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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Stress (Physiology) »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 4 juin 2021

Mis à jour le 29 juillet 2024

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Stress (Physiology)"

1

Modaresi, Mehrdad, et Mansoureh Emadi. « The Effects of Rosemary Extract on Spermatogenesis and Sexual Hormones of Mice under Heat Stress ». Trends Journal of Sciences Research 3, n^o 2 (7 septembre 2018) : 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31586/physiology.0302.02.

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Dawson, Todd. « Physiology and Plant Stress ». Ecology 70, n^o 3 (juin 1989) : 793. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1940233.

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Levine, Samara, et Ozgul Muneyyirci-Delale. « Stress-Induced Hyperprolactinemia : Pathophysiology and Clinical Approach ». Obstetrics and Gynecology International 2018 (3 décembre 2018) : 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9253083.

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While prolactin is most well known for its role in lactation and suppression of reproduction, its physiological functions are quite diverse. There are many etiologies of hyperprolactinemia, including physiologic as well as pathologic causes. Physiologic causes include pregnancy, lactation, sleep-associated, nipple stimulation and sexual orgasm, chest wall stimulation, or trauma. Stress is also an important physiologic cause of hyperprolactinemia, and its clinical significance is still being explored. This review will provide an overview of prolactin physiology, the role of stress in prolactin secretion, as well as the general clinical approach to hyperprolactinemia.

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Zhou, Qi, Shuang Song, Xin Wang, Chao Yan, Chunmei Ma et Shoukun Dong. « Effects of drought stress on flowering soybean physiology under different soil conditions ». Plant, Soil and Environment 68, No. 10 (17 octobre 2022) : 487–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/237/2022-pse.

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Soybean is highly sensitive to drought stress during its flowering period. Heinong84 (HN84) and Hefeng46 (HF46) were planted in clay loam, silty loam, and sandy clay. We studied the effects of drought stress on the content of membrane lipid peroxides in flowering soybean leaves, the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and the activity of key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism under different soil conditions. Our results showed that soybean had clear physiological responses to drought stress. With increasing drought stress, the malondialdehyde, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase levels in soybean leaves increased continuously. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutamine synthase, and glutamate synthase levels increased with drought stress, reaching a maximum under moderate drought stress and then decreased; nitrate reductase activity decreased continuously. Under the condition of sufficient water, the performance of soybean in the three soils is almost the same, but there are differences under drought stress; particularly, soybean grown in clay loam shows the strongest drought resistance. In summary, the physiological state of soybean is easily affected by drought stress, which varies greatly among different cultivars and in different soil types.

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West, D. W. « STRESS PHYSIOLOGY IN TREES - SALINITY ». Acta Horticulturae, n^o 175 (mars 1986) : 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.175.48.

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De Castro, James, Robert D. Hill, Claudio Stasolla et Ana Badea. « Waterlogging Stress Physiology in Barley ». Agronomy 12, n^o 4 (24 mars 2022) : 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040780.

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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is the most susceptible cereal species to excess moisture stress. Waterlogging-induced hypoxia causes major morphological, physiological, and metabolic changes, some of which are regulated by the action of plant growth regulators and signal molecules including nitric oxide. Recent studies have evidenced the participation of phytoglobins in attenuating hypoxic stress during conditions of excessive moisture through their ability to scavenge nitric oxide and influence the synthesis and response of growth regulators. This review will highlight major cellular changes linked to plant responses to waterlogging stress with emphasis on phytoglobins.

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Lefcourt, Herbert M. « Understanding the Physiology of Stress ». Contemporary Psychology : A Journal of Reviews 40, n^o 1 (janvier 1995) : 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/003323.

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Dakora, F. D., et J. Van Staden. « Foreword Special Issue Stress Physiology ». South African Journal of Botany 70, n^o 5 (décembre 2004) : v. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30186-1.

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Chin, G. J. « PHYSIOLOGY : More Stress, Less Inflammation ». Science 288, n^o 5468 (12 mai 2000) : 931c—931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.288.5468.931c.

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Ranawat, Preeti, et Seema Rawat. « Stress response physiology of thermophiles ». Archives of Microbiology 199, n^o 3 (17 janvier 2017) : 391–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00203-016-1331-4.

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Thèses sur le sujet "Stress (Physiology)"

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Ashcroft, Felicity Jayne. « The physiology of Reg ». Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288281.

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Newman, Amy Elida Margaret. « Neurosteroids and stress physiology in adult songbirds ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7532.

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Stress increases adrenal glucocorticoid secretion, and chronic elevation of glucocorticoids can have detrimental effects on the brain. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an androgen precursor synthesized in the adrenal glands, gonads or the brain and has anti-glucocorticoid properties. However, little is known about the role of DHEA in the stress response, particularly in the brain. In Chapter 2, I validated a solid phase extraction technique for extracting steroids from lipid-rich brain tissue and plasma of songbirds. In Chapter 3, I demonstrated that acute stress had statistically significant effects on plasma corticosterone and DHEA in wild adult male song sparrows that were season and vein specific. For corticosterone, acute stress increased jugular levels more than brachial levels during the molt. For DHEA, acute stress did not affect brachial DHEA but decreased jugular DHEA during the breeding season and increased jugular DHEA during the molt. These results suggest that corticosterone and DHEA are locally synthesized in the brain during molt. In Chapter 4, I measured the effects of acute stress and season on corticosterone and DHEA in brain tissue and jugular plasma. Compared to jugular plasma, corticosterone levels were up to 10Ã lower in brain, whereas DHEA levels were up to 5Ã higher in brain and were highest in the hippocampus. Acute stress increased corticosterone levels in jugular plasma and brain, except during molt, when stress decreased corticosterone levels in the hippocampus. In Chapter 5, I tested the effects of corticosterone and DHEA treatments on the brain. Corticosterone and DHEA had additive effects on the volume, neuron number and recruitment of new cells into HVC. Elsewhere in the brain, DHEA increased BrdU+ cells only in the absence of corticosterone suggesting that corticosterone can interfere with the action of DHEA. Together, these studies demonstrate that acute stress and season have distinct effects on corticosterone and DHEA in plasma and brain. Furthermore, I demonstrate that corticosterone and DHEA can have additive effects on cell survival and recruitment in the adult brain and that, in some cases, corticosterone can inhibit the actions of DHEA in the brain.

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Ericson, Elke. « High-resolution phenomics to decode : yeast stress physiology / ». Göteborg : Göteborg University, Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, 2006. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0707/2006436807.html.

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Michaud, Michael Robert. « Molecular physiology of insect low temperature stress responses ». Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1172184329.

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Johnson, Philip Lee. « The dorsomedial hypothalamus : stress-related physiology and behaviour ». Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421100.

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Michaud, Michael R. « Molecular physiology of insect low temperature stress responses ». The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1172184329.

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Oliver, Georgina. « Stress and food choice ». Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299341.

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O'Neill, Mark. « Cardiovascular regulation under physiological stress ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294358.

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Peyton, Justin Tyler. « Genomic Platforms and Molecular Physiology of Insect Stress Tolerance ». The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1440175145.

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He, Ying 1972 Apr 20. « Impacts of metabolic stress-induced malnutrition and oxidative stress on biochemical changes in the slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles of rats ». Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33774.

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To assess the changes in glycolysis of skeletal muscles within metabolic stress and to test whether metabolic stress-induced oxidative stress and malnutrition were associated with these changes, slow- (soleus) and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were studied in zymosan-induced critically ill, pair-fed and control rats for 7 days. Thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) concentrations were increased in both stressed and pair-fed rats. In slow-twitch muscle, the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F-1,6-P2)/fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P) ratio was decreased in stressed rats and was not altered with increased food intake. F-1,6-P2/F-6-P ratio in soleus was correlated with both TBARS and muscle dry weight. In EDL, the F-1,6-P2/F-6-P was unaffected and neither oxidative stress nor muscle weight correlated with the ratio. In conclusion, metabolic stress-induced oxidative stress and malnutrition influenced glycolytic slowdown only in slow-twitch muscle.

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Livres sur le sujet "Stress (Physiology)"

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Shabala, S., dir. Plant stress physiology. Wallingford : CABI, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781845939953.0000.

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Shabala, S., dir. Plant stress physiology. Wallingford : CABI, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781780647296.0000.

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Shabala, S. Plant stress physiology. Sous la direction de C. A. B. International. Cambridge, MA : CABI, 2012.

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Aftab, Tariq, et Khalid Rehman Hakeem. Plant Abiotic Stress Physiology. Boca Raton : Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003180562.

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Aftab, Tariq, et Rehman Hakeem. Plant Abiotic Stress Physiology. Boca Raton : Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003180579.

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K, Yousef Mohamed, dir. Stress physiology in livestock. Boca Raton, Fla : CRC Press, 1985.

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M, Balm Paul H., dir. Stress physiology in animals. Sheffield, England : Sheffield Academic, 1999.

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Endrőczi, Elemér. Stress and adaptation. Budapest : Akadémiai Kiadó, 1991.

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9

Dai, Wenhao. Stress Physiology of Woody Plants. Sous la direction de Wenhao Dai. Boca Raton, Florida : CRC Press, 2019. : CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429190476.

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Gupta, Dharmendra K., et José Manuel Palma, dir. Plant Growth and Stress Physiology. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78420-1.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Stress (Physiology)"

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Mondal, Tapan Kumar. « Stress Physiology ». Dans Breeding and Biotechnology of Tea and its Wild Species, 125–47. New Delhi : Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1704-6_7.

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Mohr, Hans, et Peter Schopfer. « Physiology of Stress Resistance ». Dans Plant Physiology, 539–66. Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-97570-7_32.

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Basuchaudhuri, P. « Abiotic Stress ». Dans Physiology of Soybean Plant, 333–64. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2020] : CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003089124-12.

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Temple, Patrick J., et David A. Grantz. « Air Pollution Stress ». Dans Physiology of Cotton, 162–73. Dordrecht : Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3195-2_15.

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Lakshmanan, Prakash, et Nicole Robinson. « Stress Physiology : Abiotic Stresses ». Dans Sugarcane : Physiology, Biochemistry, and Functional Biology, 411–34. Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118771280.ch16.

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Cool, Joséphine, et Dana Zappetti. « The Physiology of Stress ». Dans Medical Student Well-Being, 1–15. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16558-1_1.

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Karkori, Fidaa. « Physiology of Heat Stress ». Dans Synthesis Lectures on Ocean Systems Engineering, 249–71. Cham : Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51667-2_20.

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Citro, Rodolfo, et Eugenio Picano. « Stress Echocardiography in Athletes and Extreme Physiology ». Dans Stress Echocardiography, 597–608. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31062-1_38.

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Bhatla, Satish C. « Abiotic Stress ». Dans Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism, 969–1028. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2023-1_31.

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A. Lal, Manju, Renu Kathpalia, Rama Sisodia et Rashmi Shakya. « Biotic Stress ». Dans Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism, 1029–95. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2023-1_32.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Stress (Physiology)"

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Zhang, Qiong, Chen Zhao et Chang Wang. « Physiology parameter analysis of the physiology load of drivers under stress ». Dans Sixth International Conference on Electromechanical Control Technology and Transportation (ICECTT 2021), sous la direction de Qingsehng Zeng. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2623988.

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Rinehart, Joseph P. « Applying stress physiology to a pollinator crisis ». Dans 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94961.

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Sukirno, Herlia Elvita, Mohammad Zulkarnain et Rostika Flora. « Correlation Between Oxidative Stress Level with Plasma Beta Endorphin Level of Male Laboratory Rats Given Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise ». Dans Surabaya International Physiology Seminar. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007337402710276.

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Ponomareva, A. A., S. A. Dmitrieva et F. V. Minibaeva. « Endoplasmic reticulum : stress from stress ». Dans IX Congress of society physiologists of plants of Russia "Plant physiology is the basis for creating plants of the future". Kazan University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/978-5-00130-204-9-2019-361.

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Rachmawati, Ermin, Muhammad Farid Wafi et Ira Resmi Melani. « Correlation Between Academic Stress, Sleep Quality, Circadian Misalignment, Cortisol Concentration and Heart Rate Value at the First Year Medical Student at the State Islamic University Maulana Malik Ibrahim of Malang ». Dans Surabaya International Physiology Seminar. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007333300840090.

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Tarafder, Panchali, Kaushik Sarka et Partha P. Nath. « Bisphenol A Induces Cardiac Risk By Producing Oxidative Stress Linked Ventricular Degeneration And Altering Lipid Metabolism ». Dans Annual International Conference on Advanced Research : Physiology. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2382-607x_arp14.33.

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Yan, Xiao Hong, Yuan Wang, Ya Lan Ding, Min Hu, Gui Mei Wang et Xiao Min Guo. « ATF6 activated endoplasmic reticulum stress involved in cardioprotection of hydrogen sulfide postconditioning against cardiac myocytes apoptosis by ischemia reperfusion in vivo ». Dans Annual International Conference on Advanced Research : Physiology. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2382-607x_arp14.16.

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Zhang, Ji, et Morton H. Friedman. « The Adaptive Response of Endothelial Transcription to Increased Shear Stress In Vitro ». Dans ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19318.

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Previous studies have shown a substantial effect of shear stress on endothelial phenotype and functions such as production of nitric oxide, secretion of growth factors, inflammatory responses, production of reactive oxygen species, permeability to macromolecules and cytoskeletal remodeling [1–3]. However, the dynamics of the endothelial adaptive response to changes in shear stress are largely unknown. The response of vascular endothelial cells to alterations in shear stress is an essential component of normal endothelial physiology, since local shear stress can be altered in vivo by the global hemodynamic changes that are caused by daily activities such as exercise, sleep, smoking and stress. The duration of these changes ranges from minutes to hours. When adapting to the altered shear stress, endothelial cells undergo a series of structural remodeling and morphological changes, and a transient alteration of endothelial phenotype will be induced. An understanding of the transient regulation of endothelial phenotype will not only improve our knowledge of normal endothelial physiology but also yield insights into mechanisms underlying atherogenesis.

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Rachev, Alexander, Zachary Dominguez et Raymond Vito. « Response of Porcine Carotid Arteries to Independent Control of Medial Tensile Stresses and Shear Stress ». Dans ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192884.

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Remodeling plays an important role in normal arterial physiology and in the genesis and progression of vascular pathologies. Arteries respond to changes in their global mechanical environment, characterized by blood flow rate, arterial pressure, and longitudinal stretch by changing geometry, structure and composition. Remodeling results from altered vascular cell activity caused by perturbed local stresses and strains and, in general, tends to restore the local mechanical parameters to their baseline values. To date, experimental investigations in vivo and in organ culture have focused on remodeling responses initiated by controlled sustained changes in one global mechanical parameter while keeping the others at baseline values.

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« Design and Validation of a Mental and Social Stress Induction Protocol - Towards Load-invariant Physiology-based Stress Detection ». Dans International Conference on Physiological Computing Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004724100980106.

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Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Stress (Physiology)"

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Nteeba, Jackson, Lance H. Baumgard, Jason W. Ross et Aileen F. Keating. Effects of Heat Stress on Ovarian Physiology in Growing Pigs. Ames (Iowa) : Iowa State University, janvier 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1386.

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Fait, Aaron, Grant Cramer et Avichai Perl. Towards improved grape nutrition and defense : The regulation of stilbene metabolism under drought. United States Department of Agriculture, mai 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594398.bard.

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The goals of the present research proposal were to elucidate the physiological and molecular basis of the regulation of stilbene metabolism in grape, against the background of (i) grape metabolic network behavior in response to drought and of (ii) varietal diversity. The specific objectives included the study of the physiology of the response of different grape cultivars to continuous WD; the characterization of the differences and commonalities of gene network topology associated with WD in berry skin across varieties; the study of the metabolic response of developing berries to continuous WD with specific attention to the stilbene compounds; the integration analysis of the omics data generated; the study of isolated drought-associated stress factors on the regulation of stilbene biosynthesis in plantaand in vitro. Background to the topic Grape quality has a complex relationship with water input. Regulated water deficit (WD) is known to improve wine grapes by reducing the vine growth (without affecting fruit yield) and boosting sugar content (Keller et al. 2008). On the other hand, irregular rainfall during the summer can lead to drought-associated damage of fruit developmental process and alter fruit metabolism (Downey et al., 2006; Tarara et al., 2008; Chalmers et al., 792). In areas undergoing desertification, WD is associated with high temperatures. This WD/high temperature synergism can limit the areas of grape cultivation and can damage yields and fruit quality. Grapes and wine are the major source of stilbenes in human nutrition, and multiple stilbene-derived compounds, including isomers, polymers and glycosylated forms, have also been characterized in grapes (Jeandet et al., 2002; Halls and Yu, 2008). Heterologous expression of stilbenesynthase (STS) in a variety of plants has led to an enhanced resistance to pathogens, but in others the association has not been proven (Kobayashi et al., 2000; Soleas et al., 1995). Tomato transgenic plants harboring a grape STS had increased levels of resveratrol, ascorbate, and glutathione at the expense of the anthocyanin pathways (Giovinazzo et al. 2005), further emphasizing the intermingled relation among secondary metabolic pathways. Stilbenes are are induced in green and fleshy parts of the berries by biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chong et al., 2009). As is the case for other classes of secondary metabolites, the biosynthesis of stilbenes is not very well understood, but it is known to be under tight spatial and temporal control, which limits the availability of these compounds from plant sources. Only very few studies have attempted to analyze the effects of different environmental components on stilbene accumulation (Jeandet et al., 1995; Martinez-Ortega et al., 2000). Targeted analyses have generally shown higher levels of resveratrol in the grape skin (induced), in seeded varieties, in varieties of wine grapes, and in dark-skinned varieties (Gatto et al., 2008; summarized by Bavaresco et al., 2009). Yet, the effect of the grape variety and the rootstock on stilbene metabolism has not yet been thoroughly investigated (Bavaresco et al., 2009). The study identified a link between vine hydraulic behavior and physiology of stress with the leaf metabolism, which the PIs believe can eventually lead to the modifications identified in the developing berries that interested the polyphenol metabolism and its regulation during development and under stress. Implications are discussed below.

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Clauw, Daniel J. Physiologic Effects of Stress in Gulf War Syndrome. Fort Belvoir, VA : Defense Technical Information Center, avril 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada407588.

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LaBonte, Don, Etan Pressman, Nurit Firon et Arthur Villordon. Molecular and Anatomical Characterization of Sweetpotato Storage Root Formation. United States Department of Agriculture, décembre 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592648.bard.

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Original objectives: Anatomical study of storage root initiation and formation. Induction of storage root formation. Isolation and characterization of genes involved in storage root formation. During the normal course of storage root development. Following stress-induced storage root formation. Background:Sweetpotato is a high value vegetable crop in Israel and the U.S. and acreage is expanding in both countries and the research herein represents an important backstop to improving quality, consistency, and yield. This research has two broad objectives, both relating to sweetpotato storage root formation. The first objective is to understand storage root inductive conditions and describe the anatomical and physiological stages of storage root development. Sweetpotato is propagated through vine cuttings. These vine cuttings form adventitious roots, from pre-formed primordiae, at each node underground and it is these small adventitious roots which serve as initials for storage and fibrous (non-storage) “feeder” roots. What perplexes producers is the tremendous variability in storage roots produced from plant to plant. The marketable root number may vary from none to five per plant. What has intrigued us is the dearth of research on sweetpotato during the early growth period which we hypothesize has a tremendous impact on ultimate consistency and yield. The second objective is to identify genes that change the root physiology towards either a fleshy storage root or a fibrous “feeder” root. Understanding which genes affect the ultimate outcome is central to our research. Major conclusions: For objective one, we have determined that the majority of adventitious roots that are initiated within 5-7 days after transplanting possess the anatomical features associated with storage root initiation and account for 86 % of storage root count at 65 days after transplanting. These data underscore the importance of optimizing the growing environment during the critical storage root initiation period. Water deprivation during this phenological stage led to substantial reduction in storage root number and yield as determined through growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. Morphological characterization of adventitious roots showed adjustments in root system architecture, expressed as lateral root count and density, in response to water deprivation. For objective two, we generated a transcriptome of storage and lignified (non-storage) adventitious roots. This transcriptome database consists of 55,296 contigs and contains data as regards to differential expression between initiating and lignified adventitious roots. The molecular data provide evidence that a key regulatory mechanism in storage root initiation involves the switch between lignin biosynthesis and cell division and starch accumulation. We extended this research to identify genes upregulated in adventitious roots under drought stress. A subset of these genes was expressed in salt stressed plants.

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Lers, Amnon, Majid R. Foolad et Haya Friedman. genetic basis for postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600014.bard.

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ABSTRACT Postharvest losses of fresh produce are estimated globally to be around 30%. Reducing these losses is considered a major solution to ensure global food security. Storage at low temperatures is an efficient practice to prolong postharvest performance of crops with minimal negative impact on produce quality or human health and the environment. However, many fresh produce commodities are susceptible to chilling temperatures, and the application of cold storage is limited as it would cause physiological chilling injury (CI) leading to reduced produce quality. Further, the primary CI becomes a preferred site for pathogens leading to decay and massive produce losses. Thus, chilling sensitive crops should be stored at higher minimal temperatures, which curtails their marketing life and in some cases necessitates the use of other storage strategies. Development of new knowledge about the biological basis for chilling tolerance in fruits and vegetables should allow development of both new varieties more tolerant to cold, and more efficient postharvest storage treatments and storage conditions. In order to improve the agricultural performance of modern crop varieties, including tomato, there is great potential in introgression of marker-defined genomic regions from wild species onto the background of elite breeding lines. To exploit this potential for improving tomato fruit chilling tolerance during postharvest storage, we have used in this research a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between the red-fruited tomato wild species SolanumpimpinellifoliumL. accession LA2093 and an advanced Solanum lycopersicumL. tomato breeding line NCEBR-1, developed in the laboratory of the US co-PI. The original specific objectives were: 1) Screening of RIL population resulting from the cross NCEBR1 X LA2093 for fruit chilling response during postharvest storage and estimation of its heritability; 2) Perform a transcriptopmic and bioinformatics analysis for the two parental lines following exposure to chilling storage. During the course of the project, we learned that we could measure greater differences in chilling responses among specific RILs compared to that observed between the two parental lines, and thus we decided not to perform transcriptomic analysis and instead invest our efforts more on characterization of the RILs. Performing the transcriptomic analysis for several RILs, which significantly differ in their chilling tolerance/sensitivity, at a later stage could result with more significant insights. The RIL population, (172 lines), was used in field experiment in which fruits were examined for chilling sensitivity by determining CI severity. Following the field experiments, including 4 harvest days and CI measurements, two extreme tails of the response distribution, each consisting of 11 RILs exhibiting either high sensitivity or tolerance to chilling stress, were identified and were further examined for chilling response in greenhouse experiments. Across the RILs, we found significant (P < 0.01) correlation between field and greenhouse grown plants in fruit CI. Two groups of 5 RILs, whose fruits exhibited reproducible chilling tolerant/sensitive phenotypes in both field and greenhouse experiments, were selected for further analyses. Numerous genetic, physiological, biochemical and molecular variations were investigated in response to postharvest chilling stress in the selected RILs. We confirmed the differential response of the parental lines of the RIL population to chilling stress, and examined the extent of variation in the RIL population in response to chilling treatment. We determined parameters which would be useful for further characterization of chilling response in the RIL population. These included chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm, water loss, total non-enzymatic potential of antioxidant activity, ascorbate and proline content, and expression of LeCBF1 gene, known to be associated with cold acclimation. These parameters could be used in continuation studies for the identification and genetic mapping of loci contributing to chilling tolerance in this population, and identifying genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance in tomato. Once genetic markers associated with chilling tolerance are identified, the trait could be transferred to different genetic background via marker-assisted selection (MAS) and breeding. The collaborative research established in this program has resulted in new information and insights in this area of research and the collaboration will be continued to obtain further insights into the genetic, molecular biology and physiology of postharvest chilling tolerance in tomato fruit. The US Co-PI, developed the RIL population that was used for screening and measurement of the relevant chilling stress responses and conducted statistical analyses of the data. Because we were not able to grow the RIL population under field conditions in two successive generations, we could not estimate heritability of response to chilling temperatures. However, we plan to continue the research, grow the RIL progeny in the field again, and determine heritability of chilling tolerance in a near future. The IS and US investigators interacted regularly and plan to continue and expand on this study, since combing the expertise of the Co-PI in genetics and breeding with that of the PI in postharvest physiology and molecular biology will have great impact on this line of research, given the significant findings of this one-year feasibility project.

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Granot, David, et Noel Michelle Holbrook. Role of Fructokinases in the Development and Function of the Vascular System. United States Department of Agriculture, janvier 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592125.bard.

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Plant vascular tissues are superhighways whose development and function have profound implications for productivity, yield and stress response. Preliminary studies by the PI indicated that sugar metabolism mediated by fructokinases (FRKs) has a pronounced effect on the transport properties of the xylem. The goal of this research was to determine how the main fructokinase gene, FRK2, and the only plastidic fructokinase, FRK3, influence vascular development and physiology, emphasizing processes that occur at both the cellular and organismic level. We found that both genes are expressed in vascular tissues, but FRK3 is expressed primarily in vascular tissues of mature petioles. Vascular anatomy of plants with antisense suppression of FRK2 uncovered that FRK2 is necessary for xylem and phloem development, most likely due to its role in vascular cell-wall synthesis, and affects vascular development all over the plant. As a result, suppression of FRK2 reduced hydraulic conductivity of roots, stem and leaves and restricted sugar phloem transport. Vascular anatomy of plants with RNAi suppression of FRK3 uncovered that FRK3 is required for vascular development in mature petiole but its role is partially complemented by FRK2. Suppression of FRK3 combined with partial suppression of FRK2 had effects completely different from that of FRK2 suppression, resulting in wilting of mature leaves rather than young leaves of FRK2 suppressed plants, and decreased export of photoassimilates. This primary effect of FRK2 suppression on mature petioles had a secondary effect, reducing the hydraulic conductivity in roots and stem. The very fact that a plastidic fructokinase plays a role in vascular development is quite surprising and we are still seeking to uncover its metabolic mode-of-action. Yet, it is clear that these two fructokinases have different roles in the coordination between photosynthetic capacity and vascular development. We have started analyzing the role of the last third FRK, FRK1, and discovered that it is also expressed exclusively in vascular tissues. It appears therefore, that all FRKs studied here are involved in vascular development. An interesting unexpected outcome of this study was the connection of FRK2 with hormonal regulation of vascular development, most likely auxin. This observation together with the yet to be solved questions on the exact roles of FRK3 are the subjects of our current efforts.

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Lamont, Susan J., Michael G. Kaiser, Max F. Rothschild, Michael E. Persia, Chris Ashwell et Carl Schmidt. Breed Differences in Physiologic Response to Embryonic Thermal Conditioning and Post-hatch Heat Stress in Chickens. Ames (Iowa) : Iowa State University, janvier 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1316.

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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion et Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, octobre 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.

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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.

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Ron, Eliora, et Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, mars 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.

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The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.

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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman et Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, avril 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.

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