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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Structural adjustment (Economic policy) – Soviet Union »

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Publié le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) – Soviet Union"

Wallander, Celeste A. « Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union ». Journal of Cold War Studies 5, n^o 4 (septembre 2003) : 137–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039703322483774.

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The role of Western governments in the disintegration of the Soviet Union was complex. The two most important factors that undermined the Soviet state were the deepening economic chaos under Mikhail Gorbachev and the rapid growth of internal political dissent. Western policies tended to magnify both of these factors. This is not to say, however, that Gorbachev's original decision to embark on an economic reform program was simply the result of pressure created by Western defense spending and military deployments. The Soviet economy was plagued by severe weaknesses, of which the misallocation of resources and excessive military expenditures were only a small part. Gorbachev's initial economic reforms were spurred by his awareness of the country's general economic problems. After the first round of reforms failed, he sensed that arms control and reductions in military spending would be helpful for the next stage. Even so, the belated cuts he made in military spending (beginning in 1990) were of relatively little consequence. The West's refusal to pour money into the Soviet system without evidence of structural reform in the last years of the Soviet regime, and Western pressure on Gorbachev not to crack down on political dissent and separatism, did hasten the Soviet collapse. These policies denied the Soviet system resources that might have prolonged its survival, and they helped to deter Gorbachev from using decisive force against elements that were splitting the Soviet Union apart.

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Glaziev, Sergei. « Transformation of the Soviet Economy : Economic Reforms and Structural Crisis ». National Institute Economic Review 138 (novembre 1991) : 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795019113800109.

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This article analyses the current problems of the Soviet economy's reform process. The process of transition to a market economy in the Soviet Union, where an extreme degree of monopoly prevails, has been characterised by declining production and accelerating inflation. The rapid growth of the market sector in the situation of highly distorted and heavily regulated prices, dominance of state enterprises, and unclear property rights, leads to the concentration of entrepreneurial activity mainly in speculative operations involving the redistribution of state property, to the deterioration of the macroeco nomic situation and to the deepening of the structural crisis in the economy. In fact, the growth of the market sector is based mainly on hidden subsidies from the state enterprises.The failure of four years of economic reforms is due to inappropriate economic policy based on mythical ideas about the market economy. Rapid, radical reforms, including large-scale privatisation on the basis of development of financial intermediates, are of crucial importance in overcoming the further deterioration of the economic situation and in preventing the collapse of the Soviet economy.

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Dabrowski, Marek. « Thirty years of economic transition in the former Soviet Union : Macroeconomic dimension ». Russian Journal of Economics 8, n^o 2 (29 juillet 2022) : 95–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.8.90947.

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The paper contains a retrospective analysis of macroeconomic policy and reforms in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) from 1992 to 2021, after obtaining political and economic independence in 1991. Special attention is given to problems of macroeconomic stabilization and economic growth. As a result of structural distortions inherited from the Soviet economy and the slow pace of economic and institutional reforms, the FSU countries suffered from a long and deep output decline in the 1990s. Their post-transition growth recovery in the 2000s did not last long. Furthermore, they remain vulnerable to both domestic and external economic shocks. Given the limited predictability of post-COVID global economic trends and the damaging consequences of the war in Ukraine, this vulnerability will likely continue in the next couple of years.

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Popescu, Raluca Maria. « European Union vs. Eurasian Union – a brief comparative analysis and perspectives for cooperation ». Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 15, n^o 1 (1 décembre 2021) : 1294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2021-0119.

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Abstract The Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) is considered to be the first successful regionalization attempt in the post-Soviet area. It is promoted as an economic organization whose aim is to remove trade barriers, promote integration, cooperation and economic growth in a fragmented and underdeveloped region. The promoters of this organization state that it can represent a platform for dialogue and even cooperation with the European Union, as well as with other international actors. The growing influence of the European Union in the post-Soviet space has been a critical factor in Russia’s determination to update its policy towards regional integration and from the very beginning, the European model was chosen to create the new Union. By doing a comparison between the two regional blocs, I will contribute to a growing literature on the relationship between the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union, by emphasizing the similarities and differences as well as how the emerging regional competition will shape the future of European relations. In the first part of the article, I will briefly present the evolution of the integration process after the fall of the USSR, followed by a comparative analysis of the two regional integration projects, from a structural, political and economic point of view. I will conclude by analyzing the chances for any kind of breakthrough in political relations and economic cooperation between the two blocs. The article follows a qualitative and quantitative methodology and examines the possible implications of a competition between the European Union and Eurasian economic Union.

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Dabrowski, M. P. « 30 years of economic reforms in the post-Soviet space : Macroeconomic processes ». Voprosy Ekonomiki, n^o 2 (7 février 2022) : 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-2-5-32.

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The paper contains a retrospective analysis of macroeconomic policy and macroeconomic reforms in the post-Soviet countries in 1992—2021, that is, after obtaining political and economic independence at the end of 1991. Special attention is paid to the problems of macroeconomic stabilization and economic growth. As a result of structural distortions inherited from the Soviet economy and slow pace of economic and institutional reforms, the countries of the former Soviet Union suffered from the long and deep output decline in the 1990s, and their post-transition growth recovery in the 2000s did not last long. Furthermore, they remain vulnerable to both domestic and external economic shocks. Given a limited predictability of post-COVID global economic trends, this vulnerability will continue, most likely, in the next couple of years.

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Sachs, Jeffrey, Wing Thye Woo, Stanley Fischer et Gordon Hughes. « Structural Factors in the Economic Reforms of China, Eastern Europe, and the Former Soviet Union ». Economic Policy 9, n^o 18 (avril 1994) : 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1344459.

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Evangelista, Matthew. « Issue-area and foreign policy revisited ». International Organization 43, n^o 1 (1989) : 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300004586.

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In the study of comparative foreign policy, two schools of thought disagree over what accounts for variations in processes and outcomes of foreign policies within and between states. One holds that differences in the characteristics of the countries in question lead to differences in their foreign policies. The other argues that the important differences are not between countries but between issue-areas. A comparison of the Soviet Union and the United States in the issue-area of military policy (in particular, the process of weapons innovation) suggests that the policy processes differ substantially, contrary to what an issue-area approach would predict. On the other hand, the distinctions made by some students of political economy who focus on domestic structures appear to account well for differences between the U.S. and Soviet processes of innovation. The domestic structural approach should be applied to the study of comparative military policy as well as foreign economic policy.

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Pasquale, Foresti. « Is Latin America an Optimum Currency Area ? Evidence from a Structural Vector Autoregression Analysis ». STUDI ECONOMICI, n^o 104 (janvier 2012) : 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ste2011-104003.

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This paper evaluates the advisability of a monetary union in Latin America applying the theory of optimum currency areas (OCA). The analysis is based on the traditional OCA criteria and it suggests that there is no evidence for any monetary integration in Latin America even at a sub-regional level. Latin American countries have evidenced a low degree of trade integration and asymmetric co-movements among their shocks. Moreover, substantial differences in the speed of adjustment and in the size of shocks are found. Hence, higher policy coordination seems to be necessary before starting any economic integration process in Latin America.

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Postuła, Marta, et Jacek Tomkiewicz. « Consequences of Fiscal Adjustment and Public Finance Management. The Costs of Limiting the Fiscal Imbalance in Eurozone Countries ». Central European Journal of Public Policy 13, n^o 1 (1 juin 2019) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cejpp-2019-0001.

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Abstract This article focuses on the effects of corrections to the budgetary policy in eurozone economies. The goal of the text is to check if advancement in implementing modern tools of public management is helpful in the time of fiscal adjustment. We assume that the most important role of a performance approach in conducting fiscal policy is the ability of government to implement active policy meant as structural changes in the composition of public expenditures. In the case of the need to cut general levels of public spending, public sector managers who have knowledge of performance effects of public policies should be able to conduct fiscal adjustment in such a way as to minimise negative outcomes of spending correction on society. The structure of the text is as follows. First, we present some insights on the economic effects of fiscal adjustment. Then, we discuss the concept of performance management presented in the theory and policy agendas of international institutions such as the European Union or the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). Finally, we present the result of an empirical exercise that is designed to combine the level of advancement in implementing performance budgeting (PB) and the social cost of fiscal adjustment in eurozone economies. The most important finding of the research is that PB tools seem to have very limited usefulness in a time of fiscal adjustment. There is no statistical evidence that countries advanced in utilisation of PB tools conduct more active fiscal policy – approach of cutting all expenditures across the border by given percentage rather than looking at priorities and social outcomes of fiscal adjustment dominates in all cases.

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TKACHUK, Halyna, et Iryna KRUPITSA. « TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES IN THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF FOOD INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES IN THE CONDITIONS OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ». Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, n^o 3 (7 septembre 2020) : 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-3-16.

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Introduction. Against the background of the destruction of rules and principles of economic development that existed during the Soviet Union, and the struggle for independence, Ukraine has entered a period of profound transformation in all areas of the economy as a whole and individual economic entity. The new level of relations with the external environment and the consequences of the global economic crisis required urgent changes in the form of ownership of production facilities, principles of foreign economic activity, system of state control and taxation, monetary system, approaches to investment and innovation mechanisms. The purpose of this article is study of the causes of transformation processes in the system of food industry enterprises and substantiation of the peculiarities of their development in the conditions of reforming the agricultural sector of the country's economy. Results. The results of the study show that the prerequisites for transformations in the national economy as a whole and in particular, can be structured as follows: reforming the management system of the economy of the post-Soviet space in order to build market relations, the consequences of which make changes to the financial and economic system of the enterprise; Ukraine's integration into international cooperation, focus on EU cooperation, which is an impetus for innovative transformations; the purpose of entrepreneurial activity, which is an incentive to search for new ideas and transformation of business policy. Conclusions. The real preconditions which are an impetus for transformations of the enterprise are defined, namely: the consequences of global economic crises of the period of independence of Ukraine, which require the search for effective mechanisms for their elimination or leveling; reforming the management system of the economy of the post-Soviet space in order to build market relations; European integration and the processes of globalization that stimulate innovative development and related transformations; the goals and objectives of the business of a modern enterprise, which is an incentive to seek new ideas and transform business policy. Keywords: transformation, transformation processes, food industry enterprises, agricultural sector, structural changes.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) – Soviet Union"

DAVIDDI, Renzo. « The evolution of Soviet foreign trade :an attempt to assess Soviet dependence on foreign trade ». Doctoral thesis, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4895.

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Defence date: 17 June 1988
Examining board: Prof. Alberto Chilosi, University of Pisa ; Prof. Phil Hanson, CREES, University of Birmingham ; Prof. Wojciech Maciejewski, University of Warsaw ; Domenico Mario Nuti, E.U.I., Supervisor ; Prof. Jozef van Brabant, United Nations, New York
First made available online 19 June 2015

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Hasanova, Renata. « Essays on economic growth, structural reform and trade in transitional economies ». Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150091.

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Livres sur le sujet "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) – Soviet Union"

Odling-Smee, J. C. External borrowing in the Baltics, Russia, and other states of the Former Soviet Union : The transition to a market economy. [Washington, D.C.] : International Monetary Fund, European II Dept., 1998.

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Restructuring the Soviet economy. London : Routledge, 1992.

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Global economic and technological change : Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and China : hearing before the Subcommittee on Technology and National Security of the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, One Hundred Second Congress, second session. Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1993.

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Marcelo, Selowsky, NetLibrary Inc et World Bank, dir. Transition, the first ten years : Analysis and lessons for Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington, D.C : World Bank, 2002.

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Mátyás, Kovács János, et Tardos Márton, dir. Reform and transformation in Eastern Europe : Soviet-type economics on the threshold of change. London : Routledge in association with the Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen, Vienna, 1992.

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Why perestroika failed : The politics and economics of socialist transformation. London : Routledge, 1993.

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Desai, Padma. Conversations on Russia : From Yeltsin to Putin. New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 2006.

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Conversations on Russia : Reform from Yeltsin to Putin. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2006.

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Desai, Padma. Conversations on Russia. New York : Oxford University Press, 2006.

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Kotz, David M. Revolution from above : The demise of the Soviet system. London : Routledge, 1997.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) – Soviet Union"

Cadier, David. « Policies towards the Post-Soviet Space : The Eurasian Economic Union as an Attempt to Develop Russia’s Structural Power ? » Dans Russia’s Foreign Policy, 156–74. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137468888_10.

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Apanovich, Maria. « Current Migration Trends in Russia : The Role of the CIS Region Twenty Years after the Collapse of the Soviet Union ». Dans Transnational Migration and Border-Making, 145–63. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474453486.003.0007.

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This chapter provides an overview of the migration trends in the Russian Federation from the 1990s to the 2010s in the context of the drastic change in the political, economic and social aspects of the country. It examines the various laws that were passed during the period to indicate the architecture of the migration policy in “new” Russia. The chapter focuses on the Migration Policy Concept (later Concept) and its criticism, which was adopted in 2012 as an action plan until 2025. The last part of the chapter gives an overview of the newest adjustment of the Concept done in November 2018. This latest policy emphasises the importance of labour migration and added internal migration to the agenda for the first time since 1990s.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Structural adjustment (Economic policy) – Soviet Union"

Bulut, Cihan, Fakhri Hasanov et Elchin Suleymanov. « The Impact of the Oil Revenues on the Standard of Living in Oil-Exporting Countries of the Former Soviet Union ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00852.

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The aim of our study is to examine the impact of the oil revenues on the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union and to make policy suggestions based on the obtained findings. It has been explain that resource dependency adjust the structure of these countries' economies, which leads to income inequality compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. Characteristic of resource- rich of post-Soviet oil exporters countries - Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan have been analyzed. It has been demonstrated that dependency on resources modifies the structure of these countries’ economies, which leads to income inequality based on employment via a mechanism of labor compensation changes in different sectors of the economy. We are going to employ co-integration and error correction methods in our empirical analysis. Is there a long-run relationship between the oil revenues and the standard of living in oil-exporting countries of the former Soviet Union; What is the role of dynamics of the oil revenues in the standard of living in the short run; What is the magnitude of speed of adjustment from the short-run fluctuation towards long-run equilibrium of the system; What is the direction of long- and short-run causality in the oil revenues - standard of living relationship.

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Karluk, S. Rıdvan, et Ayşen Hiç Gencer. « Turkey and Uzbekistan Relations within the Scope of Economic and Political Integration of Central Asia ». Dans International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01466.

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After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan declared her sovereignty on June 20th, 1990 and her independence on September 1st, 1991. Turkey was the first country to recognize the Republic of Uzbekistan on December 16th, 1991. On March 4th, 1992, diplomatic relations between Turkey and Uzbekistan were established and more than 90 bilateral agreements and protocols were signed. Among the Central Asian countries, Uzbekistan has an important geopolitical location and has the largest Turkish population. Turkish and Uzbek people share the same culture and language (Uzbek-Chagatai Turkish). Prime Minister Erdoğan and President Kerimov emphasized the necessity of improving the Turkish-Uzbek relations at the opening ceremony of Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics. Turkish Foreign Minister Davutoğlu's visit on July 10th, 2014 started improving bilateral relations that had come to a halt in 2003. This paper analyzes Turkish-Uzbek relations in the framework of integration in Central Asia and with respect to the structural economic changes in Uzbekistan and her foreign trade policy.

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Mutaeva, I. Sh, I. G. Gerasimova, A. S. Seliverstov et A. H. Gizatullina. « THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SPORTS TRAINING IN CYCLIC SPORTS ». Dans Х Всероссийская научно-практическая конференция. Nizhnevartovsk State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/fks-2020/37.

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The article presents the results of the theoretical analysis of the main aspects of sports training in cyclic sports. To effectively solve the problem of training in cyclical sports, it is necessary to study the laws of the reaction of the body of athletes, including the processes of fatigue and recovery in response to the physical exertion of various directions. It is very important to individualize the training process, taking into account the functional state and reserve adaptive capabilities of the body. The authors identify such reasons that influence the development of cyclical sports as socio-economic and political transformations that are constantly taking place in Russia; demographic changes caused by the decline in the population of Russia due to the collapse of the Soviet Union; structural and organizational reasons that suggest the existence of an outdated system for training highly qualified athletes, the lack of modern centers and bases for Olympic training, an effective management system for Olympic training in General, and a targeted policy for training coaches and sports and medical personnel. The technological reasons that arose as a result of a sharp reduction in targeted research in all branches of sports science and an archaic mechanism for the development and implementation of effective innovative technologies are revealed. There is a significant lag in the medical and biological provision of training for Olympic athletes, etc. The analysis showed that the lag in the structural, organizational, and technological blocks of Olympic training is caused by a decrease in the effectiveness of scientific research.

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