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Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 11 mars 2023

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1

Rodriguez, M. Alma, Ronald S. Walters et Thomas W. Burke, dir. 60 Years of Survival Outcomes at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5197-6.

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2

60 years of survival outcomes at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. New York : Springer, 2012.

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3

Tibandebage, Paula. Empowering nurses to improve maternal health outcomes : Paper 1 from the Ethics, Payments, and Maternal Survival project. Dar es Salaam : REPOA, 2013.

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4

Office, General Accounting. Cancer survival : An international comparison of outcomes : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C : The Office, 1994.

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5

Jaigobin, Cheryl S. Survival, stroke recurrence and functional outcome after lacunar stroke. Ottawa : National Library of Canada, 2001.

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6

G, Taktak Azzam F., et Fischer Anthony C, dir. Outcome prediction in cancer. Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2007.

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7

Schulz, Kenneth F. Reproductive tract infections : Impact on pregnancy outcome and child survival. Atlanta, Ga : Centers for Disease Control, 1991.

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8

Allan, Parker, dir. A strange outcome : The remarkable survival story of a Polish child. Auckland, N.Z : Penguin Books, 2004.

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9

He breathes again : A true and amazing narrative of survival from an incurable lung disease. [Sri Lanka} : publisher not identified, 2015.

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10

Miller, C. Arden. Maternal health and infant survival : An analysis of medical and social services to pregnant women, newborns, and their families in ten European countries, with implications for policy and practice in the United States : a study from the Child Health Outcomes Project, Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, the University of North Carolina. Washington, D.C : National Center for Clinical Infant Programs, 1987.

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11

Long, Suzanne E. One year survival outcome of newborns by age of mother : South Carolina resident births, 1987 live birth/infant death cohort. Columbia, S.C : Division of Biostatistics, Office of Vital Records and Public Health Statistics, South Carolina Dept. of Health and Environmental Control, 1991.

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12

FRCAnaes, Johnson Chris, dir. Oxford handbook of expedition and wilderness medicine. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2008.

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13

Treatment Strategies and Survival Outcomes in Breast Cancer. MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03928-759-8.

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14

Mulder, Barbara, Berton Bouma et Michiel Winter. Long-term outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0178.

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Due to tremendous improvements in corrective surgery, and medical therapy, survival of patients with congenital heart disease has improved dramatically over the past decades, with an estimated 95% of such patients in the Western world currently reaching adulthood. Nonetheless, patients with congenital heart disease have decreased long-term outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality compared to their healthy counterparts.

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15

Jain, Monica. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Outcomes. Sous la direction de Patrick Borgen et Miguel A. Burch. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0029.

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This chapter provides a summary of the landmark study in surgical oncology. What characteristics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) predict survival and disease recurrence? Starting with this question, the chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses the implications, and concludes with a clinical vignette to display how the study’s findings can be clinically applied to a sample patient.

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16

Rodriguez, M. Alma, Ronald S. Walters et Thomas W. Burke. 60 Years of Survival Outcomes at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Springer, 2016.

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17

Rodriguez, M. Alma, Ronald S. Walters et Thomas W. Burke. 60 Years of Survival Outcomes at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Springer, 2012.

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18

The Survival of Staff Development : Measure Outcomes and Demonstrate Value to Establish an Indispensable Department. HCPro, Inc., 2011.

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19

Lameire, Norbert, Wim Van Biesen et Raymond Vanholder. Overall outcomes of acute kidney injury. Sous la direction de Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0237_update_001.

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This chapter describes the overall short- and long-term, mainly non-renal outcomes of patients who suffer from acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite increasing age and greater burden of co-morbidity at the occurrence of AKI, patient mortality shows an overall decline over time. However, relatively ‘mild’ forms of AKI (i.e. defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL (26.4 µmol/L)) are associated with statistically significant decreased patient survival. The absolute mortality rates of AKI vary according to the different patient groups studied (intensive care unit, hospital, and population based), differences in parameters used for the criteria of AKI, differences in acquisition of baseline serum creatinine, differences between need of renal replacement therapy or not, and timing of endpoints (in-hospital mortality, 30 days, 60 days, or longer). In many instances, particularly in critically ill patients, AKI occurs in the setting of other diseases, such as sepsis, which are associated with a significant mortality risk. In such cases, AKI appears to amplify the risk of death associated with the underlying disease.

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20

Misak, Cheryl. Survival and Recovery : A Patient’s Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0010.

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This chapter addresses, from a patient's perspective, what happens after the intensivist takes his or her job to be done. If it turned out that intensivists were successful in getting their patients out the ICU door alive, only to find that some great number of them died in the coming weeks or had an astoundingly poor quality of life in subsequent years, we would not count this as a success. Physical, cognitive, and emotional impairment is reviewed, with the conclusion that clinical care and research should focus not only on short-term outcomes of ICU patients, but also on their rehabilitation and recovery.

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21

Kuy, SreyRam, Kai J. Yang et Anahita Dua. Long-Term Outcomes of Immediate Repair Compared with Surveillance of Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Sous la direction de SreyRam Kuy, Wayne Zhang et Tze-Woei Tan. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199384075.003.0002.

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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in vascular surgery examining whether early, prophylactic repair of small abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA; 4.0 to 5.5 cm) improves 5-year survival. The study found that among patients with a small AAA <5.5 cm in diameter, early surgical intervention confers no survival benefit over initial surveillance. The chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, year study began, year study was published, study location, who was studied, who was excluded, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

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22

Cancer survival : An international comparison of outcomes : report to the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C : The Office, 1994.

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23

Cancer survival : An international comparison of outcomes : report to the ranking minority member, Subcommittee on Health, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C : The Office, 1994.

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24

Finlay, Esmé, et Diaa Osman. Decompressive Surgery for Malignant Spinal Cord Compression (DRAFT). Sous la direction de Nathan A. Gray et Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0013.

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Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC) is a potentially disabling complication associated with advanced cancer. To address whether decompressive surgery followed by radiation therapy is superior to radiation therapy alone, this multi-institutional randomized trial compared outcomes among 101 patients with MESCCC. The study assessed functional outcomes such as ability to ambulate posttreatment, length of ambulation and maintained continence posttreatment, survival time after intervention, and additional functional, quality of life, and medication use outcomes. The practice-changing results of this study indicate that patients who received decompressive surgery and radiation had a longer length of posttreatment ambulation (122 days vs. 13 days, P = 0.03), better overall survival (126 days vs. 100 days, Relative risk 0.60, P = 0.033), lower doses of palliative medications, as well as better performance on several other secondary outcomes. From this landmark study, in appropriately selected patients with MESCC, surgery followed by radiation has become the standard of care.

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25

Perkins, Gavin D. Cardiac massage and blood flow management during cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0062.

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When cardiac arrest occurs, blood flow to the vital organs diminishes rapidly. Chest compressions are an essential element of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), yet they achieve, at best, one-third of the normal cardiac output. The speed of initiating CPR, as well as its quality is critical to patient outcomes. Optimal chest characteristics of compressions are defined as pushing hard (depth > 5 cm) and fast (compression rate 100–120/min). Pressure should be released fully between sequential chest compressions and interruptions in chest compressions should be minimized. Even short interruptions in CPR around the time of attempted defibrillation can be harmful. CPR feedback and prompt devices can be used to monitor the quality of CPR. Studies have shown these devices can improve the quality of CPR, but do not improve overall survival. Mechanical chest compression devices may be usefully deployed when it is difficult or unsafe to perform manual CPR, but there is no evidence that the routine deployment of these devices improves outcome. Vasoactive drugs improve coronary perfusion pressure and increase the chances of return of spontaneous circulation. However, there is no definitive evidence that they improve long-term survival. Recent data have raised the possibility that adrenaline may worsen long-term outcomes.

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26

Nolan, Jerry P. Advanced life support. Sous la direction de Neil Soni et Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0091.

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Anaesthetists have a central role in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The incidence of treated out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest is 40 per 100 000 population and is associated with a survival rate to hospital discharge of 8–10%. The incidence of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is 1–5 per 1000 admissions and is associated with a survival rate to hospital discharge of 13–17%. The most effective strategy for reducing mortality from IHCA is to prevent it occurring by detecting and treating those at risk or to identify in advance those with no chance of survival and to make a decision not to attempt resuscitation. The European Resuscitation Council and the Resuscitation Council (UK) publish guidelines for CPR every 5 years and the evidence supporting these is described in the international consensus on CPR science. The advanced life support algorithm forms the core of the guidelines but the precise interventions depend on the circumstances of the cardiac arrest and the skills of the healthcare providers. High-quality CPR with minimal interruptions will optimize survival rates. Shockable rhythms are treated with defibrillation while minimizing the pause in chest compressions. Although adrenaline (epinephrine) is used in most cardiac arrests, no studies have shown that it improves long-term outcome. The post-cardiac arrest syndrome is common and requires multiple organ support in an intensive care unit. Therapy in this phase is aimed at improving neurological (e.g. targeted temperature management) and myocardial (e.g. percutaneous coronary intervention) outcomes. Based on standard outcome measurements (e.g. cerebral performance category), 75–80% of survivors will have a ‘good’ neurological outcome, but many of these will have subtle neurocognitive deficits.

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27

Outcome prediction in cancer. Amsterdam : Elsevier, 2005.

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28

Gassen, Jeff, et Sarah E. Hill. Economic Conditions Cue Evolutionary Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190492908.003.0012.

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Changes in economic markets play an important role in cuing developmental programs, cognitions, and social behaviors that would have helped promote survival and reproductive success during times of resource scarcity. This chapter provides an overview of recent research using an evolutionary approach to examine how people think, feel, and behave in conditions of resource scarcity. It starts by talking about research on the effects of early life scarcity on adult outcomes. Next, the chapter presents research related to the impact of adult exposure to resource scarcity on intergroup cognition and political attitudes. Finally, it discusses how changes in economic markets influence strategies for mating and parenting. Together, this research suggests that—although many of the psychological and behavioral responses to economic uncertainty seem irrational—when situating these outcomes in the appropriate evolutionary context, they reflect processes that would have helped promote survival and reproduction during times of resource scarcity.

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29

Azzam F.G. Taktak (Editor) et Anthony C. Fisher (Editor), dir. Outcome Prediction in Cancer. Elsevier Science, 2007.

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30

Fisher, Anthony C., et Azzam F. G. Taktak. Outcome Prediction in Cancer. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2006.

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31

Chong, Ji Y., et Michael P. Lerario. Cardiac Arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0028.

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Hypoxic–ischemic brain injury is common following cardiopulmonary arrest and is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Therapeutic hypothermia has been helpful in increasing survival and functional outcomes in these patients. The neurological examination, neuroimaging studies, and ancillary serological and neurophysiological testing can be helpful in prognostication post-arrest.

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32

Kulkarni, Kunal, James Harrison, Mohamed Baguneid et Bernard Prendergast, dir. Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198729426.003.0023.

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Increasing specialization within general surgery has allowed the firm establishment of upper gastrointestinal, colorectal, and hepatobiliary surgery as distinct and separate disciplines. Each subspecialty has evolved and subsequently faced the challenge of improving its outcomes, in the fields of both benign and malignant disease. In cancer treatment, the multidisciplinary approach has developed to become standard, and the evidence base reflects this, now routinely incorporating neoadjuvant and adjuvant oncological treatments, resulting in significant advances in both survival and disease-free survival. This chapter examines the clinical evidence that underpins the main advances in treatment in these three major subspecialties.

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33

Sover, Arie. Jewish Humor : An Outcome of Historical Experience, Survival and Wisdom. Cambridge Scholars Publisher, 2021.

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34

Field, John. Therapeutic strategies in managing cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0064.

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Emergency and critical care specialists are important interdisciplinary physicians who often impact on the long-term survival of patients sustaining cardiac arrest, as well as immediate outcomes. These specialists are often at the crossroads of survival for patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation, and it is important to appreciate that out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest patients represent different pathophysiological subgroups with respect to aetiology and pathophysiology. Important time-dependent triage and therapy are crucial, and efforts to identify and treat pathophysiological triggers share priority with the initiation of hypothermia protocols and other targeted interventions, such as coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. Updated basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ACLS) protocols emphasize the importance of high quality chest compressions as central to achieving return of spontaneous circulation and emphasize that airway interventions should not detract from this objective. No specific ACLS intervention including intubation, vasopressor therapy or use of anti-arrhythmic agents has been found to improve outcome. The goal of both BLS and ACLS protocols is the achievement of return of spontaneous circulation, the prevention of re-arrest and the initiation of immediate post-resuscitation interventions associated with improved outcome. These include targeted temperature management (induced hypothermia) and coronary angiography for appropriate patients and ‘bundled’ critical care for all recognizing that the post-arrest state is a systemic inflammatory condition requiring multidisciplinary care beyond hypothermia and cardiovascular support.

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35

Unexpected outcomes : How emerging economies survived the global financial crisis. 2015.

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36

Katada, Saori N., Carol Wise et Leslie Elliott Armijo. Unexpected Outcomes : How Emerging Markets Survived the Global Financial Crisis. Brookings Institution Press, 2015.

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37

Eseonu, Chikezie I., Jordina Rincon-Torroella et Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa. Unusual Gliomas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0002.

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Patients with intra-axial brain tumors often present with neurologic symptoms based on the anatomic location of their tumor. Workup for a brain tumor includes cranial imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography, as well as systemic imaging to assess for primary tumor if metastasis is suspected. Maximal safe resection optimizes outcomes including overall survival. Surgical decisions are based on variables such as medical comorbidities and anatomic location of the tumor. Gliomas in eloquent areas may require intraoperative cortical and subcortical mapping of motor and/or language areas to optimize safety and help maximize resection. Adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation lead to a median survival of 14.6 months for patients with glioblastoma. Rapidly recurring glioblastoma after surgery has a poor prognosis.

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38

O’Brien, Tim, et Amit Patel. Kidney cancer. Sous la direction de James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0088.

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Despite advances in imaging techniques, many patients with renal cancer still present with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Surgical resection remains the main stay of treatment for locally advanced disease, but is technically challenging and survival remains limited. Progression free and overall survival following nephrectomy are dependent on many factors including pathological T-stage, lymph node status, and Fuhrman grade. Patients presenting with metastatic disease still have a poor prognosis and the use of multimodal therapy has yet to deliver dramatic improvements in outcomes, with just 15% of patients surviving in the long term. Understanding the potential but also the limitations of surgery is very important when the overall prognosis may be so limited in this challenging group of patients.

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Jackson, Ashley. Negotiating Survival. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197606179.001.0001.

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Two decades on from 9/11, the Taliban now control more than half of Afghanistan. Few would have foreseen such an outcome, and there is little understanding of how Afghans living in Taliban territory have navigated life under insurgent rule.Based on over 400 interviews with Taliban and civilians, this book tells the story of how civilians have not only bargained with the Taliban for their survival, but also ultimately influenced the course of the war in Afghanistan. While the Taliban have the power of violence on their side, they nonetheless need civilians to comply with their authority. Both strategically and by necessity, civilians have leveraged this reliance on their obedience in order to influence Taliban behavior.Challenging prevailing beliefs about civilians in wartime, Negotiating Survival presents a new model for understanding how civilian agency can shape the conduct of insurgencies. It also provides timely insights into Taliban strategy and objectives, explaining how the organization has so nearly triumphed on the battlefield and in peace talks. While Afghanistan's future is deeply unpredictable, there is one certainty: it is as critical as ever to understand the Taliban--and how civilians survive their rule.

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40

Kahn, S. Lowell. Bland Lipiodol-Assisted Thermal Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Sous la direction de S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan et Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0073.

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Surgical resection of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains the standard of care given the excellent reported outcomes for early stage disease, with 5-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates of 97% for pT1a and 87% for pT1b tumors after nephrectomy. Outcomes after partial nephrectomy are equally encouraging, with 5- and 10-year CSS rates of 92% and 80%, respectively, across all stages and 96% and 90%, respectively, for tumors less than 4 cm. Transarterial embolization prior to thermal ablation for RCC is far less frequent, but it is described in the literature. To date, there are no randomized controlled studies that demonstrate a benefit of combined therapy over radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or cryoablation alone. However, lipiodol is profoundly radiopaque, and utilization prior to RFA or cryoablation may aid in the visualization of the tumor.

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41

Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035.

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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient's body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient's life and integrate the patients' perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients' long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.

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42

Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035_update_002.

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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient’s body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient’s life and integrate the patients’ perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients’ long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.

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43

Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035_update_003.

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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient’s body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient’s life and integrate the patients’ perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients’ long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.

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44

Calabrò, Fabio, et Cora N. Sternberg. Treatment of metastatic bladder cancer. Sous la direction de James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0079.

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Although bladder cancer is considered a chemosensitive malignancy, the prognosis of patients with metastatic disease is poor, with a median survival of approximately 12–14 months in good prognosis patients and with cure in only a minority. The addition of new drugs to the standard cisplatin-based regimens has not improved these outcomes. In this chapter, we highlight the role of chemotherapy and the impact of the new targeted agents in the treatment of metastatic bladder carcinoma. A better understanding of the underlying biology and the molecular patterns of urothelial bladder cancer has led to clinical investigation of several therapeutic targets. To date, these agents have yet to demonstrate an improvement in overall survival. Urothelial cancer is extremely sensitive to checkpoint inhibition with both anti PD-1 and anti PDL1 antibodies. The future seems brighter with the advent of these new therapies.

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45

Mehta, Dutt, et Eric Prommer. Factors Associated with Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (DRAFT). Sous la direction de Nathan A. Gray et Thomas W. LeBlanc. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.003.0049.

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Failed in-hospital resuscitations consume substantial health care resources. Accurate prediction of who will survive an in-hospital arrest is difficult. Identifying pre arrest factors associated with poor resuscitation outcomes facilitates and enhances cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) discussions. Using a large CPR database, several preexisting factors associated with poor CPR outcome were identified and analyzed using statistical methods. The statistical model identifies factors associated with poor outcomes such as black race, advancing age, and multiple pre-existing conditions using the National Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. The chapter describes the basics of the study, briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, gives a summary and discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.

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46

Townsend, William M., et Emma C. Morris. ICU selection and outcome of patients with haematological malignancy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0374.

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Patients with haematological malignancies require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to the underlying disease, as a consequence of treatment with chemotherapy or after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. With an increasing numbers of patients being diagnosed with these diseases and longer survival as treatments improve, the burden on ICU is anticipated to increase. There is compelling evidence that patients should not be denied admission to ICU based on the presence of a haematological malignancy. In this chapter the disease- and treatment-related reasons for ICU admission, outcome, and risk prediction scores for patients with haematological malignancies are discussed.

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Kroenke, Candyce, et Ichiro Kawachi. Socioeconomic Disparities in Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0009.

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The relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and cancer is complex, dynamic, and evolving. Associations depend on SES measures, cancer type, sociodemographic factors including race/ethnicity, and historical trends. However, socioeconomic disadvantage is often associated with a higher risk of cancer, particularly cancers diagnosed at a late stage, as well as worse prognosis once diagnosed. Research on secular trends over the past 70 years has shown reversals of the socioeconomic gradient for lung and colorectal cancer consistent with differential trends by SES in patterns of smoking, diet, and obesity. Rates of these cancers are now currently higher in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. SES is considered to be a “fundamental” determinant of health outcomes, and this appears true throughout the cancer spectrum—from cancer incidence to detection, treatment, and survival. Investigations over the past decade have increasingly considered the simultaneous impact of individual SES and area-level SES (as a contextual influence) on health outcomes.

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Yates, Patsy. Communication in the context of cancer as a chronic disease. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0027.

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Changes in cancer treatment and improved survival rates mean that cancer is often experienced as a chronic condition. This chapter draws on contemporary models of chronic disease management, which define the capabilities required to promote self-management and identify the specific communication practices that achieve optimal outcomes for individuals living with a long-term condition. These capabilities require health professionals to provide person-centred care and achieve individual behavioural as well as organizational/system change. Communication skills which reflect these capabilities in practice include open questions and reflective listening, empathy and sensitivity to patient needs, and sharing of information. Communication skills to support motivational interviewing, collaborative problem identification, and organizational change, including communicating within a multidisciplinary team, are critical to achieving optimal outcomes for people living with cancer. These communication practices enable the patient to be a partner as they adjust to new health challenges, and a changed social and psychological context.

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Morley, Peter Thomas. Pathophysiology and causes of cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0061.

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Sudden cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) is still the commonest cause of death globally. CPAs are usually categorized according to where they occur, with out-of-hospital arrests accounting for approximately 75% of CPA deaths and in-hospital the remaining 25%. The arrests are also sub-categorized according to the initial rhythm, with the best outcomes associated with shockable rhythms. Large registries have demonstrated a variable incidence of out-of-hospital CPAs in adults (50–150/100,000 person years), with a range of outcomes (3–16% survival to hospital discharge). The majority of CPAs in adults are due to cardiac causes, but teaching surrounding the management of cardiac arrests now includes an increased focus on the identification and correction of underlying causes, irrespective of the rhythm. While identifying an underlying cause is often challenging, this is probably one of reasons explaining the improved survival seen with in-hospital compared with the out-of-hospital CPA. The incidence of CPAs in children is highest in infants, and decreases with age. The majority of CPAs in children are due to respiratory causes. Cardiac causes in children and young adults include a variety of familial, genetic, and acquired conditions. The pathophysiology of cardiac arrests is also now better understood. A large number of biochemical pathways are activated as a result of the CPA. These result in the post-cardiac arrest syndrome, which affects many systems in the body, but in particular the brain, heart, and kidneys.

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Ugarte-Gil, Manuel F., et Graciela S. Alarcón. History of systemic lupus erythematosus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739180.003.0001.

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The first description of cutaneous ulcerations consistent with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been attributed to Hippocrates. The term lupus first appeared in English literature in the tenth century. Until the nineteenth century, however, this term was used to describe different conditions. Osler first recognized that organ involvement may occur with or without skin involvement. With the discovery of LE cells and autoantibodies, the use of lupus murine models, and the recognition of familial aggregation and the importance of genetic factors, the pathogenesis of SLE started to be unravelled and allowed the definition of classification criteria. In parallel, the discovery of cortisone, the use of immunosuppressive drugs and antimalarials, the control of hypertension, and the availability of renal replacement therapy improved the prognosis of SLE from a 4-year survival of 51% to a 5-year survival >90%. Advances in genetics and targeted therapies will lead to better intermediate and long-term outcomes.

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