Articles de revues : « Sub-Optimal diet »

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Young, Lauren M., Sarah Gauci, Andrew Scholey, David J. White, Annie-Claude Lassemillante, Denny Meyer et Andrew Pipingas. « Self-Reported Diet Quality Differentiates Nutrient Intake, Blood Nutrient Status, Mood, and Cognition : Implications for Identifying Nutritional Neurocognitive Risk Factors in Middle Age ». Nutrients 12, n^o 10 (28 septembre 2020) : 2964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12102964.

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Evidence for diet quality representing a modifiable risk factor for age-related cognitive decline and mood disturbances has typically come from retrospective, cross-sectional analyses. Here a diet screening tool (DST) was used to categorize healthy middle-aged volunteers (n = 141, 40–65 years) into “optimal” or “sub-optimal” diet groups to investigate cross-sectional associations between diet quality, cognitive function, and mood. The DST distinguished levels of nutrient intake as assessed by Automated Self-Administered 24-h dietary recall and nutrient status, as assessed by blood biomarker measures. Compared with the “sub-optimal” group, the “optimal” diet group showed significantly higher intake of vitamin E (p = 0.007), magnesium (p = 0.001), zinc (p = 0.043) and fiber (p = 0.015), higher circulating levels of vitamin B6 (p = 0.030) and red blood cell folate (p = 0.026) and lower saturated fatty acids (p = 0.012). Regarding psychological outcomes, the “optimal” diet group had significantly better Stroop processing than those with a “sub-optimal” diet (p = 0.013). Regression analysis revealed that higher DST scores were associated with fewer mood disturbances (p = 0.002) and lower perceived stress (p = 0.031), although these differences were not significant when comparing “optimal” versus “sub-optimal” as discrete groups. This study demonstrates the potential of a 20-item diet screen to identify both nutritional and psychological status in an Australian setting.

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Ajmone-Cat, Maria Antonietta, Roberta De Simone, Anna Maria Tartaglione, Antonella Di Biase, Rita Di Benedetto, Massimo D’Archivio, Rosaria Varì et al. « Critical Role of Maternal Selenium Nutrition in Neurodevelopment : Effects on Offspring Behavior and Neuroinflammatory Profile ». Nutrients 14, n^o 9 (28 avril 2022) : 1850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14091850.

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Research in both animals and humans shows that some nutrients are important in pregnancy and during the first years of life to support brain and cognitive development. Our aim was to evaluate the role of selenium (Se) in supporting brain and behavioral plasticity and maturation. Pregnant and lactating female rats and their offspring up to postnatal day 40 were fed isocaloric diets differing in Se content—i.e., optimal, sub-optimal, and deficient—and neurodevelopmental, neuroinflammatory, and anti-oxidant markers were analyzed. We observed early adverse behavioral changes in juvenile rats only in sub-optimal offspring. In addition, sub-optimal, more than deficient supply, reduced basal glial reactivity in sex dimorphic and brain-area specific fashion. In female offspring, deficient and sub-optimal diets reduced the antioxidant Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the cortex and in the liver, the latter being the key organ regulating Se metabolism and homeostasis. The finding that the Se sub-optimal was more detrimental than Se deficient diet may suggest that maternal Se deficient diet, leading to a lower Se supply at earlier stages of fetal development, stimulated homeostatic mechanisms in the offspring that were not initiated by sub-optimal Se. Our observations demonstrate that even moderate Se deficiency during early life negatively may affect, in a sex-specific manner, optimal brain development.

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Young, Lauren M., Sarah Gauci, Lizanne Arnoldy, Laura Martin, Naomi Perry, David J. White, Denny Meyer et al. « Investigating the Effects of a Multinutrient Supplement on Cognition, Mood and Biochemical Markers in Middle-Aged Adults with ‘Optimal’ and ‘Sub-Optimal’ Diets : A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial ». Nutrients 14, n^o 23 (29 novembre 2022) : 5079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14235079.

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Background: Previous randomized controlled trials examining cognitive and mood effects of combination multivitamin supplements in healthy, non-clinical adults have reported mixed results. One purported explanation for this is that the dietary status of participants at the start of supplement interventions may influence the magnitude of the effect of supplementation. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the effect of a multinutrient formula containing B group vitamins, Bacopa monniera and Ginkgo biloba on memory, attention, mood and biochemical markers of nutrient status in middle-aged adults (M = 52.84 years, n = 141) with ‘optimal’ and ‘sub-optimal’ diets over 12 weeks. We hypothesised that active supplementation would differentially improve memory and attention in those with a ‘sub-optimal’ diet. Results: Mixed model, repeated measures analysis revealed that, in comparison to placebo, active treatment was associated with significant increases in B vitamin status (B1, B6, B12). Regarding behavioural outcomes there was no significant benefit to memory (F(1, 113.51) = 0.53, p = 0.470) nor attention (F(1,113.77) = 1.89, p = 0.171) in the whole cohort. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was a significant beneficial effect of supplementation on attentional performance in individuals with an ‘optimal’ diet prior to supplementation (F(1,57.25) = 4.94, p = 0.030). In the absence of a main effect of supplementation across the entire cohort, there were also a number of significant three-way interactions (treatment by time by diet group) detected in secondary outcomes including lower state anxiety and mental fatigue in those with an ‘optimal’ diet. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the cognitive benefit of B vitamin and herbal supplementation may be dependent on diet quality, supporting the concepts of ‘co-nutrient optimisation’ and interdependency of nutrients. This warrants further investigation. This study advocates characterising the diet of participants prior to supplementation as it may influence the effect of a nutraceutical intervention.

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Huang, Ying-Chen, et Wen-Hsing Cheng. « Minimum Dietary Selenium Requirement to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes in Mice ». Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 mai 2020) : 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa067_038.

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Abstract Objectives Classic selenium (Se) deficiency syndromes are rare in the United States, but individuals with sub-optimal body Se status free of symptoms may be prone to certain chronic diseases such as diabetes if the condition is sustained. In-depth analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey estimate that mortality rate is increased when serum Se is < 105.8 μg/L, suggesting that Se status in 10% or 15.5 million Americans aged 40 or older might be sub-optimal. Nonetheless, previous mouse studies show that both dietary selenium deficiency and in excess can promote type 2 diabetes. In this study, we determined the minimally required intake of dietary Se for prevention of type 2 diabetes-like phenotype in mice. Methods Male C57BL/6 J mice at 4 months of age were fed a modified AIN-93 M Se(-) diet containing 24% Torula yeast or the basal diet (0.0072 Se/kg) added with sodium selenate (0.03, 0.06, 0.09, and 0.12 mg Se/kg) for 4 months (n = 6 per group). Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were determined at 5, 6 and 8 months of age. Blood, liver, pancreas and muscle were collected at 8 months of age for biochemical analysis. Results Compared to the Se-adequate diet added with 0.12 mg Se/kg, mice on the Se(-) diet showed increased (P < 0.05) body weight at 7–8 months of age and mice on the Se(-) diet added with 0, 0.03 or 0.06 but not 0.09 mg Se/kg displayed glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in a temporal manner. Results of Western analyses showed that levels of serum glutathione peroxidase 3 and muscle AKT phosphorylation on Ser-473 and Thr-308 were decreased (P < 0.05) in mice on the diets added with 0–0.09 mg Se/kg. Conclusions Collectively, we show that mature mice on Se-insufficient diet at levels lower than 0.09 mg Se/kg for 4 months display sub-optimal body Se status and develop type 2 diabetes-like phenotype. Funding Sources NIH.

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Khoshkerdar, Afsaneh, Nader Eid, Vipul Batra, Nichola Baker, Nadine Holmes, Sonal Henson, Fei Sang et al. « Sub-Optimal Paternal Diet at the Time of Mating Disrupts Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy in the Late Gestation Mouse ». Nutrients 16, n^o 12 (14 juin 2024) : 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu16121879.

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Pregnancy represents a stage during which maternal physiology and homeostatic regulation undergo dramatic change and adaptation. The fundamental purpose of these adaptations is to ensure the survival of her offspring through adequate nutrient provision and an environment that is tolerant to the semi-allogenic foetus. While poor maternal diet during pregnancy is associated with perturbed maternal adaptations during pregnancy, the influence of paternal diet on maternal well-being is less clearly defined. We fed C57BL/6 male mice either a control (CD), low protein diet (LPD), a high fat/sugar Western diet (WD) or the LPD or WD supplemented with methyl donors (MD-LPD and MD-WD, respectively) for a minimum of 8 weeks prior to mating with C57BL/6 females. Mated females were culled at day 17 of gestation for the analysis of maternal metabolic, gut, cardiac and bone health. Paternal diet had minimal influences on maternal serum and hepatic metabolite levels or gut microbiota diversity. However, analysis of the maternal hepatic transcriptome revealed distinct profiles of differential gene expression in response to the diet of the father. Paternal LPD and MD-LPD resulted in differential expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism, transcription, ubiquitin conjugation and immunity in dams, while paternal WD and MD-WD modified the expression of genes associated with ubiquitin conjugation and cardiac morphology. Finally, we observed changes in maternal femur length, volume of trabecular bone, trabecular connectivity, volume of the cortical medullar cavity and thickness of the cortical bone in response to the father’s diets. Our current study demonstrates that poor paternal diet at the time of mating can influence the patterns of maternal metabolism and gestation-associated adaptations to her physiology.

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Miller, Jeremy, Jannelle Vienneau-Hathaway, Enkhbileg Dendev, Merrina Lan et Nadia A. Ayoub. « The common house spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum, maintains silk gene expression on sub-optimal diet ». PLOS ONE 15, n^o 12 (9 décembre 2020) : e0237286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237286.

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Cobweb weaving spiders and their relatives spin multiple task-specific fiber types. The unique material properties of each silk type result from differences in amino acid sequence and structure of their component proteins, primarily spidroins (spider fibrous proteins). Amino acid content and gene expression measurements of spider silks suggest some spiders change expression patterns of individual protein components in response to environmental cues. We quantified mRNA abundance of three spidroin encoding genes involved in prey capture in the common house spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Theridiidae), fed different diets. After 10 days of acclimation to the lab on a diet of mealworms, spiders were split into three groups: (1) individuals were immediately dissected, (2) spiders were fed high-energy crickets, or (3) spiders were fed low-energy flies, for 1 month. All spiders gained mass during the acclimation period and cricket-fed spiders continued to gain mass, while fly-fed spiders either maintained or lost mass. Using quantitative PCR, we found no significant differences in the absolute or relative abundance of dragline gene transcripts, major ampullate spidroin 1 (MaSp1) and major ampullate spidroin 2 (MaSp2), among groups. In contrast, prey-wrapping minor ampullate spidroin (MiSp) gene transcripts were significantly less abundant in fly-fed than lab-acclimated spiders. However, when measured relative to Actin, cricket-fed spiders showed the lowest expression of MiSp. Our results suggest that house spiders are able to maintain silk production, even in the face of a low-quality diet.

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Forister, Matthew L., Zachariah Gompert, Chris C. Nice, Glen W. Forister et James A. Fordyce. « Ant association facilitates the evolution of diet breadth in a lycaenid butterfly ». Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences 278, n^o 1711 (3 novembre 2010) : 1539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1959.

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The role of mutualistic interactions in adaptive diversification has not been thoroughly examined. Lycaenid butterflies provide excellent systems for exploring mutualistic interactions, as more than half of this family is known to use ants as a resource in interactions that range from parasitism to mutualism. We investigate the hypothesis that protection from predators offered to caterpillars by ants might facilitate host-range evolution. Specifically, experiments with the butterfly Lycaeides melissa investigated the role of ant association in the use of a novel host, alfalfa, Medicago sativa , which is a sub-optimal host for larval development. Survival on alfalfa is increased by the presence of ants, thus supporting the hypothesis that interaction with ants might be important for host-range evolution. Using a demographic model to explore ecological conditions associated with host-range expansion in L. melissa , we conclude that the presence of ants might be an essential component for populations persisting on the novel, sub-optimal host.

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Schutte, J. B., M. W. Bosch, J. de Jong, E. J. van Weerden et F. Koch. « Factors affecting the requirement of dietary sulphur-containing amino acids of young pigs. » Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 39, n^o 2 (1 juin 1991) : 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v39i2.16544.

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In the first of 3 experiments, requirement for total and digestible sulphur amino acids (SAA) was estimated in 240 pigs, 14 to 40 kg. A diet with low digestible amino acids content (digestible sulphur amino acids (SAA) 0.37%) was supplemented with all essential amino acids except methionine and 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.1 or 0.2% synthetic DL-methionine added, providing diets with 0.42, 0.47, 0.52 and 0.57% digestible SAA. A control diet contained 0.52% digestible SAA. At similar levels of digestible SAA, there was no difference in performance between the experimental and the control diet, showing that optimum performance can be obtained with a less digestible diet supplemented with essential amino acids. Optimum performance was at 0.52% digestible SAA content in the diet, corresponding to about 0.65% total SAA. In experiment 2, 360 pigs 15 to 40 kg, were used to study SAA requirement at sub-optimal (0.60%) and optimal (0.70%) dietary threonine levels. Increasing threonine from 0.60 to 0.70%, increased (P

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Sahin, K., O. Kucuk, N. Sahin et M. F Gursu. « Optimal dietary concentration of vitamin E for alleviating the effect of heat stress on performance, thyroid status, ACTH and some serum metabolite and mineral concentrations in broilers ». Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 4 (30 mars 2012) : 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5813-vetmed.

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An experiment utilizing Cobb-500 male broilers was conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin E (d1--to- copheryl acetate) supplementation at various concentrations (0, 62.5, 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg of diet) on performance and serum concentrations of Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxin (T4), Adrenocorticotropine Hormone (ACTH), and some metabolites and minerals in broilers reared under heat stress (32°C). One day-old 150 male broilers were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups, 3 replicates of 10 birds each. The birds received either a basal diet or basal diet supplemented with vitamin E at 62.5, 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg of diet. Increased supplemental vitamin E linearly increased feed intake (P = 0.01), live weight gain (P = 0.01), and improved feed efficiency linearly (P = 0.001). Increasing dietary vitamin E supplementation also resulted in linear increases in serum T3 and T4 concentrations (P = 0.01) but, linear decreases in ACTH concentration (P = 0.01). Serum glucose, uric acid, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations decreased linearly (P = 0.001) while, protein and albumin concentrations increased linearly (P = 0.001) when dietary vitamin E supplementation increased. Serum activities of Serum Glutamic Oxalate Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT) were not influenced by dietary vitamin E supplementation (P > 0.10). However, serum activity of Alkaline Phosphatase (AP) increased linearly (P = 0.001) with increasing dietary vitamin E supplementation. Increasing dietary vitamin E supplementation also caused linear increases (P = 0.001) in serum concentrations of Ca and P. Results of the present study conclude that a 250 mg/kg of vitamin E provides an optimal performance in broiler chicks reared under heat stress, and vitamin E supplementation at such a level can be considered as a protective management practice in a broiler diet, reducing the negative effects of heat stress.

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Morgan, Hannah L., Fei Sang, Nadine Holmes, Victoria Wright et Adam J. Watkins. « The sex-specific impact of sub-optimal paternal diet on the placental transcriptome in mice ». Placenta 112 (septembre 2021) : e21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2021.07.069.

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Christensen, Dirk L. « Diet intake and endurance performance in Kenyan runners ». Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 1, n^o 4 (novembre 2004) : 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ecp200430.

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AbstractTraining and competing at elite as well as sub-elite level requires an optimal functioning of the body. This review looks at the case of the Kenyan runners, who consume a relatively high-quality diet based on vegetable sources with maize and kidney beans as the staple foods. The diet is high in carbohydrate and total protein, but low to borderline in a few essential amino acids. The timing of diet intake – immediately after training sessions – is optimal for skeletal muscle glycogen resynthesis that is enhanced without the help of insulin up to 60 min after cessation of exercise. Whether the total energy intake of the Kenyan runners is adequate is debatable. However, chronic undernutrition is not possible for athletes who engage in daily high-quality and -quantity physical exercise throughout most of the year. It is suggested that Kenyan runners participate in well-controlled, laboratory studies to investigate the quality of local foods and performance, as well as possible physiological adaptation mechanisms among athletes with a high habitual energy turnover.

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Ajuogu, Peter Kelechi, Mohammed AK Al-Aqbi, Robert A. Hart, Mitchell Wolden, Neil A. Smart et James R. McFarlane. « The effect of dietary protein intake on factors associated with male infertility : A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of animal clinical trials in rats ». Nutrition and Health 26, n^o 1 (28 janvier 2020) : 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0260106019900731.

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Background: Studies have shown that the amount of protein in the diet affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis axis and sub-optimal quantity reduces male fertility potential in both animals and humans. However, individual research reports on the factors associated with male infertility are collectively uncharacterized. Aim: We systematically reviewed, and meta-analysed animal (rats) studies on the effect of low protein diet on factors associated with male infertility. Methods: PubMed Central, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched from inception to 30 March 2019 for the study concepts and related keywords in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Data on the outcome measures were extracted and pooled across trials using random-effects model and expressed as mean differences (MD) at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Twelve trials identified from 3327 studies, met our inclusion criteria in the comparison of a low protein diet (2–10% protein) vs control protein diet (17–23% protein). The results showed that a low protein diet caused a significant reduction in the body weight ( P = 0.0001) testis weight ( P = 0.0001), seminal vesicle weight ( P = 0.0003), epididymis weight P = 0.02), serum testosterone ( P = 0.001) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations ( P = 0.04) compared with the control treatments. No effect on luteinizing hormone (LH) plasma concentration ( P = 0.13) was observed. Conclusion: This study revealed that low protein diet caused significant reductions in body weight, testis, epididymis and seminal vesicle weights, serum testosterone and FSH concentration in rats. We infer that sub-optimal protein consumption reduces the gonadal and endocrine function, and consequently male infertility.

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Watkins, Adam. « 418 Paternal Programming of Offspring Health ». Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (3 novembre 2020) : 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.345.

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Abstract There is now a significant body of human and animal model data identifying common associations between perturbed development during gestation, disproportionate fetal growth and poor adult cardiovascular and metabolic health. Typically, these studies have focused on the impact of poor maternal health on offspring development and well-being. However, a growing evidence base now indicates that sub-optimal paternal factors (such as diet) can also program adult offspring ill-health. While the link between paternal health and offspring well-being is becoming established, attention is being focused on defining the underlying mechanism(s). Here, the father may influence post-fertilization development through two main pathways, the integrity and status of the sperm genome (including epigenome) and through components of the seminal plasma. We have used a mouse model of paternal low protein diet to study the impact sub-optimal nutrition has on the quality and epigenetic status of the sperm, embryonic development and fetal growth. We have also used our model to study the relative seminal plasma and sperm contributions to adult offspring cardiovascular and metabolic health. Our studied highlight the role of a father’s diet at the time of conception for the development and well-being of his offspring.

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Engelberts, I., K. Sundram, A. C. Van Houwelingen, G. Hornstra, A. D. M. Kester, M. Ceska, G. J. M. Francot, C. J. Van Der Linden et W. A. Buurman. « The effect of replacement of dietary fat by palm oil on in vitro cytokine release ». British Journal of Nutrition 69, n^o 1 (janvier 1993) : 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19930018.

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In the present study the effect of replacement of dietary fat by palm oil in the normal Western diet on the in vitro release of the inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6 andIL-8 was examined. A maximal replacement of 700 g/kg dietary fat was achieved for thirty-eight male volunteers who consumed either a palm-oil diet or a control diet in a double-blind, cross-over study with6-week experimental periods, and 3-week run-in and wash-out periods. At the end of both experimental periods, whole blood was stimulated in vitro with 0.02 (sub-optimal), or 10 ng lipopolysaccharide(LPS)/ml (maximal), whereafter TNF, IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations in the culture supernatant fraction were measured using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Mean cytokine production with sub-optimal, or maximal LPS stimulation of peripheral whole blood was similar for both the palm oil, and the control group. The relative TNF response, however, was reduced by replacement of dietary fat with palm oil. Separate analysis of the data from the first and second experimental periods strongly suggested that the residual effect of the palm-oil diet on the relative TNF response was longer than 9weeks. Cytokine homeostasis determines the course of the inflammatory response and the progression of atherosclerosis. The effect of palm-oil consumption on the proneness of the peripheral blood cells to produce TNF may, therefore, alter the prevalence of these common diseases.

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Sorge, R., M. Waite, S. Totsch, A. Tomkovich, A. Schumann, T. Quinn, J. Weikard et N. Huie. « (272) Behavioral and physiological effects of a newly-developed Sub-optimal American Diet (SAD) in rats ». Journal of Pain 16, n^o 4 (avril 2015) : S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2015.01.190.

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Morgan, Hannah L., Isaac Ampong, Nader Eid, Charlène Rouillon, Helen R. Griffiths et Adam J. Watkins. « Low protein diet and methyl-donor supplements modify testicular physiology in mice ». Reproduction 159, n^o 5 (mai 2020) : 627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-19-0435.

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The link between male diet and sperm quality has received significant investigation. However, the impact diet and dietary supplements have on the testicular environment has been examined to a lesser extent. Here, we establish the impact of a sub-optimal low protein diet (LPD) on testicular morphology, apoptosis and serum fatty acid profiles. Furthermore, we define whether supplementing a LPD with specific methyl donors abrogates any detrimental effects of the LPD. Male C57BL6 mice were fed either a control normal protein diet (NPD; 18% protein; n = 8), an isocaloric LPD (LPD; 9% protein; n = 8) or an LPD supplemented with methyl donors (MD-LPD; choline chloride, betaine, methionine, folic acid, vitamin B12; n = 8) for a minimum of 7 weeks. Analysis of male serum fatty acid profiles by gas chromatography revealed elevated levels of saturated fatty acids and lower levels of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids in MD-LPD males when compared to NPD and/or LPD males. Testes of LPD males displayed larger seminiferous tubule cross section area when compared to NPD and MD-LPD males, while MD-LPD tubules displayed a larger luminal area. Furthermore, TUNNEL staining revealed LPD males possessed a reduced number of tubules positive for apoptosis, while gene expression analysis showed MD-LPD testes displayed decreased expression of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax, Csap1 and Fas when compared to NPD males. Finally, testes from MD-LPD males displayed a reduced telomere length but increased telomerase activity. These data reveal the significance of sub-optimal nutrition for paternal metabolic and reproductive physiology.

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Morgan, Hannah L., et Adam Watkins. « 304 The Paternal Programming of Periconception Development ». Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (21 septembre 2022) : 145–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.269.

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Abstract There is now a significant body of human and animal model data which identify common associations between perturbed development during gestation, disproportionate fetal growth and poor adult cardiovascular and metabolic health. Typically, these studies focus on the impact of poor maternal health on offspring development and well-being. However, a growing evidence base now indicates that sub-optimal paternal factors (such as diet) can also program adult offspring ill-health. While the link between paternal health and offspring well-being is becoming established, attention is being focused on defining the underlying mechanism(s). Here, the father may influence post-fertilization development through two main pathways, the integrity and status of the sperm genome (including epigenome) and through components of the seminal plasma. We have used mouse models of poor-quality diet to study the impact sub-optimal paternal nutrition has on the quality and epigenetic status of the sperm, embryonic development and fetal growth. We have also used our models to study the relative seminal plasma and sperm contributions to adult offspring cardiovascular and metabolic health. Our studies identify a continuum of changes ranging from testicular morphology, sperm epigenetic status, preimplantation embryo development, fetal growth and adult offspring cardio-metabolic ill-health in response to either over or undernutrition. Interestingly, we also observed that these long-term offspring effects appear mediated through specific sperm and seminal plasma specific mechanisms. Our data highlight the significance of a father’s diet at the time of conception for the development and well-being of his offspring.

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Capling, Louise, Ryan Tam, Kathryn L. Beck, Gary J. Slater, Victoria M. Flood, Helen T. O’Connor et Janelle A. Gifford. « Diet Quality of Elite Australian Athletes Evaluated Using the Athlete Diet Index ». Nutrients 13, n^o 1 (31 décembre 2020) : 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010126.

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While athletes’ nutrient intakes have been widely reported, few studies have assessed the diet quality of athletes. This is the first study to evaluate the diet quality of athletes using the purpose-built Athlete Diet Index (ADI). A convenience sample of 165 elite athletes from Australian sporting institutions completed the ADI online, with subsequent automated results provided to their respective accredited sports dietitians (ASDs). At the completion of athlete participation, ASDs (n = 12) responded to a range of survey items using a Likert scale (i.e., 1 = strongly agree to 5 = strongly disagree) to determine the suitability of the ADI in practice. Differences in ADI scores for demographics and sport-specific variables were investigated using independent t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni multiple comparisons. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess the association between total scores and demographics. The mean total ADI score was 91.4 ± 12.2 (range 53–117, out of a possible 125). While there was no difference in total scores based on demographics or sport-specific variables; team sport athletes scored higher than individual sport athletes (92.7 vs. 88.5, p < 0.05). Athletes training fewer hours (i.e., 0–11 h/week) scored higher on Dietary Habits sub-scores compared with athletes training more hours (≥12 h/week; p < 0.05), suggesting that athletes who train longer may be at risk of a compromised dietary pattern or less than optimal nutrition practices that support training. Most (75%) ASDs surveyed strongly agreed with the perceived utility of the ADI for screening athletes and identifying areas for nutrition support, confirming its suitability for use in practice.

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Dey, Debayan, Ritu Ghosh, Dilip Kumar Das et Monojit Das. « Minimum Acceptable Diet, Anthropometric Failure and Correlates among Children Aged 6-23 Months in a Rural Area of Murshidabad, West Bengal ». National Journal of Community Medicine 15, n^o 06 (1 juin 2024) : 468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55489/njcm.150620243832.

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Background: Minimum acceptable diet (MAD), one of eight core indicators for infant and young child feeding (IYCF), is measured through minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency. MAD is also a determinant for anthropometric failure. We aimed to assess the status of minimum acceptable diet, extent of anthropometric failure and correlates of MAD among children aged 6-23 months in a rural area of Murshidabad, West Bengal. Methodology: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a block during April-July’2023, among 96 calculated sample of children selected through multistage sampling. We used a pre-designed schedule to collect data by interviewing the mothers of the children. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry and using Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure. Data were analysed using SPSS 20.0. Results: Only 34.4% (95% CI 24.6-44.5) children received optimal MAD; 70.8% had total anthropometric failure. Muslims (AOR: 6.13; 95% CI: 2.03-18.54) and currently non-breastfed children (AOR: 4.44; 95% CI: 1.09-7.95) were at higher risk of sub-optimal MAD. Anthropometric failure was significantly associated with MAD (p= .033). Conclusions: Minimum acceptable diet status is unfavourable and associated with high anthropometric failure among children in the area; breast-feeding status being an influencing factor. Findings highlight the need for strengthening IYCF practices.

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Liu, Z. L., D. P. Yang, P. Chen, S. B. Lin, X. Y. Jiang, W. S. Zhao, J. LiM et W. X. Dong. « Effect of dietary sources of roasted oilseeds on blood parameters and milk fatty acid composition ». Czech Journal of Animal Science 53, No. 5 (16 mai 2008) : 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/309-cjas.

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The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of supplementing the basal diet with oilseeds on blood parameters and composition of milk fatty acids, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Forty-eight lactating Holstein cows in early lactation were used in a randomized block design. The cows in each group were fed the control basal diet (the control diet) or diets containing roasted soybean (RSB), roasted linseed (RLS), roasted sunflower seed (RSS), hulled roasted peanut (HRP) and roasted cottonseed (RCS), respectively. Milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) were not significantly different. Milk fat percentage and yield decreased (P < 0.05) in RLS, RSS and RCS diets compared with the control. Feeding various oilseeds had no effect on plasma parameters, but it tended to increase concentrations of trans C18:1 and C18:2 in plasma. In milk fat, the concentrations of short and medium fatty acids decreased while C18 unsaturated fatty acids increased when the cows were fed oilseed diets. Cis-9, trans -11 CLA content increased (P < 0.01) in the milk fat of cows fed oilseeds. RSB treatment produced the highest (P < 0.01) content of cis-9, trans -11 CLA, which was a 60% increase compared with the control. The results indicate that the diets supplemented with oilseeds improve the content of C18 unsaturated fatty acids and CLA in milk fat, and soybeans seem to be the optimal source to improve the nutritive value of milk compared with other oilseeds.

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Barratt, S. M., A. Arnaout, K. E. Evans, J. S. Leeds et D. S. Sanders. « Sub-optimal gluten free diet adherence in coeliac disease : reinforcing the link between gut inflammation and irritable bowel syndrome ? » Gut 60, Suppl 1 (13 mars 2011) : A151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2011.239301.320.

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Weikart, Daphne, Dan Lin, Radha Dhingra, Laila Al-Shaar et Kathleen Sturgeon. « Pre-Diagnosis Diet and Physical Activity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality among Female Cancer Survivors ». Cancers 14, n^o 13 (23 juin 2022) : 3096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14133096.

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Sub-optimal diet and physical activity (PA) levels have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. The relationship between pre-cancer diagnosis diet quality and PA level on CVD mortality risk in cancer survivors is unclear. We examined the association between pre-cancer diagnosis diet quality and leisure-time PA and their interaction on CVD mortality in cancer survivors. Diet quality was characterized by the Alternative Mediterranean Diet Index (aMED). Leisure-time PA was converted to a metabolic equivalent of task hours per week (MET-h/wk). During a median of 6.3 years of follow-up of 18,533 female cancer survivors, we identified 915 CVD deaths. aMED score was not associated with CVD mortality. PA level was inversely associated with CVD mortality (HRQ1-Q4 = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.61–0.88; Ptrend = 0.0014). Compared to cancer survivors with the lowest pre-diagnosis aMED score and PA level, cancer survivors with higher aMED scores and higher MET-hrs/wk were at a 33% lower risk of CVD mortality (HR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.52–0.87). Overall, this study shows PA to be a strong predictor of CVD mortality in female cancer survivors. Our observations support the importance of PA throughout the lifecycle in lowering CVD mortality risk.

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Holtshausen, L., K. S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein et K. A. Beauchemin. « Short Communication : Ruminal pH profile and feeding behaviour of feedlot cattle transitioning from a high-forage to a high-concentrate diet ». Canadian Journal of Animal Science 93, n^o 4 (décembre 2013) : 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas2013-073.

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Holtshausen, L., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S. and Beauchemin, K. A. 2013. Short Communication: Ruminal pH profile and feeding behaviour of feedlot cattle transitioning from a high-forage to a high-concentrate diet. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 529–533. Sixteen ruminally cannulated cattle (384±33.9 kg) were transitioned from a high-forage to a finishing diet over 21 d using three steps (+15% concentrate DM wk−1). Following the initiation of each transition step, mean daily ruminal pH declined and DM intake, meal size and meal duration were reduced. Recovery time to baseline feeding behaviour increased with severity of acidosis. Changes in feeding behaviour can be indicative of sub-optimal ruminal pH conditions during dietary transition. Transition protocols such as more steps, smaller grain increments or shorter initial and longer final steps may aid in reducing the incidence of acidosis.

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Todd, Emma, Reem Elnour, Rebecca Simpson, Miguel Castaneda et Erin R. Shanahan. « Munching microbes : diet–microbiome interactions shape gut health and cancer outcomes ». Microbiology Australia 42, n^o 2 (2021) : 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma21026.

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The gut microbiome describes the complex community of microorganisms that populate the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbes in the large bowel utilise both dietary-derived nutrients, such as host-indigestible carbohydrates (fibre) and excess protein, host-derived nutrients (intestinal mucin), and also interact with the by-products of digestion such as bile acids. They transform these compounds into a series of metabolites that can profoundly shape host physiology both locally and systemically. These metabolites can fundamentally alter host outcomes, promoting either gut health, or sub-optimal conditions in the gut that contribute to poor health, including increased risk of cancer. The microbiome of an individual has also been shown to impact response to cancer treatment strategies, including both treatment efficacy and side-effects in the gut and more systemically. This makes the microbiome a powerful potential tool for therapeutic purposes, once we overcome the challenges associated with individual variation in microbial community composition. As the gut microbial ecosystem is primarily altered by nutrient availability, diet therefore represents an important asset in therapeutically altering the gut microbiome.

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Athirarani, M. R., et C. Ramadevi. « Poor Adherence to Healthy Diet as a Risk of Sub Optimal Glycemic Control among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ». International Journal of Nursing Care 4, n^o 2 (2016) : 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-8651.2016.00029.6.

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Simon, Cedric J., Ha Truong, Natalie Habilay et Barney Hines. « Feeding Behaviour and Bioavailability of Essential Amino Acids in Shrimp Penaeus monodon Fed Fresh and Leached Fishmeal and Fishmeal-Free Diets ». Animals 11, n^o 3 (17 mars 2021) : 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030847.

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The complete replacement of fishmeal with terrestrial meals did not have a negative impact on the attractiveness, palatability, and apparent digestibility of the formulation. Shrimp were found on average to eat more and have similar appetite revival on the terrestrial meal-based formulation (TM) diet compared to the traditional fishmeal-based formulation (FM) diet. However, methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) leached out rapidly from the TM diet, and as a result, this initially overfortified diet showed lower levels of those AA in comparison to FM after 60 min immersion. Both dietary Lys and Met were sub-optimal in TM within 120 min of immersion, whereas in comparison, the FM diet supplied consistent levels of EAA for up to 240 min immersion. Nonetheless, shrimp fed fresh TM had significantly higher peak haemolymph concentrations at 30 and 60 min for total AA, Met, and Lys than FM-fed shrimp. The over-supply of CAA far compensated leaching losses, and CAA were well absorbed and used by the shrimp within 120 min, with no obvious signs of asynchronous absorption of CAA to protein-bound AA. However, shrimp fed the TM diet that had leached out for 60 min, had haemolymph concentrations of Met and Lys that were only 41% and 44% of the ones on fresh feed respectively, while there was a negligible effect of leaching on FM. This study provides further insight into the feeding behaviour and bioavailability of dietary amino acids for P. monodon juveniles.

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Draycott, Sally A. V., Zoe Daniel, Raheela Khan, Beverly S. Muhlhausler, Matthew J. Elmes et Simon C. Langley-Evans. « Expression of cholesterol packaging and transport genes in human and rat placenta : impact of obesity and a high-fat diet ». Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 11, n^o 3 (11 octobre 2019) : 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174419000606.

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AbstractEvidence suggests that sub-optimal maternal nutrition has implications for the developing offspring. We have previously shown that exposure to a low-protein diet during gestation was associated with upregulation of genes associated with cholesterol transport and packaging within the placenta. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of altering maternal dietary linoleic acid (LA; omega-6) to alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; omega-6) ratios as well as total fat content on placental expression of genes associated with cholesterol transport. The potential for maternal body mass index (BMI) to be associated with expression of these genes in human placental samples was also evaluated. Placentas were collected from 24 Wistar rats at 20-day gestation (term = 21–22-day gestation) that had been fed one of four diets containing varying fatty acid compositions during pregnancy, and from 62 women at the time of delivery. Expression of 14 placental genes associated with cholesterol packaging and transfer was assessed in rodent and human samples by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. In rats, placental mRNA expression of ApoA2, ApoC2, Cubn, Fgg, Mttp and Ttr was significantly elevated (3–30 fold) in animals fed a high LA (36% fat) diet, suggesting increased cholesterol transport across the placenta in this group. In women, maternal BMI was associated with fewer inconsistent alterations in gene expression. In summary, sub-optimal maternal nutrition is associated with alterations in the expression of genes associated with cholesterol transport in a rat model. This may contribute to altered fetal development and potentially programme disease risk in later life. Further investigation of human placenta in response to specific dietary interventions is required.

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Wareham, C. N., J. Wiseman et D. J. A. Cole. « Nutritive value of zero-tannin, white-flowered and tannin-containing, coloured-flowered field beans (vicia faba L.) for Chicks ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (mars 1990) : 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600019309.

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One of the disadvantages in using field beans (Vicia faba) has been the presence of tannins which form insoluble complexes with proteins, enzymes and carbohydrates. This experiment evaluated zero-tannin, white-flowered varieties and tannin-containing, coloured-flowered ones, in terms of the utilization of energy and nitrogen by broiler chicks.A basal diet was designed to give sub-optimal levels of protein (70% of requirement, ARC 1975). The 5 bean varieties were incorporated into the basal diet at 4 rates (Table 1). Three of these were white-flowered with negligible levels of tannin (Albinette, 0.006g/kg; Blandine, 0.005g/kg; and Albatross, 0.010g/kg) and two were coloured-flowered and contained significant levels of tannins (Minden, 0.138g/kg; and Alfred, 0.113g/kg). Methionine and lysine were subsequently added in quantities sufficient to ensure they were not first limiting. The 16 diets were fed to Cobb broiler cocks of 7 days initial age (4 replicates of 2 birds per cage).

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Brownlee, Iain A., Jasmine Low, Naageswari Duriraju, Mavis Chun, Jessica Xiu Yan Ong, Mia Eng Tay, Gilly A. Hendrie et Lourdes Santos-Merx. « Evaluation of the Proximity of Singaporean Children’s Dietary Habits to Food-Based Dietary Guidelines ». Nutrients 11, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2019) : 2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112615.

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Dietary habits in children may not only impact current health status but could also shape future, lifelong dietary choices. Dietary intake data in Singaporean children are limited. The current study aimed to define the overall diet quality of Singaporean children using an existing cross-sectional dataset and to consider how demographic factors (i.e., body mass index (BMI) status, ethnicity, age, and sex) were associated with these scores. Existing, cross-sectional dietary data (n = 561 children aged 6–12 years, collected in 2014–2015) from duplicate 24-h recalls were assessed for diet quality using an index based on the Singaporean Health Promotion Board dietary guidelines. Total diet quality scores were calculated from ten different components (frequencies of rice and alternatives, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, meat and alternatives, dairy and alternatives, total fat, saturated fat, sodium intake, and added sugars). Association with demographic factors and BMI category was evaluated by one-way multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) tests, with Bonferroni post hoc analyses. Median (interquartile range) total diet quality scores were 65.4 (57.1–73.0). Median scores for whole grains (0.0, 0.0–33.4), fruits (24.1, 0.0–65.3), vegetables (36.5, 10.4-89.8), and sodium (58.4, 0.0–100.0) intake were frequently sub-optimal. Children of Malay ethnic origin had statistically lower total diet quality scores ((55.3, 47.5–60.3) vs. other ethnic groups (combined median 65.4 (57.1, 73.0); p < 0.001). These findings highlight the need for continuing efforts to improve dietary intake in young Singaporeans and for longitudinal dietary monitoring in this group.

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Chacko, Susanna, et Panniyammakal Jeemon. « Role of family support and self-care practices in blood pressure control in individuals with hypertension : results from a cross-sectional study in Kollam District, Kerala ». Wellcome Open Research 5 (28 juillet 2020) : 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16146.1.

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Background: Despite the availability of effective drugs, blood pressure (BP) control rate is sub-optimal in individuals with hypertension in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The role of self-care in the management of BP is less studied in LMIC settings. Methods: We conducted a community-based, cross-sectional study in individuals with hypertension in Kollam district, Kerala. A multistage cluster sampling method was used for the selection of study participants. We measured self-care by using an adapted Hypertension Self-Care Activity Level Effects (H-SCALE) scale. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the data and logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with BP control. Results: In total, 690 individuals with hypertension (women=60%) and a mean age of 57±8 years participated in the study. More than half (54%) of the participants were adherent to anti-hypertensive medications. However, the adherence rate was much lower for the dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet (12.8%), recommended level of physical activity (24%) and weight management (11.4%). Overall BP control was achieved in two of five individuals (38.4%, 95% CI: 34.7-42.0%). Among self-care activities, adherence to medications (AOR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.3-2.5), DASH diet (AOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.0-2.4), and non-smoking status (AOR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.7-6.4) were associated with control of BP. Additionally, good family support to self-care (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.1) was associated with better control of BP. Conclusion: In individuals with hypertension, the BP control rate is achieved in two of five individuals. Adoption of self-care activities are sub-optimal. Both family support and adherence to self-care activities are associated with BP control. Family based interventions to improve adherence to self-care activities could have a significant public health impact in achieving better population-level BP control rates in Kerala, India.

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Hubert, J., M. Němcová, G. Aspaly et V. Stejskal. « The toxicity of bean flour (Phaseolus vulgaris) to stored-product mites (Acari : Acaridida) ». Plant Protection Science 42, No. 4 (7 mars 2010) : 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2770-pps.

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Legume proteins were shown to have insecticidal activity against stored-product pests. Grain enriched by bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) flour inhibits the growth of stored-product mites. In this study, we tested the toxicity of bean flour to storage mites under optimal conditions for their population growth (i.e. rearing diet, temperature: 25C and humidity optimum: 85% RH). Bean flour was added  to the diet in one of eight concentrations: 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10%). The population growth of Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Acarus siro and Aleuroglyphus ovatus initiating from a density of 50 mites per 0.2 g of diet was recorded for 21 days. The enrichment of grain with bean flour suppressed the population growth of the tested species. These differed in their sensitivity to bean flour. Population growth was decreased to 50% in comparison to the control (rC50) by the bean flour concentration of 0.02% in T. putrescentiae, 0.04% in  A. siro, and by 4.87% in A. ovatus.  The concentration of 5% bean flour in diets kept populations of A. siro and T. putrescentiae at the initial level. The results are discussed in the context of applying bean flour in the integrated control of stored-product mites.

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Baxter, E., et A. B. Plowman. « The Effect of Increasing Dietary Fibre on Feeding, Rumination and Oral Stereotypies in Captive Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis) ». Animal Welfare 10, n^o 3 (août 2001) : 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600024052.

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AbstractMany captive giraffes perform oral stereotypies, in particular tongue-playing, licking of objects (including conspecifics) and vacuum chewing. Typically, the diet of these large ruminants in captivity consists mostly of food concentrates, which are consumed rapidly and do not provide stimulation for their long, prehensile tongues. In the wild, browsing requires extensive use of this organ but in captivity material upon which to browse is limited. Consequently, vacuum activities, such as mock leaf-feeding behaviour, and stereotypies may develop. Rumination is also a major component of a giraffe's behavioural repertoire. It is essential for proper digestion, but may also be connected with non-REM sleep. Inadequate opportunities for rumination may also contribute to the development of oral stereotypies. In this study of captive giraffes, we examined the effect of increasing dietary fibre on the time spent ruminating and feeding and the extent to which oral stereotypies were performed. Two giraffes of different age, sex and sub-species were studied at Paignton Zoo Environmental Park. Dietary fibre was increased by the addition of coarse meadow hay to their existing diet. Following the addition of hay, time spent feeding did not change significantly but there was a significant increase in the time spent ruminating and a significant reduction in time spent performing oral stereotypies by both giraffes, suggesting that oral stereotypies may be connected with rumination rather than feeding. Stereotypic behaviour is generally accepted to be an indicator of sub-optimal welfare. Thus, the reduction in this behaviour by the simple addition of coarse fibre to the diet can be interpreted as enhancing the welfare of these animals.

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Jain, Ayushi, Muneer Kalliyil et Satish Agnihotri. « Minimum Diet Diversity and Minimum Meal Frequency – Do They Matter Equally ? Understanding IYCF Practices in India ». Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 mai 2020) : 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa054_084.

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Abstract Objectives Infant and Young Child Feeding practices, mainly, complementary feeding in children between 6 months and two years of age, is found to be sub-optimal and emerge as the weakest link in improving child nutrition outcomes in India. Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD), comprising of two sub-indicator – Minimum Dietary Diversity (MDD) and Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF), serves as an essential indicator to understand the diet adequacy pattern in children. The objective of this study was thus to investigate the role of MDD-MMF dyad in influencing the nutritional outcomes in children and its pattern across regions in India. Methods Data was obtained from the National Family Health Survey – 4 (NFHS-4) from the DHS Program website. The prevalence of MMF and MDD was calculated for 640 districts in India. The MMF and MDD were classified into three categories - high, medium and low based on equal percentile distribution of their prevalence range. Districts with high MMF and high MDD formed one cohort. Similarly, eight other cohorts were created based on their performance on MMF and MDD indicator. The prevalence of Stunting (St), Wasting (Wa) and Underweight (Uw) in children between 6 months and two years of age was then calculated for each of the nine cohorts. The districts were also mapped based on their cohort category to study the variation across regions in India. Results All three anthropometric indicators – stunting, wasting and underweight showed significant decline moving across low MMF- low MDD cohort (40% St; 26.2% Wa; 37.1% Uw) to medium MMF – medium MDD cohort (38.6% St; 23.8% Wa; 35.4% Uw) to high MMF – high MDD cohort (29% St; 15.5% Wa; 19.2% Uw). Second, the importance of minimum dietary diversity in improving nutritional outcomes was revealed, as opposed to minimum meal frequency, which shows improvement only when it reaches a certain threshold. Third, mapping revealed sharp differences across various regions in MMF-MDD pattern, especially in the states like Odisha, Assam and Andhra Pradesh. States in the central region performed poorly on complementary feeding indicators, specifically diet diversity. Conclusions The study highlights the importance of optimal complementary feeding practices in improving nutrition outcomes and the need to consider the regional heterogeneities while promoting IYCF practices in India. Funding Sources None.

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Lv, Liangkang, Zhi Feng, Dandan Zhang, Long Lei, Hui Zhang, Zhengya Liu, Ying Ren et Shengjun Zhao. « A regression for estimating metabolizable glucose in diets of weaned piglets for optimal growth performance ». Animal Bioscience 34, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2021) : 1643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ab.20.0459.

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Objective: Two experiments were conducted to provide a new approach for evaluating feed nutritional value by metabolizable glucose (MG) in piglet diets with different levels of starch and crude fiber. In Exp 1, a regression equation for MG was generated. In Exp 2, the equation was verified, and the optimal growth performance of piglets under appropriate MG levels was tested.Methods: In Exp 1, 20 weaned piglets (7.74±0.81 kg body weight [BW]) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments, including the basal diet containing different levels of MG (starch, 25.80%, 31.67%, 45.71%, 49.36%; crude fiber, 1.23%, 1.35%, 1.80%, 1.51%). The piglets were implanted with an ileal fistula, cannulation of the carotid artery, portal vein, and mesenteric artery. The chyme from the ileum fistula and blood samples were collected. In Exp 2, 30 weaned piglets (8.96±0.50 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments, including the experimental diets with different levels of MG (37.6, 132.5, 300.0, 354.3, and 412.5 g/kg). The piglets’ BW, and feed consumption were recorded to calculate growth performance during the 28-d experiment.Results: In Exp 1, the MG levels in 4 diets were 239.62, 280.68, 400.79, and 454.35 g/kg. The regression equation for the MG levels and dietary nutrients was: Y (MG) = 12.13×X1 (starch)+23.18×X2 (crude fiber)−196.44 (R2 = 0.9989, p = 0.033). In Exp 2, treatments with 132.5 and 300.0 g/kg MG significantly (p<0.05) increased average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency of weaned piglets, increased digestibility of crude fat, and had no effect on digestibility of crude protein compared to 300.0 to 412.5 g/kg MG.Conclusion: The pig model combining the ileum fistula and cannulation of blood vessels was successfully used to determine the dietary MG levels. The recommended MG level in weaned pig diets is 132.5 to 300.0 g/kg.

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Holla, Radha, et Arun Gupta. « HEALTHY FOR WHOM – CONSUMERS OR THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY ? » World Nutrition 10, n^o 2 (30 juin 2019) : 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.201910276-86.

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Malnutrition, both undernutrition and obesity, with its links to non-communicable diseases, is probably today’s most important public health challenge. Two reports published this year in Lancet, the first being the EAT-Lancet Commission Report and the second being the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Diet Collaborators Report, lay the blame for the increasing burden of NCDs on sub-optimal and unhealthy diets. This commentary focuses on the latter report. That report holds excess intake of sodium as the biggest risk factor, underplaying the role of sugar, trans fats and processed foods. The report is also silent on the part played by the food industry, especially their marketing practices. In this essay, we highlight the lack of clarity in the GBD report and question its conclusions.

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Strisciuglio, Caterina, Sabrina Cenni, Maria Rosaria Serra, Pasquale Dolce, Massimo Martinelli, Annamaria Staiano et Erasmo Miele. « Effectiveness of Mediterranean Diet’s Adherence in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ». Nutrients 12, n^o 10 (20 octobre 2020) : 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103206.

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Background: Nutritional support is very important in the treatment of Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The role of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) has been understudied in children with IBD. The aims of this study were to assess the dietary intakes of IBD children in comparison with healthy controls (HCs), their adherence to MD; and the relationship between inflammation and dietary behaviors. Methods: Paediatric IBD patients in clinical remission and HCs were enrolled. The nutritional status and adherence to the Mediterranean Diet was evaluated through a 3-day food diary and the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents (KIDMED). Results: The analysis of food diaries showed a significantly higher kilocalorie intake in IBD patients compared to HCs (p = 0.012), an increase in carbohydrates (p = 0.015) and in protein intake (p = 0.024). Both IBD and HCs have an intermediate adherence to MD. The comparison between Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC) patients showed significant difference in protein intake in CD patients (p = 0.047), as well as for vitamin D (p = 0.044) and iron intake (p = 0.023). Interestingly; in IBD patients we found a significant association between adherence to MD and a low level of fecal calprotectin (p = 0.027). Conclusion: Children with IBD in remission have a sub-optimal food intake compared to HCs. MD seems to correlate to decreased intestinal inflammation.

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Fleming, A. E., D. Dalley, R. H. Bryant, G. R. Edwards et P. Gregorini. « Modelling feeding strategies to improve milk production, rumen function and discomfort of the early lactation dairy cow supplemented with fodder beet ». Journal of Agricultural Science 158, n^o 4 (mai 2020) : 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859620000593.

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AbstractFeeding fodder beet (FB) to dairy cows in early lactation has recently been adopted by New Zealand dairy producers despite limited definition of feeding and grazing management practices that may prevent acute and sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA). This modelling study aimed to characterize changes of rumen pH, milk production and total discomfort from FB and define practical feeding strategies of a mixed herbage and FB diet. The deterministic, dynamic and mechanistic model MINDY was used to compare a factorial arrangement of FB allowance (FBA), herbage allowance (HA) and time of allocation. The FBA were 0, 2, 4 or 7 kg dry matter (DM)/cow/day (0FB, 2FB, 4FB and 7FB, respectively) and HA were 18, 24 or 48 kg DM/cow/day above ground. All combinations were offered either in the morning or afternoon or split across two equal meals. Milk production from 2FB diets was similar to 0FB but declined by 4 and 16% when FB increased to 4 and 7 kg DM, respectively. MINDY predicted that 7FB would result in SARA and that rumen conditions were sub-optimal even at moderate FBA (pH < 5.6 for 160 and 90 min/day, 7FB and 4FB respectively). Pareto front analysis identified the best compromise between high milk production and low total discomfort was achieved by splitting the 2FB diet into two equal meals fed each day with 48 kg DM herbage. However, due to low milk response and high risk of acidosis, it is concluded that FB is a poor supplement for lactating dairy cows.

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Rooke, J. A., S. Matheson, S. Ison, M. Jack, C. J. Ashworth et C. M. Dwyer. « The effect on lamb vigour of adding supplementary vitamin E to ewe diets in late pregnancy ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (avril 2009) : 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029379.

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Neonatal lamb mortality represents both a welfare issue and an important production inefficiency. Approximately 80% of lamb mortality can be attributed to the starvation-mismothering-exposure complex and occurs in the first 3 days after birth. Sub-optimal supply of trace elements and vitamins to the ewe is a potential risk factor in lamb mortality with Se, vitamin E and fatty acids the most likely candidates (Rooke et al. 2008). Responses to vitamin E supplementation above requirement in the last third of gestation are variable probably because of differences between studies in route of administration, dose administered and pre-experiment vitamin E status of the ewe population. The object of the experiment was to characterise responses in lamb viability to supplementation of the maternal diet with vitamin E above the stated requirement.

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Rama Rao, S. V., M. V. L. N. Raju, A. K. Panda, N. S. Poonam, O. K. Moorthy, T. Srilatha et G. Shyam Sunder. « Performance, carcass variables and immune responses in commercial broiler chicks fed graded concentrations of threonine in diet containing sub-optimal levels of protein ». Animal Feed Science and Technology 169, n^o 3-4 (novembre 2011) : 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.06.013.

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Boyer, Patricia M., Gabriela E. Compagnucci, María I. Olivera, Clarisa Bozzini, María C. Roig, Cecilia V. Compagnucci et Rosa M. Alippi. « Bone status in an animal model of chronic sub-optimal nutrition : a morphometric, densitometric and mechanical study ». British Journal of Nutrition 93, n^o 5 (mai 2005) : 663–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041331.

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In children, inappropriate eating habits can induce a disease known as nutritional dwarfing (ND). Due to the link between nutritional condition and bone growth, the effects induced by a 20 % reduction of food intake on bone competence were assessed in an animal model of ND. Bone status during catch-up growth was also analysed. Male Wistar rats were divided into control (C) and ND groups. C rats were fed ad libitum. ND received 80 % of the diet consumed by C for 4 weeks (T4); thereafter, they were fed ad libitum for 8 weeks. Results, expressed as mean (sem) for ND v. C, were as follows. At T4, body weight (g) and length (cm) and femur weight (g) and length (mm) were 97·35 (sem 5·89) v. 199·07 (sem 9·24), 16·91 (sem 0·41) v. 20·26 (sem 0·31), 0·30 (sem 0·01) v. 0·46 (sem 0·01) and 23·09 (sem 0·29) v. 26·98 (sem 0·26), respectively (P<0·001); bone mineral content (g) and density (g/cm2) were 0·014 (sem 0·002) v. 0·030 (sem 0·002) and 0·061 (sem 0·004) v. 0·080 (sem 0·003), respectively (P<0·001); load-bearing capacity (N), yielding load (N) and elastic stiffness (N/mm) were 25·06 (sem 1·24) v. 50·34 (sem 2·94), 23·72 (sem 1·02) v. 46·97 (sem 1·75) and 65·98 (sem 4·42) v. 115·07 (sem 3·85), respectively (P<0·001); cross-sectional area (mm2) and moment of inertia (mm4) were 2·86 (sem 0·19) v. 4·54 (sem 0·17) and 1·27 (sem 0·08) v. 3·03 (sem 0·16), respectively (P<0·001). Significant effects were not evident in material properties. Parameters assessed normalized during re-feeding. These results suggest that the impaired mechanical femur competence in ND rats could be due to an altered bone mass and architectural distribution rather than to intrinsic quality. Re-feeding caused a reversal of the effects of food restriction on growth and bone parameters in ND rats.

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Youssef, Mohamed, Al Saleem, Fayza Ahmed, Enas Said, Shereen hamid et Heba Gharib. « The impact of dietary probiotic supplementation on welfare and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ». Open Veterinary Journal 14, (1) (Zagazig Veterinary Confer (2024) : 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i1.33.

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Background: The usage of commercial probiotic products as alternatives to traditional antibiotics in fish culture is initiated to be a potential factor for Nile tilapia fish’s welfare and growth. Aim: The purpose of the current study is to show the influence of commercial probiotics (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) dietary supplementation at different levels on Nile tilapia welfare and growth. Methods: Apparently healthy fingerlings of Nile Tilapia with a total number of 120 with an average initial weight (26.2±0.3 g) were distributed into 4 groups (each group had 30 fingerlings). The 1st group (G1) was given a basal diet without additional probiotics. While other groups (2nd group (G2), the 3rd group (G3), and the 4th group (G4)) were given basal diets supplemented with different levels of commercial probiotics (1 g, 2 g, and 3 g of probiotics per kilogram of diet) respectively (15 fish in each sub group as replicate), in eight glass aquaria (30×40×100 cm) for 2 months as an experimental period. Results: The results revealed that the probiotic treated groups especially G4 (3 g probiotics /kg diet) showed a marked increase in the following behavioural patterns such as feeding and swimming behaviours, while G2 (1 g probiotic /kg diet) had an increase in the foraging behaviour compared with G1 control group. While surfacing, body care, and aggressive behaviours with its all patterns were the highest in control group (G1) than the all probiotics treated groups. Crossing test showed that fish rose at the probiotic treated groups (G3, and G4) were more active and could achieve the highest growth rates. While, water quality was better in G4 (3 g probiotic /kg diet) than other groups. Moreover, G4 (3g probiotic /kg diet) showed a marked increase in all serum biochemical parameters than the control group (G1). Conclusion: The current study proved that the best level of commercial probiotics (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) was (3 g probiotic/kg diet) for achieving optimal Nile tilapia fingerlings’ growth performance under these experimental conditions. Finally, this work confirms the significance of addition of probiotics as a feed additive to enhance both growth performance and immunity response, improve water quality and achieve welfare of Nile tilapia fingerlings.

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Idachaba, C. U., I. Abdullahi et D. A. Kurtong. « Effect of feed grade acidifiers on total tract mineral retention, intestinal pH and phytate utilization by broiler finisher chickens ». Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, n^o 1 (24 décembre 2020) : 282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i1.941.

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Mineral chelators such as organic acids have been reported to compete favourably with phytate by forming soluble complexes with feed minerals. Effect of feed grade acidifiers on total tract mineral retention and intestinal pH of broiler finisher chickens was investigated. A total of 300-broiler finisher chickens were assigned to four treatment groups. Each treatment was replicated thrice with twenty chickens per replicate in a completely randomized design. The control treatment (T1 ) was fed the control diet adequate in available phosphorus at 0.5% while other treatments (T2 -T4 ) were fed sub-optimal available phosphorus diets at 0.4%. Three blends of acidifiers; Fysal®, Orgacid® and Acidomix® were supplemented in the diets of chickens in treatments 2, 3 and 4 at 0.1% (1kg per ton/feed). Chickens fed diet supplemented with Fysal® showed the best (P<0.05) results in total tract mineral retention 56.5+/-5.75 compared to the control and other treatments. The poor mineral retention i.e. 35 and 46% for calcium and phosphorus respectively by chickens fed the control diet was attributed to the insoluble phytate-mineral complex that limits mineral bioavailability. Intestinal segments of chickens fed acidified diets showed significant reduction (P<0.05) in pH in the range of 5.26-7.16 across duodenum to ileum compared to the control group 6.83-8.76. It is concluded that feed acidification at 0.1% improves mineral utilization in broiler chickens as it competes favourably with phytate in the lumen of the gut leading to better nutrient utilization.

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Lee, Amanda, et Meron Lewis. « Testing the Price of Healthy and Current Diets in Remote Aboriginal Communities to Improve Food Security : Development of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Healthy Diets ASAP (Australian Standardised Affordability and Pricing) Methods ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, n^o 12 (19 décembre 2018) : 2912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122912.

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Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples suffer higher rates of food insecurity and diet-related disease than other Australians. However, assessment of food insecurity in specific population groups is sub-optimal, as in many developed countries. This study tailors the Healthy Diets ASAP (Australian Standardised Affordability and Pricing) methods protocol to be more relevant to Indigenous groups in assessing one important component of food security. The resultant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Healthy Diets ASAP methods were used to assess the price, price differential, and affordability of healthy (recommended) and current (unhealthy) diets in five remote Aboriginal communities. The results show that the tailored approach is more sensitive than the original protocol in revealing the high degree of food insecurity in these communities, where the current diet costs nearly 50% of disposable household income compared to the international benchmark of 30%. Sixty-two percent of the current food budget appears to be spent on discretionary foods and drinks. Aided by community store pricing policies, healthy (recommended) diets are around 20% more affordable than current diets in these communities, but at 38.7% of disposable household income still unaffordable for most households. Further studies in urban communities, and on other socioeconomic, political and commercial determinants of food security in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities appear warranted. The development of the tailored method provides an example of how national tools can be adapted to better inform policy actions to improve food security and help reduce rates of diet-related chronic disease more equitably in developed countries.

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Erzse, Agnes, Teurai Rwafa-Ponela, Petronell Kruger, Feyisayo A. Wayas, Estelle Victoria Lambert, Clarisse Mapa-Tassou, Edwin Ngwa et al. « A Mixed-Methods Participatory Intervention Design Process to Develop Intervention Options in Immediate Food and Built Environments to Support Healthy Eating and Active Living among Children and Adolescents in Cameroon and South Africa ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n^o 16 (18 août 2022) : 10263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610263.

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Rates of obesity and related non-communicable diseases are on the rise in sub-Saharan Africa, associated with sub-optimal diet and physical inactivity. Implementing evidence-based interventions targeting determinants of unhealthy eating and physical inactivity in children and adolescents’ immediate environments is critical to the fight against obesity and related non-communicable diseases. Setting priorities requires a wide range of stakeholders, methods, and context-specific data. This paper reports on a novel participatory study design to identify and address contextual drivers of unhealthy eating and physical inactivity of children and adolescents in school and in their home neighborhood food and built environments. We developed a three-phase mixed-method study in Cameroon (Yaoundé) and South Africa (Johannesburg and Cape Town) from 2020–2021. Phase one focused on identifying contextual drivers of unhealthy eating and physical inactivity in children and adolescents in each setting using secondary analysis of qualitative data. Phase two matched identified drivers to evidence-based interventions. In phase three, we worked with stakeholders using the Delphi technique to prioritize interventions based on perceived importance and feasibility. This study design provides a rigorous method to identify and prioritize interventions that are tailored to local contexts, incorporating expertise of diverse local stakeholders.

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Kumar, S., N. P. Sahu . et A. K. Pal . « Non-gelatinized Corn Supplemented with Microbial α-amylase at Sub-optimal Protein in the Diet of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) Fingerlings Increases Cell Size of Muscle ». Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 1, n^o 2 (15 avril 2006) : 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2006.102.111.

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Erwan, E., A. R. Alimon, A. Q. Sazili, H. Yaakub et R. Karim. « Effects of Levels of L-Leucine Supplementation with Sub-optimal Protein in the Diet of Grower-finisher Broiler Chickens on Carcass Composition and Sensory Characteristics ». Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 24, n^o 5 (27 avril 2011) : 650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2011.90293.

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Papanikolaou, Yanni, et Victor L. Fulgoni. « Egg Consumption in U.S. Children is Associated with Greater Daily Nutrient Intakes, including Protein, Lutein + Zeaxanthin, Choline, α-Linolenic Acid, and Docosahexanoic Acid ». Nutrients 11, n^o 5 (22 mai 2019) : 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11051137.

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Dietary pattern recommendations include consuming a variety of nutrient-dense foods in children and adolescents to promote optimal growth and development. The current study investigated associations with egg consumption and nutrient intakes, diet quality, and growth outcomes relative to non-egg consumers. The analysis used data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2012 in children and adolescents aged 2–18 years (N = 3,299, egg consumers; N = 17,030, egg non-consumers). Daily energy and nutrient intakes were adjusted for the complex sample design of NHANES using appropriate weights. Consuming eggs was associated with increased daily energy intake relative to non-egg consumption. Children and adolescents consuming eggs had elevated daily intake of protein, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and total fat, α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), choline, lutein + zeaxanthin, vitamin D, potassium, phosphorus, and selenium. Egg consumers had greater consumption, sodium, saturated fat, with reduced total and added sugar versus egg non-consumers. The analysis also showed that egg consumption was linked with lower intake of dietary folate, iron, and niacin. No associations were determined when examining diet quality and growth-related measures. A sub-analysis considering socioeconomic status showed that egg consumption was positively related with daily lutein + zeaxanthin and DHA intake. The current analysis demonstrated several nutrient-related benefits to support the continued inclusion of eggs in the dietary patterns of children and adolescents.

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García-Esquinas, Esther, Rosario Ortolá, Iago Gine-Vázquez, José A. Carnicero, Asier Mañas, Elvira Lara, Alejandro Alvarez-Bustos et al. « Changes in Health Behaviors, Mental and Physical Health among Older Adults under Severe Lockdown Restrictions during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 13 (1 juillet 2021) : 7067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137067.

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We used data from 3041 participants in four cohorts of community-dwelling individuals aged ≥65 years in Spain collected through a pre-pandemic face-to-face interview and a telephone interview conducted between weeks 7 to 15 after the beginning of the COVID-19 lockdown. On average, the confinement was not associated with a deterioration in lifestyle risk factors (smoking, alcohol intake, diet, or weight), except for a decreased physical activity and increased sedentary time, which reversed with the end of confinement. However, chronic pain worsened, and moderate declines in mental health, that did not seem to reverse after restrictions were lifted, were observed. Males, older adults with greater social isolation or greater feelings of loneliness, those with poorer housing conditions, as well as those with a higher prevalence of chronic morbidities were at increased risk of developing unhealthier lifestyles or mental health declines with confinement. On the other hand, previously having a greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet and doing more physical activity protected older adults from developing unhealthier lifestyles with confinement. If another lockdown were imposed during this or future pandemics, public health programs should specially address the needs of older individuals with male sex, greater social isolation, sub-optimal housing conditions, and chronic morbidities because of their greater vulnerability to the enacted movement restrictions.

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Tsourgiannis, C. A., J. F. Robertson et V. R. Fowler. « Influence of salt application on biting by growing-finishing pigs ». Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002) : 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200008796.

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In intensively kept fattening pigs, biting is a vice complex of fairly common occurrence, of widespread distribution, of some economic importance but of obscure aetiology. It has been suggested that in any one particular outbreak of biting there may be more than one aetiological factor at work and that the behaviour may only occur when the sum of the individual effects of these factors goes beyond a certain critical (undefined) level (Ewbank, 1973). Factors such as: sub-optimal space allowance, temperature control, air movement, nutrients, palatability of feed, access to feed and water, can stimulate this kind of behaviour. Salt (NaCl) is an essential mineral and its rate of inclusion in diets has been implicated in the development and expression of biting behaviour. It is possible that heightened appetite for salt could make pigs particularly attracted to pen-mates with injured tails (Fraser, 1987). Although pigs require only about 0.2% NaCl in the diet for maximum weight gain, NaCl is often provided at 0.5% of the diet for growing pigs, and it has been suggested that an increase to 0.75% or 1% can reduce the incidence of biting. This paper investigates the influence of salt application on biting by growing-finishing pigs under an intensive indoor pig production system. An amount of extra salt was provided to the pigs and behavioural observations (biting, drinking, lying and standing) were recorded.

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Rabiu Ibrahim Lailaba et Aminu Aliyu. « Haematological response of starter broiler chickens fed diets containing graded levels of dried watermelon peel meal ». International Journal of Science and Research Archive 13, n^o 1 (30 octobre 2024) : 1905–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.1.1824.

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The experiment was carried out to assess the hematological parameters of starter broiler chickens fed feed formulated with dried watermelon peel meal (DWPM). Ninety-six 21-day old broiler chickens were randomly assigned into four (4) treatments of twenty-four (24) birds each containing 0, 10, 20 and 30% DWPM and coded as D1, D2, D3 and D4 respectively in a completely randomized design (CRD). Each treatment groups were further sub-divided into four (4) sub-groups of eight (8) birds to serve as replicate. At the end of the experiment, one bird per replicate was selected for blood analysis. Packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelets concentration (PC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), granulocyte and lymphocyte were measured. Results showed that the DWPM diet had no effect (P>0.05) on PCV, Hb, WBC, RBC, MCV, MCH, PC and MCHC. All mean values for the haematological parameters are above the normal range except WBC and RBC. In conclusion, the lack of significant effect suggests that, DWPM can be safely incorporated up to 12.5% in to the diets of starter broiler chicks without adverse haematological consequences. Nevertheless, careful consideration should be given to ensuring optimal nutritional balance and health status in broiler flocks.

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