Bibliographies thématiques / Suffage

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Suffage »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 27 juillet 2024
Mis à jour le 29 juillet 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Suffage"

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Fairbairn, Brett. « Authority vs. Democracy : Prussian Officials in the German Elections of 1898 and 1903 ». Historical Journal 33, no 4 (décembre 1990) : 811–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013777.

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The suffrage for the German Reichstag had by the 1890s become the most potent symbol of democratic ideas in imperial Germany. ‘Universal, equal, secret, and direct’, as contemporaries described it, the Reichstag suffrage stood in contrast to restrictive state suffrages as a model of liberty and fairness. By the turn of the century, 70–80 per cent of adult male German citizens took advantage of their right to participate in this, the freest of all German political arenas.
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YEE, ETHAN LEONG. « LEST THE KEYS BE SCORNED : THE IMPLICATIONS OF INDULGENCES FOR THE CHURCH HIERARCHY AND THIRTEENTH-CENTURY CANONISTS’ RESISTANCE TO THE TREASURY OF MERIT ». Traditio 76 (2021) : 247–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2021.11.

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Recent scholarship on indulgences has focused on the shared concepts theologians and canonists drew on to explain these remissions and advantageous effects of indulgences on popular piety, the mendicant orders, and the papacy. A closer examination of the work of thirteenth-century canonists reveals an uncertainty about the mechanism by which indulgences worked and concerns that diverged from those of theologians. While the treasury of merit was a popular theological explanation, it was generally ignored by most canonists, who preferred explanations based on jurisdiction, the power of the keys, and suffrages. A key distinction between suffrages, good works done with the intent of spiritually benefitting others, and the treasury of merit is that the former burdens the living while the latter does not, since it draws on merit stored from already completed actions. Since it makes granting indulgences burdensome, the suffrage theory offers a disincentive to granting indiscrete or excessive remissions. Abuse of indulgences underlined the tensions between the authority of God and the church, the penitential and public forums, and the overlapping jurisdictions of prelates. Unlike the suffrage theory of indulgences, the treasury of merit theory offers little incentive for restraint. This may explain its relative absence in the writings of thirteenth-century canonists.
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Quéro, Laurent, et Christophe Voilliot. « Du suffrage censitaire au suffrage universel ». Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales 140, no 5 (2001) : 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/arss.140.0034.

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Sani, Dr Hafiz Muhammad, et Bakht Shaid. « دور الصفة واصحابها فی المناهج التعليمية والتربوية فی عهد الرسولﷺ ». rahatulquloob 3, no 2(2) (10 décembre 2019) : 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51411/rahat.3.2(2).2019.220.

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The contribution and the part played by Suffah and Ashab-e-Suffa in the system of education and training in the era of the Prophet hood an academic and research based analysis. It is an undeniable reality that an exemplary civilization, culture, education and research system was started with the advent of the birth and Prophet hood of Muhammad (PBUH), the teacher of humanity and the Prophet of Islam. Knowledge and education are the basic references of the religion and the shine he brought with him. The first revelation bestowed upon him carries the order of learning, teaching, education and propagation of education. The messenger of Allah (PBUH) made teaching and learning basic obligation to seek knowledge. It was started from Macca. However, after the migration to Madina, the first education institution–Suffah, from the foundation of the Mosque of the Prophet (PBUH), the first of the Islamic history, formally came into being, and built up. The Suffah was a residential university, in which a complete regular system of training and education along with boarding and lodging.The Part played by Suffah and Ashabe Suffah in the Islamic period of the Prophet hood towards system of education and training an academic and research analysis highlight the subject the related old and new sources, Islamic history, Ahadith–the traditions of the Holy Prophet, books on life and character of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and offer books on Islamic Sciences have been extensive-ly consulted. Suffah and Ashabe Suffa played a key role in propagation of education, teaching and trainings in the time period of the Prophet hood.
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Shore, Amy. « Suffrage Stars ». Camera Obscura : Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 21, no 3 (2006) : 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/02705346-2006-010.

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Prieto, Laura R. « Gallery Scrapbook as Suffrage Archive : Macbeth’s Suffrage Exhibition ». Archives of American Art Journal 60, no 1 (1 mars 2021) : 4–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/714299.

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Dupart, Dominique. « Suffrage universel, suffrage lyrique chez Lamartine, 1834-1848 ». Romantisme 135, no 1 (2007) : 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rom.135.0009.

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Mayhall, Laura E. Nym, et Sandra Stanley Holton. « Suffrage Days : Stories from the Women's Suffrage Movement ». Albion : A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 30, no 2 (1998) : 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053597.

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Cowman, Krista. « Suffrage days : stories from the women's suffrage movement ». Women's History Review 7, no 2 (1 juin 1998) : 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612029800200356.

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Sangster, Joan. « Exporting suffrage : British influences on the Canadian suffrage movement ». Women's History Review 28, no 4 (5 juillet 2018) : 566–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2018.1493765.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Suffage"

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Davies, Kerryn. « Women's suffrage in South Australia / ». Title page, contents and conclusion only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ard2562.pdf.

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Kirby, Timothy Joel. « Women's Suffrage in the United States : A Synthesis of the Contributing Factors in Suffrage Extension ». Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1596119821783093.

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Bradley, Katherine. « Faith, perseverance and patience : the history of the Oxford suffrage and anti-suffrage movements, 1870-1930 ». Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264527.

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Degener, Almuth. « Khotanische Suffixe / ». Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35572562s.

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Moring, Schubert Valerie Susan. « Drawing suffrage for The Masses, 1911-1917 ». Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1152564730.

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Crenshaw, Abby Lorraine. « The Solid South : The Suffrage Campaign Revisited ». TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2448.

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This examination of the southern suffrage campaign focuses the movement through the eyes of three prominent southern women within the political movement: Kate Gordon, Sue Shelton White, and Josephine Pearson. The merged National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) planned and organized a focus on the South during the second half of the suffrage campaign, which presented new challenges. The Nineteenth Amendment passed through Congress in 1918 and consequently set the stage for a raging political battle between suffragists and anti-suffragists. The suffrage campaign prompted women to question how the political platform of suffrage should be addressed. Women argued over the issue of suffrage and its application; a universal amendment, state legislation, or no suffrage rights at all. The question over appropriate political tactics often revealed the social and cultural prejudices of the campaign leaders. The cornerstone of my research focuses on the history of the southern campaign and incorporates three southern women who shared distinct political views of woman suffrage. The bulk of my research focused on the primary documents from the Josephine Pearson Collection at the Tennessee State Library and Archives and the loaned papers of Sue Shelton White from Knoxville, Tennessee. I also used the Louisiana newspaper, the Daily Picayune, for information about Kate Gordon as well as her correspondence with Laura Clay. Through this examination, a more direct focus is applied to the southern suffrage movement, which further complicates separate accounts of racial prejudice and exclusion in southern women’s politics. Furthermore, my thesis will create a framework of southern culture by incorporating the national issue of suffrage from a regional perspective to expose commonalities and themes that muddles southern women’s history and patriarchal loyalty in the South. Carefully analyzing the suffrage and anti-suffrage leadership in the South, particularly Tennessee, helps develop a well-defined understanding of the cultural and political factors influencing southern politics as well as assist in constructing a scholarly historiographic perspective on social and cultural influences of the southern campaign within the separate groups of suffragists and anti-suffragists.
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Chevalier, François. « Le sénateur français, 1875-1995 : essai sur le recrutement et la représentativité des membres de la seconde chambre / ». Paris : LGDJ, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb369702075.

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Paiva, Maria Arair Pinto. « Direito político do sufrágio no Brasil, 1822-1982 ». Brasília-DF-Brasil : Thesaurus Editora, 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/13330294.html.

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Law, Cheryl. « Suffrage and power : the women's movement, 1918-1928 / ». London ; New York : I.B. Tauris, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36712017t.

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Anderson, Gwen Trowbridge. « Interrogating Virginia Woolf and the British suffrage movement ». [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003162.

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Livres sur le sujet "Suffage"

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Cott, Nancy F., dir. Women Suffrage. Berlin, Boston : DE GRUYTER SAUR, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110971057.

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Cott, Nancy F., dir. Women Suffrage. Berlin, Boston : DE GRUYTER SAUR, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110971064.

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Alberti, Johanna. Beyond Suffrage. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20205-8.

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ill, Simó Roger, dir. Women's suffrage. New York, New York : Little Bee Books Inc., 2018.

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Sagan, Miriam. Women's suffrage. San Diego : Lucent Books, 1995.

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Weisman, Deitch JoAnne, dir. Woman's suffrage. Carlisle, Mass : Discovery Enterprises, 2000.

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Kops, Deborah. Women suffrage. San Diego : Blackbirch Press, 2004.

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Brenda, Stalcup, dir. Women's suffrage. San Diego : Greenhaven Press, 2000.

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1969-, Haesly Richard, dir. Women's suffrage. San Diego : Greenhaven Press, 2003.

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Boussahba-Bravard, Myriam, dir. Suffrage Outside Suffragism. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230801318.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Suffage"

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Jonas-Paneth, Annael. « Suffrage ». Dans The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Victorian Women’s Writing, 1542–49. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78318-1_250.

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Jonas-Paneth, Annael. « Suffrage ». Dans The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Victorian Women's Writing, 1–8. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02721-6_250-1.

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Neylon, Clare. « Suffrage Journalism ». Dans The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Victorian Women's Writing, 1–3. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02721-6_176-1.

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Neylon, Clare. « Suffrage Journalism ». Dans The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Victorian Women’s Writing, 1549–51. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78318-1_176.

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Falk, Francesca. « Female Suffrage ». Dans Gender Innovation and Migration in Switzerland, 69–86. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01626-5_6.

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Griffin, Ben. « Women’s Suffrage ». Dans Languages of Politics in Nineteenth-Century Britain, 168–90. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137312891_8.

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Blume, Arthur W. « Colonial Suffrage ». Dans International and Cultural Psychology, 153–68. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92825-4_8.

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Anderson, Anne. « Suffrage identity ». Dans Women’s Suffrage in Word, Image, Music, Stage and Screen, 85–108. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series : Interdisciplinary research in gender : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429344534-8.

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Robbins, Ruth. « Suffrage fiction ». Dans The Routledge Companion to British Women’s Suffrage, 210–24. London : Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781138557420-16.

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Crawford, Elizabeth. « Collecting suffrage ». Dans The Routledge Companion to British Women’s Suffrage, 195–209. London : Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781138557420-15.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Suffage"

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Donohue, Mark. « Women’s Suffrage Movement Monument ». Dans 109th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.109.19.

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“There never will be complete equality until women themselves help to make laws and elect lawmakers.” – Susan B. Anthony Women’s struggle for equality is an issue that has persisted in the United States from its inception. At the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls in July 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton proposed a revision to the Declaration of Independence stat¬ing “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal.” This statement was included in “The Declaration of Rights and Sentiments” signed by 100 of the 300 attendees to the convention. One of the most conten¬tious and debated articles in the document they signed was women’s suffrage. If this was the beginning, it certainly wasn’t the end. For the next 54 years Stanton fought for the right for women to vote along side her long time colleague Susan B. Anthony. Neither one would see the day when their life’s work on the part of the women’s suffrage movement would come to fruition.
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Ropii, Imam, et Hb Sujiantoro. « Legal Protection of Youth Suffrage ». Dans Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2019). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccd-19.2019.68.

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Smirnova, Yuliya Sergeevna, et Maya Evgenyevna Pankratova. « Active Suffrage : Problems and Solutions ». Dans АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОСТИ И ПУБЛИЧНОГО ПРАВА. Санкт-Петербург : Санкт-Петербургский институт (филиал) ВГУЮ (РПА Минюста России), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47645/9785604572849_132.

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De Vaere, Piet, Tobias Bühler, Mirja Kühlewind et Brian Trammell. « Three Bits Suffice ». Dans IMC '18 : Internet Measurement Conference. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3278532.3278535.

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Rodriguez-Perez, Adria. « Secret suffrage in remote electronic voting systems ». Dans 2017 Fourth International Conference on eDemocracy & eGovernment (ICEDEG). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icedeg.2017.7962550.

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Song, Zhao, Baocheng Sun, Omri Weinstein et Ruizhe Zhang. « Quartic Samples Suffice for Fourier Interpolation ». Dans 2023 IEEE 64th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/focs57990.2023.00087.

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Amiruddin, Suwaib. « WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE IN THE ELECTION OF THE PANDEGLANG REGENT YEARS 2015 ». Dans International Conference on Public Policy, Social Computing and Development 2017 (ICOPOSDev 2017). Paris, France : Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icoposdev-17.2018.67.

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Hsu, Ke-Jou, James Choncholas, Ketan Bhardwaj et Ada Gavrilovska. « DNS Does Not Suffice for MEC-CDN ». Dans HotNets '20 : The 19th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks. New York, NY, USA : ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3422604.3425931.

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Kunkle, Daniel, et Gene Cooperman. « Twenty-six moves suffice for Rubik's cube ». Dans the 2007 international symposium. New York, New York, USA : ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1277548.1277581.

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Atay, Rıfat. « REVIVING THE SUFFA TRADITION ». Dans Muslim World in Transition : Contributions of the Gülen Movement. Leeds Metropolitan University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/tbcm7967.

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In Islamic history, one of the most intriguing questions has been the termination of the Suffa School immediately following the Prophet’s demise. As is well known, the Suffa Companions were comprised of mostly single young men who did not have anywhere else to go to. They were provided with shelter and food in the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina. Their sole occupa- tion was to spend all their time with the Prophet, learning and studying. They became so well versed in Islam that most of them were sent as teachers and/or governors to new provinces. The paper claims that today Gülen is seeking to revive the Suffa tradition in two ways. First, by resembling the first Suffa Companions himself. The four guiding principles traced in the lives of the Suffa Companions (single, simple, humble and pious) can be found in the daily life of Gülen. Thus, this paper suggests that Gülen is often mistaken as a Sufi when in fact he can be considered a member of the Suffa. Secondly, Gülen has been consistently provid- ing personal tutelage over the last two decades to hundreds of theology graduate students. Students gain admission to Gülen’s informal school by passing a rigorous exam in Islamic sciences and Arabic. Thereafter awaits them extensive study and an ascetic lifestyle. Students can remain as long as they wish, some for even as long as ten years. Gülen has been known to have had up to 40 students at times, although given his ill-health this number has dropped to 15 in recent years. In their lifestyle, daily programme and efforts post ‘graduation’ these students resemble the first Suffa Companions.
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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Suffage"

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Kose, Esra, Elira Kuka et Na'ama Shenhav. Women's Suffrage and Children's Education. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, août 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24933.

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Engerman, Stanley, et Kenneth Sokoloff. The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, octobre 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8512.

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Naidu, Suresh. Suffrage, Schooling, and Sorting in the Post-Bellum U.S. South. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, juin 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18129.

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Carruthers, Celeste, et Marianne Wanamaker. Municipal Housekeeping : The Impact of Women's Suffrage on Public Education. Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, janvier 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20864.

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Touretzky, David S., et Deirdre W. Wheeler. Two Derivations Suffice : The Role of Syllabification in Cognitive Phonology. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, juin 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada225532.

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Engelke, Peter, David Bohl, Andrea Saldarriaga Jiménez et Jason Marczak. Latin America and the Caribbean 2030 : Future Scenarios. Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006521.

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Strategic foresight is critical to moving a country or region in the right direction. Leaders nearly everywhere in the world are overwhelmed by the crush of events, focusing their attention on the present rather than thelong term. Latin America and the Caribbean is no different. But complacency in thinking and planning for the future can no longer be the status quo. At a moment of profound regional and global transformation, the time is now to seize on policy directions that are most likely to take the region in the right direction. While Latin America and the Caribbean has many challenges, through foresight and strategy it could boost its position in the world -as Asia has done already. This publication makes the case for doing just that. Latin America has made incredible economic and political progress over the past decade. The prolonged commodity boom in the 2000s fueled higher growth rates than the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) average and generated a dramatic drop in the poverty rate and a huge explosion of the middle class. Today, 288 million, or one in three people, are considered middle class. At the same time, with a few notable exceptions, democratic institutions are stronger, with universal suffrage and regular elections now largely the norm. The key question for the future is whether the region can maintain momentum, particularly with China's slowing growth. The end of the commodity boom exposed underlying structural problems in Latin America and the Caribbean. Fiscal and institutional concerns, as well as other social and economic questions, were laid bare. Not only do the next nearly fifteen years require us to solve lingering issues that remain from the mid-teens, but a new direction must be charted so the region can maximize its inherent advantages and best compete in a rapidly changing world.
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Biancalana, Cecilia. Italy’s multiple populisms facing the Russo-Ukrainian war. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), mars 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0022.

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Italy has been defined as a laboratory for populism and a “populist paradise.” Indeed, multiple forms of populism coexist in Italy, covering the entire political spectrum. From the “left-wing” Movimento 5 Stelle to the right-wing coalition composed of Fratelli d’Italia, Forza Italia and the Lega, we can be sure that populism is very popular in Italy. We can be equally sure that, over the last few years, all these parties have had links to the Putin regime. Suffice it to mention the decades-long friendship between Silvio Berlusconi and Vladimir Putin or the admiration Matteo Salvini, the head of the Lega, has demonstrated for the president of the Russian Federation. However, the Russian invasion and the extensive popular and institutional support evinced for Ukraine in its wake changed everything, leaving populist parties scrambling to review their positions and modify their discourse. In the report, I will examine the ties between the main Italian populist parties (Fratelli d’Italia, Forza Italia, Lega, Movimento 5 Stelle) and Russia and the shifts in their positions towards President Putin in the aftermath of the invasion. Against this backdrop, the September 2022 elections in Italy can be considered as a “test case” to measure the success of the populist parties’ strategies to negotiate the crisis and to shed light on the changing balance of power within the broad populist field.
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Bendikov, Michael, et Thomas C. Harmon. Development of Agricultural Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers. United States Department of Agriculture, août 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591738.bard.

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In this 1-year feasibility study, we tried polymerization of several different monomers, commercial as well as novel, specially designed and synthesized for this project in the presence of the nitrate ion to produce imprinted conductive polymers. Polymers 1 and 2 (shown below) produced a response to nitrate, but one inferior to that produced by a polypyrrole (Ppy)-based sensor (which we demonstrated prior to this study). Thus, we elected to proceed with improving the stability of the Ppy-based sensor. In order to improve stability of the Ppy-based sensor, we created a two-layer design which includes nitrate-doped Ppy as an inner layer, and nitrate-doped PEDOT as the outer layer. PEDOT is known for its high environmental stability and conductivity. This design has demonstrated promise, but is still undergoing optimization and stability testing. Previously we had failed to create nitrate-doped PEDOT in the absence of a Ppy layer. Nitrate-doped PEDOT should be very promising for sensor applications due to its high stability and exceptional sensing properties as we showed previously for sensing of perchlorate ions (by perchlorate-doped PEDOT). During this year, we have succeeded in preparing nitrate-doped PEDOT (4 below) by designing a new starting monomer (compound 3 below) for polymerization. We are currently testing this design for nitrate sensing. In parallel with the fabrication design studies, we fabricated and tested nitrate-doped Ppy sensors in a series of flow studies under laboratory and field conditions. Nitrate-doped Ppy sensors are less stable than is desirable but provide excellent nitrate sensing characteristics for the short-term experiments focusing on packaging and deployment strategies. The fabricated sensors were successfully interfaced with a commercial battery-powered self-logging (Onset Computer Hobo Datalogger) and a wireless data acquisition and transmission system (Crossbow Technologies MDA300 sensor interface and Mica2 wireless mote). In a series of flow-through experiments with water, the nitrate-doped Ppy sensors were exposed to pulses of dissolved nitrate and compared favorably with an expensive commercial sensor. In 24-hour field tests in both Merced and in Palmdale, CA agricultural soils, the sensors responded to introduced nitrate pulses, but with different dynamics relative to the larger commercial sensors. These experiments are on-going but suggest a form factor (size, shape) effect of the sensor when deployed in a porous medium such as soil. To fill the need for a miniature reference electrode, we identified and tested one commercial version (Cypress Systems, ESA Mini-reference electrode) which works well but is expensive ($190). To create an inexpensive miniature reference electrode, we are exploring the use of AgCl-coated silver wire. This electrode is not a “true” reference electrode; however, it can calibrated once versus a commercial reference electrode at the time of deployment in soil. Thus, only one commercial reference electrode would suffice to support a multiple sensor deployment.
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