Bibliographies thématiques / Strict control

Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Strict control »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 mai 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Strict control"

Simpson, S. J. « EVOLUTION : Under Strict Control ». Science 319, n^o 5866 (22 février 2008) : 1011a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.319.5866.1011a.

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Marwick, Charles. « Thalidomide Back—Under Strict Control ». JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, n^o 14 (8 octobre 1997) : 1135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550140025013.

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Marwick, C. « Thalidomide back--under strict control ». JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association 278, n^o 14 (8 octobre 1997) : 1135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.278.14.1135.

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White, John R., R. Keith Campbell et Irl B. Hirsch. « Novel insulins and strict glycemic control ». Postgraduate Medicine 113, n^o 6 (juin 2003) : 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2003.06.1426.

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Webster, N. R., et H. F. Galley. « Does strict glucose control improve outcome ? » British Journal of Anaesthesia 103, n^o 3 (septembre 2009) : 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aep226.

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Turina, Matthias, Mirjam Christ-Crain et Hiram C. Polk. « Diabetes and hyperglycemia : Strict glycemic control ». Critical Care Medicine 34, Suppl (septembre 2006) : S291—S300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000231887.84751.04.

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Quatraro, Antonio. « STRICT METABOLIC CONTROL AND DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY ». Lancet 329, n^o 8529 (février 1987) : 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(87)91780-6.

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King, Alexandra. « Strict rate control unnecessary in AF ? » Nature Reviews Cardiology 8, n^o 11 (6 septembre 2011) : 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2011.136.

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Liang, Zhenglun, Qunying Mao et Junzhi Wang. « Strict vaccine quality control in China ». Nature 509, n^o 7501 (mai 2014) : 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/509427c.

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&NA;. « Strict control of antimicrobial use decreases costs ». Inpharma Weekly &NA;, n^o 997 (juillet 1995) : 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199509970-00009.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Strict control"

Thakur, Kishore Kumar Singh. « Implementation of a strict optimistic concurrency control protocol / ». Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1674095421&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2008.
"Department of Computer Science." Keywords: Database, Optimistic concurrency control, Simulation model. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30). Also available online.

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THAKUR, KISHOREKUMAR SINGH. « IMPLEMENTATION OF A STRICT OPTIMISTIC CONCURRENCY CONTROL PROTOCOL ». OpenSIUC, 2008. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/435.

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In today's database management systems (DBMS), concurrency control is one of the main issues that draw a lot of attention. Concurrency control protocols prevent changes to the database made by one user to interfere with those made by another user. During last couple of decades, many new concurrency control mechanisms were introduced into the study of database management systems. Researchers have designed new concurrency control algorithms and examined their performances in comparison with well known concurrency control mechanisms, which are widely used in today's database management systems. The results reported to date, rather than being definitive, have tended to be quite contradictory [1]. The main cause of such findings is use of different assumptions and implications when defining a simulation model for database management systems. Different coding schemes and logical programmatic flows play another important role in obtaining questionable results. In this paper, rather than proposing yet another concurrency control algorithm, I will implement a standardized simulation model within windows application that can then be used by any researcher to test performance of his concurrency control protocol. I will implement Optimistic Concurrency control protocol to validate functionality of my application and compare it with two phase locking protocol.

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Mezerdi, Mohamed Amine. « Equations différentielles stochastiques de type McKean-Vlasov et leur contrôle optimal ». Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOUL0014.

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Nous considérons les équations différentielles stochastiques (EDS) de Mc Kean-Vlasov, qui sont des EDS dont les coefficients de dérive et de diffusion dépendent non seulement de l'état du processus inconnu, mais également de sa loi de probabilité. Ces EDS, également appelées EDS à champ moyen, ont d'abord été étudiées en physique statistique et représentent en quelque sorte le comportement moyen d'un nombre infini de particules. Récemment, ce type d'équations a suscité un regain d'intérêt dans le contexte de la théorie des jeux à champ moyen. Cette théorie a été inventée par P.L. Lions et J.M. Lasry en 2006, pour résoudre le problème de l'existence d'un équilibre de Nash approximatif pour les jeux différentiels, avec un grand nombre de joueurs. Ces équations ont trouvé des applications dans divers domaines tels que la théorie des jeux, la finance mathématique, les réseaux de communication et la gestion des ressources pétrolières. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les questions de stabilité par rapport aux données initiales, aux coefficients et aux processus directeurs des équations de McKean-Vlasov. Les propriétés génériques de ce type d'équations stochastiques, telles que l'existence et l'unicité, la stabilité par rapport aux paramètres, ont été examinées. En théorie du contrôle, notre attention s'est portée sur l'existence et l'approximation de contrôles relaxés pour les systèmes gouvernés par des EDS de Mc Kean-Vlasov
We consider Mc Kean-Vlasov stochastic differential equations (SDEs), which are SDEs where the drift and diffusion coefficients depend not only on the state of the unknown process but also on its probability distribution. These SDEs called also mean- field SDEs were first studied in statistical physics and represent in some sense the average behavior of an infinite number of particles. Recently there has been a renewed interest for this kind of equations in the context of mean-field game theory. Since the pioneering papers by P.L. Lions and J.M. Lasry, mean-field games and mean-field control theory has raised a lot of interest, motivated by applications to various fields such as game theory, mathematical finance, communications networks and management of oil resources. In this thesis, we studied questions of stability with respect to initial data, coefficients and driving processes of Mc Kean-Vlasov equations. Generic properties for this type of SDEs, such as existence and uniqueness, stability with respect to parameters, have been investigated. In control theory, our attention were focused on existence, approximation of relaxed controls for controlled Mc Kean-Vlasov SDEs

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Chen, Lifeng. « RESIDENTIAL STREET DESIGN AND TRAFFIC CONTROL ». The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555362.

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Andersson, Karl. « Intelligent control system for street lighting ». Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-28731.

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Street lighting is an important aspect of infrastructure in terms of both safety and comfort, but it also consumes a lot of energy. Unused light is a waste of energy, and without any form of control of the street lighting, this problem will continue to increase along with the expansion of road networks. The aim of this thesis is to propose an intelligent control system for street lighting that can adapt to the velocity of individual road users, to investigate if this could provide ways to improve the efficiency of street lighting. Previous control approaches include systems based on ambient light intensity or presence of road users, but no studies were found in which illumination adapts to the velocity of road users. The project involves three main steps, including a literature review, a system implementation and evaluation. In the proposed system, street lights cooperate to detect road users and calculate their velocities in order to adapt the illumination and make it follow their movement. It can be concluded from the evaluation results that the velocity readings help further optimize the illumination control in comparison to systems that do not consider velocity. The velocity readings make it possible to only illuminate the roadway in the direction of travel, while also adapting the distance of illumination to the recorded speed. The proposed control scheme is considered a viable solution for reducing the amount of unused light, consequently reducing the energy consumption of street lighting.

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Wang, Qichao. « Street Traffic Signal Optimal Control for NEMA Controllers ». Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101552.

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This dissertation aims to reduce urban traffic congestion with street traffic signal control. The traffic signal controllers in the U.S. follow the National Electrical Manufacturing Association Standards (NEMA Standards). In a NEMA controller, the control parameters for a coordinated control are cycle, green splits, and offset. This dissertation proposed a virtual phase-link concept and developed a macroscopic model to describe the dynamics of a traffic network. The coordinated optimal splits control problem was solved using model predictive control. The outputs of the solution are the green splits that can be used in NEMA controllers. I compared the proposed method with a state-of-the-practice signal timing software under coordinated-actuated control settings. It was found that the proposed method significantly outperformed the benchmarking method. I compared the proposed NEMA-based virtual phase-link model and a Max Pressure controller model using Vissim. It was found that the virtual phase-link method outperformed two control strategies and performed close, but not as good as, the Max Pressure control strategy. The disadvantage of the virtual phase-link method stemmed from the waste of green time during a fixed control cycle length and the delay which comes from the slowing down of platoon during a road link to allow vehicles to switch lanes. Compared to the Max Pressure control strategy, the virtual phase-link method can be implemented by any traffic controller that follows the NEMA standards. The real-time requirement of the virtual phase-link method is not as strict as the Max Pressure control strategy. I introduced the offsets optimization into the virtual phase-link method. I modeled the traffic arrival pattern based on the optimization results from the virtual phase-link control method. I then derived a phase delay function based on the traffic arrival pattern. The phase delay function is a function of the offset between two consecutive intersections. This phase delay function was then used for offsets optimization along an arterial. I tested the offsets optimization method against a base case using microscopic simulations. It was found that the proposed offset optimization method can significantly reduce vehicle delays.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Araújo, Filho Tarcísio Perdigão. « A construção de um controle negociado : o trabalho dos auxiliares de fiscalização da prefeitura de Belo Horizonte ». Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7750.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
This research aims to understand how the control of practices in public spaces is elaborated, wich is part of the urban surveillance so called "fiscalização" of Belo Horizonte, under the protection of the Código de Posturas (2003). This is a social control which focuses on the regulation of street vendors activities, marked as "social problem" in a context of "urban order" promotion. Further than an analysis that prioritizes organizational or institutional ideal types, this research developed between 2013 and 2015, priorized the data collection "from inside", from an interactional point of view. For this, qualitative research techniques (interviews and observation) were operated in order to keep the subjects working practices as the main reference for descriptions and analyzes. These workers work daily on city streets in direct contact with the street vendors (interacting with other people, like other professional groups) in different part of the fronts of street surveillance: the plantões, the equipes de Apoio and the operações. In general, the practices of these assistants anticipates the participation of their bosses, the fiscais integrados (and other authorities in this field), reducing, as an effect, their workload. At the same time, these assistants actively participate of the situational production of references of differenciation (between formal /informal, bearable/unbearable) and social control as a whole. The research effort was to come up, in an interrelated manner, the various aspects that make up the street surveillance as a social construction. At the beginning, I analysed the strategic and managerial aspects enrolled in practical work of these agents in different working arrangements and enviroments, giving a focus on how the control is produced in a negotiated manner, although it is constantly rationalized as a tool for public space management. The analysis was enlarged by replacing the focus on the continuities and discontinuities between the private life aspects and the work aspects, from the reconstruction of trajectories of some of the research subjects. Through this perspective, it was possible to work out with some different social aspects (such as class and gender) in order to observe and describe the practices that reveal the main basis and senses of this social and relational control. All this conjugated analysis dimensions demonstrate how this particular control is produced. At the same time, it shows, from this field, some modes of circulation of power.
Esta pesquisa volta-se a compreender como se constrói o controle sobre práticas realizado nos espaços públicos da cidade, parte da chamada fiscalização que é realizada pela Prefeitura de Belo Horizonte, sob o amparo do Código de Posturas (2003). Trata-se de um controle cujo foco é a regulação do comércio ambulante, pautado como “problema social” diante ao objetivo contido no “ordenamento urbano”. Indo além de uma análise que priorize tipos organizacionais ou institucionais ideais, desenvolvi uma investigação, compreendida entre 2013 e 2015, que priorizasse o levantamento de dados “desde dentro”, a partir de uma mirada interacionista. Para isso, lanço mão de técnicas qualitativas de investigação (entrevistas e observação) a fim de partir das práticas de trabalho dos auxiliares de fiscalização, terceirizados da Prefeitura e principais sujeitos da pesquisa, como principal mote para a elaboração dos dados, descrições e análises. Estes trabalhadores atuam cotidianamente nas ruas da cidade em contato direto com os comerciantes ambulantes (além de outros públicos e em interação com outros grupos profissionais), em diferentes frentes do âmbito da operacionalização da fiscalização “de rua”: os plantões, as equipes de Apoio, as operações. De forma geral, a prática destes auxiliares antecipa a participação dos fiscais integrados (e outras autoridades desse campo), diminuindo, assim, sua carga de trabalho. Ao mesmo tempo, os auxiliares de fiscalização participam ativamente da produção situacional dos referenciais diferenciadores (formal/informal, regular/irregular, tolerável/intolerável) e do controle social como um todo. O esforço da pesquisa foi trazer, de forma inter-relacionada, os vários aspectos que compõem a fiscalização “de rua” como construção social. Começo pela análise dos aspectos estratégicos e gestionários inscritos na prática de trabalho destes agentes, nas diferentes modalidades de trabalho, dando um enfoque na maneira como o controle se produz de forma negociada, ainda que seja constantemente racionalizada, como um instrumento de gestão do espaço público. Amplio a análise posicionando o foco sobre as continuidades e descontinuidades entre o “mundo do privado” e o “mundo do trabalho”, a partir da reconstituição de trajetórias dos sujeitos de pesquisa. Por esta perspectiva, foi possível balizar construções e agenciamentos sociais amplos (como classe e gênero) às práticas observadas e descritas, o que está expresso pela apropriação de papéis que extrapolam o próprio campo da fiscalização, mas que desvelam seus sentidos e suas bases como controle relacional. Todas as dimensões conjugadas compõem a produção multifacetada desse controle peculiar, ao mesmo tempo que demonstram os modos de circulação do poder a partir desse campo.

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Lykouropoulos, Efstathios, Andreas Kostoulas et Zainab Jumaa. « Connect street light control devices in a secure network ». Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-28180.

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Wireless communications is a constantly progressing technology in network engineering society, creating an environment full of opportunities that are targeting in financial growth, quality of life and humans prosperity. Wireless security is the science that has as a goal to provide safe data communication between authorized users and prevent unauthorized users from gaining access, deny access, damage or counterfeit data in a wireless environment. In order to success it uses layers of protection that consist of software and hardware mechanisms that are able to monitor network’s behavior and in coordination provide a safe and secure environment for the user. In this thesis, a scientific research will be conducted in a given wireless network topology designed for an original application. This is about an intelligent street lightning system and it has already been implemented by Greinon Engineering which is the company that we are cooperating with. It is a matter of great importance that this thesis was conducted under real life criteria and in cooperation with an engineering company. This means that our programming, our ideas, our study research were all rotated and concentrated in certain type of hardware – software and network topology. In this thesis there is a detailed overview of basic wireless security mechanisms – vulnerabilities – types of attacks and countermeasures focused on 802.11b protocol. Moreover there will be security weak point’s analysis on the given industrial network; our proposals to protect and secure this network based on our threat analysis of the current system. There is an analysis on the most up to date VPN security implementations and reasoning that guided our team to conclude in a specific procedure - protocol and implementation, including limitation factors – obstacles faces during this procedure. During this research iterative approach in procedures – ideas and implementation attempts is followed. Basic goal is to provide security solutions that are easy applicable, low cost, easy to maintain and monitor.

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Brown, Alison Louise. « Selective control of cleavers (Galium aparine) during the succession of arable field margins ». Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288035.

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Zahran, Eldur. « Biological control of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. using formulated mycoherbicides under Sudan field conditions ». [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:100-opus-2320.

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Livres sur le sujet "Strict control"

Frédéric, Mazenc, et SpringerLink (Online service), dir. Constructions of Strict Lyapunov Functions. London : Springer London, 2009.

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Monteleone, Erminio, et Mario Bertuccioli, dir. Secondo Convegno Nazionale della Società Italiana di Scienze Sensoriali. Florence : Firenze University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-8453-872-7.

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Over the last decade there has been a growing interest in sensory science in Italy. This has clearly resulted in an increase in the number of researchers engaged in this sector and the number of companies that exploit sensory evaluations for product innovation and enhancement and in quality control. In Italy, in the sphere of the valorisation of prestige foodstuffs there is an increasing sensitivity towards the adoption of strict methods for describing the sensory properties of the products and ascertaining compliance with defined sensory standards. The Società Italiana di Scienze Sensoriali has played a decisive role in activating and guiding this development. Pursuing this approach, in 2008 the Society organised the 2nd National Convention as an occasion for exchange among professionals working in the field of sensory science.

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Strijd om de straat : Vandalisme, maatschappelijke kontrole en automatisering. Amsterdam : SUA, 1986.

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Australia. Parliament. House of Representatives. Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs. Our future, our selves : Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community control, management, and resources. Canberra : Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1990.

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United States. Office of National Drug Control Policy. National Drug Control Strategy : Update. Washington, D.C : Office of National Drug Control Policy, the White House, 2004.

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1982-, Bonaccorso Lelio, dir. Peppino Impastato : Un giullare contro la mafia. [Padua, Italy] : BeccoGiallo, 2009.

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Illicit drugs : Use and control. London : Routledge, 2003.

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Musselman, Lytton J. Striga distribution, research and education in Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau. Norfolk, Va : Old Dominion University Research Foundation, 1985.

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Female Remedies : Before birth control was legalized, women faced dubious choices. [New York, New York] : the artist, 2016.

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1962-, Flynn Michael, et Brotherton David, dir. Globalizing the streets : Cross-cultural perspectives on youth, social control, and empowerment. New York : Columbia University Press, 2008.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Strict control"

Andersen, Bjørg Marit. « Strict Isolation ». Dans Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals, 197–211. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_19.

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Zhang, Xianfu. « Control Design of Strict-Feedback Nonholonomic Systems ». Dans Intelligent Control and Learning Systems, 127–53. Singapore : Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8334-4_5.

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Yakar, Coşkun, et Mustafa Bayram Gücen. « Initial Time Difference Strict Stability of Fractional Dynamic Systems ». Dans Fractional Dynamics and Control, 133–44. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0457-6_11.

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Takada, Jun. « Strict Control Zone after the Chernobyl Accident ». Dans Nuclear Hazards in the World, 71–87. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29038-4_6.

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Yakar, Coşkun, Mustafa Bayram Gücen et Muhammed Çiçek. « Strict Stability of Fractional Perturbed Systems in Terms of Two Measures ». Dans Fractional Dynamics and Control, 119–32. New York, NY : Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0457-6_10.

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Zhang, Chenghui, Le Chang et Cheng Fu. « Fixed-Time Control for Strict-Feedback Nonlinear Systems ». Dans Variable Gain Control and Its Applications in Energy Conversion, 37–50. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003392927-4.

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Dong, Shanling, Zheng-Guang Wu et Peng Shi. « Asynchronous Control of Fuzzy MJSs Subject to Strict Dissipativity ». Dans Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 69–93. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35566-1_5.

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Zhang, Chenghui, Le Chang et Cheng Fu. « Global State Feedback Control for Strict-Feedback Nonlinear Systems ». Dans Variable Gain Control and Its Applications in Energy Conversion, 15–26. Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003392927-2.

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Esteva, Francesc, et Lluís Godo. « On Extending Fuzzy Preorders to Sets and Their Corresponding Strict Orders ». Dans Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 585–94. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73848-2_54.

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Shi, Xiaocheng, Tianping Zhang, Huating Gao et Fei Wang. « Adaptive Dynamic Surface Control of Stochastic Strict Feedback Nonlinear Systems ». Dans Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 21–30. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38524-7_3.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Strict control"

Fang, Yuanjie, Minrui Fei et Dajun Du. « Diagonal Dominance with Strict Constraint* ». Dans 2018 Australian & New Zealand Control Conference (ANZCC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/anzcc.2018.8606581.

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Coatrieux, Gouenou, Henri Maitre et Bulent Sankur. « Strict integrity control of biomedical images ». Dans Photonics West 2001 - Electronic Imaging, sous la direction de Ping W. Wong et Edward J. Delp III. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.435403.

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Tall, Issa Amadou, et Witold Respondek. « On linearizability of strict feedforward systems ». Dans 2008 American Control Conference (ACC '08). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2008.4586774.

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Koditschek, Daniel E. « Strict Global Lyapunov Functions for Mechanical Systems ». Dans 1988 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.1988.4790013.

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Miao, X., P. B. Luh et D. L. Kleinman. « Dynamic job scheduling with strict deadline ». Dans 29th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.1990.203556.

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Tall, Issa Amadou, et Witold Respondek. « Explicit Symmetries of Strict Feedforward Control Systems ». Dans Proceedings of the 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2006.377104.

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Respondek, Witold, et Issa Amadou Tall. « Feedback linearizability of strict feedforward systems ». Dans 2008 47th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2008.4739418.

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Krstic, Miroslav, et Matt Bement. « Non-overshooting Control of Strict-Feedback Nonlinear Systems ». Dans 2007 American Control Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2007.4282160.

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Rosendo, Juan Luis, Fabricio Garelli, Hernan De Battista et Fernando Valenciaga. « Obstacle avoidance under strict path following ». Dans 2017 XVII Workshop on Information Processing and Control (RPIC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/rpic.2017.8214344.

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Livnch, R., M. D. McLaren et G. L. Slater. « Some conditions for almost strict positive realness ». Dans 29th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. IEEE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.1990.204079.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Strict control"

Chapman et Toema. PR-266-09211-R01 Physics-Based Characterization of Lambda Sensor from Natural Gas Fueled Engines. Chantilly, Virginia : Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), novembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010022.

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The increasingly strict air emission regulations may require implementing Non-Selective Catalytic Reduction (NSCR) systems as a promising emission control technology for stationary rich burn spark ignition engines. Many recent experimental investigations that used NSCR systems for stationary natural gas fueled engines showed that NSCR systems were unable to consistently control the exhaust emissions level below the compliance limits. Modeling of NSCR components to better understand, and then exploit, the underlying physical processes that occur in the lambda sensor and the catalyst media is now considered an essential step toward improving NSCR system performance. This report focuses on modeling the lambda sensor that provides feedback to the air-to-fuel ratio controller. Correct interpretation of the sensor output signal is necessary to achieve consistently low emissions level. The goal of this modeling study is to improve the understanding of the physical processes that occur within the sensor, investigate the cross-sensitivity of various exhaust gas species on the sensor performance, and finally this model serves as a tool to improve NSCR control strategies. This model simulates the output from a planar switch type lambda sensor. The model consists of three modules. The first module models the multi-component mass transport through the sensor protective layer. The second module includes all the surface catalytic reactions that take place on the sensor platinum electrodes. The third module is responsible for simulating the reactions that occur on the electrolyte material and determine the sensor output voltage.

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Saha, Amrita, Marco Carreras et John Thompson. A Multi-Phase Assessment of the Effects of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa. APRA, Future Agricultures Consortium, avril 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2022.011.

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Since it began in early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic led to considerable concerns about the viability of local food systems and rural livelihoods across sub-Saharan Africa. This paper presents the results of a three-round assessment of the effects of COVID-19 on the farming, labour and marketing practices, food and nutrition security, and well-being of over 800 male- and female-headed rural households in eight countries – Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. In this paper, we argue that when we closely examine the lived experiences of people in different country contexts, results suggest that the immediate restrictions and strict control measures imposed by governments at the start of the pandemic on social and commercial activities acted as a major shock to the well-being of many rural households and communities. Furthermore, while some households and communities were able to find ways to cope or adapt to the COVID-19-related disruptions, for others the pandemic coincided with a number of other shocks and stresses (extreme weather events, locust infestations, conflict and insecurity, or a combination of these), exacerbating some of the observed risks.

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Bwerinofa, Iyleen Judy, Jacob Mahenehene, Makiwa Manaka, Bulisiwe Mulotshwa, Felix Murimbarimba, Moses Mutoko, Vincent Sarayi et Ian Scoones. Living Through a Pandemic : Competing Covid-19 Narratives in Rural Zimbabwe. Institute of Development Studies, août 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.058.

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Through a real time analysis of the Covid-19 pandemic across rural Zimbabwe, this Working Paper explores the competing narratives that framed responses and their politics. Based on 20 moments of reflection over two years, together with ongoing document and media analysis and an intensive period of qualitative interviewing, a complex, dynamic story of the pandemic ‘drama’ emerges, which contrasts with snapshot perspectives. Across the period, a science-led public health narrative intersects with a security and control narrative promoted by the state and is countered by a citizens’ narrative that emphasises autonomy, independence, and local innovation. The politics of this contestation over narratives about appropriate pandemic responses are examined over three periods – reflecting different waves of infection – and in relation to two conjunctures – an early, strict lockdown and the rollout of vaccines. Different narratives gain ascendancy and overlap at different times, but a local citizen-led narrative emerges strongly in the context of heavy-handed lockdowns, inadequate state capacity, and struggles around rural livelihoods. The pandemic has reshaped relationships between the state and citizens in important ways, with self-reliance rooted in local resilience central to local pandemic responses.

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Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, Ann-Britt Florin, Ronny Fredriksson, Susanna Fredriksson, Patrik Kraufvelin et al. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Sous la direction de Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström et Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.

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Bosch, Mariano, Stephanie González et María Teresa Silva Porto. Chasing Informality : Evidence from Increasing Enforcement in Large Firms in Peru. Inter-American Development Bank, mars 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003128.

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Evasion of labor market regulations in middle income countries is systemic. This is generally known as informality. In Latin America, where less than 50% of workers are registered with social security, this is a permanent phenomenon and encompasses a variety of economic realities ranging from subsistence self-employment to evasion of certain regulations including social security contributions. In this study we analyze the role of enforcement in curbing informality in large formal firms in Peru, where informality levels are around 70%. Through the Peruvian National Labor Control Superintendence (SUNAFIL) we randomly sent 697 letters to formal Peruvian firms of more than 50 workers, indicating their obligation to enroll workers in social insurance systems (health and pensions). Two types of letters were sent, one with a deterrence message and one emphasizing the benefits of formalization. One year after the letters were sent, we found a positive and statistically significant effect on the number of workers enrolled in social security (9.8% on average). Only strict deterrence messages had a significant impact, and only in very large firms. This evidence suggests that there is room for improvement in compliance with labor regulations through more proactive monitoring and behavioral tools such as reminders, but effects could be concentrated in the largest firms.

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Colomb, Claire, et Tatiana Moreira de Souza. Regulating Short-Term Rentals : Platform-based property rentals in European cities : the policy debates. Property Research Trust, mai 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52915/kkkd3578.

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Short-term rentals mediated by digital platforms have positive and negative impacts that are unevenly distributed among socio-economic groups and places. Detrimental impacts on the housing market and quality of life of long-term residents have been particular contentious in some cities. • In the 12 cities studied in the report (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Berlin, Brussels, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Prague, Rome and Vienna), city governments have responded differently to the growth of short-term rentals. • The emerging local regulations of short-term rentals take multiple forms and exhibit various degrees of stringency, ranging from rare cases of laissez-faire to a few cases of partial prohibition or strict quantitative control. Most city governments have sought to find a middle-ground approach that differentiates between the professional rental of whole units and the occasional rental of one’s home/ primary residence. • The regulation of short-term rentals is contentious and highly politicised. Six broad categories of interest groups and non-state actors actively participate in the debates with contrasting positions: advocates of the ‘sharing’ or ‘collaborative’ economy; corporate platforms; professional organisatons of short-term rental operators; new associations of hosts or ‘home-sharers’; the hotel and hospitality industry; and residents’ associations/citizens’ movements. • All city governments face difficulties in implementing and enforcing the regulations, due to a lack of sufficient resources and to the absence of accurate and comprehensive data on individual hosts. That data is held by corporate platforms, which have generally not accepted to release it (with a few exceptions) nor to monitor the content of their listings against local rules. • The relationships between platforms and city governments have oscillated between collaboration and conflict. Effective implementation is impossible without the cooperation of platforms. • In the context of the European Union, the debate has taken a supranational dimension, as two pieces of EU law frame the possibility — and acceptable forms — of regulation of online platforms and of short-term rentals in EU member states: the 2000 E-Commerce Directive and the 2006 Services Directive. • For regulation to be effective, the EU legal framework should be revised to ensure platform account- ability and data disclosure. This would allow city (and other ti ers of) governments to effectively enforce the regulations that they deem appropriate. • Besides, national and regional governments, who often control the legislative framework that defines particular types of short-term rentals, need to give local governments the necessary tools to be able to exercise their ‘right to regulate’ in the name of public interest objectives.

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Kwesiga, Victoria, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn et Kari L. Clase. Compliance to GMP guidelines for Herbal Manufacturers in East Africa : A Position Paper. Purdue University, novembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317428.

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With the global increase in the use of traditional and complementary remedies for the prevention and treatment of illness, the quality and safety of these medicines have become a significant concern for all regulatory authorities. Herbal medicines are the most commonly used form of traditional and complementary medicines in the world and the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines, like conventional medicines, largely depends on their quality from planting to harvesting, preprocessing and final processing. Due to the inherent complexity of herbal medicines, often containing an array of active compounds, the primary processing of herbal medicines has a direct influence on their quality. Quality concerns are the reason why the medicines regulatory agencies insist that manufacturers of medicines strictly follow Good Manufacturing Practices since it is an essential tool to prevent instances of contamination, mix-ups, deviations, failures and errors. However, a strict application of GMP requirements is expensive and would drive the prices of the manufactured products up. As a result, a maturity level grading of facilities is proposed as a way of justifying the costs incurred for manufacturers desiring to reach a broader market and investing in continuous improvement. 36 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) inspection reports of local herbal manufacturers conducted by National Drug Authority were analyzed to establish the type and extent of deficiencies to GMP requirements for local herbal manufacturers in Uganda. The different GMP chapters and related sub-parameters constituted the variables used for the analysis of conformity to requirements. The primary outcome variable was the conclusion regarding compliance or noncompliance of the inspected local herbal manufacturing facility. GMP parameters that were frequently defaulted by local herbal manufacturers and the corresponding frequencies were identified. The Pearson Chi-square test was applied independently on each category to find the association that existed between conformity and the questions in each category. Only 22% (8) of the 30 inspected facilities were found to comply with GMP requirements, as per National Drug Authority (NDA) guidelines; while the majority of the facilities, 28 (78%), were found not to comply. Of the facilities inspected, 25 were undergoing GMP inspection for the first time. A total of 1,236 deficiency observations were made in the 36 inspection reports reviewed for the study. The mean for all deficiencies was 34.3, and the standard deviation was 15.829. 91.5% of the facilities did not have mechanisms for a record of market complaints; 80.9% did not meet documentation requirements; 78.9% did not have quality control measures in place, and 65.7% did not meet stores requirements. By encouraging a culture of self/voluntary improvement through the introduction of listing of manufacturers based on a maturity level grading, the National Drug Authority will improve the Herbal Medicines sector as per the mandate of improving the herbal medicine industry. Also, increased sensitization of all relevant stakeholders regarding the requirements for GMP should be intensified.

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Christians, Nick E. Yellow Woodsorrel (Oxalis stricta) Control with Certainty (Sulfosulfuron 75 WDG), 2007. Ames : Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-246.

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Kolemen, E., D. A. Gates, C. W. Rowley, N. J. Kasdin, J. Kallman, S. Gerhardt, V. Soukhanovskii et D. Mueller. Strike Point Control for the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), juillet 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/984350.

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Douglas, Gordon, et David Moore. Analyzing the Use and Impacts of Oakland Slow Streets and Potential Scalability Beyond Covid-19. Mineta Transportation Institute, juillet 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2152.

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This report presents the results of a mixed-methods study of the 2020-2022 Oakland Slow Streets program. An official response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the program used signs and temporary barricades to limit thru-traffic on 21 miles of city streets to create more and safer space for walking, cycling, and outdoor recreation. Researchers collected data throughout the summer of 2021 on seven designated slow streets plus one cross street and one control street for each – a total of 21 street segments representing conditions in seven different neighborhoods across Oakland. Data collection comprised in-person passerby counts, observations and photographs of local conditions, and logged traffic speed data. Findings vary widely across study sites. In certain cases, observed slow streets saw less car traffic or more bicycle/pedestrian use than one or both of their comparison streets, and in at least one case the slow street was clearly embraced by the local community and used as planners intended; in others the slow street was no different than neighboring streets. The study draws on these findings to identify local conditions that seem likely to make slow treet treatments more or less successful. However, acknowledging that all neighborhoods deserve safer streets and greater outdoor recreational opportunities, the authors argue that better community outreach must be implemented to ensure areas not predisposed to make full use of slow streets can have the opportunity to do so. The study also makes suggestions regarding the potential for rapid, low-cost bike and pedestrian street safety improvements going forward.

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