on corporate law (EU Directives No. 2001/34/EC, No. 2003/71/EC, No. 2004/109/EC, No. 2007/14/EC, No. 2007/36/EC, No. 2012/30/ ЕС, No. 2013/34/ЕС, Recommendations of the European Commission No. 2005/162/ЕС and No. 2004/913/ЕС) the Law of Ukraine No. 2210-VIII, the Law of Ukraine “On Limited Liability and Additional Liability Companies” dated February 06, 2018 No. 2275-VIII, amendments to the Laws of Ukraine №514-VI, “On Securities and Stock Market”, “On Business Associations”, the Economic Code of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine and other laws were made and came into force on July 1, 2021 in the Law of Ukraine No. 738-IX. European integration transformation of Ukrainian legislation in the context of protection of shareholders’ rights was manifested through the implementation of Directive 2004/25/EC in the Law of Ukraine “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine Concerning the Simplification of Doing Business and Attracting Investments by Issuers of Securities” dated March 23, 2017 No. 1983-VIII and the Law of Ukraine No. 514-VI. Ukraine’s economy has not yet recovered from the negative effects of the global financial crisis of 2008, the political coup, the national crisis of 2015, the current crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This situation shows declining dynamics, and changes in Ukrainian legislation are offset, not showing real effect. The harmonization of Ukrainian legislation is complicated by the unwillingness of Ukraine’s business environment to comply with EU rules. Analyzing the activities of the JSC, the dynamics of the securities market, stock market and the transformation of Ukrainian legislation, the initiatives of certain branches of government, we can say that Ukraine is moving in the right direction but not fast enough and forms a country with a real market economy. Therefore, we can conclude that the adaptation of Ukrainian corporate law to EU legislation should be carried out not only in relation to existing EU directives but in accordance with general trends and prospects for the development of European corporate law.

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Skoryk, Maryna. « THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF CORRUPTION IN EASTERN EUROPE ». Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, n^o 1 (22 mars 2019) : 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-1-201-206.

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The purpose of the article is to substantiate the essence and structure of corruption as a separate institution in an institutional environment that has a deviant, anti-social orientation. To describe the influence of informal institutions on corruption in Ukraine. To propose constructive proposals for the use in domestic practice regarding the mechanism of overcoming corruption, which in the future will bring Ukraine to sustainable economic development. Methodology. The study we conducted is based on a systematic method that considers all elements of corruption in unity and development. The research used the following general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, namely: the method of analysis (means of combating corruption); synthesis (generalization of the main causes of corruption in Ukraine); method of induction (the impact of corruption on society); the method of hypotheses (when building a mechanism for overcoming corruption); and empirical method (own observations of the author on the situation in the state). Results. Corruption in Eastern Europe is a consequence of the spiritual, economic, and political crisis of society. Corruption demoralizes citizens and destroys their trust in the state. The mechanism of overcoming corruption is considered from the standpoint of neo-institutionalism. The author stresses that corruption is an informal institution. The system will start to change after the state’s economic development, and the main condition is the promotion of culture, which makes it impossible for an institution to be corrupt. To act and start such propaganda should be the education of future generations. Investing in education will raise its level, give a new class of professionals who will go to work in private business and government. Worthy wages will make you think about the desire for easy profit. The author conducts a qualitative analysis of corruption through methodological tools of neo-institutionalism. It is proved that the fight against corruption at all levels exists as a complex hybrid of institutional mechanisms of regulation, the impact of which primarily affects informal institutions, and then formal ones. For example, the purpose of a bribe is to obtain a profitable contract. A bribe is an informal institution that is an agreement between an official and a citizen. But a contract signed with a bribe is a formal document (legal). As a result of such corruption actions, formal institutions are not violated but act as a means of implementing informal arrangements. Practical implications. Taking into account the historical, economic, and mental component of Eastern European countries, analysing the foreign experience of the countries, the formation of a national idea in the subconscious of the society, which will be aimed at building the state, should come to the fore. It is necessary to break down stereotypes, raise confidence in power and law. Such measures are possible only through the reform of education, the upbringing of young people in the personal negative attitudes to corruption. An active civil society that supports various strategies aimed at reducing corruption. Sanctions are important, so punishing corrupt officials is an important part of any effective anti-corruption effort. Therefore, the Criminal Code of the country should clearly indicate the responsibility for any manifestation of corruption. The mass media must conduct a serious information company: report on detention and investigation and display social advertising (not as a part of a political advertisement). Value/originality. The influence of informal institutes on corruption in the eastern part of Europe is substantiated and the mechanism of its overcoming is proposed, the use of which will ensure the gradual economic development of the state.

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Vértesy, László. « Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries ». Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review 3, n^o 1 (30 juin 2018) : 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2018.1.9.

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This contribution deals with the macroeconomic legal trends in the Eastern member states of the European Union, so called EU11: Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The paper discusses the development from the 1990s to nowadays, emphasizing the initial changes and the consolidation after the financial crisis. Therefore, the fiscal policy bears a major attention: fiscal and budgetary stability, government debts, fiscal controls (auditing and independent fiscal councils), for a more comprehensive overview, some ports of the monetary policy will be examined: national banks and price stability. The main aim of the contribution is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that there is any identifiable or verifiable correlation between the legislation and the macroeconomic trends: sustainable balanced budget and government debt, economic growth, inflation. The research is based on law and economics, especially law and finance methodology with quantitative analysis, because of the cross-discipline nature of the topic. The paper contains some comparative statistics to evaluate the certain results upon figures, because it is even important to match the legal provisions with the economic performance.

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Lalić Novak, Goranka, et Teo Giljević. « Migration and Asylum Governance in CEE Countries : Between Historical Legacies and the Europeanisation Process ». Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 22, n^o 1 (2 mai 2022) : 97–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.22.1.3.

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Migration patterns in post-socialist Central and Eastern Europe countries were different when compared to old EU member states. During the period after WWII until 1990, those patterns involved primarily migration to and from other CEE countries (and the Soviet Union). In former Yugoslavia, a less oppressive regime, together with a high demand for workers in Western European countries, opened up space for rather massive labour emigration during 1960s and 1970s. After the collapse of previous regimes and during the transition period in the 1990s, CEE countries experienced an increase in immigration; however, relatively small numbers of immigrants have been arriving from outside Europe. At the same time, under the EU accession requirements, those countries had to quickly develop migration policies and align their legislation with acquis communautaire on migration and border security. The mass migrations in 2015 and 2016 opened a new chapter regarding migration and asylum governance in CEE countries. Some of them, such as Visegrad countries, strongly opposed the EU initiatives in the area of migration and asylum, which influenced their relations with EU institutions but also other member states. The paper aims to explore the relationship between the transition and Europeanisation on one side, and the development of migration and asylum governance on the other side in CEE countries, based on the path-dependency approach. The paper focuses on the question to what extent (post)socialist factors influence national migration and asylum governance and policies which are at the same time governed by the EU regulatory framework. It is debated whether the effectiveness of the transfer of values and norms relating to migration during the accession process has been replaced by a “national turn” after joining the EU.

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Glińska, Ewa, et Wawrzyniec Rudolf. « City Brand Personality Projected by Municipalities from Central and Eastern Europe Countries—A Comparison of Facebook Usage ». Sustainability 11, n^o 19 (1 octobre 2019) : 5440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195440.

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City branding is becoming more and more popular, not only as a field of research, but also as a practice of local governments. Municipalities attempt to introduce this concept into their sustainable transformation process, positioning a city among its stakeholders as, for instance, an eco-oriented, innovative, or smart city. An idea that fosters building a strong and consistent city brand is brand personality. The aim of the paper is to diagnose a city’s brand personality dimensions/traits communicated via posts published on official Facebook accounts of cities and to identify differences occurring within this scope between cities of two selected Central and Eastern European countries—Poland and Ukraine. To achieve this aim, the research involved a content analysis of 1700 posts published by 34 municipalities representing regional capital cities of Poland and Ukraine. On the basis of these study results, the authors have supplemented the Aaker (1997) five-dimensional scale of brand personality with the sixth dimension: Prosocial Attitude, which includes cooperative and bureaucratic traits, to better comply with the approach of cities to problems of their inhabitants and their surrounding environment, which is consistent with the idea of sustainability. Furthermore, the fifth trait has been added to characteristics which make up Aaker’s Excitement dimension. Dubbed as patriotic, it refers to the city’s activities related to the local celebration of historical events, indicating national pride and identification with its place of residence. Bureaucratic and patriotic traits were quite frequently observed in posts published on the official Facebook accounts of Ukrainian cities. Moreover, the research proves that in case of Polish cities the dominating brand personality dimensions are Sincerity and Excitement. Ukrainian cities tend to exercise communication based on the Sincerity and Competence dimension.

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Charrad, Mounira. « CONTEXTS, CONCEPTS AND CONTENTIONS : GENDER LEGISLATION AS POLITICS IN THE MIDDLE EAST ». Hawwa 5, n^o 1 (2007) : 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920807781787635.

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AbstractDebates over gender relevant legislation such as family law have led to serious conflict in many periods of Middle Eastern history, especially in recent times. One way to understand the intensity of the current debates is to recognize that gender issues raise fundamental questions about the relationship between individual and society and the role of states. In this article I argue that, in considering gender relevant legislation in the Middle East, we need to develop a framework that is different from the paradigms anchored in the politics of western liberal democracies in the U.S. and Western Europe. The frame of reference I propose is built upon the following propositions. (1) We should treat gender legislation in the Middle East as an inherently political matter that goes to the heart of the organization of power. Such a perspective opens up the possibility of considering the role of multiple and complex political processes including pressures from below by social movements and top down reforms. (2) We need to reformulate the concepts of tradition and modernity that have pervaded the study of gender in the Islamic world. Tradition and modernity as two distinct, well-defined cultural forms should be dropped altogether. Instead, the discourses of tradition and modernity should be taken as political constructs and the following question should be asked: who benefits from each discourse in given political contexts? (3) The role of kin-based solidarities should be considered in the nexus of conflicts and alliances that shape the process of state formation. The individualistic model of politics in western liberal democracies has limited value for the understanding of political processes in the historical development of the Middle East. The focus should be instead on the role of identities based in communities that define themselves in collective and ascriptive terms of common kinship.

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Armoškaitė, Aurelija, Ieva Bārda, Ingrīda Andersone, Ida Maria Bonnevie, Anda Ikauniece, Jonne Kotta, Anneliis Kõivupuu et al. « Considerations of Use-Use Interactions between Macroalgae Cultivation and Other Maritime Sectors : An Eastern Baltic MSP Case Study ». Sustainability 13, n^o 24 (15 décembre 2021) : 13888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413888.

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With the blue economic sectors growing, marine macroalgae cultivation plays an important role in securing food and energy supplies, as well as better water quality in sustainable ways, whether alone or as part of a cluster solution to mitigate the effects of fish farming. While macroalgae cultivation exists in Europe, it is not that widely distributed yet; with increasing marine activities at sea, Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) needs to ensure social recognition as well as social and spatial representation for such a new marine activity. This comparative case study analysis of MSPs of three eastern Baltic Sea countries explores the levels of support for the development of macroalgae cultivation in MSP and the degree of co-location options for this new and increasingly important sector. It presents new analytical ways of incorporating co-location considerations into the concept of social sustainability. The results of this study support the harmonisation of views on co-location, propose ways of using space to benefit multiple users as well as marine ecosystems, and highlight some of the key social challenges and enablers for this sector.

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Nickayin, Samaneh Sadat, Rares Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, Matteo Clemente, Francesco Maria Chelli, Luca Salvati, Federico Benassi et Antonio Gimenez Morera. « “Qualifying Peripheries” or “Repolarizing the Center” : A Comparison of Gentrification Processes in Europe ». Sustainability 12, n^o 21 (30 octobre 2020) : 9039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219039.

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Reflecting a broader form of neo-liberal urban policy underlying the progressive return of capital investment, gentrification is a key issue in urban studies. Although earlier definitions of “gentrification” focused mostly on socio-cultural processes, recent works have qualified gentrification as a mixed political–economic issue. Clarifying whether inner city gentrification should be supported, controlled, constricted, or prevented is a key debate in urban sustainability and metabolism, contributing to managing and, possibly, enhancing metropolitan resilience. To define the causes and consequences of gentrification, understanding the intrinsic linkage with different social contexts is crucial. There are no universal and comprehensive gentrification processes, displaying similarities and differences at the same time. A comparative analysis of different forms of gentrification and urban change provides basic knowledge to delineate complex, non-linear paths of socioeconomic development in cities, shedding light on the increased socioeconomic complexity and the most appropriate policies to fuel metropolitan sustainability in a broader context of global change. From this perspective, our commentary focuses on the main issues at the base of gentrification in Europe, starting from basic definitions and providing a regional vision distinguishing three “gentrification ideal-types” (northern, eastern, and Mediterranean). The implications of these different socioeconomic processes for the policy and governance of sustainable and resilient cities were discussed, evidencing new lines of investigation to frame (or re-frame) the increasing complexity of urbanization patterns and processes.

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