Articles de revues : « Surface sciences »

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MOHRI, Mamoru. « New Perspective on Surface Sciences ». Hyomen Kagaku 33, n^o 12 (2012) : 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.33.661.

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PUTNIS, Andrew, Carlos M. PINA, Jose M. ASTILLEROS, Lurdes FERNÁNDEZ-DÍAZ et Manuel PRIETO. « New developments in mineral surface sciences ». Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 98, n^o 1 (2003) : 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/jmps.98.9.

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Bazaliy, G., N. Oliinyk et G. Ilnytska. « The effect of modification diamond nanopowders detonation synthesis to change their electrokinetic and electrophysical characteristics ». Surface 12(27) (30 décembre 2020) : 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/surface.2020.12.169.

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Development of methods for controlling the change in the functional cover and the energy composition of the surface of detonation synthesis diamond nanopowders is necessary to create stable suspensions and materials from them. The aim of this work is to study changes in the electrokinetic and electrophysical characteristics of the powder as a result of the modification of detonation synthesis diamond nanopowders using a liquid-phase thermochemical treatment. Diamond nanopowders of grades ASUD-75 - ASUD-99 with different sp2-hybridization carbon content, manufactured at the V.I. Bakul National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine from the product of detonation synthesis of diamond from the company "ALIT" (Zhytomyr) investigated. Diamond nanopowders of ASUD-90 grade after their modification by means of liquid-phase thermochemical treatment using: a melt of alkalis, a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids, a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids were investigated by electrophoresis using a device "Dzeta-potential-analizer" company "Mikromeritiks". Electrokinetic characteristics of diamond nanopowders: the magnitude and sign of the electrokinetic potential, electrophoretic mobility are determined. The methods were used to study the physicochemical characteristics of nanopowders: electrical resistivity, carbon content of sp2-hybridization, mass fraction of impurities in the form of an incombustible residue, and specific surface area. In this work, it was established by electrophoresis that the value of the electrokinetic potential and electrophoretic mobility of the powder decrease by 2-10 times with a decrease in the mass fraction of sp2-hybridization carbon from 23.6 to 0 wt%. Using the ASUD-90 nanopowder as an example, it is shown that the modification of the nanopowder by the liquid-phase method using thermochemical treatment with mixtures of oxidants leads to a decrease in the values of electrophoretic mobility by 1.1-7.5 times and electrokinetic potential by 1.1-7.3 times. It was found by dielectric measurement that the tangent of the dielectric loss angle of diamond nanopowders of grades ASUD-90 - ASUD-99 is in the range 0.3046 - 0.3146. Modification of the ASUD-90 grade nanopowder using a liquid-phase thermochemical treatment leads to a change in the interval of the dielectric loss tangent, namely 0.2450-0.3249. According to the degree of increase in the ratio of the dielectric loss tangent from 0% humidity to 100% humidity, the methods for modifying nanopowders can be arranged as follows: modifying using a melt of alkalis (ASUD-90-1 sample, S = 12.8%) <mixture of chromic and sulfuric acids (sample ASUD-90-3, S = 13.8%) <mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids (sample ASUD-90-2, S = 20.8 %).

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Fathi Azarbayjani, Anahita, Abolghasem Jouyban et Sui Yung Chan. « Impact of Surface Tension in Pharmaceutical Sciences ». Journal of Pharmacy & ; Pharmaceutical Sciences 12, n^o 2 (12 août 2009) : 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j32p40.

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Surface chemistry has a large influence in many industries. In the life sciences, surface area is gaining importance in the characterization of materials during their development, formulation and manufacturing. The chemical activity, adsorption, dissolution, and bioavailability of a drug may depend on the surface of the molecule. In order to meet manufacturing challenges and develop new and better performing products with improved qualities, knowledge of surface tension is of utmost importance. An attempt has been made in this paper to review the application of interfacial tension in the key domains of pharmaceutical applications.

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Kumar, Charchit, Alejandro Palacios, Venkata A. Surapaneni, Georg Bold, Marc Thielen, Erik Licht, Timothy E. Higham, Thomas Speck et Vincent Le Houérou. « Replicating the complexity of natural surfaces : technique validation and applications for biomimetics, ecology and evolution ». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A : Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, n^o 2138 (24 décembre 2018) : 20180265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2018.0265.

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The surfaces of animals, plants and abiotic structures are not only important for organismal survival, but they have also inspired countless biomimetic and industrial applications. Additionally, the surfaces of animals and plants exhibit an unprecedented level of diversity, and animals often move on the surface of plants. Replicating these surfaces offers a number of advantages, such as preserving a surface that is likely to degrade over time, controlling for non-structural aspects of surfaces, such as compliance and chemistry, and being able to produce large areas of a small surface. In this paper, we compare three replication techniques among a number of species of plants, a technical surface and a rock. We then use two model parameters (cross-covariance function ratio and relative topography difference) to develop a unique method for quantitatively evaluating the quality of the replication. Finally, we outline future directions that can employ highly accurate surface replications, including ecological and evolutionary studies, biomechanical experiments, industrial applications and improving haptic properties of bioinspired surfaces. The recent advances associated with surface replication and imaging technology have formed a foundation on which to incorporate surface information into biological sciences and to improve industrial and biomimetic applications. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology’.

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Tian, Bo, et Yi-Tian Gao. « Computerized Symbolic Computation on a Sixth-order Model for Liquid Waves in the Presence of Surface Tension or a Floating Ice ». Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 59, n^o 12 (1 décembre 2004) : 997–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2004-1219.

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Computerized symbolic computation reflects the rapid expansion of computer sciences in various fields of science and engineering, while the studies on the liquid surfaces for rivers, oceans, aviation kerosene, liquid propellant for rockets, etc., are of current interest. In the presence of surface tension or sea ice, and with symbolic computation, the Hărăgus-Courcelle-Il’ichev model for surface liquid waves is hereby investigated. Several similarity reductions are presented, some of which are explicitly written out as exact analytic solutions having their rational expressions with respect to the dimensionless spatial variables of the model.

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Johnston, R. J., et John Pickles. « Phenomenology, Science and Geography : Spatiality and the Human Sciences ». Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 11, n^o 1 (1986) : 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/622078.

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Brodard, Pierre, Marc E. Pfeifer, Christian D. Adlhart, Uwe Pieles et Patrick Shahgaldian. « Surface Chemistry at Swiss Universities of Applied Sciences ». CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 68, n^o 7 (27 août 2014) : 560–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2014.560.

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Minato, Taketoshi, et Takeshi Abe. « Surface and interface sciences of Li-ion batteries ». Progress in Surface Science 92, n^o 4 (décembre 2017) : 240–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progsurf.2017.10.001.

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Qian, Gujie, Yubiao Li et Andrea R. Gerson. « Applications of surface analytical techniques in Earth Sciences ». Surface Science Reports 70, n^o 1 (mars 2015) : 86–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2015.02.001.

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KOBAYASHI, Shunsuke. « Surface sciences will promise breakthrough in display devices. » Hyomen Kagaku 9, n^o 4 (1988) : 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.9.236.

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Englebienne, Patrick, Anne Van Hoonacker et Michel Verhas. « Surface plasmon resonance : principles, methods and applications in biomedical sciences ». Spectroscopy 17, n^o 2-3 (2003) : 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/372913.

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Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a phenomenon occuring at metal surfaces (typically gold and silver) when an incident light beam strikes the surface at a particular angle. Depending on the thickness of a molecular layer at the metal surface, the SPR phenomenon results in a graded reduction in intensity of the reflected light. Biomedical applications take advantage of the exquisite sensitivity of SPR to the refractive index of the medium next to the metal surface, which makes it possible to measure accurately the adsorption of molecules on the metal surface and their eventual interactions with specific ligands. The last ten years have seen a tremendous development of SPR use in biomedical applications. The technique is applied not only to the measurement in real-time of the kinetics of ligand–receptor interactions and to the screening of lead compounds in the pharmaceutical industry, but also to the measurement of DNA hybridization, enzyme–substrate interactions, in polyclonal antibody characterization, epitope mapping, protein conformation studies and label-free immunoassays. Conventional SPR is applied in specialized biosensing instruments. These instruments use expensive sensor chips of limited reuse capacity and require complex chemistry for ligand or protein immobilization. Our laboratory has successfully applied SPR with colloidal gold particles in buffered solution. This application offers many advantages over conventional SPR. The support is cheap, easily synthesized, and can be coated with various proteins or protein–ligand complexes by charge adsorption. With colloidal gold, the SPR phenomenon can be monitored in any UV-vis spectrophotometer. For high‒throughput applications, we have adapted the technology in an automated clinical chemistry analyzer. This simple technology finds application in label-free quantitative immunoassay techniques for proteins and small analytes, in conformational studies with proteins as well as in the real-time association-dissociation measurements of receptor–ligand interactions, for high-throughput screening and lead optimization.

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Ingold, Tim. « Surface Visions ». Theory, Culture & ; Society 34, n^o 7-8 (10 octobre 2017) : 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276417730601.

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Many disciplines in the arts and social sciences are currently redirecting their attention to surfaces, and ways of treating them, as primary conditions for the generation of meaning. With regard to visual perception, this has entailed a switch from its optical to its haptic modality. How does this switch affect the way surfaces are understood? It is argued that with haptic vision, the emphasis is not on conformation but texture, as revealed in flows of material composition and in patterns of self-shadowing – or in a word, in complexion. This makes the surface, whether of face, skin or landscape, quite distinct from that of a body or an object. Drawing on the ideas of John Ruskin, the haptically perceived surface is compared to a veil that is worn in the double sense of adornment and erosion, of affective expression and weathering. The article concludes that it is in the relations between such surfaces that social life is lived.

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Vidová, Veronika, Michael Volný, Karel Lemr et Vladimír Havlíček. « Surface analysis by imaging mass spectrometry ». Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 74, n^o 7-8 (2009) : 1101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009028.

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A review of four MS-based techniques available for molecular surface imaging is presented. The main focus is on the commercially available mass spectrometry imaging techniques: secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) and laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). A short historical perspective is presented and traditional desorption ionization techniques are also briefly described. The four techniques are compared mainly with respect to their usage for imaging of biological surfaces. MALDI is evaluated as the most successful in life sciences and the only technique usable for imaging of large biopolymers. SIMS is less common but offers superior spatial lateral resolution and DESI is considered to be an emerging alternative approach in mass spectrometry imaging. LA-ICP ionization is unbeatable in terms of limits of detection but does not provide structural information. All techniques are considered extremely useful, representing a new wave of expansion of mass spectrometry into surface science and bioanalysis. A minireview with 121 references.

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Santini, Eva, Irene Nepita, Alexey G. Bykov, Francesca Ravera, Libero Liggieri, Saeid Dowlati, Aliyar Javadi, Reinhard Miller et Giuseppe Loglio. « Interfacial Dynamics of Adsorption Layers as Supports for Biomedical Research and Diagnostics ». Colloids and Interfaces 6, n^o 4 (13 décembre 2022) : 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids6040081.

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The input of chemical and physical sciences to life sciences is increasingly important. Surface science as a complex multidisciplinary research area provides many relevant practical tools to support research in medicine. The tensiometry and surface rheology of human biological liquids as diagnostic tools have been very successfully applied. Additionally, for the characterization of pulmonary surfactants, this methodology is essential to deepen the insights into the functionality of the lungs and for the most efficient administration of certain drugs. Problems in ophthalmology can be addressed using surface science methods, such as the stability of the wetting films and the development of artificial tears. The serious problem of obesity is fast-developing in many industrial countries and must be better understood, while therapies for its treatment must also be developed. Finally, the application of fullerenes as a suitable system for detecting cancer in humans is discussed.

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Maboudian, Roya. « Impact of Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors on Chemical Sciences ». ACS Sensors 5, n^o 10 (23 octobre 2020) : 2973–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.0c02028.

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Schilling, G. « DIVISION FOR PLANETARY SCIENCES MEETING : Volcanoes, Monsoons Shape Titan's Surface ». Science 309, n^o 5743 (23 septembre 2005) : 1985b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.309.5743.1985b.

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Farina, Dario, et Ales Holobar. « Human?Machine Interfacing by Decoding the Surface Electromyogram [Life Sciences] ». IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 32, n^o 1 (janvier 2015) : 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2014.2359242.

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KIMURA, Shin-ichi, et Yoko SAKURAI. « Application of Infrared Synchrotron Radiation and Development to Surface Sciences ». Hyomen Kagaku 27, n^o 5 (2006) : 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.27.285.

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Grise, Graziela, et Michael Meyer-Hermann. « Surface reconstruction using Delaunay triangulation for applications in life sciences ». Computer Physics Communications 182, n^o 4 (avril 2011) : 967–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2010.12.037.

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Lett, J. Anita, M. Sundareswari, K. Ravichandran, M. Bavani Latha, Suresh Sagadevan et Mohd Rafie Bin Johan. « Tailoring the morphological features of sol–gel synthesized mesoporous hydroxyapatite using fatty acids as an organic modifier ». RSC Advances 9, n^o 11 (2019) : 6228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00051h.

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Nowadays, owing to their large surface area, enhanced pore volume, increased porosity, and variable pore size, mesoporous materials, such as mesoporous silica and mesoporous carbon, have attracted significant attention in the areas of physical science and biomedical sciences.

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COX, B. LEA, et J. S. Y. WANG. « FRACTAL SURFACES : MEASUREMENT AND APPLICATIONS IN THE EARTH SCIENCES ». Fractals 01, n^o 01 (mars 1993) : 87–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x93000125.

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Earth scientists have measured fractal dimensions of surfaces by different techniques, including the divider, box, triangle, slit-island, power spectral, variogram and distribution methods. We review these seven measurement techniques, finding that fractal dimensions may vary systematically with measurement method. We discuss possible reasons for these differences, and point to common problems shared by all of the methods, including the remainder problem, curve-fitting, orientation of the measurement plane, size and direction of the sample. Fractal measurements have been applied to many problems in the earth sciences, at a wide range of spatial scales. These include map data of topography; fault traces and fracture networks; fracture surfaces of natural rocks, both in the field and at laboratory scales; metal surfaces; porous aggregate geometry; flow and transport through heterogeneous systems; and various microscopic surface phenomena associated with adsorption, aggregation, erosion and chemical dissolution. We review these applications and discuss the usefulness and limitations of fractal analysis to these types of problems in the earth sciences.

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Stokes, Stephen. « Book Review : xsEncyclopedia of environmental science (Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series) ». Holocene 11, n^o 3 (avril 2001) : 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095968360101100317.

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Ihsan, Nur Hadi, Jamal Jamal, Rahmat Ardi Nur Rifa Da'i, Abdul Rohman et Khairul Atqiya. « SECULARIZATION AND ITS IMPLICATION FOR THE SCIENCES ». Fikri : Jurnal Kajian Agama, Sosial dan Budaya 7, n^o 1 (12 août 2022) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25217/jf.v7i1.2413.

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Secularism assumes that scientific progress can only be built by separating it from religion, because the basis of truth for the two is different. The truth of religion is spiritual-transcendental, while the truth of science is rational-empirical. The impact of the development of science based on secularism will be the focus of the study in this paper. This research is a literature review with a qualitative approach. The data were obtained using documentary techniques and the collected data were analyzed by descriptive-critical-analytical methods. This study concludes that secularization is a natural emptying of religious values and teachings. The worst impact of this ideology is that the development of science in the future will only occur and is limited in the empirical dimension. This research proves that in reality, science is beyond the realm of pure empirical and experimental. Existence has unobservable and non-empirical elements that are real and true. This perspective will increase the significance of scientific discoveries that are not limited to the empirical world alone and at the same time make scientific research will have a more meaningful impact on human life as a whole.

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Qiu, Jane. « Great strides of China's space programmes ». National Science Review 4, n^o 2 (24 février 2017) : 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwx006.

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Abstract While China's almost flawless space endeavours—such as its space lab Tiangong-2, launched last year, and the 2012 mission that sent a rover to the surface of the Moon—have long impressed the world, space-science missions were not among its priorities until recently. The situation improved in 2011 when the Chinese Academy of Sciences won government support for a 10-year Strategic Pioneering Programme on Space Science—with a total budget of nearly 1 billion dollars. Since then, China has launched satellites to probe dark matter, detect black holes and conduct quantum experiments from space. This year will see the launch of an astronomy satellite and a highly anticipated mission to bring back rocks from the Moon. In a forum chaired by National Science Review's Executive Associate Editor Mu-ming Poo, space scientists discussed different types of Chinese space programmes, the science missions already launched or in development, the importance and challenges of international collaboration, and the uncertain future of the country's space-science development. Chunlai Li Deputy Director, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Ji Wu Director, National Centre of Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Jianyu Wang Deputy Director, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Branch Shuangnan Zhang Institute of High-Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Yifang Wang Director, Institute of High-Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Mu-ming Poo (Chair) Director, Institute of Neuroscience, Institute of High-Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai

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Carreno-Luengo, Hugo, Juan A. Crespo, Ruzbeh Akbar, Alexandra Bringer, April Warnock, Mary Morris et Chris Ruf. « The CYGNSS Mission : On-Going Science Team Investigations ». Remote Sensing 13, n^o 9 (6 mai 2021) : 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091814.

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In 2012, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) selected the CYclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) mission coordinated by the University of Michigan (UM) as a low-cost and high-science Earth Venture Mission. The CYGNSS mission was originally proposed for ocean surface wind speed estimation over Tropical Cyclones (TCs) using Earth-reflected Global Positioning System (GPS) signals, as signals of opportunity. The orbital configuration of each CYGNSS satellite is a circular Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with an altitude ~520 km and an inclination angle of ~35°. Each single Delay Doppler Mapping Instrument (DDMI) aboard the eight CYGNSS microsatellites collects forward scattered signals along four specular directions (incidence angle of the incident wave equals incidence angle of the reflected wave) corresponding to four different transmitting GPS spacecrafts, simultaneously. As such, CYGNSS allows one to sample the Earth’s surface along 32 tracks simultaneously, within a wide range of the satellites’ elevation angles over tropical latitudes. Following the Earth Science Division 2020 Senior Review, NASA announced recently it is extending the CYGNSS mission through 30 September 2023. The extended CYGNSS mission phase is focused on both ocean and land surface scientific investigations. In addition to ocean surface wind speed estimation, CYGNSS has also shown a significant ability to retrieve several geophysical parameters over land surfaces, such as Soil Moisture Content (SMC), Above Ground Biomass (AGB), and surface water extent. The on-going science team investigations are presented in this article.

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Sanina, S. P., et M. D. Rastorgueva. « Psychological and Pedagogical Foundations of Teacher Training for Development of Primary School Student’s Initial Representations (Based on The Course Material Natural Science) ». Psychological-Educational Studies 14, n^o 4 (2022) : 82–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psyedu.2022140406.

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In 2021, a working group of the Moscow State University of Psychology and Education developed a technique for developing student’s initial representations to scientific concepts based on the material of mathematics and natural sciences in primary school. The technique was refined and concretized on the material of the course “Natural sciences”. The paper presents the materials of a study in which students of the 3rd year of the bachelor's degree program of the psychological and pedagogical direction of training (21 people, who were divided into two subgroups: experimental – 11 people, control – 10 people. The average academic performance score of each group of students is 4,7 on a five-point scale) and students of the 3rd grade of primary school of Moscow (51 people, who were also divided into two groups: experimental – 28 people, control – 23 people). The level of science literacy of primary school student’s was measured using three-level thematic tasks (author E.V. Chudinova). The results of the study showed that the application of technique for the development of primary school student’s initial natural science representations in the preparation of future teachers affects the educational results of schoolchildren. It is noted that students who designed lessons using the technique for developing student’s initial representations to scientific concepts on the material of natural sciences in primary school paid special attention not only to the correct answers of students, but also to erroneous judgments. This helped them in organizing the educational discussion. It is emphasized that an erroneous judgment can become a tool for the mental development of a primary school student’s.

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Pike, Richard J. « Geomorphometry -diversity in quantitative surface analysis ». Progress in Physical Geography : Earth and Environment 24, n^o 1 (mars 2000) : 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913330002400101.

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A widening variety of applications is diversifying geomorphometry ( digital terrain modelling), the quantitative study of topography. An amalgam of earth science, mathematics, engineering and computer science, the discipline has been revolutionized by the computer manipulation of gridded terrain heights, or digital elevation models (DEMs). Its rapid expansion continues. This article reviews the remarkable diversity of recent morphometric work in 15 selected topics and discusses their significance and prospects. The quantitative analysis of industrial microsurface topography is introduced to the earth science community. The 14 other topics are Internet access to geomorphometry; global DEMs; DEM modelling of channel networks; self-organized criticality; fractal and wavelet analysis; soil resources; landslide hazards; barchan dunes; harvesting wind energy; sea-ice surfaces; sea-floor abyssal hills; Japanese work in morphometry; and the emerging fields of landscape ecology and image understanding. Closing remarks note reasons for the diversity within geomorphometry, speculate on future trends and recommend creating a unified field of surface representation.

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Hollert, Henner, Wolfgang Ahlf, Susanne Heise, Werner Manz, Marc Scrimshaw et Sue White. « Controversies and Solutions in Environmental Sciences ». Journal of Soils and Sediments 7, n^o 6 (décembre 2007) : 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/jss2007.11.266.

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Hollert, Henner. « Controversies and Solutions in Environmental Sciences ». Journal of Soils and Sediments 7, n^o 6 (décembre 2007) : 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/jss2007.11.266.1.

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Turcotte, D. L. « Fractal models in the Earth sciences ». Tectonophysics 227, n^o 1-4 (novembre 1993) : 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(93)90103-q.

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Basheer, Firas S. « Trend Analysis of Annual Surface Air Temperature for Some Stations over Iraq ». Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 33, n^o 1 (10 mars 2022) : 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v33i1.1083.

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Surface Air Temperature (SAT) is an important weather element affecting the climate and its nature, as it greatly affects the nature of the atmosphere prevailing in the city of Baghdad, as well as the main influence on the pressure systems affecting Iraq and thus the city of Baghdad. In this study, the annual SAT for three aspects of temperatures (mean, maximum, and minimum) for Baghdad city of approved 11 years had studied, analyzed and discussed. The sources of data came from two sources. First, Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology (IMOS), which represented the arithmetic average annually of the SAT, maximum and minimum temperature for the period (2009 – 2019). Second source of data was from Mustansiriyah University, atmospheric sciences department of Atmospheric Sciences - college of Science, the data are supported as monthly average for SAT for Baghdad. Results shown Basrah was high annual of SAT than four selective cities in Iraq. The variation of annual SAT was in the end study period where reach to 7 oC in mean of SAT for Basrah city. The trend of SAT for Baghdad city was positive for Mean and maximum, while negative for minimum case. Mustansiriyah station was high than IMOS station by 2 oC for mean of SAT, and 5 oC for maximum SAT.

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Li, Da, Yun Luo, Delphine Onidas, Li He, Ming Jin, Florence Gazeau, Jean Pinson et Claire Mangeney. « Surface functionalization of nanomaterials by aryl diazonium salts for biomedical sciences ». Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 294 (août 2021) : 102479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102479.

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Jiyed, Omar, Ouafae Idrissi Aydi, Anouar Alami, Nadia Benjelloun, Moncef Zaki et Mohammed Lachkar. « Main individual factors influencing the learning approaches : The first-year students’ perspective ». International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 11, n^o 2 (1 juin 2022) : 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i2.21937.

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Currently, the quality of student learning i.e. in-depth learning is essential in any planned reform. The massification phenomenon is one of the challenges facing this quality. This study explored the student characteristics influencing the learning process in an open access faculty, namely, the Dhar El Mahraz Faculty of Science in Fez, Morocco. Semi-structured interviews were conducted on 15 freshmen who enrolled in Earth and Universe Sciences and Life Sciences (EUS/LIS) program and presented a dominance of a surface learning approach. The main factors encouraging surface learning emerged were the learning habits and strategies, language competencies, motivational aspects and gender. The findings serve as an input for the design and implementation of actions to enhance deep learning.

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Kawata, Satoshi. « Plasmonics for Nanoimaging and Nanospectroscopy ». Applied Spectroscopy 67, n^o 2 (février 2013) : 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/12-06861.

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The science of surface plasmon polaritons, known as “plasmonics,” is reviewed from the viewpoint of applied spectroscopy. In this discussion, noble metals are regarded as reservoirs of photons exhibiting the functions of photon confinement and field enhancement at metallic nanostructures. The functions of surface plasmons are described in detail with an historical overview, and the applications of plasmonics to a variety of industry and sciences are shown. The slow light effect of surface plasmons is also discussed for nanoimaging capability of the near-field optical microscopy and tip-enhanced Raman microscopy. The future issues of plasmonics are also shown, including metamaterials and the extension to the ultraviolet and terahertz regions.

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Afanasiev, V. L., S. N. Dodonov, Th Boller, H. Lorenz et V. Yu. Terebizh. « QSO Surface Density at Faint Light Levels ». Symposium - International Astronomical Union 130 (1988) : 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900137052.

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Two independent fields of 14′ × 14′ south east of M82 and 7′ × 7′ in SA 57 were completely spectroscopicaly searched for quasars using the Multi Slit Field Spectrograph at the 6-meter telescope of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Dodonov, 1982).

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Thariani, Rahber, et Paul Yager. « Imaging of Surfaces by Concurrent Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface Plasmon Resonance-Enhanced Fluorescence ». PLoS ONE 5, n^o 3 (25 mars 2010) : e9833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009833.

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Abdullah Mohammed, Laith, et Mohanad Musadaq Jaafar. « Comparison Between T-Spline Surface and NURBS Surface ». Engineering and Technology Journal 33, n^o 4 (28 mai 2015) : 802–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.33.4a.4.

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Puyo, Jean-yves. « La science forestière vue par les géographes français, ou la confrontation de deux sciences «diagonales» (1870-1914)//The science of Forestry as seen by French geographers : the encounter of two «transverse» sciences (1870-1914) ». Annales de Géographie 108, n^o 609 (1999) : 615–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/geo.1999.2071.

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Veress, Márton, et Kálmán Péntek. « Theoretical model of surface karstic processes ». Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 40, n^o 4 (12 décembre 1996) : 461–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/40/1996/461.

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Mutiibwa, Denis, Scotty Strachan et Thomas Albright. « Land Surface Temperature and Surface Air Temperature in Complex Terrain ». IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 8, n^o 10 (octobre 2015) : 4762–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2015.2468594.

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Li, Hongkun, Nicolas Pinel et Christophe Bourlier. « Polarized infrared reflectivity of 2D sea surfaces with two surface reflections ». Remote Sensing of Environment 147 (mai 2014) : 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.02.018.

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Gulkanov, Aleksandr, Konstantin Modestov et Sergey Usikov. « Solution of Thermal Conductivity Problem of a Finite Dimensions Plate with Two Heat Sources ». E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021) : 03018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126303018.

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Research in the basic sciences is a critical factor in the development of the civil engineering industry. Solving the problems of radiation-convective heat transfer from heated surfaces has always aroused interest from the point of view of science and practical engineering application of knowledge. However, analytical solutions to these problems are obtained for elementary cases, for example, for infinite plates heated uniformly, or the propagation of heat waves in them obeys certain laws. The solution of the coupled problem of radiation-convective transfer from the surface of these panels is complicated not only by the geometric shape, but also by the openness of the entire thermophysical system, which includes the transfer of thermal energy from the coolant (coolant for cooling systems) to the surface of the thermal panel, from the panel to the room air by convection, and radiation to surrounding bodies (enclosing structures, furniture, people). In turn, additional heat exchange by convection occurs between the air and the enclosing structures. This article considers the possibility of obtaining an analytical solution to the problem of temperature distribution on the surface of a plate with two heat sources. When deriving the formulas, the classical equations of thermodynamics (Newton-Richmann, Fourier’s law, Helmholtz equation) were used. The general solution of the differential equation, in this case, is a linear combination of the Infeld and MacDonald functions. The research results can be applied to various areas of technical sciences: cooling of microprocessors, renewable sources of thermal energy, thermal and cooling panels for industrial production, automotive, marine shipbuilding, and of course heating and air conditioning systems for buildings and transport.

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Ivanov, Vyacheslav N. « Geometry of the normal ruled surfaces ». Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, n^o 6 (30 décembre 2021) : 562–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-6-562-575.

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The wide circle of the surfaces formed by the motion of the right line in the normal plain of some base directrix curve is regarded. The generate right line may rotate at some low at the normal plane of the base curve. The vector equation of the surface with any plane or space base curve is received. There are given the formulas of the geometry characteristics of the surfaces, on the base of them there is shown that the coordinate system of the normal ruled surfaces is orthogonal but there is not conjugated in common, that is that the normal ruled surfaces there are not developable surfaces in common way. The condition of the rotation of directrix plane line when the coordinate system of the normal ruled surfaces will be conjugated and the normal ruled surface will be developable is received. The condition that the normal ruled surface with space base curve will be the developable surface there is connected with its curvature of base curve. The developable normal ruled surface with plane base curve is formed by motion of right line at the normal plane of the base curve with the constant angle to the plane of the base curve; the received surface is a surface of constant slope. On the base of the vector equation of the surfaces there are made the figures of the normal ruled surfaces with the help of program complex MathCAD.

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Prunet, Camille. « Surface d'échanges. Quelques exemples de mise en oeuvre d'une collaboration arts/sciences ». Raison présente 179, n^o 1 (2011) : 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/raipr.2011.4320.

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Ahsan Bhatti, Javaid, Talib Hussain et Wakil Khan. « 6th Vacuum and Surface Sciences Conference of Asia and Australia (VASSCAA-6) ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 439 (10 juin 2013) : 011001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/439/1/011001.

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Weng, Qihao, Dengsheng Lu et Bingqing Liang. « Urban Surface Biophysical Descriptors and Land Surface Temperature Variations ». Photogrammetric Engineering & ; Remote Sensing 72, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2006) : 1275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.72.11.1275.

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Maulyda, Mohammad Archi, et Muhammad Erfan. « SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC STUDY : RELATIONSHIP OF STUDENTS' SOCIAL INTERACTIONS WITH NATURAL SCIENCES LEARNING OUTCOMES ». SPEKTRA : Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Sains 7, n^o 2 (20 octobre 2021) : 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32699/spektra.v7i2.204.

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Social interactions that occur between individuals in natural sciences are called socio-scientific. Socio-scientific norms are rules derived from mathematical values brought into the social context. norms are seen as being able to increase students' understanding. The main focus in this research are, (1) Analyzing social content in elementary natural sciences learning courses; (2) Describe the process of social interaction on research subjects; and (3) describe the relationship between social interaction and natural sciences learning outcomes. This type of research is quantitative with a descriptive approach. Study subjects was 100 prospective elementary school teachers. Data collection techniques was using survey methods and analysis of student’s final exam in natural sciences test. Data analysis uses simple linear regression analysis. From the research, the results are obtained: (1) Mathematical content in the lecture process has been raised by the lecturer. The lecture system in the form of group discussions can improve students' communication, courage and collaboration skills. (2) The description of students' social interactions can be modeled. Social interaction models show social interaction can be in the form of associative and dissociative. (3) There is a relationship between social interaction with learning outcomes in natural sciences. The relationship is quite strong, and social interaction influences student natural sciences learning outcomes

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Kempthorne, Daryl M., Ian W. Turner, John A. Belward, Scott W. McCue, Mark Barry, Joseph Young, Gary J. Dorr, Jim Hanan et Jerzy A. Zabkiewicz. « Surface reconstruction of wheat leaf morphology from three-dimensional scanned data ». Functional Plant Biology 42, n^o 5 (2015) : 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp14058.

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Realistic virtual models of leaf surfaces are important for several applications in the plant sciences, such as modelling agrichemical spray droplet movement and spreading on the surface. In this context, the virtual surfaces are required to be smooth enough to facilitate the use of the mathematical equations that govern the motion of the droplet. Although an effective approach is to apply discrete smoothing D2-spline algorithms to reconstruct the leaf surfaces from three-dimensional scanned data, difficulties arise when dealing with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves, which tend to twist and bend. To overcome this topological difficulty, we develop a parameterisation technique that rotates and translates the original data, allowing the surface to be fitted using the discrete smoothing D2-spline methods in the new parameter space. Our algorithm uses finite element methods to represent the surface as a linear combination of compactly supported shape functions. Numerical results confirm that the parameterisation, along with the use of discrete smoothing D2-spline techniques, produces realistic virtual representations of wheat leaves.

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Ren, L. L., L. Y. Gong, B. Yong, F. Yuan, Y. Liu, S. H. Jiang et T. Chen. « Evolution of hydrological sciences from dimensions of object, discipline and methodology ». Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, n^o 1 (27 janvier 2015) : 1189–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-1189-2015.

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Abstract. The evolution routes and development stages in hydrological sciences are summarised from the following three dimensions: research object, discipline and methodology, by means of the descriptive-explanatory-humanistic ideology. Modern technical breakthroughs and socioeconomic developments have promoted hydrology from geographical hydrology, engineering or applied hydrology to water resources hydrology in terms of the focus of research objectives or problems. It has been observed from the point of view of methodology that hydrological sciences go through deterministic hydrology, stochastic hydrology, isotope hydrology, digital hydrology, etc. Hydrological sciences in the context of discipline dimensions can be divided into three main categories: physical hydrology, chemical/environmental hydrology, biological hydrology including eco-hydrology and socio-hydrology, although there are overlaps between these due to the complex and intertwined water-related challenges facing the hydrological community and other geosciences. Humans have played a significant role in changing land uses throughout the world and therefore, socio-hydrology is an increasingly significant branch of the hydrological sciences. It can be seen from analyses that biological hydrology is a new approach to cope with global change issues, and a new frontier direction in the field of hydrological sciences. It can also be seen from dialectical analysis of the different stages in the evolution of hydrology, that new frontiers or directions requiring investigation, scientific recognition and technical innovation will continue to be generated in the field of hydrology. The 3-dimensional diagram of evolution routes of hydrological sciences may provide some ideas for Panta Rhei, the new IAHS Science Initiative 2013–2022 for hydrological research under changing human and environmental systems in the real world.

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