Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Sugars and lignin »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Sugars and lignin"
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Paszner, Laszlo, et H. J. Cho. « High Efficiency Conversion of Lignocellulosics to Sugars for Liquid Fuel Production by the ACOS Process ». Energy Exploration & ; Exploitation 6, no 1 (février 1988) : 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878800600104.
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Decline of world oil reserves and pollution problems from burning of fossil fuels and lead require that methods for safe alternate liquid fuels be developed. Ethanol is one of the most important alternate liquid fuels since it can be produced readily by fermentation of sugars. Wood and vegetable growth are excellent sources of sugars to support an ethanol fuel economy of significant proportions. Acid Catalysed Organosolv Saccharification (ACOS) is a new means for total biomass dissolution and recover of component sugars and lignin from wood. The process uses an acidified aqueous acetone solution for the high-temperature hydrolysis of biomass. Acetone provides an excellent reaction medium for dissolution of both sugars and lignins and through a transient derivatization of the sugars protects them from further reaction (dehydration) to furfurals and humic substances. Therefore, sugar and lignin recoveries are quantitative. The ACOS process is 700 times faster than the conventional weak acid hydrolysis processes and wood can be dissolved in 30 sec by this process. The lignin is recovered as a low molecular weight powder by-product. This process is applicable to both coniferous and deciduous woods and agricultural residues such as corn stover, straw and bagasse. In case of such residues the ethanol yield can be doubled (straw and corn stover) or tripled (bagasse) compared to what has been obtained from the grain and sugarcane juice so far. Hitherto these residues were merely discarded or burned.
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Tian, Guoyu, Yaqi Chu, Xiaoqian Chen, Xiuhong Zhong, Zhaojiang Wang et Tongtong Zhang. « Separation and characterization of lignin and sugars in the hydrolysate of hot water extraction of poplar wood by membrane filtration and activated carbon adsorption ». BioResources 16, no 4 (5 août 2021) : 6613–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.6613-6628.
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Hot water extraction of poplar wood was conducted at temperatures from 190 to 200 °C for 5 to 8 min. A hemicellulose yield of 81% and a lignin yield of 38% were obtained at 200 °C for 8 min. A combined process of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and activated carbon adsorption was developed to separate lignin and sugars in the hydrolysate of hot water extraction. Lignin recovery efficiencies of 56.7%, 26.0%, and 13.2% were attained for microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and activated carbon adsorption, respectively. The characterization of lignin revealed diversity in molecular weight and functional groups, which is beneficial for high-value valorization. The obtained hemicellulose sugars from the combined process showed a good recovery rate of 43.8% and remarkable purity of 97.5%. The purified sugars were a mixture of monomers and oligomers that consisted of arabinose, galactose, xylose, glucose, and mannose. Sugar oligomers with degrees of polymerization from 2 to 6 accounted for 21.6% of all sugars.
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Serna-Loaiza, Sebastian, Manuel Dias, Laura Daza-Serna, Carla C. C. R. de Carvalho et Anton Friedl. « Integral Analysis of Liquid-Hot-Water Pretreatment of Wheat Straw : Evaluation of the Production of Sugars, Degradation Products, and Lignin ». Sustainability 14, no 1 (30 décembre 2021) : 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010362.
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Developing sustainable biorefineries is an urgent matter to support the transition to a sustainable society. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is a crucial renewable feedstock for this purpose, and its complete valorization is essential for the sustainability of biorefineries. However, it is improbable that a single pretreatment will extract both sugars and lignin from LCB. Therefore, a combination of pretreatments must be applied. Liquid-hot-water (LHW) is highlighted as a pretreatment for hemicellulose hydrolysis, conventionally analyzed only in terms of sugars and degradation products. However, lignin is also hydrolyzed in the process. The objective of this work was to evaluate LHW at different conditions for sugars, degradation products, and lignin. We performed LHW at 160, 180, and 200 °C for 30, 60, and 90 min using wheat straw and characterized the extract for sugars, degradation products (furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, and acetic acid), and lignin. Three conditions allowed reaching similar total sugar concentrations (~12 g/L): 160 °C for 90 min, 180 °C for 30 min, and 180 °C for 60 min. Among these, LHW performed at 160 °C for 90 min allowed the lowest concentration of degradation products (0.2, 0.01, and 1.4 g/L for furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural, and acetic acid, respectively) and lignin hydrolysis (2.2 g/L). These values indicate the potential use of the obtained sugars as a fermentation substrate while leaving the lignin in the solid phase for a following stage focused on its extraction and valorization.
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Danzi, Donatella, Ivana Marino, Isabella De Bari, Silvio Mastrolitti, Giacomo L. Petretto, Domenico Pignone, Michela Janni, Francesco Cellini et Tullio Venditti. « Assessment of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Genotypes Diversity for the Integrated Production of Bioethanol and Grains ». Energies 14, no 22 (18 novembre 2021) : 7735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227735.
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Wheat straw is an abundant source of lignocellulosic biomass that is generally not utilized for biofuel production, nor for other uses. Recent EU renewable energy directive fosters bioethanol production through lignocellulosic sugars fermentation, but the cost of this process is an issue that often depends on biomass characteristics. Lignin is a class of three-dimensional polymers providing structural integrity of plant tissues. Its complex structure, together with hemicelluloses and uronic acids content, could affect the ability of hydrolyzing biomass to fermentable sugars. To get insights into this variation, a set of 10 durum wheat genotypes was analyzed to determine variation of straw digestibility to fermentable sugars. The results showed that the lignin content was the major factor determining the recalcitrance to enzymatic process. The analysis of Spearman’s correlation indicated that the sugar released after enzymatic hydrolysis had a negative connection with the lignin content, while it was positively correlated with the culm length. The possible role of other cell wall components, such as arabinose and uronic acids, was also discussed. This work aimed at analyzing the diversity of lignocellulosic digestibility to fermentable sugars of wheat straw in a small germplasm collection. Some of the selected genotypes were characterized by high sugars digestibility and high grain yield, characteristics that could make biorefining of wheat straw profitable.
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Ibarra, David, Raquel Martín-Sampedro, Laura Jiménez-López, Juan A. Martín, Manuel J. Díaz et María E. Eugenio. « Obtaining Fermentable Sugars from a Highly Productive Elm Clone Using Different Pretreatments ». Energies 14, no 9 (23 avril 2021) : 2415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092415.
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The interest of supplying lignocellulosic materials for producing fermentable sugars has recently emerged in order to diminish the negative environmental effects of fossil fuels. In this study, the Ulmus minor clone Ademuz, characterized for its tolerance to Dutch elm disease and its rapid growth, was evaluated as a source of fermentable sugars. For that, different pretreatments, comprising autohydrolysis, dilute acid hydrolysis, acid catalyzed organosolv, and alkaline extraction, were evaluated at two levels of severity (pretreatment temperatures at 160 °C and 180 °C, except for alkaline extraction at 80 °C and 160 °C); and the resulting pretreated materials were enzymatically hydrolyzed for fermentable sugars production. The major extraction of lignin and hemicellulose was achieved during organosolv (48.9%, lignin; 77.9%, hemicellulose) and acid hydrolysis (39.2%, lignin; 95.0%, hemicellulose) at 180 °C, resulting in the major enzymatic digestibility (67.7%, organosolv; 53.5% acid hydrolysis). Contrarily, under the most favorable conditions for autohydrolysis (180 °C) and alkaline extraction (160 °C), lower extraction of lignin and hemicellulose was produced (4.8%, lignin; 67.2%, hemicellulose, autohydrolysis; 22.6%, lignin; 33.1%, hemicellulose, alkaline extraction), leading to lower enzymatic digestibility (32.1%, autohydrolysis; 39.2%, alkaline extraction). Taking into account the sugars produced during enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated materials and the solubilized sugars from pretreatment liquors, the highest sugars (glucose and xylose) yield production (28.1%) per gram of biomass from U. minor clone Ademuz was achieved with acid catalyzed organosolv at 180 °C.
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Wyman, Charles E. « Cellulosic Ethanol : A Unique Sustainable Liquid Transportation Fuel ». MRS Bulletin 33, no 4 (avril 2008) : 381–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.77.
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Although ethanol is now made from the sugars in the starch fraction of corn and other crops and from the sugar in sugarcane, a much greater impact for ethanol in terms of fuel use could be realized if the sugars from more recalcitrant cellulosic biomass could be converted to ethanol. Cellulosic biomass is the structural portion of plants and includes agricultural (e.g., corn stover, which is all of the above-ground portion of the corn plant, excluding the grain) and forestry (e.g., sawdust) residues, major fractions of municipal solid waste (e.g., waste paper and yard waste), and herbaceous (e.g., switchgrass) and woody (e.g., poplar) crops grown as energy resources. Although distinctive in outward appearance, these materials all comprise about 40–50% cellulose and 20–30% hemicellulose, with lesser amounts of lignin and other compounds such as sugars, oils, and minerals. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose sugar molecules that are physically linked together in a crystalline structure to provide structural support for plants. Hemicellulose is also made up of sugars covalently joined together in long chains, but it generally includes fve different sugars: arabinose, galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose. In addition, hemicellulose is an amorphous, branched material. Lignin is a phenylpropene compound that can be viewed as a low-sulfur, immature coal.
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Svärd, Antonia, Olena Sevastyanova, Galina Dobele, Vilhemina Jurkjane et Elisabet Brännvall. « COST Action FP1105 : effect of raw materials and pulping conditions on the characteristics of dissolved kraft lignins ». Holzforschung 70, no 12 (1 décembre 2016) : 1105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2016-0057.
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Abstract The composition, molecular weight (MW), and chemical structure of technical lignins as byproducts of pulping influence their application in terms of physical and chemical properties, reactivity, and performance. It is important to know how the analytical data of technical lignins are influenced by the wood species and the parameters of pulping. The present study focuses on kraft pulping and how the wood species (eucalyptus, pine, and spruce) and variable cooking times influence the characteristics of dissolved lignins. The black liquor (BL) was recovered after three different cooking times and the precipitated lignin was characterized by total acid hydrolysis including the determination of the acid insoluble part (Klason lignin, KL) and the sugars in the hydrolysate, elemental analysis, 31P NMR spectroscopy, analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetry (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicate that the phenolic OH content, MW and glass transition temperature increased with longer cooking times for the softwood (SW) lignins. These lignins had also a higher MW (Mw 5500–8000 g mol-1), than the eucalyptus lignin (Mw 2200–2400 g mol-1). Eucalyptus lignin had higher sulfur content compared to SW.
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Möller, A., K. Kaiser et W. Zech. « Lignin, carbohydrate, and amino sugar distribution and transformation in the tropical highland soils of northern Thailand under cabbage cultivation, Pinus reforestation, secondary forest, and primary forest ». Soil Research 40, no 6 (2002) : 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01030.
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Structure and transformation processes of soil organic matter (SOM) are extremely complex, but advancing our knowledge on SOM cycling is a prerequisite for a sustainable soil management. To get a better insight to this issue, we determined the vertical distribution of lignin, carbohydrates, and amino sugars in bulk soils and NaOH-extracts using wet chemical techniques. These results were compared with those obtained by solution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy after alkaline extraction. Soil samples were taken under a primary forest, a secondary forest, a 20-year-old Pinus kesiya (Royle ex Gordon) reforestation established following 15 years of cultivation, and a cabbage cultivation site in northern Thailand. Significantly lower contents of organic C and N at the cabbage cultivation and reforestation sites indicated that the replacement of forests by arable land at the reforestation and cabbage cultivation sites about 30 years ago resulted in enhanced breakdown of SOM. This means that after 20 years of Pinus growth, reforestation did not lead to a significant build-up of organic matter in the mineral soil. With increasing soil depth the sites showed comparable decreases in soil organic matter, exhibiting a typical pattern of decomposition expressed by a higher degree of side chain oxidation, increasing carboxyl functionality, and a decrease of lignin-derived phenols and aromatic compounds. Microbial contribution to SOM was determined using the carbohydrate and amino sugar biomarker approach. The amino sugars were predominantly of fungal origin in the organic layer. In the mineral soil, bacterial amino sugars dominated and the relative contribution of amino sugars to SOM increased with depth. Comparison of results from wet chemical analyses and of liquid-state 13C NMR signatures requires that alkaline-extractable organic matter is representative for bulk soil organic matter. This seemed to apply to lignin-derived phenols and amino sugars but not to neutral sugars and uronic acids. Significant correlations were found for lignin-derived phenols with phenolic C (R = 0.74, P < 0.01) for the bulk forest site samples and amino sugars with O-alkyl C (R = 0.93, P < 0.001) for the mineral soil horizons, whereas the carbohydrate contents did not show any clear correlation. Therefore, we concluded that most of the phenolic C signal intensity might be attributed to lignin, and the enrichment of O-alkyl C with depth may be a result of bacterial resynthesis with a significant contribution of amino sugars.
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Vishtal, Alexey, et Andrzej Kraslawski. « Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins ». BioResources 6, no 3 (7 juin 2011) : 3547–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.3.3547-3568.
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The primary aim of modern biorefineries is the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic materials into valuable products. Sugars and oils can be converted into valuable chemicals, but processing of lignin is still a challenge. A vast amount of lignin is incinerated to produce process steam and energy, and only a very small part is used for the production of value-added products. Technical lignins are isolated as by-streams in lignocellulosic refineries, e.g., as kraft, soda, organosolv, and hydrolysis lignins, as well as lignosulphonates. They have a modified structure and contain impurities that are dependent on the processing method. The structure and the composition of technical lignins restrict their subsequent applications. This paper reviews limiting factors in utilization of technical lignins. Four major classes of problems are identified, and approaches to overcoming these problems are suggested.
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Vishtal, Alexey, et Andrzej Kraslawski. « Challenges in industrial applications of technical lignins ». BioResources 6, no 3 (7 juin 2011) : 3547–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.3.vishtal.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The primary aim of modern biorefineries is the efficient conversion of lignocellulosic materials into valuable products. Sugars and oils can be converted into valuable chemicals, but processing of lignin is still a challenge. A vast amount of lignin is incinerated to produce process steam and energy, and only a very small part is used for the production of value-added products. Technical lignins are isolated as by-streams in lignocellulosic refineries, e.g., as kraft, soda, organosolv, and hydrolysis lignins, as well as lignosulphonates. They have a modified structure and contain impurities that are dependent on the processing method. The structure and the composition of technical lignins restrict their subsequent applications. This paper reviews limiting factors in utilization of technical lignins. Four major classes of problems are identified, and approaches to overcoming these problems are suggested.
Thèses sur le sujet "Sugars and lignin"
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Wells, Tyrone. « Lignin for bioenergy & ; biomaterials ». Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53575.
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Sustainable waste treatment and lignin development strategies targeted for biorefineries will benefit industry, consumers, and the environment. This dissertation demonstrates the feasibility of a novel biochemical pathway capable of converting sugars and lignin sourced from biorefinery waste streams into microbial oils suitable for biodiesel, cosmetic, and biopharmaceutical applications. This biochemical pathway also presents interesting avenues for the commercial production of higher-value intermediate metabolites such as catechol, protocatechuate, pyruvate, and succinate. Alternatively, this dissertation also demonstrates a unique polymerization strategy for lignin that can be adopted towards the production of green polymeric biomaterials. Overall, these strategies jointly present intriguing routes for lignin valorization.
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Zahedifar, Mojtaba. « Novel uses of lignin and hemicellulosic sugars from acid-hydrolysed lignocellulosic materials ». Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=195786.
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Lignocellulosic materials (LM) are an ever present renewable and available energy source. The energy stored by photosynthesis in the form of vegetation is about ten times more than world's annual energy consumption (Zsuffa, 1982). This source is the only alternative for chemical production after fossil fuels. Formation of organic acids (mainly acetic acid) from hemicellulose during steam treatment of LM leads to acid hydrolysis of cell wall components. Solubilization of hemicellulose and depolymerization of lignin are the most important changes that occur during the process. During hydrolysis of LM appreciable amounts of sugar degradation products, organic acids and phenolics are produced. Inhibitory effects of the compounds on yeast during alcoholic fermentation have been reported and several methods have been proposed to overcome the problem. Among the new compounds phenolics derived from lignin depolymerization have received most attention. Another problem during enzymic saccharification of cellulose is partial inactivation of cell free enzymes. The above mentioned constraints were investigated in this study.
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Sudarsan, Suresh [Verfasser]. « Linking central and peripheral metabolism of aromatics and sugars in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 for lignin biorefining / Suresh Sudarsan ». Aachen : Shaker, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1049379837/34.
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Hallac, Bassem Bishara. « Fundamental understanding of the biochemical conversion of Buddleja davidii to fermentable sugars ». Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39551.
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Lignocellulosic bioethanol is currently being explored as a substitution to fossil fuels. Many lignocellulosic materials are being examined but the importance is to find those with attractive agro-energy features. Producing lignocellulosic ethanol is challenging because lignocellulosic biomass is resistant to chemical and biological degradation. To reduce biomass recalcitrance, a pretreatment stage is required. Pretreatment is considered to be the most intensive operating/operating cost component of cellulosic ethanol production. Therefore, research is heavily focused on understanding the effect of pretreatment technologies on the fundamental characteristics of lignocellulosic biomass.
The first study in the thesis investigates Buddleja davidii as a potential biomass source for bioethanol production. The work focuses on the determination of ash, extractives, lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose content in this plant, as well as detailed elucidation of the chemical structures of both lignin and cellulose by NMR spectroscopy. The study showed that B. davidii has several unique agro-energy features as well as some undesired characteristics.
The second study presents research on the ethanol organosolv pretreatment (EOP) of B. davidii and its ability to produce enzymatically hydrolysable substrates. It was concluded that the removal of hemicellulose, delignification, reduction in the degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose, and the conversion of crystalline cellulose dimorphs (Iα/Iβ) to the easily degradable para-crystalline and amorphous celluloses were the characteristics accounted for efficient enzymatic deconstruction of B. davidii after EOP.
The third study provides a detailed elucidation of the chemical structure of ethanol organosolv lignin (EOL) of B. davidii by NMR spectroscopy. Such research was needed to understand the pretreatment mechanism in the context of delignification and alteration of the lignin structure. Future applications of the resulted EOL will be valuable for industrially viable bioethanol production process. EOP mainly cleaved β-O-4' interlinkages via homolysis, decreased the DP of lignin, and increased the degree of condensation of lignin. EOL had low oxygen content, molecular weight, and aliphatic OH as well as high phenolic OH, which are qualities that make it suitable for different co-product applications.
The last study provides information on the anatomical characteristics of pretreated B. davidii biomass after EOP. The importance of this research was to further understand the alterations that occur to the cellular structure of the biomass which can then be correlated with its enzymatic digestibility. The results concluded that the physical distribution of lignin within the biomass matrix and the partial removal of middle lamella lignin were key factors influencing enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Han, Pengfei. « New photocatalysts for organic synthesis driven by visible light ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/120830/1/Pengfei_Han_Thesis.pdf.
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Effective visible light photocatalysts for achieving organic reactions under mild conditions are long sought after and a rarely achieved aim in modern catalyst chemistry. Here, metal complexes and plasmonic metal NPs were assembled and used systematically for the first time as a novel photocatalyst to achieve this target. The new photocatalytic system was designed, established, and proved to be efficient in driving C-O bond cleavage of lignin model compounds and sugars dehydration to produce 5-HMF under visible light irradiation.
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Marabezi, Karen. « Estudo sistemático das reações envolvidas na determinação dos teores de lignina e holocelulose em amostras de bagaço e palha de cana-de-açúcar ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75131/tde-07102009-100309/.
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Os métodos analíticos empregados atualmente para a caracterização química de materiais lignocelulósicos foram desenvolvidos para a madeira e são empregados com pequenas modificações ao bagaço e à palha da cana-de-açúcar. A não existência de metodologia específica para estes materiais leva a obtenção de resultados inadequados e dificultam tanto o planejamento quanto a interpretação de resultados. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é desenvolver metodologias analíticas específicas para a caracterização química da palha e do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. A determinação de lignina foi estudada a partir da hidrólise e solubilização da celulose e hemiceluloses em solução de ácido sulfúrico. A fração insolúvel foi analisada por análise elementar, espectroscopia no infravermelho, espectrometria de ressonância magnética nuclear de C13 no estado sólido e análise termogravimétrica (TGA). Os açúcares hidrolisados e produtos derivados destes foram analisados por meio de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Foi realizada uma análise de holocelulose que é complementar à determinação de lignina. O procedimento consiste no tratamento do material lignocelulósico (pré-extraído com cicloexano/etanol) com solução de clorito de sódio em meio ácido. Os resultados obtidos não apresentaram similaridade nas correlações entre os métodos analíticos, entretanto mostraram que o bagaço integral e suas frações separadamente apresentam comportamentos diferentes, frente ao tratamento ácido, o que ressalta a necessidade de métodos analíticos específicos.The analytical methods currently used for chemical characterization of lignocellulosic materials were developed for wood and are applied with minor modifications for sugar cane bagasse and straw analysis. The lack of specific methodology for these materials leads to inadequate results and hamper both the planning and the interpretation of results. Thus, the main aim of this work is to develop specific analytical methodologies to the chemical characterization of sugar cane bagasse and straw. The determination of lignin was studied by the hydrolysis and dissolution of the polysaccharide fraction in sulfuric acid solution. The insoluble fraction was analyzed by elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The sugars and derivatives of these hydrolysates were analyzed by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was also performed a complementary analysis from the holocellulose content determinations in order to check the values obtained by the klason procedure. The results showed the dependence of sulfuric acid concentration on lignin content determinations and the role of condensation reactions in the lignin characteristics. Despite the similarities in chemical composition, klason lignins obtained from straw exhibited very low molar masses. Preliminary results obtained from holocellulose determinations showed also the need for optimized oxidation procedures in order to be successful applied to sugar cane bagasse analysis.
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Quinelato, Cristiane [UNESP]. « Métodos de extração da lignina do bagaço da cana-de-açúcar do Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo ». Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138898.
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O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de cana-de-açúcar, e com isso é também o maior gerador de biomassa residual – bagaço e palha. Uma grande parte dessa biomassa é utilizada na co-geração de energia, sendo queimada nas caldeiras das usinas, porém ainda há um enorme excedente, gerando problemas ambientais e sociais. Por isso, é necessário desenvolver projetos para utilização desse material, com valor agregado. Uma das maneiras é a utilização dos compostos que compõem a fibra do bagaço: celulose, hemicelulose e lignina. Para viabilizar a utilização desses compostos são necessárias técnicas pouco nocivas e com custo reduzido. Além disso, é importante que durante o processo de extração, haja pouca alteração estrutural dos compostos, ou que as alterações sofridas sejam benéficas para sua utilização posterior. O presente trabalho visou desenvolver métodos diferentes de extração de uma das frações dessa fibra, a lignina, avaliando as alterações sofridas durante os processos de extração para um posterior uso dessas ligninas de acordo com suas características. Os três métodos foram Organossolv utilizando uma mistura de dioxano e ácido clorídrico, Organossolv utilizando etanol e o Álcali. A caracterização das ligninas extraídas foi realizada através de técnicas de análise térmica (TG-DTG/DTA), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com aplicação de campo (MEV-FEG), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), e ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN). Através dos resultados obtidos nas análises evidenciou-se uma alteração maior na lignina extraída pelo método Álcali, com maiores rupturas nas ligações aromáticas durante o processo de extração quando comparado com as ligninas obtidas pelos dois métodos Organossolv. As três ligninas contêm estruturas carbônicas diferentes entre si, sendo que a que mais se aproxima da lignina de origem é a obtida pelo método Organossolv com dioxano.
Brazil is the huge producer of sugarcane worldwide, and it is also the largest residual biomass generator - bagasse and straw. A large part of this biomass is used for energy co-generation, being burnt in the boilers of the plants, but there is still a huge surplus, generating environmental and social problems. So it is necessary to develop projects to use this material with aggregate value. One way is the use of compounds that make up the fiber of bagasse: cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. To enable the use of these compounds are required little harmful techniques and low cost. Moreover, it’s important that during the extraction process there is little structural change of the compounds or that suffered changes are beneficial for later use. This study aimed to develop different methods of extracting a fraction of this fiber, the lignin, evaluating the changes done by the extraction processes for later use these lignins according to their characteristics. The three methods were Organossolv using a mixture of dioxane and hydrochloric acid, Organossolv using ethanol and Alkali. The characterization of the extracted lignins was performed by thermal analysis techniques (TG-DTG / DTA), scanning electron microscopy with field application (SEM-FEG), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results obtained in the analysis revealed a greater change in the lignin extracted by the alkali method with larger breaks in aromatic bonds during the extraction process compared with the lignins obtained by the two methods Organossolv. The three lignins contain carbonic structures different from each other, and that is closest to the origin of lignin is obtained by Organossolv method with dioxane.
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Pinheiro, Francisca Gleyciara Cavalcante. « Lignosulfonates production from lignin extracted sugarcane bagasse ». Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13799.
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Universidade Federal do CearÃThe present work aimed at the production of lignosulfonate, based in the lignin extracted from sugarcane bagasse-cane for using in phenolic resins. The extraction of lignin was carried out using the acetosolv process, which was optimised with a central composite design 22 to evaluate the effects of reaction time and temperature on the extraction yield, weight-average (M ̅w) and number-average (M ̅n) molecular weights, relative content of total hydroxyl, phenolic hydroxyl and methoxyl groups. The lignins obtained under conditions that maximized the extraction yield and showed better structural and thermal characteristics were sulfonated to obtain the lignosulfonates. The structural and thermal characteristics of the lignins and lignosulfonates were determined by FT-IR, GPC, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, DSC and TGA. The results show that the best extraction yield (64.5%) was obtained with 95% (w/w) of acetic acid, the addition of 0.1% HCl, at a temperature of 187 ÂC and reaction time of 40 min. However, with the same concentration of acetic acid and reaction time of 15 min at 187 ÂC, the extraction yield decreased to 55.6% Â 4.5%, without significant reduction. Furthermore, the increase in temperature of 187 ÂC to 205 ÂC was not enough to cause a significant increase in the relative content of hydroxyls and reduction of the relative content of methoxyl. These results show that the most appropriate conditions for adequate extraction of lignin for application in resins are: 95% (w/w) of acetic acid, addition of 0.1% of HCl, temperature of 187 ÂC and reaction time of 15 min. The acetosolv lignins showed p-hidroxifenila units as major constituent, higher thermal stability and higher purity than the commercial Kraft lignin. The glass transition temperature of the Kraft lignins was lower than that of the acetosolv lignin. This is due to the hydrophilic character and the presence of carbohydrates in the Kraft lignin. The lignosulfonates obtained in this study showed structural characteristics suitable for application in phenolic resins, because they showed high reactivity due to the greater presence of p-hidroxifenila units as major constituent, low molecular weights (40234878 g/mol), greater stability and greater purity compared to commercial sodium lignosulfonate. Therefore, lignosulfonates obtained in this work are more suitable for use in phenolic resins than commercial sodium lignosulfonate used for comparison.
O presente trabalho teve por objetivo a produÃÃo de lignossulfonato, a partir da lignina extraÃda do bagaÃo da cana-de-aÃÃcar para aplicaÃÃo em resinas fenÃlicas. Foi realizada a otimizaÃÃo da extraÃÃo da lignina do bagaÃo de cana-de-aÃÃcar utilizando o processo acetosolv. Para tanto, empregou-se um delineamento composto central 22 para analisar os efeitos do tempo de reaÃÃo e da temperatura no rendimento de extraÃÃo, massa molar ponderal mÃdia, massa molar numÃrica mÃdia, e conteÃdo relativo de hidroxilas totais, hidroxilas fenÃlicas e metoxilas. As ligninas obtidas nas condiÃÃes que maximizaram o rendimento de extraÃÃo e que mostraram melhores caracterÃsticas estruturais e tÃrmicas foram sulfonadas para obtenÃÃo dos lignossulfonatos. As caracterÃsticas estruturais e tÃrmicas das ligninas e dos lignossulfonatos foram determinadas por FT-IR, GPC, RMN-1H e 13C, TGA e DSC. Os resultados mostram que o melhor rendimento de extraÃÃo (64,5 % 4,2%) foi obtido com 95% (m/m) de Ãcido acÃtico, adiÃÃo de 0,1% de HCl, a uma temperatura de 187 C e tempo de reaÃÃo de 40 min. No entanto, com a mesma concentraÃÃo de soluÃÃo de Ãcido acÃtico e com tempo de reaÃÃo de 15 min a 187ÂC, o rendimento de extraÃÃo diminuiu para 55,6%  4,5%, nÃo sendo significativa esta reduÃÃo. AlÃm disto, a elevaÃÃo da temperatura de 187ÂC para 205ÂC nÃo foi suficiente para causar um aumento significativo no conteÃdo relativo de hidroxilas e reduÃÃo do conteÃdo relativo de metoxila. Esses resultados mostram que as condiÃÃes mais adequadas para extraÃÃo da lignina a ser aplicada em resinas sÃo: 95% (m/m) de Ãcido acÃtico, adiÃÃo de 0,1% de HCl, temperatura de 187 C e tempo de reaÃÃo de 15 min. As ligninas acetosolv apresentaram unidades p-hidroxifenila como constituinte majoritÃrio, maior estabilidade tÃrmica e maior pureza em relaÃÃo à lignina Kraft comercial. A temperatura de transiÃÃo vÃtrea da lignina Kraft foi menor do que à das ligninas acetosolv, devido à sua caracterÃstica hidrofÃlica e à presenÃa de carboidratos na lignina Kraft. Os lignossulfonatos obtidos no presente trabalho apresentaram caracterÃsticas estruturais adequadas para aplicaÃÃo em resinas fenÃlicas, pois mostraram alta reatividade devido a maior presenÃa de unidades p-hidroxifenila como constituinte majoritÃrio, baixas massas molares (4023 a 4878 g/mol), maior estabilidade e uma maior pureza em relaÃÃo ao lignossulfonato de sÃdio comercial. Portanto, os lignossulfonatos obtidos no presente trabalho sÃo mais adequados para aplicaÃÃo em resinas fenÃlicas do que o lignossulfonato de sÃdio comercial utilizado no presente trabalho.
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Dunn, Kameron Gary. « Conversion of sugar cane lignin into aromatic products and fractionation of products for industrial use ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014.
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Karatt, Vellatt Vijesh. « Effect of sugar waste, surfactant waste and paint waste on the degradation of anaerobic bioreactor landfill components ». Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42439.
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Anaerobic bioreactor landfills are the landfills with an increased moisture content inorder to achieve a better biodegradation. Many Bioreactor landfills accept outside liquid wastes to achieve a higher moisture content . But the effect of these wastes on the degradation of landfill components is not known.
In this study, the effect of sugar waste, surfactant waste and paint waste on the degradation of landfill components was investigated. Sugar waste, surfactant waste and paint wastes in different concentrations were added to the combination of paper, cardboard, office paper and plastic with a total moisture content of 70%. The samples were incubated, sampled and analytical parameters analyzed. Sugar waste having a COD of 250,000 mg/L in a concentration of even 5% of the total weight was found inhibitive due to a drop in pH and accumulation of volatile fatty acids. Reactors with surfactant concentrations ranging from 50 mg/L to 500 mg/L showed that a higher concentration of 500 mg/L or above may be inhibitive in nature and the inhibition increases with increase in the concentration of surfactant. However, paint waste with a concentration of even 7.5% highly inhibited the degradation in the reactors. This could possibly be because of some toxicity.Master of Science
Livres sur le sujet "Sugars and lignin"
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The cultural politics of sugar : Caribbean slavery and narratives of colonialism. Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 2000.
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Record of Experiments at Des Lignes Sugar Experiment Station, Baldwin, La., During the Season of 1888. Franklin Classics, 2018.
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Crampton, Charles Albert. Record of Experiments at des Lignes Sugar Experiment Station, Baldwin, la. , During the Season Of 1888. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Sugars and lignin"
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Tucker, Melvin P., Quang A. Nguyen, Fannie P. Eddy, Kiran L. Kadam, Lynn M. Gedvilas et John D. Webb. « Fourier Transform Infrared Quantitative Analysis of Sugars and Lignin in Pretreated Softwood Solid Residues ». Dans Twenty-Second Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 51–61. Totowa, NJ : Humana Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0217-2_4.
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Ferrara, Maria Antonieta, Elba P. S. Bon et Julio Silva Araujo Neto. « Use of Steam Explosion Liquor from Sugar Cane Bagasse for Lignin Peroxidase Production by Phanerochaete chrysosporium ». Dans Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, 289–300. Totowa, NJ : Humana Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0119-9_23.
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Sardar, S., A. Das, S. Saha et C. Mondal. « Efficient Alkaline Peroxide Pretreatment of Sterculia foetida Fruit Shells for Production of Reducing Sugar : Effect of Process Parameters on Lignin Removal ». Dans Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research, 1441–51. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5955-6_137.
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Ranganathan, Umarani, et Steven P. C. Groot. « Seed Longevity and Deterioration ». Dans Seed Science and Technology, 91–108. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5888-5_5.
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AbstractThe fundamental deteriorative processes that lead to loss of seed viability contrastingly vary between desiccation insensitive (orthodox) and desiccation sensitive seeds (recalcitrant). Orthodox seeds which undergo maturation drying are bestowed with protective mechanisms which guard the seeds against deterioration. They include the accumulation of antioxidants, non-reducing sugars, protective proteins such as late embryogenesis abundant proteins, heat-shock proteins, lipocalins, hormones and chemical protectants (raffinose family oligosaccharides, flavonoids, lignins, vitamin E). The nuclear DNA is packed denser and chlorophyll is degraded. Besides, the cytoplasm is capable of transitioning between liquid and glassy state depending on the moisture content of the seeds aiding in the maintenance of seed viability potential. In the dry seeds, the glassy state of the cytoplasm ensures the stabilization of cellular components by arresting cell metabolism. However, even with low moisture content and a glassy state of cytoplasm, reactive oxygen species generated due to the presence of oxygen in the storage atmosphere may cause the ageing of seed. As the seed moisture content increases, mitochondrial respiration gets activated, also leading to increased production of reactive oxygen species, owing to inefficient mitochondrial activity. The reactive oxygen species lead to the oxidation of essential molecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids. Further, mitochondrial membranes also get oxidized, leading to reduced aerobic respiration potential. When the damage is not substantial, orthodox seeds are capable of repairing the molecular damages that accumulate during storage, enabling the seeds to partially overcome the damages and extend their longevity. This includes activation of repair of cell membranes, DNA, RNA, proteins and mitochondria as the seeds imbibe water.Unlike the orthodox seeds, the recalcitrant seeds are largely devoid of protective mechanisms which guard the seeds against rapid deterioration. The recalcitrant seeds are shed from the mother tree at high moisture content while they are metabolically active. After dispersal, the seeds undergo deteriorative changes during drying due to the damage to the cytoskeleton (physical damage), besides reactive oxygen species-induced damage due to lack of antioxidant activity (metabolism-induced damage). Even when maintained under high moisture content, seeds exhibit dysfunction of the cell organelles and extensive vacuolization predisposing the seeds to deterioration. Thus, recalcitrant seeds are prone to deterioration either under low or high moisture content.
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Priyanka, Miss, Dileep Kumar, Uma Shankar, Anurag Yadav et Kusum Yadav. « Agricultural Waste Management for Bioethanol Production ». Dans Handbook of Research on Microbial Tools for Environmental Waste Management, 1–33. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3540-9.ch001.
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This chapter contends that bioethanol has received the most attention over other fuels due to less emission of greenhouse gases and production from renewable sources. It is mainly produced from sugar containing feedstocks. Since feedstocks are utilized as food for humans, its consumption in bioethanol production creates a food crisis for the entire world. Bioethanol derived from agriculture waste, which is most abundant at global level, is the best option. Agriculture wastes contain lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses which creates hindrances during conversion to ethanol. Pretreatment of agriculture wastes remove lignin, hemicelluloses and then enzymatically hydrolyzed into sugars. Both pentose and hexose sugars are fermented to bioethanol. There are still various problems for developing an economically feasible technology but a major one is the resistance to degradation of the agricultural material. Use of two or more pretreatment methods for delignification and the use of genetically modified agricultural biomass can be developed for economically feasible ethanol production.
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Priyanka, Miss, Dileep Kumar, Uma Shankar, Anurag Yadav et Kusum Yadav. « Agricultural Waste Management for Bioethanol Production ». Dans Biotechnology, 492–524. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8903-7.ch019.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter contends that bioethanol has received the most attention over other fuels due to less emission of greenhouse gases and production from renewable sources. It is mainly produced from sugar containing feedstocks. Since feedstocks are utilized as food for humans, its consumption in bioethanol production creates a food crisis for the entire world. Bioethanol derived from agriculture waste, which is most abundant at global level, is the best option. Agriculture wastes contain lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses which creates hindrances during conversion to ethanol. Pretreatment of agriculture wastes remove lignin, hemicelluloses and then enzymatically hydrolyzed into sugars. Both pentose and hexose sugars are fermented to bioethanol. There are still various problems for developing an economically feasible technology but a major one is the resistance to degradation of the agricultural material. Use of two or more pretreatment methods for delignification and the use of genetically modified agricultural biomass can be developed for economically feasible ethanol production.
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Pandey, Raj Kumar, et Lakshmi Tewari. « Mycotechnology for Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Production ». Dans Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 28–43. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3126-5.ch002.
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One of the major challenges for society in 21st century is to find a sustainable eco-friendly renewable liquid fuel for replacing petroleum based fossil fuels. Bioethanol is one ofthe most consumable biofuel in the world. Lignocellulosic plant biomass can be an untapped source of fermentable sugars for significant production of bioethanol. But, the polyphenolic lignin of the biomass hinders the digestibility of cellulose, thus the goal of any pre-treatment technology is to remove this structural component to improve the cellulose accessibility for enzymatic saccharification. A wide range of pretreatment methods and their combinations have been reported for delignification, but recently, the environment friendly approach of microbial pre-treatment has received much attention for enzymatic delignification and saccharificaton of biomass. The extracellular lignin degrading enzymes and cellulase enzyme complex from fungi are now considered for biological delignification and saccharification, respectively.
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Scott, Janet L., et Gianfranco Unali. « Chemicals from Biomass ». Dans Materials for a Sustainable Future, 279–324. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781849734073-00279.
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Producing chemicals from renewable bioresources has the potential to address issues of growing scarcity (or awareness of scarcity) of fossil carbon feedstocks, in addition to mitigating geopolitical tensions associated with uneven distribution of these resources. However, the use of a range of bio-based feedstocks, which are likely to be dependent on local resources and to differ from region to region or even from season to season, presents challenges to an industry accustomed to relatively homogeneous, oil- and gas-based feedstocks. This material inhomogeneity also provides opportunities and access to a range of highly functionalised molecules. Bulk sources of bio-based chemicals include sugars and polysaccharides, lignin and fats and oils, and these are summarised. Details of some commercial, or near to commercial, bio-based chemicals are presented and two large classes of chemical products, solvents and surfactants, are discussed in more detail.
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Dalton, David R. « Yeasts ». Dans The Chemistry of Wine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687199.003.0029.
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The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a fungus, one of the group of eukaryotes (organisms with membrane- enclosed organelles and nuclei in their cells) that lie on that branch of the tree of life that, as shown in Figure 18.1, includes plants and animals. Many years of debate preceded their notation as a separate branch on the tree while advocates forcing them into either plant or animal families battled. Thus, although the cell walls of yeast are strikingly similar to plants (save that yeasts utilize N-acetylglucosamine and related nitrogenous carbohydrate polymers [chitin-like] in place of polyphenols [lignin] for cross linking), it is clear that chloroplasts, common to plants, are missing. Similarly, while their organization and food disposition is similar to animals, the very presence of a cell wall, rather than a simple membrane, forces their exclusion from the family of animals. Of course, all life utilizes the same set of purine and pyrimidine bases bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose carbohydrate and amino acids. So while classifications are necessary, they may also be specious. A generic eukaryotic cell and a plant cell (seen before in Figure 7.1) are shown in Figure 18.2. Hundreds of yeasts and strains of those yeasts are available for use in the wine industry for fermenting the must obtained on crushing the grapes. Some of the yeasts are referred to as “wild” and are brought in with the grapes from the vineyard. Others, originally “wild,” have been isolated and maintained because it is held that their use adds value to the vintage. Indeed, it is here that a great deal of experience is required. Generally, the vintner has a good idea of the amount of sugar (measured as glucose) in the grapes harvested. However, different strains of yeast (some 1500 yeast species, including S. cerevisiae are a subgroup of 700,000 or so fungi), while probably processing glucose in the same way, will also process other sugars too and, in that vein, there are other issues to be faced.
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Chahal, D. S., A. Ouellet et J. M. Hachey. « FERMENTATION OF HEMICELLULOSE SUGARS FROM SPENT SULFITE LIQUOR INTO FUNGAL BIOMASS WITH VARIOUS FUNGI AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGNIN ISOLATED FROM FERMENTATION BROTH ». Dans Biotechnology in Pulp and Paper Manufacture, 303–10. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-409-90192-4.50032-7.
Texte intégralActes de conférences sur le sujet "Sugars and lignin"
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Butterman, Heidi C., et Marco J. Castaldi. « CO2 Enhanced Steam Gasification of Biomass Fuels ». Dans 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1949.
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The current study involves an experimental investigation of the decomposition of various biomass feedstocks and their conversion to gaseous fuels such as hydrogen. The steam gasification process resulted in higher levels of H2 and CO for various CO2 input ratios. With increasing rates of CO2 introduced into the feed stream, enhanced char conversion and increased CO levels were observed. While CH4 evolution was present throughout the gasification process at consistently low concentrations, H2 evolution was at significantly higher levels though it was detected only at elevated gasification temperatures: above 500°C for the herbaceous and non-wood samples and above 650°C for the wood biomass fuels studied. The biomass feedstocks were studied through the use of Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Gas Chromatography, Calorimetry, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), and the Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM/EDX). The chemical composition of the various biomass fuels and their combustion and gasification ash residues, in addition to the mass decay and gaseous evolution behavior were investigated as a function of temperature. The thermal treatment of biomass fuels involves pyrolysis and gasification with combustion occurring at the higher temperatures. In the gasification environment, when combustion processes are occurring, gaseous components evolve from the fuel and react with oxygen either released from the biomass structure itself, or from the injected steam and CO2. These high temperature reactions are responsible for the enhanced burnout of the carbon (charcoal) structure that is produced during the low temperature pyrolytic breakdown of the biomass. Since the ligno-cellulosic biomass component typically found in U.S. MSW is greater than 50%, techniques to enhance the thermal treatment of biomass feedstocks can also aid in the processing of MSW. Gas evolution as a function of temperature was monitored for H2, CH4, CO2 and CO for several biomass fuels that included woods, grasses and other ligno-cellulosic samples. These included oak, sugar maple, poplar, spruce, white pine, Douglas fir, alfalfa, cordgrass, beachgrass, maple bark, pine needles, blue noble fir needles, pecan shells, almond shells, walnut shells, wheat straw, and green olive pit. The TGA mass decay curves showed similar behavior for the woods, grasses and agricultural residues, where most of the mass loss occurred before 500°C. Most feedstocks exhibited 2 constant mass steps though several exhibited a third with completed mass loss by 900°–1000°C. Two distinct mass decay regimes were found to correlate well with two distinct gas evolution regimes exhibited in the curves for CO, H2 and CH4. Most of the mass loss occurred during pyrolysis, with the remaining degradation to ash or char occurring in the high temperature gasification regime. One characteristic of biomass samples is the highly variable nature of the mineral composition. SEM/EDX analyses indicated high levels of potassium, magnesium and phosphorus in the ash residue. The devitrification and embrittlement of the quartz furnace and balance rods were attributed to the high mineral content of many of the biomass feedstocks, with the high alkaline oxide levels of the grasses being particularly destructive. While mineral content may exert a beneficial effect through enhanced char reactivity with the possibility for a more thorough processing of the feedstock, the potential for corrosion and slagging would necessitate the judicious selection and possible pretreatment of biomass fuels. A major advantage of thermal treatment through gasification prior to combustion is the ability to remove many of the corrosive volatiles and ash elements such as potassium, sodium and chlorine to avert damage to the process equipment.