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1
Whitley, Andrew. « Minorities and the stateless in Persian Gulf politics ». Survival 35, no 4 (décembre 1993) : 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00396339308442710.
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Edwards, John. « Language Minorities and Language Maintenance ». Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 17 (mars 1997) : 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500003263.
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The position of minority groups and the maintenance of their languages are very much in the news today. For (largely) indigenous minorities, consider the case of continental Europe: As it moves—sometimes erratically—towards federalism, its minorities and its “stateless” peoples are pressing for increased and improved recognition. In October 1981, the European Parliament adopted the Arfé resolution, providing such recognition. A number of further developments have occurred, important among which was the establishment in 1982 of the Dublin-based Bureau for Lesser Used Languages. Its Secretary-General recently observed that:If our languages have been ignored in the past by European institutions this is no longer the case. The European Community is positive towards the cause of our languages and now includes in its budget a provision of 3.5 million ECU to promote regional and minority languages and cultures (Breathnach 1993:1). (See also Baetens Beardsmore 1993; 1994, Edwards 1994a, Sikma and Gorter 1991.)
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Yusuf, Imtiyaz. « Nationalist Ethnicities as Religious Identities ». American Journal of Islam and Society 34, no 4 (1 octobre 2017) : 112–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v34i4.808.
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For centuries, the Rohingya have been living within the borders of the countryestablished in 1948 as Burma/Myanmar. Today left stateless, having beengradually stripped of their citizenship rights, they are described by theUnited Nations as one of the most persecuted minorities in the world. Inorder to understand the complexity of this conflict, one must consider howBurma is politically transitioning from military to democratic rule, a processthat is open (much as was Afghanistan) to competition for resources by internationaland regional players such as the United States, China, India, Israel,Japan, and Australia.1 To be fair, the record of Southeast Asian Muslimcountries with Buddhist minorities is also not outstanding. Buddhist minoritiesidentified as ethnic groups have faced great discrimination in, amongothers, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei ...
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Sperfeldt, Christoph. « Minorities and Statelessness : Social Exclusion and Citizenship in Cambodia ». International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 27, no 1 (16 décembre 2020) : 94–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02701002.
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Abstract More than 75 per cent of the world’s known stateless belong to minorities. Building upon ethnographic research conducted between 2008–2017, this paper considers the case of ethnic Vietnamese minority populations in Cambodia. Members of this group are long-term residents, having been born and raised in the country for generations, with the exception of the period during the Khmer Rouge regime when they were forcibly deported to Vietnam. Since their return to Cambodia in the early 1980s, individuals from this group have been regarded by Cambodian authorities as ‘immigrants’. This paper examines how discriminatory policies, laws and administrative practices regulate individual and collective identities, while creating categories that determine social inclusion and exclusion. In doing so, this paper makes visible the ambivalence of law and rights – both as tools for the construction of exclusionary citizenship, but also as instruments which minorities to contest their social exclusion.
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Trummel, Taylor. « The Creation of a Contemporary Estonian Identity ». Potentia : Journal of International Affairs 9 (1 octobre 2018) : 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/potentia.v9i0.4446.
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With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, and subsequent independence of Estonia, the power-holding ethnic Russians suddenly found themselves as outcast minorities within the borders of this Baltic country. Various legal and social measures taken by Estonia to reassert its cultural history and political power marginalized c in the country. In creating a modern state, Estonia’s interest to identify with the European community prompted its effort to join the European Union. Such motivation pushed the nation toward multilateral negotiations to comply with requirements of international standards for the fair treatment of minorities. In this paper, an analysis of the implications of historical narratives in identity formation and minority marginalization offers a lens to examine the power of multilateral organizations in providing oversight and incentives to newly independent states. This oversight can be perceived to be in humanitarian interest, but should also be considered for its economic and geopolitical interests. Estonia’s citizenship laws, European identity, and stateless persons provide a case study for such historical analysis.
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Berényi, Katalin. « Mapping Minorities’ Vulnerability to Hate Speech and Denationalisation with a Focus on East and Southeast Asia ». Statelessness & ; Citizenship Review 2, no 1 (29 juin 2020) : 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.35715/scr2001.112.
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This paper explores whether minority groups are more vulnerable to hate speech, human rights violations, denationalisation and mass atrocities in light of the deliberate lack of state protection through the lens of recent incidents in East and Southeast Asia. The paper also examines the roleof social media giant Facebook in spreading hate speech online and whether it may have had any liabilities in relation to the hateful posts that were spread online against the Rohingyas in Myanmar and, more recently, against the Muslim minorities living in the State of Assam in India. The paper concludes by (1) advising policy-makers to adopt and implement strong anti-hate speech laws, clearly criminalising both online and offline hate speech on the national level, as well as to (2) refrain from denationalising minority groups leaving them stateless or at the risk of statelessness and thus avoid instrumentalising nationality for political gains
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Ramasamy, Ramesh. « Sri Lanka’s Plantation Communities ». South Asia Research 38, no 3_suppl (23 août 2018) : 43S—60S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0262728018791696.
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Ethnic minorities, even if formally recognised as full citizens in their country of residence, may still encounter various forms of discriminatory treatment and exclusion, not only of a private nature, but also in governance, especially in public service delivery. This article combines a critical study of public service provision in Sri Lanka with a fieldwork-based assessment of the current position of the plantation communities in Sri Lanka. It highlights their continuing problems in accessing public services and encountering discriminatory practices by the Sri Lankan state. There is strong evidence that the previously stateless plantation communities remain subject to various forms of discrimination in public service delivery, though they are now citizens. In addition, evidence related to austerity measures in estate management creates further difficulties for the plantation communities.
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Flaim, Amanda, Lindy B. Williams et Daniel B. Ahlquist. « How Statelessness, Citizenship, and Out-migration Contribute to Stratification Among Rural Elderly in the Highlands of Thailand ». Social Forces 99, no 1 (30 octobre 2019) : 333–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz133.
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Abstract In rural communities across the Global South, families are relying on temporary and permanent out-migration for work to navigate destabilizing agrarian transformations. While research indicates that success of this household livelihood strategy may depend on the legal status of international migrants, precarious legal status is not solely a problem relegated to people who cross national borders. Indeed, millions worldwide are stateless in the countries of their birth. In this mixed-method study, we assess the importance of legal status for elderly well-being among highlanders in Northern Thailand—rural communities that are experiencing both extensive out-migration and protracted statelessness. We find that elderly wealth and work outcomes are shaped by the legal status of both out-migrants and of the rural elderly themselves. Specifically, we show that when rural elderly or their migrant relatives are stateless, the elderly are more likely to engage in wage work and less likely to gain financial benefits of out-migration to the extent that citizens do. Through ethnographic engagement, we locate the contributions of legal status to rural stratification in its complex entanglements with land access and ethno-nationalism in the region, and in the ways that state and market infrastructures deploy citizenship to surveil highlanders and other minorities in Thailand. Amidst growing calls to resolve statelessness in the Global South, our research suggests that the combination of out-migration and uneven extension of citizenship in rural communities is likely to exacerbate stratification, both for migrants and for those who rarely leave home.
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Arraiza, José-María, Phyu Zin Aye et Marina Arraiza Shakirova. « Fighting Imagined Invasions with Administrative Violence. » Statelessness & ; Citizenship Review 2, no 2 (21 décembre 2020) : 194–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.35715/scr2002.111.
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Discriminatory policies have the capacity to create statelessness on a massive scale and the majority of stateless persons around the world belong to impoverished minority communities. The intentionality of such discrimination is guided by xenophobia, racism and particularly nativism: the belief that an internal minority with foreign connections is a threat to the nation. Hence, target communities are re-imagined as an enemy invader. This article analyses and compares how such ideologies have resulted in statelessness in the cases of Myanmar, the Dominican Republic and the State of Assam in India. These three scenarios have internal minorities (Rohingya in Myanmar, ethnic Haitians in Dominican Republic and Bengalis in India) that have been represented, based on kinship lines with neighbouring states, as enemy intruders by public officials and institutions. The authors compare how in the three scenarios nativist policies, the erosion of jus soli in citizenship laws and administrative violence have been used to ‘fight’ these imagined invasions and identify common trends
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Hammad, Ahmed Arafa A., et Guo Dexiang. « Protection of civilians in the law of war : A case study of Myanmar ». Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 5, no 2 (21 octobre 2021) : 124–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/5.2.9.
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The paper is aimed to analyses the Law of War violation in Myanmar. Current communal conflicts in Myanmar among Buddhists and Muslims have cast a pall over the country's transition to democracy. The Rohingya, a Muslim minority group, has been disproportionately affected by the recent round of violence. The Rohingya have been subjected to many human rights violations, which has drawn international attention to the situation. Because the Myanmar government does not recognize Rohingya as a separate ethnic group, they are effectively stateless. Rohingya claim to be indigenous people of Myanmar, despite the government's statements that they came from Bangladesh. The research concludes that as positive as the recent political change has been, the Rohingya's future development does not appear bright. International human rights organizations are urging the global community to pressure Myanmar's administration to amend the Citizenship Law, which effectively makes the Rohingya homeless. The end of this article will give a solution for the Myanmar conflict and protect the Muslim minorities.
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Astor, Avi. « Nationalist Mobilization, Ethno-Religious Contention, and Legal Innovation in a Stateless Nation : Explaining Catalonia’s 2009 “Law on Centers of Worship” ». Religions 12, no 5 (22 avril 2021) : 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12050295.
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This article analyzes the development and framing of Catalonia’s “Law on Centers of Worship”, an innovative law dedicated exclusively to the regulation of religious temples that was passed by the regional Parliament in 2009. The law was a legal novelty in Spain, as well as in Europe, where regulations pertaining to places of worship are typically folded into regional or municipal laws and ordinances dealing with zoning and construction. My analysis highlights how the law aimed not only to address the challenges generated by the proliferation of places of worship serving religious minorities, but also to legally reinforce and symbolically affirm Catalonia’s political autonomy and cultural distinctiveness vis-à-vis Spain. I place particular emphasis on how the temporal confluence of heightened nationalist mobilization, on the one hand, and tensions surrounding ethno-religious diversification, on the other, contributed to the development of a legal innovation that integrated the governance of religious diversity within the broader nation-building project. This article’s findings illustrate the role of historical timing and conjunctural causality in shaping the dynamic nexus between religion, law, and politics.
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Kochenov, Dimitry. « EU Influence on the Citizenship Policies of the Candidate Countries : The Case of the Roma Exclusion in the Czech Republic ». Journal of Contemporary European Research 3, no 2 (20 septembre 2007) : 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v3i2.43.
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Although the persons of Roma ethnicity who were deprived of the Czech citizenship upon the split of the Czech and Slovak Federation by controversial law No. 40/1993 were not in the end left stateless, the Commission can be reproached for not using the influential position it enjoyed in the course of the pre-accession process preceding the fifth enlargement of the European Union (1 May 2004) in order to insist that the Czech Republic alter its ethnically-biased citizenship policy. Although some steps in this direction were taken by the Commission, they fell short of addressing the whole range of discriminatory provisions of this Czech legislation preventing the former Czecho-Slovak citizens of Roma ethnicity from becoming citizens of the Czech Republic. In Addition to the overall ineffectiveness of its pre-accession promotion of equal access to Czech citizenship of all permanent residents of the Czech Republic their ethnic origin notwithstanding, the Commission made a controversial decision to treat the exclusion from citizenship which was de facto based on ethnicity as a ‘civil and political’ rights issue, rather than a minority rights issue. This dubious decision, allowed the Commission to distinguish its pre-accession involvement in the reforms in the Czech Republic on the one hand, and in Latvia and Estonia on the other, where the exclusion of ethnic minorities from the access to citizenship was regarded as a key issue pertaining to the protection of minority rights. The ill-articulated position of the Commission is due, this paper suggests, mainly to the limitations on the EU’s involvement in the Member States’ citizenship domain and de facto comes down to the application of different pre-accession standards to different minority groups in the candidate countries. To ensure genuine protection of ethnic minorities in the Member States-to-be, the EU has to alter its approach to the issues of ethnicity-based exclusion from citizenship in the course of the future expansions of the Union.
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., Yolla, et Aji Wibowo. « PERLINDUNGAN DAN PENEGAKAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA BAGI ETNIS ROHINGYA YANG TIDAK MEMILIKI KEWARGANEGARAAN MENURUT HUKUM INTERNASIONAL ». Jurnal Hukum Adigama 1, no 1 (17 juillet 2018) : 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v1i1.2277.
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The Rohingya are a largely Muslim ethnic minority that mostly resides in Rakhine, Myanmar. They have lived for centuries in Myanmar region with Buddhist majority, however, they are still not considered as one of Myanmar’s 135 official ethnic groups and their citizenship’s rights have been denied since 1982, which consequently rendering them stateless. Shortly after the 1962 military coup in Myanmar, things had changed dramatically for the Rohingya people. The new citizenship law which has been passed in 1982 was clearly a discrimination law towards the Rohingya people due to its over-burdensome requirements to become a citizen of Myanmar. Under the law, in order to obtain the most basic level (naturalized citizenship), they must proof that they have lived in Myanmar before 1948, as well as fluency in one of the national languages. Unfortunately, those requirements cannot be fulfilled by most of Rohingya people as they lack such paperwork because it was either unavailable or denied to them. As a result of such law, their rights to study, work, travel, marry, practice their religion and access health services have been continuously restricted. For these reasons, the Myanmar (formerly Burma) government shall repeal the 1982 Citizenship Law or abolish its over-burdensome requirements for citizens in a manner which has discriminatory effects on racial or ethnic minorities.
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BUSSABONG CHAIJAROENWATANA, MD MAHBUBUL HAQUE,. « DISPLACED ROHINGYA SETTLEMENT AND SECURITY CONCERN IN BANGLADESH ». Psychology and Education Journal 58, no 2 (1 février 2021) : 1633–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i2.2318.
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In Myanmar’s post-independence history, the Rohingya and other ethnic minorities have been in conflict with the Rangoon based central government. It is commonly alleged that the Rohingya are involved with separatist movements that threaten Myanmar’s sovereignty. The ethnic minority Rohingya were faced with sub-violent confrontation after the military took over State power and later, and most critically, they became de jure stateless in Myanmar. The situation changed dramatically after the 2012 Buddhist-Muslim communal riots. Lastly, the quasi-civilian government launched ‘operation clearance’ against Rohingya civilians using the pretext of terrorist attacks on August, 2017. Since that operation, nearly a million terrorized Rohingya people crossed the border and sought shelter in Bangladesh. Almost three years on, after escaping the violence of the military in Myanmar, the refugees still live in uncertainty. This paper examines the conditions of displaced Rohingya living in different camps in Bangladesh and the extent that the Rohingya pose a security risk for host country. The Government of Bangladesh and international humanitarian agencies have been successfully handling the refugee exodus. But despite progress, it is clear that the Rohingya remain in a precarious situation. After intensive field work, it is concluded that a small minority refugees are involved with anti-social activities in Bangladesh whereas the large majority of Rohingya is innocent. Nevertheless, the refugees’ long presence in border areas of Bangladesh is creating socio-economic pressure and environmental hazards on Bangladesh’s limited resources.
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Kashirkina, Anna A., et Andrey N. Morozov. « Expert examination of electoral legislation in the conclusions of the Venice Commission ». Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Law 12, no 4 (2021) : 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2021.419.
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The article is devoted to the theoretical and practical approaches of the European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission) to the assessment of electoral processes and elections in states. Since the Venice Commission is a subsidiary body of the Council of Europe, special attention is paid to the observance of Council of Europe standards in the field of human and civil rights in regard to elections. Through an empirical analysis of various documents of the Venice Commission (conclusions, recommendations, codes of practice, etc.), a conclusion is drawn about the existential approach of this body to assessing the electoral legislation of states. This approach is based on a wide array of sources perceived by experts of the Venice Commission, which, in addition to state legislation and official comments, may also include reports from the media, the Internet, the personal worldview of the expert and comments from other persons familiar with the situation. Based on this broad range of sources, the Venice Commission also objectifies its assessments into different acts, which may have a variety of names, but have the force of recommendations for states. Thus, the conclusions of the Venice Commission are acts of soft law and can be perceived by national legal systems using various channels of implementation. The analysis of the documents of the Venice Commission on elections and electoral processes shows that in the orbit of expertise of this body are such issues as: prevention of abuse of power and administrative resources of power in the organization and holding of elections; prevention of discrimination against opposition and various minorities, etc. The issues of gender equality in state authorities, protection of the rights of stateless persons, and voting using digital technologies are also considered.
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Avara, Hayriye, et Bruno Mascitelli. « ‘Do as We Say, Not as We Do’ : EU to Turkey on Roma/Gypsy Integration ». European Review 22, no 1 (février 2014) : 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000690.
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For many centuries, Roma/Gypsy people have been an oppressed and stateless minority. Until 1989 most Roma/Gypsy people resided in the former Central and Eastern European communist countries. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Roma/Gypsy became one of the communities that were regarded as a scapegoat for post-Communist society's ills. Despite much rhetoric to the contrary, Roma/Gypsy communities were not welcomed in the West and much of the persecution they endured in the East they saw repeated in the West. The European Union (EU) has sought to place Human Rights as a focal point of its approach in all matters including the issue of Roma/Gypsy communities. Since 2007, Romania and Bulgaria, two states with large numbers of Roma/Gypsy, have become members of the EU. In the last few years France (and Italy) have been cautioned on their expulsion of Roma/Gypsy people. Not only have these actions contravened the European Union charter on Human Rights, but just as seriously, France and Italy have actually expelled citizens who are members of another European Member State because they were Roma/Gypsies. Turkey, on the other hand, as the home of one of the oldest and largest Roma/Gypsy settlements, had for long periods of time subjected Roma/Gypsy people to a life of social and economic disadvantage. Recently this has changed, ironically as part of Turkey's EU accession process. The aim of this article is to explore and compare the actions of European member States (France and Italy primarily) on the question of Roma/Gypsy integration with their integration in future EU accession states such as Turkey. The EU's moral high ground with regard to minorities seems to be ruined by the deplorable behaviour of some of its member states on the question of Roma/Gypsies while Turkey, which has an uneven record on human rights violations, has shown greater, although contradictory concern for the fate of the Roma/Gypsies.
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Marchuk, M., et L. Gudz. « Local elections in the European Union and Ukraine : comparative characteristics ». Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series : Law, no 70 (18 juin 2022) : 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.70.16.
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The article provides a comparative analysis of the electoral legislation of the EU countries and Ukraine at the local level and on the basis of this analysis, the proposals to improve the electoral legislation of Ukraine take into account the experience of the European Union.
The main forms of direct democracy in most EU member countries and Ukraine are fixed at the constitutional level, and the procedure of preparing and holding elections is regulated by special election laws. Domestic electoral legislation is overloaded with detailed norms of procedural aspects, unlike the legislation of EU countries, in which much more attention is paid to the issues of transparency of party financial funds and transparency of election campaign financing, as well as protection of national minorities’ interests.
The main ways of exercising the right to vote not at the place of inclusion in the voter lists in the EU member states were characterized: voting by absentee ballots at specially designated polling stations, voting on the territory of diplomatic and consular missions, voting by mail, proxy voting, mobile voting, voting via the Internet, distance voting. It is noted that the norms in which the institution of a cash deposit is enshrined are discriminatory since they violate the principle of equality of suffrage and create a situation in which candidates are excluded from the political arena on the basis of the property criterion.
Relevant for EU countries is the adoption of measures to create appropriate conditions for the full implementation of the principle of equality of citizens before the law, in particular, to overcome the actual inequality of opportunities between women and men.
In order to bring Ukrainian legislation in line with international standards set by the European Union, we propose: to grant the right to vote in local elections to citizens of other states or stateless persons who permanently reside on the territory of the respective territorial community and permanently pay local taxes and fees have common local interests related to everyday life, infrastructure, communication, recreation; to introduce electronic voting; not to apply the institution of cash deposit at the local level; to introduce individual (party) gender quotas, following the French example.
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Blin-Rolland, Armelle, Guillaume Lecomte et Marc Ripley. « Introduction ». European Comic Art 10, no 1 (1 mars 2017) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/eca.2017.100102.
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This introduction to this special issue of European Comic Art on ‘Comics and Adaptation’ provides a brief overview of the field of adaptation studies, with a particular focus on its considerable developments and expansion since the late 1990s, as it has moved beyond a comparative novel-to-film approach to centre instead around questions of intertextuality and hypertextuality. This special issue aims to contribute to this field and to the growing body of works on comics and adaptation. The authors explore questions of transnational circulation of visual, narrative and generic motifs (Boillat); heteronormalisation and phallogocentrism (Krauthaker and Connolly); authenticity of drawn events (Lecomte); identity in a stateless minoritised culture (Blin-Rolland); ‘high’ and popular culture (Blank); reverence in comic adaptations of the literary canon (de Rooy); and documentary and parody (Ripley).
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Briva-Iglesias, Vicent. « English-Catalan Neural Machine Translation : state-of-the-art technology, quality, and productivity ». Tradumàtica : tecnologies de la traducció, no 20 (15 décembre 2022) : 149–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/tradumatica.303.
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Recent major changes and technological advances have consolidated machine translation (MT) as a key player to be considered in the language services world. In numerous instances, it is even an essential player due to budget and time constraints. Much attention has been paid to MT research recently, and MT use by professional or amateur users has increased. Yet, research has focused mainly on language combinations with huge amounts of online available corpora (e.g. English-Spanish). The situation for minoritized or stateless languages like Catalan is different. This study analyses Softcatalà’s new open-source, neural machine translation engine and compares it with Google Translate and Apertium in the English-Catalan language pair. Although MT engine developers use automatic metrics for MT engine evaluation, human evaluation remains the gold standard, despite its cost. Using TAUS DQF tools, translation quality (in terms of relative ranking, adequacy and fluency) and productivity (comparing editing times and distances) have been evaluated with the participation of 11 evaluators. Results show that Softcatalà's Translator offers higher quality and productivity than the other engines analysed.
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Herberholz, Chantal. « Protracted statelessness and nationalitylessness among the Lahu, Akha and Tai-Yai in northern Thailand : Problem areas and the vital role of health insurance status ». Economics of Peace and Security Journal 15, no 2 (19 octobre 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.15355/epsj.15.2.36.
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Thailand has one of the largest stateless populations in the world. Stateless people are denied access to basic rights and services, driving inequality and discrimination and threatening peace and security. This article aims to explore the problems that stateless people are facing in their daily lives, with a focus on healthcare services, health insurance coverage, and mobility. Primary data were collected in 2020 from 108 stateless and nationalityless adults in Chiang Mai province, belonging to three ethnic minorities, and analyzed using a mixed methods approach. The respondents are exposed to daily environmental stressors, the most serious being exclusion from the Universal Coverage Scheme, mobility restrictions and the absence of land rights. While out-of-pocket health expenditures increase financial vulnerability, a lack of health insurance is also associated with perceived poor quality of care and unmet healthcare needs. However, observed differences among the three ethnic groups highlight that some problems are specific to individual ethnic groups and not necessarily a consequence of citizenship problems. Given the experience Thailand has gained in achieving universal health coverage for Thai citizens, there is an opportunity to address the healthcare plight of Thailand’s stateless and nationalityless population through prioritizing the expansion and improvement of the existing Health Insurance for People with Citizenship Problems policy.
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Tomar, Prachi, et Aditya Pandey. « Rohingya’s Genocide : Human Rights and Politics ». Kathmandu School of Law Review, 30 avril 2018, 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.46985/jms.v6i1.956.
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The Rohingya’s most persecuted ethnic minority, practicing Sunni Islam, traces their origin from Arakan kingdom. The present democratic government of Myanmar and previous military junta have practiced ethnic cleansing and denies to grant citizenship to Rohingya’s making them stateless. There has been great violation against this ethnic group by the Myanmar government in one or the other way like restriction on freedom of movement religious choice, unemployment, education, marriage and family planning. On the contrary the present de facto leader of Myanmar has totally denied such ethnic cleansing and brushed away the criticism of her not handling the crisis. This paper tries to understand the dynamics and severity involved, the origin of the ethnic tension, the exclusionary policies of the government and also examines the abuse, discrimination and gross human rights violation of Rohingya Muslims which leads to the politicization of the issue and vice-versa i.e. how politicization of the issue leads to gross human rights violation. This paper further analyzes the pattern of violation, international politics and the political and economic interest vested which contributed to forced displacement in Myanmar not only of the Rohingya’s but other minorities like the Shan, the Kachin, the Karen and how this crisis has fi red up the political debate in the neighboring countries and has become a political contention and concludes with recommendation to be taken by the government and international organization to improve the situation of the minorities in Myanmar.
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Choudhury, Sumedha. « Denationalisation and discrimination in postcolonial India ». International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 12 juillet 2022, 135822912211135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13582291221113517.
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With the recent National Register of Citizens updating process in Assam (a northeastern state in India) and the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA 2019), there have been significant changes to India’s citizenship laws and policies. This may create one of the world’s largest stateless populations in modern times. These changes manifest the government’s othering process of creating binaries of belonging and non-belongingness between the majority Hindus and minorities (especially followers of the Islamic faith). In this article, taking these recent changes to citizenship as a case study, I discuss how India’s colonial past, the experience of partition, and the henceforth nation-building contributed to perceiving the ‘citizen’ primarily along Hindu majoritarian lines. I argue that the nation-building process in India was based on retaining and simultaneously re-establishing the ‘others’, thereby reinforcing colonial legacies in the structure and functioning of the postcolonial state. Consequently, this article deals with two questions, first, how the adoption of discriminatory citizenship laws and the risk of statelessness in India is rooted in its complex history, the impact of British colonial expansion and the postcolonial realities and second, what role ‘law’ has played in the process.
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Koning, Stephanie M., Amanda Flaim, Leo Baldiga et David A. Feingold. « Legal status as a life course determinant of health : parent status, adjudication stages, and HIV knowledge among highlanders in Thailand ». BMC Public Health 21, no 1 (11 octobre 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11811-8.
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Abstract Background Rising nativism and political volatility worldwide threaten to undermine hard-won achievements in human rights and public health. Risks are particularly acute for hundreds of millions of migrants, minorities, and Indigenous peoples, who face disproportionately high health burdens, including HIV/AIDS, and precarious legal status (LS). While LS is receiving increasing attention as a social determinant of health and HIV, understandings are still limited to select immigrant communities. Its effects on health among stateless communities, particularly in the Global South, remain largely unknown. Moreover, widespread limitations in census measures of LS reduce its complexity to a simplistic citizen/non-citizen binary or insufficient proxies. Thailand’s ethnolinguistically diverse highlander population experiences disproportionately high HIV prevalence and comprises one of the world’s largest and most protracted cases of statelessness, an acute condition of precarious LS. As such, analysis of LS and health outcomes among highlanders is both critically warranted, and useful as a case study outside of the migration paradigm. Methods Drawing on the UNESCO Highland Peoples Survey II (2010), an unprecedented and unique cross-sectional census of highlanders in Thailand, we mobilize complex measures of LS in adjusted ordinal logistic regression models to assess how parent citizenship and LS adjudication over the early life course condition adult HIV knowledge—a key protective factor against transmission (n = 8079). Results Adjusted ordinal logistic regression on knowledge scores reveal that parent citizenship predicts odds of greater knowledge by 1.4- to 2.2-fold, depending on ethnic group. This is partially explained by divergent stages of LS adjudication between birth and adulthood, including successful birth registration and adult citizenship acquisition, along with secondary school completion. Precisely how these factors contribute to HIV knowledge varies by ethnic group. Conclusions This study advances knowledge of LS outside of the migration paradigm, reveals heretofore unexamined connections between LS and access to public health information, and elucidates how instabilities in LS adjudication stages underlie health inequalities over the life course. Findings indicate that securing success in public health and human rights agendas requires attention to how states adjudicate and deploy LS in multiple stages across the life course to structure access and exclusion among migrant and non-migrant communities alike.