Thèses sur le sujet « Stone protection »
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1
Graziani, Gabriela <1986>. « New Phosphate-Based Treatments for Carbonate Stone Consolidation and Protection ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7560/4/Graziani__PhD_thesis.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Carbonate stones on site undergo severe weathering processes, that make consolidation and protection necessary. However, currently available consolidants and protectives are far from being satisfactory when applied to this kind of materials. For this reason, in this thesis an innovative hydroxyapatite-based treatment was developed for limestone consolidation, marble consolidation and marble protection.
Firstly, a new treatment protocol was set up for limestone and marble consolidation: solution precursor, concentration and pH, application method and possible additions were investigated to improve the treatment performance. Then, efficacy, compatibility and durability of the treatment were evaluated on these two lithotypes, in comparison with the products currently used for the same aim (ethyl silicate and ammonium oxalate). For marble, the treatment protocol developed in laboratory was also tested on a real historic artefact and on site.
Moreover, a surface treatment for protecting marble against acidic rain was formulated, investigating how different parameters (starting solution pH and concentration, organic and inorganic additions) affect the morphology, composition and acid resistance of the treated surface.
Excellent results were achieved: hydroxyapatite resulted an effective, compatible and durable consolidant for carbonate stone. Moreover, ethanol addition allowed to obtain a uniform, acid resistant protective hydroxyapatite layer on marble.
2
Graziani, Gabriela <1986>. « New Phosphate-Based Treatments for Carbonate Stone Consolidation and Protection ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7560/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Carbonate stones on site undergo severe weathering processes, that make consolidation and protection necessary. However, currently available consolidants and protectives are far from being satisfactory when applied to this kind of materials. For this reason, in this thesis an innovative hydroxyapatite-based treatment was developed for limestone consolidation, marble consolidation and marble protection.
Firstly, a new treatment protocol was set up for limestone and marble consolidation: solution precursor, concentration and pH, application method and possible additions were investigated to improve the treatment performance. Then, efficacy, compatibility and durability of the treatment were evaluated on these two lithotypes, in comparison with the products currently used for the same aim (ethyl silicate and ammonium oxalate). For marble, the treatment protocol developed in laboratory was also tested on a real historic artefact and on site.
Moreover, a surface treatment for protecting marble against acidic rain was formulated, investigating how different parameters (starting solution pH and concentration, organic and inorganic additions) affect the morphology, composition and acid resistance of the treated surface.
Excellent results were achieved: hydroxyapatite resulted an effective, compatible and durable consolidant for carbonate stone. Moreover, ethanol addition allowed to obtain a uniform, acid resistant protective hydroxyapatite layer on marble.
3
Andreotti, Serena <1988>. « Biopolymers-based treatments for the protection of stone in the cultural heritage ». Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9005/1/Andreotti_Serena_tesi.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The guiding thread of the research is testing biopolymers-based treatments for the protection of stone in cultural heritage against water and salt crystallization. The idea developed is that the reversibility requirement can be fulfilled by bio-polymeric treatments, owing to a “reversibility by biodegradation” once their efficacy has finished.
The first part aimed at investigating the performance of two poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s-based (PHAs-based) formulations, namely solutions of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-4-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBVV), as hydrophobic coating. These formulations were applied to sandstone, limestone and marble, in order to investigate their behaviour on different substrates. Their effectiveness and compatibility were evaluated and the samples wettability after application of biopolymers and of two commercial products was compared. Promising results in terms of efficacy and compatibility were obtained, although the present PHAs-based formulations still need improvement to increase their durability and on-site applicability.
Among the strategies proposed to mitigate the damage caused by salt crystallization, the modification of the surface of the pore wall, by means of a polymer coating able to minimize the repulsive disjoining force normally acting between the stone and the crystallizing salt, is particularly promising. Thus, some polyectrolyte biopolymers (alginic acid sodium salt, chitosan and tannic acid) were selected and compared with a polymer (polyacrylic acid sodium salt) for preliminary screening tests, designed and performed in order to assess whether the selected polymers fulfil some basic requirements such as good adsorption onto the stone substrate, film-forming ability, affinity and interaction with sodium sulfate. Moreover, in order to reduce calcite dissolution in water that may trigger the effect of the polymer coating, a diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) water-based treatment was applied as coupling layer on carbonate substrates. Then, the effectiveness of the coatings was evaluated by two macroscale crystallization tests on limestone with promising results especially for chitosan and alginic acid coupled with DAP.
4
Villiunaite, Ilona. « Polymeric dispersions for the protection of limestone : application on noto and comiso stone ». Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20853.
Texte intégralRésumé :
ABSTRACT:
Architectural heritage made of limestone faces a lot of threats due to the presence of water intrusions from various sources. This problem encouraged the development of hydrophobic polymeric dispersions for the protection of stone objects. In the following study, Noto and Comiso stone samples were selected and treated with three commercial protective polymeric dispersions of different chemical composition. Untreated samples were characterized by optical microscopy, porosimetry, XRD and XRF. An extensive characterization of the treated samples was performed in order to evaluate the changes in the stone properties upon treatment with the dispersions. According to UNI EN recommendations, several tests were performed in order to evaluate developed hydrophobic effects and chromatic changes. SEM-EDX was used to study the elemental composition of the surface and to observe changes in its morphology. Reflection FT-IR spectroscopy and ss-NMR gave insight about the polymer-substrate interactions.
From liquid water absorption measurement, on both Noto and Comiso stone, it was observed that Fluoline HY and Wacker 290 significantly reduced samples’ ability to absorb liquid water, while Silo 111 did not show any significant impact. Reduction of water vapour permeability was observed in all cases, except on Comiso stone samples treated with the minimum amount of Wacker 290, which seems to have had the best performance in avoiding complete pore clogging. Fluoline HY, when the minimum amount was applied, gives also a low pores’ filling while Silo 111 seems to obstruct to some extent the accessible porosity. SEM-EDX analysis confirmed the presence of polymer on the stone surface in all cases.
5
Webber, Dawn. « Urinary prothrombin fragment 1 : a potential role-player in the protection of South African blacks from calcium oxalate kidney stone disease ». Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19148.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The incidence of kidney stones amongst South Africa's black population is rare. This is in contrast to the white population, whose stone rate is similar to that in Western society. Urine composition alone does not account for these differences. This thesis presents a study of the inhibitory role of the protein, urinary prothrombin fragment 1 (UPTFI ), and its biochemical characterisation in both population groups. In a preliminary study, the urine composition and inhibitory activity of urine and urinary macromolecules from healthy white and black subjects was compared using a spectrophotometric sedimentation assay, zeta potential measurements and particle size analysis. Results suggested greater inhibition by urinary macromolecules in the black group. UPTFI was isolated from calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals and purified by reverse phase (RP)-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from the urine of healthy white (WFl) and black (BFl) subjects. The identity of the purified proteins was confirmed by Western blotting, N-terminal protein sequencing, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS), amino acid analysis and 2D sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE); these analyses did not indicate differences in the protein backbone from the two groups. However, alkaline amino acid analysis showed the presence of more y-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues in BFI. The N-and 0-linked glycans were released by enzymatic and chemical reactions, respectively, and sequenced using exoglycosidase digestions in tandem with RP and weak anion exchange HPLC, as well as MS. These analyses demonstrated a high proportion of sialylated glycans on UPTFl and a greater number of sialic acid residues on BFI. Molecular modeling located the glycans on the protein's kringle domain and identified a potential mode by which crystallisation could be inhibited.
6
Concha, Lozano Nicolas. « Compatibilité et durabilité des pierres de substitutions dans les monuments. Aspects physicochimiques et visuels ». Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739689.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La conservation des monuments implique fréquemment une étape de substitution des parties dégradées par des pierres de tailles neuves. Cependant, la pierre d'origine est souvent indisponible, ce qui soulève la question du choix d'une pierre de remplacement compatible. La question de la compatibilité de la pierre est abordée à travers une démarche transversale considérant à la fois des critères physicochimiques et des critères d'aspect visuels. Les objectifs principaux ont été d'une part l'identification les mécanismes d'altération les plus impactants en termes de changement de couleur et d'autre part, la prise en compte du contexte visuel sur la compatibilité esthétique des matériaux de remplacement. L'étude porte sur un calcaire oolitique échantillonnée en carrière et sur des monuments bâtis à différentes époques. Il résulte que les lichens endolithiques ont un effet déterminant sur la durabilité et l'aspect à long terme de la pierre via un mécanisme protecteur d'imperméabilisation de la surface. Concernant l'aspect visuel, une méthode est proposée pour mesurer la gamme de couleur acceptable dans un monument à l'aide d'un test psychovisuel. Pour cela, une chaine de traitement d'image depuis l'acquisition jusqu'à l'affichage a été mise au point pour simuler des remplacements virtuels à partir d'images colorimetriquement calibrées. A partir d'un panel d'observateurs, un protocole de test a été conçu pour identifier la gamme de couleur indiscernable au sein d'une façade de monument. La discussion s'appuie sur des résultats préliminaires concernant la muraille de la cité médiévale d'Aigues-Mortes.
7
Trad, Ayman. « Analyse du comportement et modélisation de structures souples de protection : le cas des écrans de filets pare-pierres sous sollicitations statique et dynamique ». Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690546.
Texte intégralRésumé :
En région montagneuse, les infrastructures et les voies de communications sont soumises à de nombreux risques naturels dont les phénomènes d'origine gravitaire. Au-delà du danger pour les usagers, les conséquences des interruptions du trafic deviennent problématiques d'un point de vue économique et il devient indispensable de sécuriser les itinéraires. La mise en place d'écrans de filets pare-pierres est une des solutions possibles pour la protection contre les éboulements rocheux. Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des écrans souples ou filets métalliques de protection contre les chutes de blocs et plus précisément sur l'écran développé par l'entreprise GTS. Le filet constitutif de ces écrans se différencie par rapport aux systèmes conventionnels par un comportement orthotrope, dû à un maillage spécifique. Dans cette étude nous caractérisons le comportement de ces écrans de filets sous des chargements statiques et dynamiques de type impact par une approche couplant l'expérimentation et la modélisation numérique. L'étude procède pas à pas, les divers constituants sont évalués de façon quasi-statique, en laboratoire, et également in-situ pour reproduire les conditions réelles d'utilisation, en particulier l'aspect dynamique. Une attention particulière concernant les dissipateurs d'énergie, qui représentent l'élément centrale de ce type de structure, nous a permis de mettre au point un élément fusible robuste et fiable. Une campagne d'essais en grandeur réel sur les écrans de filets étudiés a permis de valider deux classes énergétiques (3000 kJ et 5000 kJ) selon les recommandations européennes. Les données recueillis lors des expérimentations ont permis de calibrer et valider différentes modélisations numériques de type éléments finis et éléments discrets. La pertinence de la modélisation a été évaluée au niveau des différentes échelles étudiées, échelle d'une maille, échelle d'une nappe, échelle du dissipateur d'énergie et échelle de la structure entière. Les performances et les limites des deux approches, MEF (méthode des éléments finis) et MED (méthodes des éléments discrets) ont été évaluées pour ce qui est de nos modélisations.
8
Nocito, Christophe. « Développement d’un textile intégrant des cellules photovoltaïques pour application de protection solaire store enroulable ». Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10195/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Le développement de matériaux permettant la fabrication de bâtiments à « énergie positive » est une préoccupation importante. Les solutions existantes consistent soit à économiser de l’énergie, soit à la produire. Nous proposons de développer un store photovoltaïque rassemblant ainsi les deux fonctions : diminuer la consommation d’énergie en apportant une régulation thermique et la production de l’énergie électrique.Le produit ainsi conçu, peut aussi être utilisé dans des domaines autonomes (camping-cars, bateaux) afin de favoriser une utilisation nomade ou des domaines connectés au réseau électrique (résidentiels). Le développement d’une telle application nécessite l’utilisation de panneaux photovoltaïques souples, légers, fins, dont les rendements de production surfaciques sont les meilleurs possibles. La possibilité de rangement du panneau photovoltaïque autour d’un tube cylindrique permet d’améliorer leur intégration architecturale et un encombrement minimum.A cette fin, il est utile d’intégrer des capteurs photovoltaïques au textile. L’intégration des cellules photovoltaïques est réalisée par un procédé de lamination continu différent des procédés conventionnels.Afin de s’assurer de la faisabilité d’un tel produit, des prototypes ont été réalisés pour connaître les difficultés rencontrées lors des étapes successives de montage. De plus, ceux-ci ont permis d’effectuer des mesures dans des conditions réelles et comparer ainsi la solution développée aux solutions existantesDeveloping new materials to make positive energy buildings is an important issue. Solutions currently in existence are either energy saving or energy production. We are proposing a photovoltaic awning which has both functions: decreasing the energy consumption and producing the electricity.This new product can be used as an off-grid system (RV-awning, marine) for nomad use or as an on-grid systems (residential). Such application development needs the photovoltaic technology thin, light, flexible and as efficient as possible. The storage space around the cylindrical roll allows improving the architectural integration and minimal size.In order to realize this novel product, the bonding of photovoltaic cells to the textile structure (lamination) is necessary. This part of the project has been realized with a new roll-to-roll process different from the conventional one.Prototypes have been made in order to acquire knowledge and experience related to difficulties that may occur at the next step of the realization. Moreover, various tests have been done to compare other technologies to the photovoltaic awning
9
Carsky, Mary L. « Consumer satisfaction with food marketing services : the effects of in-store information and education programs ». Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54231.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purposes of this study were to identify the relationship between the provision of consumer information programs and satisfaction with food marketing services and to assess the benefits of a program as they affect both consumer satisfaction and retail food store profits.
A conceptual model which proposed a positive relationship between the provision of a consumer information program and increased product purchasing, increased satisfaction with the product, and increased satisfaction with the foodstore was developed for the study. The model was operationalized through the use of three indicators to measure each of the four constructs.
A field test of the model was conducted at a warehouse foodstore in central Connecticut where an in-store information program had been implemented one year prior to this study. The program, which focused on meats, provided three modes of presentation. Response to the program was measured by interviewing 277 shoppers during October and November, 1984. Respondents were asked about their use of the information presented, attitude toward the program, and perception of its usefulness.
The data collection instrument developed for this study was a two part questionnaire. The first part was self administered. Respondents were dueried on satisfaction with the meat department and with the store. Twenty-one attitude, interest, opinion items related to food shopping and meal preparation were included in this section. The second part was an interview questionnaire which was utilized to ‘ obtain information on shoppers response to the information program, shopping habits, and demographic characteristics.
The sample was found to be representative of warehouse foodstore shoppers. The average household size was four persons, and the average food budget was $100.00 per week. Twenty-nine percent spent less than 50% of their meat budget at the store, but only 11% purchased less than 50% of their groceries (excluding meat) at this store.
Shoppers who responded positively toward the information program purchased more meat, and were more satisfied with the meat department and with the store. The conceptual model was able to explain positive response as measured by use, attitude, and perception of usefulness of the program in terms of these outcomes. The model was unable to explain negative response to the program.
Further analyses of the data resulted in the addition of two antecedent variables to the model. Those who were not predisposed to information seeking and had never enrolled in a consumer education course were likely to be nonusers of the information program.Ph. D.
10
Fiskin, Gokce. « A Case Study On The Stability Of Berm Type Coastal Defense Structures ». Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605604/index.pdf.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Coastal defense structures have primary importance from obtainabilty of resources and benefits served by the coastal regions point of view. However, the construction of coastal defense structures demand a high amount of investment. Therefore, in order to reduce the risk of collapse of these structures, model studies should be carried during the design process.
In this study, model investigations were carried out on Eastern Black Sea Highway Project regarding the serviceability and damage thus stability parameters. 5 different models were constructed as berm type rubble-mound breakwaters using Van Der Meer&rsquos approach and berm design guidelines, with a scale of 1/31.08 and they were tested both for breaking and non-breaking waves. The experiments took place in the Coastal and Harbor Engineering Laboratory of the Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department. The models were constructed and tested with different berm widths and armor stone sizes forming the back armor layer in order to examine the effect of these design parameters on the stability and serviceability of the coastal defense structure to obtain the optimum alternative cross-section. Cumulative damage was minimum for the cross-section constructed with berm width 15 m assigning the width of the prototype. Water spray and run-up values were also not significant. The test results were confirming with Van Der Meer design approach.
11
López, Padierna Mauricio. « Distribution and Condition of Stony Corals in The Veracruz Reef System National Park : A Management Perspective ». NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/447.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Veracruz Reef System (VRS) is located in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. It is comprised of 28 coral reefs in various stages of development and conservation. They are protected under the Parque Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano National Park created in 1992. There are many threats to the reefs of the VRS, including the Port and city of Veracruz, which hosts half a million inhabitants and Mexico’s oldest active port. The inhabitants of Veracruz have used reef resources for thousands of years, as evidenced in archaeological sites on Sacrificios island, and constructions throughout the city, most notably in the San Juan de Ulúa Fort which was built entirely of coral skeletons. Despite the usage and protection given under the National Park, there is relatively little known about the health and condition of the stony corals in the System. There has only been one large scale study of 21 reefs conducted in the VRS in the late 1980’s. Since then, the National Park was created and 28 reefs are now recognized. This study performed point-intercept transects on 24 of these reefs including five reefs added to the official list in 2012. Point-intercept transects were surveyed at 63 sites between 2007 and 2014. Percent cover was calculated for seven functional groups. Additionally, demographic data of a subset of individual stony coral colonies were assessed on each transect. The functional group with the greatest cover in the VRS was crustose coralline algae (mean ± S.E.: 28.9% ± 1.97), stony corals had the second highest cover (21.5% ± 1.24). The Jamapa river divides the VRS into two groups the Veracruz group to the North and the Anton Lizardo group to the south of the river mouth. The Veracruz group had lower crustose coralline algae cover (28.1% ± 2.71) and coral cover (17.8% ± 1.55) than the Anton Lizardo group (29.6% ± 2.87 CCA and 25.3% ± 1.86 coral cover). The highest average coral cover on a reef was recorded at Ahogado Chico (45.5% ± 5.58), and the highest cover recorded on a single transect was 70% at Santiaguillo reef. The lowest coral cover was recorded at the fringing reefs on the north of the VRS, Punta Gorda and Punta Brava which had less than 1% coral cover. Coral colonies averaged 69.1 cm ± 3.10 in length at the VRS, 56.8 cm ± 2.98 in the Veracruz group and 81.7 cm ± 5.11 in the Antón Lizardo group. Old partial mortality was 25% ± 1.05 overall and similar between groups, recent partial mortality was 1.2% ± 0.21 and 1% at both groups. Disease prevalence was 3.9% for the VRS, 2.9% ± 0.88 in the Veracruz group and 4.9% ± 1.11 in the Antón Lizardo group. Overall, these reefs are faring slightly better than other reefs in the Caribbean having higher coral cover and larger colonies. However, the great variability in the health and condition of these reefs demands added attention and clear management goals to ensure their persistence in the face of ever growing threats. It is important to decrease the sources of stress, such as construction and poor waste water management in the area, better regulate fishing and approach a watershed wide management plan which takes into account upstream effects from the rivers that discharge into the Veracruz Reef System.
12
Sanoamuang, Niwat. « Epidemiological aspects of MBC resistance in Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey and mechanisms of resistance ». Lincoln University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1362.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Isolates of Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey obtained from stone fruit orchards in Hawkes Bay, North Island and from Californian fruit exported to New Zealand, were tested for resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC). Resistant isolates from the North Island had EC₅₀ values of >30,000, and most isolates from the imported fruit had of values approximately 1.5 mg a.i./l carbendazim. Sensitive isolates failed to grow on 1 mg a.i./l carbendazim. A detached peach shoot system was used in controlled conditions for estimation of values for incubation period, latent period and rate of spore production on flowers (cv Glohaven). The same variables and the rate of colonisation of host tissue were measured on fruit (cv Fantasia) in controlled conditions. An inoculum density of 1x10⁴ spore/flower or fruit greatly increased fitness in vivo compared to an inoculum density of 1x10² spore/flower (fruit). Isolates varied considerably, but there was no consistent relationship between the degrees of resistance and fitness. This was in contrast to earlier studies with dicarboximide resistant strains of M. fructicola. The survival in the field of 10 isolates resistant or sensitive to MBC or dicarboximide fungicides on twig cankers and mummified fruit was compared. The ability to produce conidia on twig cankers inoculated in late spring 1989 was maintained by all sensitive and MBC resistant isolates for at least 1 year. The production of conidia on mummified fruit inoculated in February 1990 decreased after 2-3 months in the field but some conidia were still produced on all fruit in the following spring. Dicarboximide resistant isolates produced less conidia than either the MBC resistant and the sensitive isolates. The pathogenicity and fitness of all isolates were similar to the original values after survival for 1 year. A technique was developed to produce apothecia reliably from inoculated peach (cv Black Boy) and nectarine (cv Fantasia) fruit in controlled conditions in the laboratory. The fruit were inoculated with resistant or sensitive isolates, or combinations, and were incubated for 8 weeks at 25°C (±1°C) with 12 hours photoperiod of fluorescent light (Sylvania 2x65 W, daylight) to produce mummified fruit. The fruit were then buried in moist autoclaved peat moss for 10 weeks at 25°C (±1°C) in the dark to form stromata. These fruit were then hydrated with running tap-water (total hardness (CaCO₃) = 47 g/m³ and conductivity at 20°C = 12.7 mS/m) for 72 hours. The hydrated mummified fruit were placed in moist peat moss and were incubated for 13-14 weeks at 8°C (±0.5°C) in the dark. At the end of this period, stipe initials were visible. Differentiation of stipe initials into mature apothecia occurred within 15-20 days after transfer to 12°C (±2 °C) with a 12 hour photoperiod of fluorescent and incandescent light. All isolates produced apothecia when treated in this way. A technique for isolation of ascospore sets in linear arrangement was developed for tetrad analysis of the inheritance of resistance. At least 3 hours of fluorescent and incandescent light at 12°C (±2°C) was essential to allow ascospore ejection from individual asci taken from apothecia previously maintained in a 12 hour photoperiod at 12°C (±1°C). A water film on the surface of water agar was necessary to hold a set of ejected ascospores in linear sequence. Single ascospores were obtained in sequence with the aid of a micromanipulator. Genetic analysis of MBC resistant isolates was carried out on ascospores derived from apothecia produced in the laboratory. Analysis of ascospore sets in linear arrangement and ascospore populations indicated that resistance to >30,000 mg a.i./l carbendazim (high-resistant) is governed by a single major gene and is affected by gene conversion mechanisms. Crossing over was frequent, suggesting that recombination of resistance with other characters, such as pathogenicity and fitness, may occur readily. The segregation ratio (1:1) from most resistant isolates revealed that heterokaryons containing both resistant and sensitive alleles were common in resistant populations and that resistance is dominant. Allozyme analysis of ascospore progeny through electrophoresis revealed a narrow genetic base of M. fructicola in New Zealand. The technique for reliable apothecial production in controlled conditions developed in this study provided an important step for the determination of the biology of M. fructicola strains resistant to MBC fungicides, and the complexity of its life cycle. Genetic heterogeneity in field populations can be conserved in one isolate through heterokaryosis, thus providing for adaptability of the pathogen to the changing environmental conditions. Knowledge on genetic variability, overwintering ability, pathogenicity and fitness factors may be useful for future management strategies of stone fruit brown rot. Special emphasis should be made in particular to prevent primary infection on blossoms, which would delay the establishment of recombinant strains of M. fructicola and the onset of brown rot epidemics.
13
Komínová, Jana. « Právní a ekonomické otázky podnikání v oblasti elektronického obchodu s módou ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-199799.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this diploma thesis at the first part I will discuss the creation of a business plan for an online store with fashion. This means that I will draft the characteristics of business opportunities, determine the objective of the business plan, analyze the market and competition and create marketing and financial plan together with a timetable for implementation of the project. The second part of this work will focus on the legal aspect of doing business online. So I define the rights and obligations for the establishment of electronic commerce, mention consumer protection according to current legislation and especially describe cooperation with foreign suppliers.
14
Raneri, Simona. « Complex Pore Geometries in Natural Building Stones : an experimental and theoretical approach for the modeling of porosity changes in natural, degraded and treated calcarenites ». Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/4021.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Calcarenites are the most widely used natural stones in Sicily as building materials. The comprehension of the degradation style of these natural building stone is of great interest in order to preserve the ancient masonry, especially in the case of relevant Cultural Heritages. A large number of Sicilian monuments are included in UNESCO Heritage List as their special cultural or physical significance. Considering the cultural importance of these ones, smart solutions are required in the perspective of their conservation.
In the framework of restoration actions, the complete knowledge of the internal structure of building stones is fundamental in order to estimate durability and prevent degradation processes. Salt growth is a significant cause of damage for natural stones. The effects of the salt weathering are, in addition to the properties of the salt itself and the climatic conditions, strongly related to the structural and textural features of materials. For this reason, an integrate study on petrographic, physical, mechanical and porosimetric proprieties changes due to salts crystallization could be useful to highlight correlation among textural, structural and engineering parameters. Moreover, one of the main problems in conservation field is the use of suitable consolidant and protective treatments able to preserve the masonry, being compatible with the stone substrate and not affecting its aesthetical proprieties. There are numerous tests able to verify the efficiency of consolidant or protective products, mainly devoted to verify their ability to not modify the appearance of stone and its physical proprieties, especially against water; however, particularly in the case of consolidant, one of the most important feature is related to its penetration depth, often difficult to evaluate by using the standard test routines.
For aforementioned, this research work is devoted to apply a multi-methodological approach for characterizing and modeling pore structure modifications due to weathering processes in a coarse grained Sicilian calcarenite used as building and replace stones in Sicilian Cultural Heritages (Sabucina Stone), also through fractal models and innovative and non invasive methods. The obtained data on Sabucina stone have been employed for planning conservative treatments devoted to coarse grained calcarenite substrates. Therefore, innovative nanostructured and hybrid consolidant and protective products have been experimented and the results of efficiency tests along with the determination of surface and sub-surface changes due to the treatments are proposed.
In conclusion, the applied theoretical and empirical approach has allowed to: highlight the potential of classical and innovative complementary methods in quantifying the structural changes in porous materials due to degradation processes and conservative treatments, explain how they help to facilitate the understanding of stone weathering and validate the use of geometrical models in describing complex pore systems.
15
Zimmermann, Karsten. « Prognose und bergschadenkundliche Analyse dynamischer Bodenbewegungen durch oberflächennahen Steinkohlenbergbau in den USA ». Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-65009.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Der untertägige Abbau von Steinkohle führt zu Bewegungen des überlagernden Gebirges und der Tagesoberfläche. Eine Bewegungsprognose ist im Hinblick auf entstehende Bergschäden weltweit von großer Bedeutung. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, ob eine Prognose von Bodenbewegungen im amerikanischen Steinkohlenbergbau mit einem in Europa bewährten Verfahren, einem dynamischen stochastischen Senkungsmodell, möglich ist. Dazu wurde eine Literaturstudie über den bisherigen Kenntnisstand in den USA durchgeführt, abbaubegleitende Bodenbewegungsmessungen aus dem Steinkohlengebiet der Appalachen ausgewertet und durch Modellrechnungen nachgebildet. Es wurde darüber hinaus untersucht, welchen Einfluss die spezifischen Abbaubedingungen und die räumliche und zeitliche Abbauführung auf die Größe und Dynamik von Bodenbewegungen haben. Die theoretischen und praktischen Untersuchungen zeigen einen deutlichen Know-how Vorsprung des europäischen Bergbaus in den Bereichen der Senkungsmodellierung und Bewertung abbauinduzierter Bodenbewegungen und belegen die Anwendbarkeit des Senkungsmodells. Es wurden wichtige Erkenntnisse gewonnen, die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Optimierung des Abbauzuschnitts und der zeitlichen Abbauführung im Sinne einer bergschadensmindernden Abbauplanung aufzeigen. Die Arbeit trägt zur Verbesserung der bergmännischen und markscheiderischen Abbauplanung im Steinkohlenbergbau bei.
16
Huková, Martina. « Stavebně technologická příprava prodejny Smart Light v Bratislavě ». Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392005.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The main subject of this diploma thesis is elaboration of construction and technological preparation for the main structure of the Smart Light shop in Bratislava. For main structure has been processed time schedule of the construction, single item budget, machine configuration design, drawing of building site, coordination situation of the building with connection to the infrastructure, safety and health protection during work on building site. Part of the thesis is processing study of main construction technological parts. Diploma thesis in technological prescript focuses on implementation of floor structure with cast epoxy walking surface. There has been elaborated testing and quality plan of this technological part. Additional chapter approximates built-in technology – cooling ceiling structure. For elaboration of this diploma thesis were used programs AutoCAD, CONTEC, BuildPowerS, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word.
17
Harris, Robert Bryan. « Evaluation of perfluoropolyether coatings for environmental protection of stone ». 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04222002-171420/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
Texte intégral
18
揚明心. « Study on the Environmental Protection of Building Stone Mining and Processing in Hon Dat District, Kien Giang Province ». Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01441512991015440225.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士美和科技大學
健康與生技產業研究所
100
Hon Dat district, Kien Giang province, currently has 3 quarries with the area of 428 ha and rock deposit of 138 million m3. Only 1 mine has the State licensed named Hon Soc mine, with area of 128ha and 58 million m3 reserves. With the participation of 12 units of mining and stone processing, Hon Soc stone quarry now plays a very important role in serving the supply of construction and infrastructure development of the province particularly the South West region. Sources of minerals in building stone quarries Hon Soc of high economic value, has been mining and processing with output increasing to meet the economic development. However, the development and processing of building stone quarries in Hon Soc caused environmental pollution. The landscape gradually changed worse and worse. That is not only concerning by the managers of mine, but also the public people. Prior to that reality, in the process of research, study authors would like to contribute part of their effort to protect the environment in a practical and effective, in the form of research and propose solutions to protect environment in the mining, processing stone building in the district of Hon Dat, Kien Giang province, to provide scientific basis for management agencies as well as local research institutions implement solutions declaration exploration and use of sustainable sources of minerals and rocks reasonable construction in Hon Dat district.Topics to be studied and implemented the following issues: Exploring the extraction and processing of stone construction and implementation of environmental protection at the grassroots assessment of natural factors and human effects to the environment by mining, stone processing building and determine the environmental situation in the region and suggest measures to protect the environment in a sustainable mining, stone processing building at the district Hon Dat. At the same time, propose the issue of environmental protection agencies for environmental management and mining facilities and processing of local building stone.
19
SHENG-MU, LEE, et 李盛沐. « Study of Weathering to Brick and Stone Materials and Failure of their Protection Materials of Historic Relics in Taiwan ». Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88220488798750705816.
Texte intégralRésumé :
博士國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
93
Preservation of brick and/or stone materials of historical relics in Taiwan should be built upon the fundamental researches of the weathering mechanism and affecting factors. Wherein, those brick and stone materials already having been weathered will be used for inference of factors contributed to the weathering failure for the establishment of the criteria in judgment of the weathering failure those materials had been subject to; and further to provide for the maintenance of existing brick and stone materials through materials test procedure and creation of an assessment pattern of preservation and maintenance of brick and stone materials of the historic relics. This study attempts to plan proper test materials and apparatus based on the results of documentation researches and field surveys to set up a database of brick and stone materials of historic relics as well as their protection materials; test and inspect shell specimens of the weathered brick and stone materials to identify causes of weathering to those brick and stone materials; conduct indoor forced deterioration test, and color difference test to profile the transition of those brick and stone materials of historic relics in the natural environment. Dovetails bricks, minnan red bricks, granite, andesite, basalt and sandstone were the primary subjects of test. Physical characteristics of those brick and stone materials were clarified essentially in terms of porosity, absorbance and specific weight. Three types of microscopes including Stereo Microscope, Polarizing Microscope, and Scanning electron microscope were used to observe surface tissue and internal construction of those brick and stone materials. Furthermore, three types of precision instruments including XRD, Pyrolysis GC/MS, and FT-IR were operated in the analysis of the compositions of organic and inorganic materials of those protection materials. A light-and-water tester was used to apply forced deterioration on and a chroma meter was made available to determine color changes in those brick and stone materials as well as their protection materials while those brick and stone materials. Results of the study indicate that there are the physical, chemical, and biological natures of the weathering pattern for those brick and stone materials of historic relics; and the weathering failure is due to the combination of effects from temperature, humidity, light, and water in the natural environment. Brick is more vulnerable to weathering failure than the stone. Minerals including crystals, gesso, and potassium gesso were found on the surface of the weathered brick and stone materials with halite crystal found at historic sites not far away from the coastline. Sandstone is the product of minerals piled upon one another that when weathered are stubborn to get deteriorated. Brick materials and andesite materials create porosities in fiord construction. Aging tests show that post-oven sculpture is more difficult for preservation than that of the pre-oven sculpture, and the protection materials are vulnerable to deterioration after the test.
20
CAO, YIJIAN. « STONE ARTIFACTS CONSERVATION : SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF NEW PARTIALLY FLUORINATED COMPOUNDS ». Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1152325.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The survival of our mankind’s stone heritage is confronted with severe, diverse degradation events that derive from physical, chemical and biological origins. Nowadays, to mitigate or/and halt the decay phenomena, synthetic polymers are widely used owing to their good hydrophobicity, chemical compatibility, stability and in some cases, the ability to act also as consolidation agents. Yet, they also show several drawbacks in long-term use. Acrylic polymers have poor photo-oxidative stability due to structural reasons, while silicon based resins are reactive with some specific stones and may become insoluble after in-situ polymerization. Weighing the pros and cons of these commercial protective agents, new products that incorporate high hydrophobicity, compatibility, stability and reversibility are urgently demanded. During the research for my Master’s thesis, a partially fluorinated oligoadipamide which contains pendant perfluoropolyether (PFPE) segments (FAD) has been synthesized and partially studied. FAD was proved to be a good water repellent for low porous stones, but it is not very effective for the protection of stones of high porosity. In general, the aim of my PhD research is the synthesis, characterization, performance, stability and durability testing of new compounds as protective agents for both low and high porous stone materials. Specifically, the first aim is the synthesis, characterization and performance testing of novel oligoamides containing PFPE blocks that are homologous to FAD. The similarities and differences of these compounds, in terms of physiochemical properties, performance as water repellents etc. was investigated and understood. Secondly, innovative, bioinspired ultra repellent coatings were also developed for building materials including stone artifacts. Meanwhile, by varying the synthetic routes, reagents, conditions etc. superamphiphobic coatings with self-cleaning and anti-biofouling properties were achieved. Last but not least, the stability and durability of newly synthesized products were evaluated as well.
21
楊惠淇. « An Evaluation of Fire Protection Engineering for Pacific SOGO Department Store ». Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92171405795607697420.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士元智大學
機械工程學系
91
The SOGO department store is one of the favorite places for to go and do shopping in Chung-Li. This thesis is to perform an evaluation of fire Protection engineering aspect for the entire building of that store. The CFAST computer code is utilized to construct a simulation model and analyze the energy/smog transport during various postulated fire accidents. Important parameters among the various rooms of the buildings are computed and utilized to access the risk for the different egress routes.
22
Lin, Ji-Yun, et 林季筠. « A Study on the Personal Data Protection under the Non-store Retailing ». Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/62137124946966510549.
Texte intégral
23
Zhang, Yuqing. « Partially perfluorinated derivatives as powerful components for artwork restoration ». Doctoral thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2158/1290796.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Stone artworks and easel paintings are challenged by diverse degradations. In particularly, this thesis focuses
on two restoration issues mainly induced by liquid water or moisture, which are stone degradation and blanching
of easel paintings. From previous research, partially perfluorinated derivatives have been proved to provide
promising restoration performance on those two restoration issues, by showing good water repellency as stone
protective products and decreasing blanching in easel paintings. Inspired by those results, two families of partially
perfluorinated derivatives with hydroxyl groups are proposed and designed as stone protection and blanching
painting restoration products in this thesis. Those hydroxyl groups could give good adhesion on polar stone
substrates by hydrogen bonding. Meanwhile, hydrophobicity of the compounds can be realized by the
perfluorinated chains.
The first compounds proposed and synthesized are partially perfluorinated C-glycosides. C-glycosides are
carbon-linked analogues of naturally occurring sugars, which have high hydrophilic properties due to the polar
hydroxyl groups. In addition to the hydrophilicity and water repellency, C-glycosides themselves possess an
improved stability towards hydrolysis. Starting from the unprotected carbohydrate, the natural, renewable and
cheap D-glucose, via Lubineau reaction and followed by the convenient one-pot reductive amination reaction, the
target compound (partially perfluorinated C-glycoside) was successfully obtained. Moreover, partially
perfluorinated C-glycoside with acetyl groups as protecting groups has been successfully synthesized as a control
compound, in order to investigate if hydroxyl groups in C-glycoside can improve the restoration efficacy as
expected. Then, those new partially perfluorinated C-glycosides have been tested on stone materials as
protective products, and on blanching mock-up painting samples. The results indicated that different properties
of those C-glycosides caused by the hydroxyls, like physical states, solubility, color and interaction with stone and
painting substrates, have been influenced their behaviors as the restoration products.
The other series of compounds proposed is partially perfluorinated hydroxylated oligoamides. In order to
further improve the interaction between partially perfluorinated oligomers and polar substrates, new partially
perfluorinated hydroxylated oligoamides derived from different monomers (dimethyl L-tartrate, diethyl succinate,
diethylenetriamine or ethylenediamine) have been successfully synthesized. Those compounds have different
structures and properties, i.e. solubility, hydrophilicity, chain length, molecular weight, and etc. Moreover, in
order to understand the roles of hydroxyl group and amine in the applicative performance, new partially
perfluorinated oligamides with no hydroxyl groups, but with the unchanged amine and succinate sources were
successfully synthesized. Then, those new partially perfluorinated derivatives were tested on stone and mock-up
blanching painting samples. The results showed that their efficacy for restoration was highly influenced by the
structures and properties of the molecules.
At the end, 4 promising new partially perfluorinated derivatives for stone protection and blanching painting
restoration have been selected. Further optimization of the structures of molecules and their practical process for
the application on stone artefacts and easel paintings worth being developed in the future to go deeper on this
main cultural heritage approach.
24
CANOL, SITKI HALIT. « CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF ARCHAIC STONES OF ANCIENT CITIES OF EUROMOS AND IASOS – DEVELOPMENT OF NEW POLYMERS FOR THE PROTECTION OF ARCHAIC STONES ». Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1131019.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In particular, innovative hydrophobic compounds to be used as protective agents have been designed, synthesized, tested on
Turkish quarry marble samples, and compared with some commercial products. In situ tests with the same compounds used for the laboratory experiments have also been carried out. The innovative compounds belong to the partially fluorinated polymers (oligoamides with
pendant perfluoropolyether segments). Tests for the evaluation of the efficacy and durability of conservative treatments, in relation to the environmental conditions which the stones are submitted, have been properly identified and realized. These compounds have been studied
and tested on laboratory, also as well as in situ. Several organic/inorganic treatments have been performed in the laboratory and in situ to select the more suitable compounds and application methodologies for consolidation and protection of these ancient stones.
25
Li, Yue-Ci, et 李悅慈. « A Study on Retail Store Design Protection from the Aspects of Intellectual Property Law ». Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18229754533563969943.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立臺灣大學
科際整合法律學研究所
104
It is without doubt that store design becomes more and more important. In addiction to attract people to buy the product since they still are outside the store, it is also a critical way to express their own brand proposition. When it comes to the most successful company combined their product with the store design, you could not miss Apple. Apple store’s design acquires several registration protections such as patents and trademarks in America. Besides, Apple has started their process obtaining intellectual property right of Apple store all over the world. To sum up, getting an intellectual property right on store design becomes a hot issue now. The article will focus on how do companies acquire intellectual property right on their store design through different areas by covering American laws, Euro laws and Taiwan laws. Besides, more details such as protection of subject matter, protection scope, and infringement determination in patents, copyright, trademark and unfair competition will be discussed. The ultimate goal of this thesis is that come up with the best protection strategy of intellectual property right in store design.
26
Wei-Fun, Tzn, et 蔡維藩. « The general merchandise store construction space operational type condition and the fire protection seeks asyium research the security evalution ». Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83810649353238659168.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士中華大學
建築與都市計畫學系碩士班
94
In the last few years, because of shopping habitual changes of people, glorify" buy the foot, low price and park the car the large wholesale center( be so called the general merchandise store) that make a convenience of once", grow profusely and quickly the sort and establish. And in the environment of the such competition, the general merchandise store has been marketing policy that light with" to measure the price of system" can attract crowd of people and buy the times of spirit, and how to construct a high-quality shopping environment, just promoting the way of the competition ability root. The general merchandise store is to make retail price business to concentrate, consuming to distributes the condition the formation space intensive and height the exploitation turn of distribute, opposite also make an exaltation that consume the population. When the fire takes place, may cause the direct or indirectly and major life property injury. Therefore, how to promote general merchandise store space usage and safeties, to provide the shopping a security, have the shopping environment of the safe, secured, sound society (3 S), for current an important lesson. This research aims at the general merchandise store of Taipei City to carry on the sampling, and carry on the general merchandise store usage space type approval investigate and seek refuge the security calculation valuation analytical, get the following conclusion: Space type of the classification is analytical, have to pay this kind of type place flat surface to install the type to can be divided in to scatter about the core and a side core types two category types. The general merchandise store inner part aisle width is while designing, at the request of above 2.5m, and then look after both sides of the user at the same time and security. The main exit and entrance in general merchandise store is while establishing, the width is at the request of above 5m, and the exit and entrance adopts to separate the constitution, and then look after both sides of the user at the same time and security. Inside the general merchandise store if aisle two the sideses all adopt the high cabinet form decoration, should enhance the refuge on the aisle designation marking, and move the line to understand to turn simply, to avoid the creation maze effect, the difficulty that cause the personnel to seek refuge the top.
27
Jhang, Huai-yun, et 張懷云. « Research of relationship between the Marketing strategy of drink store, Consumer''s environmental protection conscious and purchases behavior ». Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85501836696953913505.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士南華大學
公共行政與政策研究所
99
The purposes of this study were : (1) to investigate the relationships between social-demographic variables and consumer purchasing behavior (2) to explore the relationships between social-demographic variables and consumers’ environmental protection consciousness (3) to examine the relationships between marketing strategies and consumers’ environmental protection consciousness. The primary findings were as follows: (1) there was a significant positive correlation between pricing strategy and consumer purchasing behavior (2) there was a significant positive correlation between market segmentation and consumer purchasing behavior (3) there was a significant positive correlation between consumers’ environmental protection consciousness and consumer purchasing behavior (4) there was a significant positive correlation between consumer’s green consumption attitude and consumer purchasing behavior
28
Zimmermann, Karsten. « Prognose und bergschadenkundliche Analyse dynamischer Bodenbewegungen durch oberflächennahen Steinkohlenbergbau in den USA ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. https://tubaf.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22748.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Der untertägige Abbau von Steinkohle führt zu Bewegungen des überlagernden Gebirges und der Tagesoberfläche. Eine Bewegungsprognose ist im Hinblick auf entstehende Bergschäden weltweit von großer Bedeutung. In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, ob eine Prognose von Bodenbewegungen im amerikanischen Steinkohlenbergbau mit einem in Europa bewährten Verfahren, einem dynamischen stochastischen Senkungsmodell, möglich ist. Dazu wurde eine Literaturstudie über den bisherigen Kenntnisstand in den USA durchgeführt, abbaubegleitende Bodenbewegungsmessungen aus dem Steinkohlengebiet der Appalachen ausgewertet und durch Modellrechnungen nachgebildet. Es wurde darüber hinaus untersucht, welchen Einfluss die spezifischen Abbaubedingungen und die räumliche und zeitliche Abbauführung auf die Größe und Dynamik von Bodenbewegungen haben. Die theoretischen und praktischen Untersuchungen zeigen einen deutlichen Know-how Vorsprung des europäischen Bergbaus in den Bereichen der Senkungsmodellierung und Bewertung abbauinduzierter Bodenbewegungen und belegen die Anwendbarkeit des Senkungsmodells. Es wurden wichtige Erkenntnisse gewonnen, die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Optimierung des Abbauzuschnitts und der zeitlichen Abbauführung im Sinne einer bergschadensmindernden Abbauplanung aufzeigen. Die Arbeit trägt zur Verbesserung der bergmännischen und markscheiderischen Abbauplanung im Steinkohlenbergbau bei.
29
Mahambane, Misaveni Abel. « Safety and security of consumers at retail stores in the Gauteng province : an assesment of security measures ». Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24500.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Retail stores rely on consumers to maintain their businesses and growth. Much of their success depends on the safety and security of consumers. The more people come and buy the products, the more profitable the stores become. If the safety and security of consumers (or their perceptions thereof) at a shopping centre where a retail store is sited is in question, consumers may well stop frequenting such centres and do their shopping at other retail centres at which they perceive to be more safe and secure to do their shopping.
Consumers’ ‘peace-of-mind’ plays a vital role in their selection of which retail store(s) to frequent and will often determine whether a repeat visit will occur. The extent of incidents of crime of whatever nature at a particular shopping centre will also impact negatively on shoppers’ perceptions of ‘how safe it is to shop’ at particular centres.
Security measures differ from one retail store to another and also between the size and layout, as well as the location of the retail store. The rate at which criminal offences take place at retail stores is currently vague or unknown. Therefore, it is vital that specific risks confronting these retail stores should be identified and analysed with the intention of recommending specific security measures.
Business crime and violence present significant threats to consumers’ safety and security in South Africa. High levels of business associated crimes have compelled communities and business bodies such as retail stores to provide their own security for the protection of their assets, as well as consumers.
Effective security measures are a prerequisite at retail stores to ensure the safety and security of consumers whilst visiting retail stores. Precaution ought to be taken when dealing with any crime problem that affects consumers at any business environment, in this study more precisely: retail stores.
The study explored the existing security measures at retail stores for the protection of consumers. The researcher employed qualitative methods: one-on-one interviews with participants and site observations at selected retail stores. There were 30 participants (20 consumers and 10 security officers).
The study found the following:
Retail stores were exposed to security risks such as theft; shoplifting; common robbery; armed robbery; fraud; arson and assaults (grievous bodily harm) and burglary.
The security measures that are currently in place are not adequate to protect retail stores. These security measures differ from one retail store to the next.
In order to improve safety and security at retail stores there should be a security standard that is applicable to the retail stores.
Based on the findings, some of the recommendations were as follows:
Retail stores should be protected in line with the level of risk of the area where the retail store is situated: low risk; medium risk; and high risk.
Security managers should conduct security awareness regularly.
Threat assessments should be conducted regularly as well.
Consumers are encouraged to report to the Security manager at the retail store any suspicious actions; persons; objects; and vehicles.Criminology and Security Science
M. Tech. (Security Management)
30
Perlman, Leon Joseph. « Legal and regulatory aspects of mobile financial services ». Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13362.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis deals with the emergence of bank and non-bank entities that provide a range of unique
transaction-based payment services broadly called Mobile Financial Services (MFS) to unbanked,
underserved and underbanked persons via mobile phones.
Models of MFS from Mobile Network Operators (MNOs), banks, combinations of MNOs and banks, and
independent Mobile Financial Services Providers are covered. Provision by non-banks of ‘bank-type’
services via mobile phones has been termed ‘transformational banking’ versus the ‘additive banking’
services from banks. All involve the concept of ‘branchless banking’ whereby ‘cash-in/cash out’ services
are provided through ‘agents.’
Funds for MFS payments may available through a Stored Value Product (SVP), particularly through a
Stored Value Account SVP variant offered by MNOs where value is stored as a redeemable fiat- or mobile
‘airtime’-based Store of Value.
The competitive, legal, technical and regulatory nature of non-bank versus bank MFS models is discussed,
in particular the impact of banking, payments, money laundering, telecommunications, e-commerce and
consumer protection laws. Whether funding mechanisms for SVPs may amount to deposit-taking such that
entities could be engaged in the ‘business of banking’ is discussed. The continued use of ‘deposit’ as the
traditional trigger for the ‘business of banking’ is investigated, alongside whether transaction and paymentcentric
MFS rises to the ‘business of banking.’
An extensive evaluation of ‘money’ based on the Orthodox and Claim School economic theories is
undertaken in relation to SVPs used in MFS, their legal associations and import, and whether they may be
deemed ‘money’ in law.
Consumer protection for MFS and payments generally through current statute, contract, and payment law
and common law condictiones are found to be wanting. Possible regulatory arbitrage in relation to MFS in
South African law is discussed.
The legal and regulatory regimes in the European Union, Kenya and the United States of America are
compared with South Africa. The need for a coordinated payments-specific law that has consumer
protections, enables proportional risk-based licensing of new non-bank providers of MFS, and allows for a
regulator for retail payments is recommended. The use of trust companies and trust accounts is
recommended for protection of user funds.
| viPublic, Constitutional and International Law
LLD