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1
Sychev, A. A., E. V. Zaytseva et P. S. Tolkachev. « MORAL-ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY ». Vestnik Universiteta, no 1 (23 mars 2020) : 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-1-36-42.
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At the present stage, the digital (information) economy is playing an increasingly important role in the world economy and national economies. Using rapid exchange of information benefits allows economic agents at all levels (from ordinary consumers to large corporations and state bodies, regulating economic relations) to make more accurate decisions in various economic issues. It is obvious, that the creation of the Russian information system will be able to increase the efficiency of our national economy (including the objectives of its state regulation) and at the same time raise the level of the country’s security. However, the effective use of the digital economy does not only depend on the level of development of the technical base of the information system. Only the moral state of society can send the information received for the benefit of all its members.
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Sholla, Sahil, Roohie Naaz Mir et Mohammad Ahsan Chishti. « Eventuality of an Apartheid State of Things ». International Journal of Technoethics 9, no 2 (juillet 2018) : 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijt.2018070106.
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Notwithstanding the potential of IoT to revolutionise our personal and social lives, the absence of a solid framework of ethics may lead to situations where smart devices are used in ways uncongenial to the moral fabric of a society. In this work, the authors seek to provide a conceptual framework toward incorporating ethics in IoT. They employ the concept of object for each smart device in order to represent ethics relevant to its context. Moreover, the authors propose dedicating a separate ethics layer in the protocol stack of smart devices to account for socio-cultural ethical aspects of a society. The ethics layer enables us to account for ethical responsibilities of smart devices vis-a-vis society so that inadvertent physical, emotional or psychological harm to human beings is avoided. Such mechanism ensures that devices operate ethically not only at individual level but also at D2D level to give rise to high order ethical structures e.g. ethical home, ethical office, ethical university, ethical city, etc.
3
Fischer Grönlund, Catarina EC, Anna IS Söderberg, Karin M. Zingmark, S. Mikael Sandlund et Vera Dahlqvist. « Ethically difficult situations in hemodialysis care – Nurses' narratives ». Nursing Ethics 22, no 6 (7 août 2014) : 711–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014542677.
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Background: Providing nursing care for patients with end-stage renal disease entails dealing with existential issues which may sometimes lead not only to ethical problems but also conflicts within the team. A previous study shows that physicians felt irresolute, torn and unconfirmed when ethical dilemmas arose. Research question: This study, conducted in the same dialysis care unit, aimed to illuminate registered nurses’ experiences of being in ethically difficult situations that give rise to a troubled conscience. Research design: This study has a phenomenological hermeneutic approach. Participants: Narrative interviews were carried out with 10 registered nurses working in dialysis care. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University. Results: One theme, ‘Calling for a deliberative dialogue’, and six sub-themes emerged: ‘Dealing with patients’ ambiguity’, ‘Responding to patients’ reluctance’, ‘Acting against patients’ will’, ‘Acting against one’s moral convictions’, ‘Lacking involvement with patients and relatives’ and ‘Being trapped in feelings of guilt’. Discussion: In ethically difficult situations, the registered nurses tried, but failed, to open up a dialogue with the physicians about ethical concerns and their uncertainty. They felt alone, uncertain and sometimes had to act against their conscience. Conclusion: In ethical dilemmas, personal and professional integrity is at stake. Mistrusting their own moral integrity may turn professionals from moral actors into victims of circumstances. To counteract such a risk, professionals and patients need to continuously deliberate on their feelings, views and experiences, in an atmosphere of togetherness and trust.
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Schipper, Karen, Elleke Landeweer et Tineke A. Abma. « Living with end-stage renal disease : Moral responsibilities of patients ». Nursing Ethics 25, no 8 (18 janvier 2017) : 1017–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016687154.
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Background: Living with a renal disease often reduces quality of life because of the stress it entails. No attention has been paid to the moral challenges of living with renal disease. Objectives: To explore the moral challenges of living with a renal disease. Research design: A case study based on qualitative research. We used Walker’s ethical framework combined with narrative ethics to analyse how negotiating care responsibilities lead to a new perspective on moral issues. Participants and research context: One case was chosen from 20 qualitative interviews with renal patients in the Netherlands. Ethical considerations: Several actions have been taken to ensure the informed consent, privacy, anonymity and confidentiality of the patient in this article. More details are offered in this article. The study has been conducted in line with the recommendations of the Medical Ethical Committee of the VU Medical Center. Findings: A renal disease can force people to change their identity, relationships, values and responsibilities. The case study illustrates the moral challenges confronting renal patients. Discussion and conclusion:: Moral issues can be raised by the changes to identities, relationships, values and responsibilities caused by renal disease. Support services for renal patients and their relatives should pay more attention to these issues in order to promote self-management.
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McAndrew, Natalie Susan, Jane Leske et Kathryn Schroeter. « Moral distress in critical care nursing : The state of the science ». Nursing Ethics 25, no 5 (22 septembre 2016) : 552–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016664975.
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Background: Moral distress is a complex phenomenon frequently experienced by critical care nurses. Ethical conflicts in this practice area are related to technological advancement, high intensity work environments, and end-of-life decisions. Objectives: An exploration of contemporary moral distress literature was undertaken to determine measurement, contributing factors, impact, and interventions. Review Methods: This state of the science review focused on moral distress research in critical care nursing from 2009 to 2015, and included 12 qualitative, 24 quantitative, and 6 mixed methods studies. Results: Synthesis of the scientific literature revealed inconsistencies in measurement, conflicting findings of moral distress and nurse demographics, problems with the professional practice environment, difficulties with communication during end-of-life decisions, compromised nursing care as a consequence of moral distress, and few effective interventions. Conclusion: Providing compassionate care is a professional nursing value and an inability to meet this goal due to moral distress may have devastating effects on care quality. Further study of patient and family outcomes related to nurse moral distress is recommended.
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Lang, P. P. « Human rights activities : legal and moral aspects ». Juridical Journal of Samara University 7, no 2 (19 octobre 2021) : 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-047x-2021-7-2-14-20.
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The article considers human rights activities as a phenomenon that constitutes an integral part of the legal society. It identifies problems of a theoretical and practical nature associated with difficulties in this area, caused by both the COVID-19 pandemic and other reasons. An attempt has been made to assess the legal and moral and ethical aspects of such a necessary activity at the present stage of the development of public relations, attention is paid to the position of international bodies regarding human rights activities, its goals and objectives. The importance and relevance of the topic is explained by the fact that, in the opinion of human rights defenders themselves, the entire system of human rights protection, created after one of the most terrible periods in modern world history, is going through a crisis at this historical stage, which is increasingly aggravated under the influence of numerous problems of political and economic nature. Military conflicts, migration, a pandemic clearly demonstrate the obvious need to address the issue of the essence of human rights activities, including its moral and ethical component.
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Ko, Hsun-Kuei, Hui-Chen Tseng, Chi-Chun Chin et Min-Tao Hsu. « Phronesis of nurses : A response to moral distress ». Nursing Ethics 27, no 1 (11 avril 2019) : 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019833126.
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Background: As moral action could help nurses reduce moral distress, it is necessary to carry out qualitative research to present the experiences in which nurses apply moral action. Aim: To describe and analyze the phronesis applied by nurses in the face of moral distress. Research design: The research participants were invited to participate in in-depth interviews. The research materials were based on the stories described by the research participants and recorded by means of first-person narrative. Narrative analysis was applied to interpret the nurses’ phronesis. Participants: Twenty-seven nurses from Taiwan. Ethical considerations: The Institutional Review Board of the Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital in Taiwan confirmed that this study passed the research ethical review. Findings: According to the narrative analysis results, the phenomenon of moral distress contains difficulty, action, and idea transformation. The difficulty is the source of moral distress, action is the practice of moral courage, and idea transformation is the nurse’s emotional movement. Action and idea transformation are collectively called phronesis in this study. Discussion: Moral distress refers to a state of suffering caused by situations in which nurses cannot carry out their ethical intentions. Phronesis is the process through which nurses take actions and relocate the subjects and is an ethical way to find relief from moral distress. Starting with empathy and respectful attitudes arising from self-reflection, nurses may be helped to get relief from the suffering of moral distress. Conclusion: Phronesis can help nurses positively face the emotional strain of moral distress. This article puts forward a narrative method to complete the four steps of phronesis: write about the care experience, identify the difficulties in the stories, seek the possibility of action, and form a new care attitude, which could help nurses learn to reduce their moral distress.
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Marsh, Wendy, Ann Robinson, Jill Shawe et Ann Gallagher. « Removal of babies at birth and the moral distress of midwives ». Nursing Ethics 27, no 4 (16 septembre 2019) : 1103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019874503.
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Background Midwives and nurses appear vulnerable to moral distress when caring for women whose babies are removed at birth. They may experience professional dissatisfaction and their relationships with women, families and colleagues may be compromised. The impact of moral distress may manifest as anger, guilt, frustration, anxiety and a desire to give up their profession. While there has been much attention exploring the concept of moral distress in midwifery, this is the first study to explore its association in this context. Aim This article explores midwives’ experiences of moral distress when providing care to women whose babies were removed at birth and gives valuable insight into an issue nurses and midwives encounter in their profession. Methods Four mothers and eight midwives took part in this research. Narrative inquiry incorporating photo-elicitation techniques was used to generate data; mothers were interviewed face to face and midwives through focus groups. The images and audio data were collected, transcribed and analysed for emerging themes. For the purpose of this article, only the midwives’ stories are reported. This research received a favourable ethical opinion from the University of Surrey Ethics committee. Ethical considerations This study received a favourable ethical approval from a higher education institutes ethics committee. Results Midwives who care for women whose babies are removed at birth report it as one of the most distressing areas of contemporary clinical practice. Furthermore, they report feelings of guilt, helplessness and betrayal of the midwife–mother relationship. Many of the midwives in this study state that these experiences stay with them for a long time, far more than more joyful aspects of their role. Conclusion Midwives experience moral distress. Support systems, education and training must be available to them if we are to reduce the long-term impact upon them, alleviate their distress and prevent them from leaving the profession.
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Romanova, I., N. Laas et E. Gurova. « Moral Standards in the Organization : the Regulatory Nature and Management of Ethical Behavior of Employees ». Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 10, no 2 (26 mai 2021) : 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2305-7807-2021-10-2-23-30.
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The article presents the results of a study (questionnaire survey) of managers and ordinary employees of public and private Russian organizations on the problem of the regulatory role of ethical rules for labor / organizational behavior and the management of ethical actions of personnel. The answers of respondents to the questionnaire about the mission of moral standards in the organization and the importance of their observance are analyzed in detail and presented; on the state of compliance with ethical canons in the organization, detailed reasons and forms of their violation; on the preferred sanctions for violation / observance of moral standards; o the presence of Ethical Codes in companies and their purpose.
The results of the survey showed that ethical norms are the most important regulator of labor / organizational behavior, and their most important purpose is "the development of good relations between employees." Most of the respondents are satisfied with the state of observance of moral standards in their organizations, and also believe that the management pays sufficient attention to their observance. The study revealed that the main cause of violation of moral standards in companies is the personal characteristics of employees, then the management style, and then organizational factors. The most “popular” form of deviation from moral rules in the eyes of respondents is shirking orders. At the same time, the leading role of management is indicated as a role model, which is followed by ordinary employees when choosing ethical or unethical actions. For the most part, the organizations have not developed and do not have Codes of Ethics, the mission of which, according to the participants of the survey, is to orient staff towards ethical behavior and resolve the moral problems of the organization. At the same time, the respondents indicated that it is necessary to apply sanctions both for deviating from moral rules and for observing them.
The research results are practice-oriented. At the same time, they cannot reflect the entire variety of aspects of the influence of the regulatory essence of moral canons on labor / organizational behavior and its management system.
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Numminen, Olivia, Jouko Katajisto et Helena Leino-Kilpi. « Development and validation of Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale ». Nursing Ethics 26, no 7-8 (5 septembre 2018) : 2438–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733018791325.
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Background: Moral courage is required at all levels of nursing. However, there is a need for development of instruments to measure nurses’ moral courage. Objectives: The objective of this study is to develop a scale to measure nurses’ self-assessed moral courage, to evaluate the scale’s psychometric properties, and to briefly describe the current level of nurses’ self-assessed moral courage and associated socio-demographic factors. Research design: In this methodological study, non-experimental, cross-sectional exploratory design was applied. The data were collected using Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale and analysed statistically. Participants and research context: The data were collected from a convenience sample of 482 nurses from four different clinical fields in a major university hospital in Finland for the final testing of the scale. The pilot comprised a convenience sample of 129 nurses. Ethical considerations: The study followed good scientific inquiry guidelines. Ethical approval was obtained from the university ethics committee and permission to conduct the study from the participating hospital. Findings: Psychometric evaluation showed that the 4-sub-scale, 21-item Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale demonstrates good reliability and validity at its current state of development showing a good level of internal consistency for a new scale, the internal consistency values ranging from 0.73 to 0.82 for sub-scales and 0.93 for the total scale, thus well exceeding the recommended Cronbach’s alpha value of >0.7. Principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis supported the theoretical construct of Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale. Face validity and expert panel assessments markedly contributed to the relevance of items in establishing content validity. Discussion and conclusion: Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale provides a new generic instrument intended for measuring nurses’ self-assessed moral courage. Recognizing the importance of moral courage as a part of nurses’ moral competence and its assessment offers possibilities to develop interventions and educational programs for enhancement of moral courage. Research should focus on further validation measures of Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale in international contexts.
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de Casterlé, Bernadette Dierckx, Mieke Grypdonck, Magda Vuylsteke-Wauters et Piet J. Janssen. « Nursing Students’ Responses to Ethical Dilemmas in Nursing Practice ». Nursing Ethics 4, no 1 (janvier 1997) : 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309700400103.
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In literature as well as in nursing practice a growing concern about nurses’ ethical competence can be observed. Based on the cognitive theory of moral development by Kohlberg, this research examined nursing students’ ethical behaviour in five nursing dilemmas. Ethical behaviour refers not only to the ethical reasoning of nursing students but also to the relationship between reasoning and behaviour. Kohlberg’s definition of morality was refined by adding a care perspective. The results show that the majority of students can be located in the fourth moral stage according to Kohlberg’s theory, that is, the conventional level of moral development. This finding implies that students are still guided by professional rules, norms and duties, and have not (yet) succeeded in making personal ethical decisions on the basis of their own principles and acting according to such decisions.
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Elmore, James, David Kenneth Wright et Maude Paradis. « Nurses’ moral experiences of assisted death : A meta-synthesis of qualitative research ». Nursing Ethics 25, no 8 (28 décembre 2016) : 955–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016679468.
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Background: Legislative changes are resulting in assisted death as an option for people at the end of life. Although nurses’ experiences and perspectives are underrepresented within broader ethical discourses about assisted death, there is a small but significant body of literature examining nurses’ experiences of caring for people who request this option. Aim: To synthesize what has been learned about nurses’ experiences of caring for patients who request assisted death and to highlight what is morally at stake for nurses who undertake this type of care. Design: Qualitative meta-synthesis. Methods: Six databases were searched: CINAHL, Medline, EMBASE, Joanna Briggs Institute, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. The search was completed on 22 October 2014 and updated in February 2016. Of 879 articles identified from the database searches, 16 articles were deemed relevant based on inclusion criteria. Following quality appraisal, 14 studies were retained for analysis and synthesis. Results: The moral experience of the nurse is (1) defined by a profound sense of responsibility, (2) shaped by contextual forces that nurses navigate in everyday end-of-life care practice, and (3) sustained by intra-team moral and emotional support. Discussion: The findings of this synthesis support the view that nurses are moral agents who are deeply invested in the moral integrity of end-of-life care involving assisted death. The findings further demonstrate that to fully appreciate the ethics of assisted death from a nursing standpoint, it is necessary to understand the broader constraints on nurses’ moral agency that operate in everyday end-of-life care. Ethical considerations: Research ethics board approval was not required for this synthesis of previously published literature. Conclusion: In order to understand how to enact ethical practice in the area of assisted death, the moral experiences of nurses should be investigated and foregrounded.
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Bartholdson, Cecilia, Margareta af Sandeberg, Kim Lützén, Klas Blomgren et Pernilla Pergert. « Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of the ethical climate in paediatric cancer care ». Nursing Ethics 23, no 8 (3 août 2016) : 877–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733015587778.
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Background: How well ethical concerns are handled in healthcare is influenced by the ethical climate of the workplace, which in this study is described as workplace factors that contribute to healthcare professionals’ ability to identify and deal with ethical issues in order to provide the patient with ethically good care. Objectives: The overall aim of the study was to describe perceptions of the paediatric hospital ethical climate among healthcare professionals who treat/care for children with cancer. Research design: Data were collected using the Hospital Ethical Climate Survey developed by Olsson as a separate section in a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse perceptions of the ethical climate. Participants and research context: Physicians, nurses and nurse-aides (n = 89) from three paediatric units participated in this study: haematology/oncology, chronic diseases and neurology. Ethical considerations: The study was approved by the regional ethical review board. Findings: Different perceptions of the ethical climate were rated as positive or negative/neutral. Nurses’ ratings were less positive than physicians on all items. One-third of the participants perceived that they were able to practice ethically good care as they believed it should be practised. Discussion: Differences in professional roles, involving more or less power and influence, might explain why physicians and nurses rated items differently. A positive perception of the possibility to practice ethically good care seems to be related to inter-professional trust and listening to guardians/parents. A negative/neutral perception of the possibility to practice ethically good care appears to be influenced by experiences of ethical conflicts as well as a lack of ethical support, for example, time for reflection and discussion. Conclusion: The two-thirds of participants who had a negative/neutral perception of the possibility to practice ethically good care are at risk of developing moral stress. Clinical ethics support needs to be implemented in care where important values are at stake.
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Horstman, Klasien, et Engeline van Rens-Leenaarts. « Beyond the Boundary Between Science and Values : re-evaluating the moral dimension of the nurse’s role in cot death prevention ». Nursing Ethics 9, no 2 (mars 2002) : 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733002ne494oa.
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This article combines a philosophical critique of the idea that public health nurses are primary technicians who neutrally hand over scientifically established facts on risks to the public and an empirical analysis of the actual work of public health nurses. It is argued that the relationship between facts and values in public health is complex and that, despite the introduction of several scientifically-based standards and guidelines, public health nurses are not technicians. They do moral work and experience ethical dilemmas. To get a grip on the specific character of this moral work, we distance ourselves from the idea that there are ethical dilemmas in public health nursing for which we can provide general ethical rules and principles. Instead we suggest a contextual ethical approach, in which several different kinds of consideration may be important. To illustrate this, we analysed 15 in-depth interviews with nurses involved in the prevention of cot deaths in the Netherlands. It is shown that these nurses do not neutrally pass on the epidemiological facts on the risks of prone sleeping, warm bedclothes and passive smoking, but they are the moral architects of this preventive practice. It is also shown that this moral work and the ethical dilemmas they experience cannot be characterized in terms of general ethical rules and principles. It becomes clear that the moral work of nurses differs according to the three main risks at stake: the balance between virtue, risk taking and responsibility depends on the specific context.
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Oddi, Lorys F., Virginia R. Cassidy et Cheryl Fisher. « Nurses' Sensitivity To the Ethical Aspects of Clinical Practice ». Nursing Ethics 2, no 3 (septembre 1995) : 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309500200303.
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The purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which nurses perceive the ethical dimensions of clinical practice situations involving patients, families and health care professionals. Using the composite theory of basic moral principles and the professional standard of care established by legal custom as a framework, situations involving ethical dilemmas were gleaned from the nursing literature. They were reviewed for content validity, clarity and representativeness in a two-stage process by expert panels. The situations were presented in a written format to a convenience sample of nurses (n = 125), who were primarily staff nurses (65.6%). Respondents' judgements about whether the main issue of each situation concerned ethics ranged from a low of 0.8% to a high of 40%. From analyses of the categories into which the majority of subjects placed each situation, it was concluded that these nurses generally perceived ethics as the main issue in situations that directly involve patients' autonomy. Analysis yielded unanticipated findings about the themes in ethical situations to which nurses in practice may respond.
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Pesut, Barbara, Madeleine Greig, Sally Thorne, Janet Storch, Michael Burgess, Carol Tishelman, Kenneth Chambaere et Robert Janke. « Nursing and euthanasia : A narrative review of the nursing ethics literature ». Nursing Ethics 27, no 1 (21 mai 2019) : 152–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019845127.
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Background: Medical Assistance in Dying, also known as euthanasia or assisted suicide, is expanding internationally. Canada is the first country to permit Nurse Practitioners to provide euthanasia. These developments highlight the need for nurses to reflect upon the moral and ethical issues that euthanasia presents for nursing practice. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to provide a narrative review of the ethical arguments surrounding euthanasia in relationship to nursing practice. Methods: Systematic search and narrative review. Nine electronic databases were searched using vocabulary developed from a stage 1 search of Medline and CINAHL. Articles that analysed a focused ethical question related to euthanasia in the context of nursing practice were included. Articles were synthesized to provide an overview of the literature of nursing ethics and euthanasia. Ethical Considerations: This review was conducted as per established scientific guidelines. We have tried to be fair and respectful to the authors discussed. Findings: Forty-three articles were identified and arranged inductively into four themes: arguments from the nature of nursing; arguments from ethical principles, concepts and theories; arguments for moral consistency; and arguments from the nature of the social good. Key considerations included nursing’s moral ontology, the nurse–patient relationship, potential impact on the profession, ethical principles and theories, moral culpability for acts versus omissions, the role of intention and the nature of the society in which euthanasia would be enacted. In many cases, the same assumptions, values, principles and theories were used to argue both for and against euthanasia. Discussion: The review identified a relative paucity of literature in light of the expansion of euthanasia internationally. However, the literature provided a fulsome range of positions for nurses to consider as they reflect on their own participation in euthanasia. Many of the arguments reviewed were not nursing-specific, but rather are relevant across healthcare disciplines. Arguments explicitly grounded within the nature of nursing and nurse–patient relationships warrant further exploration.
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Kirichenko, I. « Finland's Innovation Policy : Sociohumanitarian Aspects ». World Economy and International Relations 65, no 12 (2021) : 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-12-61-67.
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Modern society faces large-scale challenges associated with the digitalization of economic and social processes, especially at its new stage – the development and implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The point is that the use of AI entails great ethical risks, since creates an opportunity for non-observance of human rights to privacy. In Finland, a country that has been pursuing an innovation policy closely linked to socio-economic policies that responds to social challenges for several decades, this problem is widely discussed and strives to minimize and even eliminate the above risks in decisions on research and development (R&D) policy. Therefore, R&D in the field of AI technologies is carried out in Finland at the intersection of computer, mathematical and humanitarian sciences, since one of the most important issues of its application is the question of how moral and ethical its results will be. In this regard, the analysis and understanding of Finland’s experience in this area is important and necessary. Finland has traditionally in recent decades prioritized the humanitarian component in the formation of innovation policy. The technological component was viewed through the prism of social problems that should be resolved in the course of economic development, the main driver of which is innovation processes. This approach is determined by the country’s social development model. The openness of public administration, the high role of the country’s citizens in making the most important strategic decisions, the social responsibility of business, taking into account the opinion of the expert community leads to a balanced promotion of technologies in the economy. Of course, opportunities for innovative development “with a human face” from time to time run into economic constraints – which was clearly manifested, for example, during a pandemic. Nevertheless, when it comes to digitalization and the use of AI, the Finnish state and society continue to strive to ensure the presumption of morality and ethics in the implementation of these technologies. The country is conducting humanitarian and sociological research in this area, as well as developing mechanisms for managing the ethics and morality of AI. The country strives to become a leader not only in AI technologies, but also in developing the principles of preserving the humanitarian and moral values that Finland shares with Europe.
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Savushkin, S. « Legislative aspects of interaction between the state and religious organizations ». Voprosy kul'turologii (Issues of Cultural Studies), no 2 (1 février 2020) : 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-01-2002-07.
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In this paper we write about the relationship of religious and moral traditions and the state regulatory apparatus. The significant place of religion in the Constitution and legislative acts of Russia and other countries is emphasized. The work deals with some aspects of the Federal law "On freedom of conscience and religion" and the danger of missionary expansion from the outside. Religion is not only a part of the spiritual life of the country, a source of ethical norms, but also a serious political factor. Through non-cultural religious groups, the country may weaken and lose its state sovereignty. In Russia, statehood was formed on the basis of the traditions of the Orthodox Church, so the opportunities in the development of the Russian state largely depend on its well-being. Qualitative and balanced stateconfessional relations are the basis of Russia's spiritual security.
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Oleinykov, Sergei. « ETHICS AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS' LEGAL ACTIVITIES ». Grail of Science, no 14-15 (9 juin 2022) : 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/grail-of-science.27.05.2022.022.
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Studies of professional legal activity stimulate methodological innovations that bring closer the disclosure of the theoretical concept and ethical-legal democratic transit. They are relevant to understanding the evolution and regime of interaction between power and society, based on the imperative of the rule of law. The social purpose of legal activity recognized as a condition for the rational organization of public-legal relations. Its objectivity conditioned by the real existence of the needs of society. The existence of a legal system presupposes the existence of the Bar as an element of it. It is not possible to guarantee the exercise of the rights of actors outside the actors. The influence of the moral renaissance factor, ethical and legal imperatives, mental archetypes of power – traditions, norms and values – in the process of formation and functioning of institutions of power, their perception and social legitimization must be taken into account. Ethics have a significant impact on the effectiveness of legal activities, support the system of social conditions and support the institutions of power, its brands, authority, image in the interaction of the state and civil society.
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Agustin, Henri, et Lili Anita. « PERSEPSI AKUNTAN PENDIDIK DI KOTA PADANG TERHADAP IDE PENGINTEGRASIAN MUATAN ETIKA DALAM KURIKULUM AKUNTANSI ». EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 13, no 4 (12 septembre 2018) : 483–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2009.v13.i4.184.
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This research aims to describe perceptions of accounting lectures from 2 state universities in Padang (Universitas Negeri Padang and Universitas Andalas) about the idea integrating ethics into accounting curiculum. Data for this research were collected by using quessioner adopted from Fisher et al., (2005). As many as 42 quessioners (16 from UNP and 28 from UNAND) were returned back to the researchers, and then the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics tehniques. The research results proved that both accounting lectrures from UNP and UNAND were (1) stongly agree that ethical content should be embodied into accounting curriculum, (2) agree that ethical contents in accounting curriculum should be teached by a collaboration between accounting lectures and accounting practioners, (3) stongly agree that ethical conducts and moral obligations as an accountant were the main aspects that should be teached to accounting students, (4) agree that embodied ethical contents to every subjects in accounting curriculum was the best way in integrated ethics to accounting students, and (5) strongly agree that the best learning methods in integrated ethics for accounting students were using critical review on ethics articels and implementing those ethical values in every day life
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Agustin, Henri, et Lili Anita. « PERSEPSI AKUNTAN PENDIDIK DI KOTA PADANG TERHADAP IDE PENGINTEGRASIAN MUATAN ETIKA DALAM KURIKULUM AKUNTANSI ». EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 13, no 4 (1 décembre 2009) : 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2009.v13.i4.2172.
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This research aims to describe perceptions of accounting lectures from 2 state universities in Padang (Universitas Negeri Padang and Universitas Andalas) about the idea integrating ethics into accounting curiculum. Data for this research were collected by using quessioner adopted from Fisher et al., (2005). As many as 42 quessioners (16 from UNP and 28 from UNAND) were returned back to the researchers, and then the collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics tehniques. The research results proved that both accounting lectrures from UNP and UNAND were (1) stongly agree that ethical content should be embodied into accounting curriculum, (2) agree that ethical contents in accounting curriculum should be teached by a collaboration between accounting lectures and accounting practioners, (3) stongly agree that ethical conducts and moral obligations as an accountant were the main aspects that should be teached to accounting students, (4) agree that embodied ethical contents to every subjects in accounting curriculum was the best way in integrated ethics to accounting students, and (5) strongly agree that the best learning methods in integrated ethics for accounting students were using critical review on ethics articels and implementing those ethical values in every day life
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NACASATO, Rayssa Pereira, Rafael Aiello BOMFIM et Alessandro Diogo DE-CARLI. « Ethical and moral development : aspects relating to professional training in Dentistry ». RGO - Revista Gaúcha de Odontologia 64, no 1 (mars 2016) : 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720160001000063056.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the progression of a public university's dental students through stages of moral development during the course. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 115 students (from the 1st to the 7th semester), to whom the "Opiniões sobre problemas sociais" test, adapted and translated to the Portuguese language, was applied. Results: The collected answers were charted according to the test manual's guidelines and data were analyzed by the GraphPad Prism software 6.0 and STATA v.13. Principal morality score values, expressed as a P value (%), were 40.26%; 39.32%; 36.45% and 36.27% for the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th semesters, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (ANOVA, p = 0.52). Conclusion: Students' degrees of morality did not vary significantly among the semesters compared, indicating the need for a reorientation of teaching-learning practices that takes the potential of transformative learning into account.
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Piryani, R. M. « Medical ethics education ». Journal of Chitwan Medical College 5, no 1 (31 mars 2015) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v5i1.12557.
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Ethics education is essential for everyone but indispensable for health care professionals. Health care professionals must strive for excellence as much as possible. The moral duty of health care professionals is to do the best for their patients and take healthcare decision based on evidence and clinical, technical and ethical ground. However, most of the times ethical aspects are either ignored, undermined or overlooked. There seems to be some gap in teaching and learning and its application in practice. The fundamental idea to teach medical ethics at undergraduate level is to sow the seeds to ethics at an early stage in the minds of health care professionals to deliver excellent health care to the community. All religions prescribe ethical and moral behaviour and thought for their followers. Hinduism through Bhagwat Gita preaches karma as the only dharma, Islam speaks of Khuluq, Buddhism of the 10 meritorious deeds, Jainism of three ratnas, Christianity of service and stewardship. Let’s invest our efforts in enhancing medical ethics education in our institutions besides technical education and produce quality healthcare professionals who can take healthcare decision based on evidence, and clinical, technical and ethical ground.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v5i1.12557
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Iurcov, Raluca, Magdalena Iorga et Beatrice Gabriela Ioan. « Ethical Dilemma in Dentistry Practice During COVID 19 Pandemic ». Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Bioethica 65, no 1-2 (30 décembre 2020) : 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbioethica.2020.03.
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"The dental medical services were forced to follow the decisions of the various national governments that declared a state of emergency and consequently the dental offices were closed for long periods. The present theoretical paper focuses on the moral and ethical aspects related to the patients’ access to dental services and to dentists’ activity (from interdiction of practice to re-opening, with strict preventive rules to combat de spread of infection). The article presents the situation of Romanian dentists during the first six weeks of the pandemic, and it analyses the struggles of patients and doctors to access and to provide dental services during COVID 19 pandemic. Keywords: ethics, dentistry, Romania, pandemic, medicine, COVID 19. "
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Gastmans, Chris. « Challenges to Nursing Values in a Changing Nursing Environment ». Nursing Ethics 5, no 3 (mai 1998) : 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309800500307.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse how the broad context of nursing practice plays a stimulating and/or a restricting role in the process of ethical caring. Three areas of special attention are noted. First, on the societal level, some developments that influence the state of affairs in the caring sector are indicated. Secondly, concerning the nursing and medical professions, an interprofessional dialogue based on specific competence is outlined. Thirdly, there is a discussion of how health care institutions can evolve from a business undertaking to a pedagogic-moral area where nurses can learn the moral attitudes that are essential to achieve ‘good care’.
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Clayton, Ellen Wright. « Legal and Ethical Commentary : The Dangers of Reading Duty Too Broadly ». Journal of Law, Medicine & ; Ethics 25, no 1 (1997) : 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1997.tb01391.x.
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The term duty is used in philosophy and law to de scribe the obligation one person owes to another. Yet what these two disciplines mean by duty often differs. Perhaps even more important, a determination by the law that a duty exists has different social consequences than does a similar assessment by philosophy Moral or ethical obligations between individuals make living in society possible, but breach of these obligations usually results only in social opprobrium, personal guilt, or shame. A legal duty, by contrast, enables a person to use the power of the state to enforce claims against another, either by injunction to make the duty-ower fulfill his/her responsibilities or more commonly by award of damages in the event the duty-ower fails to meet these obligations. In some cases, society itself chooses to impose criminal penalties on those who fail to meet certain important obligations.The use of the term duty in both disciplines creates the temptation to extend a definition formulated in one setting to the other discourse. Ronald Green does not bite this apple, but his efforts to draw on the law to support his moral arguments, while not clearly identifying the distinctions between legal and moral obligations, may make it easier for others to see moral and legal duties as the same. Yielding to the enticement to equate moral and legal duties can lead to a host of difficulties. My purpose here is to demonstrate why the duties and privileges proposed by Professor Green are not and should not be adopted and enforced by the law.
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Ersoy, Nermin, et Ümit N. Gündoğmuş. « A Study of the Ethical Sensitivity of Physicians in Turkey ». Nursing Ethics 10, no 5 (septembre 2003) : 472–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733003ne6290a.
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In order to prepare bioethics and clinical ethics courses for clinicians in Turkey, we needed to know the attitudes of physicians when placed in ethically difficult care situations. We presented four cases to 207 physicians who are members of the Physicians’ Association in Kocaeli, Turkey. Depending on the decisions they made in each case, we determined whether they were aware of the ethical aspects of the cases and the principles they chose as a basis for their decisions. We aimed to gain information about their ethical tendencies and moral sensitivity. A small number of physicians stated that they would ‘show respect for a patient’s living will’ in the first case, but more stated that they would ‘let the patient refuse the treatment’ in the second. In the third case, where medical confidentiality was the significant ethical issue, most of the physicians said that they would act in order to maintain confidentiality. For the last case, more than half the physicians chose to ‘tell the truth’ to the patient. The paternalism shown in the doctors’ decisions on the first two cases was no longer observed in those made for the last two cases. We concluded that the physicians who participated in our study have low sensitivity to living wills (or advance directives) and patients refusing treatment. However, when issues of medical confidentiality and truth-telling are concerned, they take care to protect the autonomy of the individual and are relatively more aware of the ethical aspects of these cases.
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Randall, Thomas. « A Care Ethical Engagement with John Locke on Toleration ». Philosophies 7, no 3 (26 avril 2022) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7030049.
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Care theorists have yet to outline an account of how the concept of toleration should function in their normative framework. This lack of outline is a notable gap in the literature, particularly for demonstrating whether care ethics can appropriately address cases of moral disagreement within contemporary pluralistic societies; in other words, does care ethics have the conceptual resources to recognize the disapproval that is inherent in an act of toleration while simultaneously upholding the positive values of care without contradiction? By engaging care ethics with John Locke’s (1632–1704) influential corpus on toleration, I answer the above question by building the bases for a novel theory of toleration as care. Specifically, I argue that care theorists can home in on an oft-overlooked aspect of Locke’s later thought: that the possibility of a tolerant society is dependent on a societal ethos of trustworthiness and civility, to the point where Locke sets out positive ethical demands on both persons and the state to ensure this ethos can grow and be sustained. By leveraging and augmenting Locke’s thought within the care ethical framework, I clarify how care ethics can provide meaningful solutions to moral disagreement within contemporary pluralistic societies in ways preferable to the capability of a liberal state.
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Randall, Thomas. « A Care Ethical Engagement with John Locke on Toleration ». Philosophies 7, no 3 (26 avril 2022) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7030049.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Care theorists have yet to outline an account of how the concept of toleration should function in their normative framework. This lack of outline is a notable gap in the literature, particularly for demonstrating whether care ethics can appropriately address cases of moral disagreement within contemporary pluralistic societies; in other words, does care ethics have the conceptual resources to recognize the disapproval that is inherent in an act of toleration while simultaneously upholding the positive values of care without contradiction? By engaging care ethics with John Locke’s (1632–1704) influential corpus on toleration, I answer the above question by building the bases for a novel theory of toleration as care. Specifically, I argue that care theorists can home in on an oft-overlooked aspect of Locke’s later thought: that the possibility of a tolerant society is dependent on a societal ethos of trustworthiness and civility, to the point where Locke sets out positive ethical demands on both persons and the state to ensure this ethos can grow and be sustained. By leveraging and augmenting Locke’s thought within the care ethical framework, I clarify how care ethics can provide meaningful solutions to moral disagreement within contemporary pluralistic societies in ways preferable to the capability of a liberal state.
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Parker, J. Clint. « Bioethical Boundaries, Critiques of Current Paradigms, and the Importance of Transparency ». Journal of Medicine and Philosophy : A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine 47, no 1 (28 décembre 2021) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhab042.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract This issue of The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy is dedicated to topics in clinical ethics with essays addressing clinician participation in state sponsored execution, duties to decrease ecological footprints in medicine, the concept of caring and its relationship to conscientious refusal, the dilemmas involved in dual use research, a philosophical and practical critique of principlism, conundrums that arise when applying surrogate decision-making models to patients with moderate intellectual disabilities, the phenomenology of chronic disease, and ethical concerns surrounding the use of artificial intelligence in medicine. Throughout the issue, the themes of conceptual and moral boundaries in bioethics, critiques of current clinical ethics paradigms, and the importance of transparency are prominent.
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Humenna, I. R., et Ya M. Nakhaieva. « THE MORAL PRINCIPLES FORMATION OF FUTURE DOCTORS DURING THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS ». Медична освіта, no 2 (2 juin 2020) : 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/me.2414-5998.2020.2.11147.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article reveals the issue of moral principles formation during professional education, the concept of moral characters of a specialist in the field of medicine as a system of moral qualities and actions.
The aim of humanitarian education is to form the future doctors’ needs for continuous education, development of general culture, formation of professional and communicative competence, legal consciousness, tolerance, humanity. In addition to the aesthetic, such training also has a moral impact on the younger generation of doctors, helping to understand the internal state of the patient. The importance of moral principles in the medical profession are found out. It is revealed that the principle of collegiality in medicine contributes to the development of professional and ethical culture of medical workers. Theoretical aspects of this problem are considered.
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SHAPIRO, MATAN. « Paradoxes of Intimacy : Play and the Ethics of Invisibility in North-east Brazil ». Journal of Latin American Studies 48, no 4 (8 juin 2016) : 797–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x16000389.
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AbstractIn this article I examine ordinary ethical practices that underpin intimate relations in the Brazilian state of Maranhão. I focus ethnographically on jealousy and seduction as complementary forms of play, which simultaneously affirm and challenge such aspects of emotional relatedness as trust and love. I argue that since a measure of concealment is inherent in both these play-forms, they render invisible those actions that challenge conventional moral injunctions, such as sexual infidelity. I consequently offer an ethnographic theory of ‘invisibility’ by which opacity, uncertainty and paradox become intrinsic to the emergence of intimate relations as ethical practices in their own right.
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Pramana, I. Kadek Adhi, I. Gusti Ayu Nyoman Budiasih Budiasih, Anak Agung Ngurah Bagus Dwirandra et I. Gusti Ayu Made Asri Dwija Putri. « Insightfully Explore the Ethical Decision Making of Tax Consultants During COVID-19 Pandemic ». Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi dan Bisnis 17, no 1 (8 janvier 2022) : 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jiab.2022.v17.i01.p11.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Weakening economic performance during COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on state revenues in the tax sector caused dilemma for a tax consultant. This study aims to explore various ethical decisions making by tax consultants. Transcendental phenomenology Husserl's is used to obtain pure consciousness from informants. Data was collected by interview and based on the interpretation, the dilemma caused by non-optimal income and client's internal policies. In addition, several clients experience tax audits during the pandemic. Ethical assessment of decision making is considered into several aspects, such as: moral considerations, commitment to providing optimal services, and awareness that the role of tax consultants is helping the government to gain state revenue in tax sector. This study provides the relevance use of ethical theory and the theory of planned behaviour. For practitioners, this research can be used as advice in making decisions both in pandemic situations and other unexpected events.
Keywords: phenomenology, dilemma, tax consultant, explore, ethical decision
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Lavingia, Richa, Rajeev Raghavan et Stephanie R. Morain. « Emergency-Only Hemodialysis Policies ». Journal of Law, Medicine & ; Ethics 48, no 3 (2020) : 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520958877.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An estimated 6,500 undocumented immigrants in the United States have been diagnosed with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). These individuals are ineligible for the federal insurance program that covers dialysis and/or transplantation for citizens, and consequently are subject to local or state policies regarding the provision of healthcare. In 76% of states, undocumented immigrants are ineligible to receive scheduled outpatient dialysis treatments, and typically receive dialysis only when presenting to the emergency center with severe life-threatening symptoms. ‘Emergency-only hemodialysis’ (EOHD) is associated with higher healthcare costs, higher mortality, and longer hospitalizations. In this paper, we present an ethical critique of existing federal policy. We argue that EOHD represents a failure of fiduciary and professional obligations, contributes to moral distress, and undermines physician obligations to be good stewards of medical resources. We then explore potential avenues for reform based upon policies introduced at the state level. We argue that, while reform at the federal level would ultimately be a more sustainable longterm solution, state-based policy reforms can help mitigate the ethical shortcomings of EOHD.
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Zorin, K. V. « Medical education under conditions of pandemic of coronavirus infection : social and ethical recommendations ». Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no 2 (février 2021) : 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.02-21.038.
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Presented are social-ethical recommendations for medical education under conditions of pandemic of coronavirus infection. In the modern world there are many social and ethical problems, that depend on the worldview, philosophical and spiritual and moral positions of the state, society in general and individual in particular. Social and ethical issues of digital learning technologies caused by the new coronavirus infection have not yet been fully studied. The author analyzes a number of these aspects, related to medical education during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. The following research methods were used in the work, i.e. study and analysis of special literature, synthesis, modeling, comparison, generalization, observation, system analysis and theoretical knowledge. The article contains a number of social and ethical recommendations to help teachers and students better adapt to the distance learning format.
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Shynkarenko, O. B. « ETHICAL EXPLICATIONS OF "VISUAL TURN" IN CONTEMPORARY CULTURE ». UKRAINIAN CULTURAL STUDIES, no 1 (6) (2020) : 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/ucs.2020.1(6).10.
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The article is devoted to the coverage of possible ethical conclusions from the stated "visual turn" in the study of contemporary transformations of culture. The rapid growth of digital technological capabilities, which began at the end of the twentieth century and intensified in recent decades, has been characterized by changes in the nature and role of visualization in the socio-cultural space of the present. The socio- cultural effects of the reversal of cultural practice on the dominance of the visual component cause the urgent need to integrate ethical research into the scientific discourse on visualization, visual image, visual perception, and their influence on the state of human readiness for new behavioral requests and social relationships. Among the multi-sectoral discussions, "visual ethics" also took its place. However, the ethical aspect here is more related to the problems of regulating the relations that arise in the process of visual production (photojournalism, visual communication in the media, advertising content, etc.). It is considered in a certain applied aspect – as moral aspects of the relations of subjects and visual communication in the process of production and consumption of visual products. At the same time, visual studies tend to analyze imagistic representations while ignoring many of the ethical dimensions involved. The study of sociocultural practice, which has radically returned to the visual as its dominant characteristic and yet burdened by the dominance of new technologies of mediation by the loss of the directness of human contact, atomization, require a broader anthropological understanding of the formation of man as an active social actor. Such a task is seen in addressing the problem of a new reading of the problem of the correlation of ethos and aesthesis. For the "visual turn" as a trend of modern cultural studies, ethical orientation is seen in the trend of subject design of visual ethics as one of the areas of visual research.
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Post, Stephen G. « Dementia in Our Midst : The Moral Community ». Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 4, no 2 (1995) : 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100005818.
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This article focuses on the elderly patient with a progressive and irreversible dementia, most often of the Alzheimer type. However dementia, the decline in mental function from a previous state, can occur in all ages. For example, if Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the dementia of the elderly, increasingly AIDS is the dementia of many who are relatively young. I will not present the major ethical issues relating to dementia care following the progression of disease from the mild to the severe stages, for I have done this elsewhere. Among the issues included are: presymptomatic testing, both psychological and genetic; responsible diag- nostic disclosure and use of support groups; restrictions on driving and other activities; preemptive assisted suicide; advance directives for research and treatment; quality of life in relation to the use of life-extending technologies; and euthanasia.
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Hoesein, Zainal Arifin, Pathorang Halim et Arifuddin Arifuddin. « State Ethics as the Basicof Legal Policy for Handling of Covid-19 in Indonesia ». International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (31 décembre 2020) : 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.29.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has created emergencies in all sectors of life around the world. In this context, this study seeks to evaluate the important role of state officials and administrators' ethics as the basis for legal policy in handling Covid-19 in Indonesia. By using a descriptive method with a conceptual approach based on normative-juridical analysis, the results of the study show that law-making and policy implementation in handling Covid-19 should be based on an agreement of ethical, moral, and basic norms as basic legal values. In this context, the constitution must be used as the basis for ethics and moral values in which all State policies as outlined in the form of laws are guided by and by the 1945 Constitution. The conclusions of this study underline the implementation of ethics following the state constitution and theoretically contribute to the constitutional aspect in public policy where policy decisions on handling Covid-19 must remain following the constitution.
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Suhonen, Riitta, Minna Stolt, Heli Virtanen et Helena Leino-Kilpi. « Organizational ethics : A literature review ». Nursing Ethics 18, no 3 (mai 2011) : 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733011401123.
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The aim of the study was to report the results of a systematically conducted literature review of empirical studies about healthcare organizations’ ethics and management or leadership issues. Electronic databases MEDLINE and CINAHL yielded 909 citations. After a two stage application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria 56 full-text articles were included in the review. No large research programs were identified. Most of the studies were in acute hospital settings from the 1990s onwards. The studies focused on ethical challenges, dilemmas in practice, employee moral distress and ethical climates or environments. Study samples typically consisted of healthcare practitioners, operational, executive and strategic managers. Data collection was mainly by questionnaires or interviews and most of the studies were descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional. There is need to develop conceptual clarity and a theoretical framework around the subject of organizational ethics and the breadth of the contexts and scope of the research needs to be increased.
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Hanssen, Ingrid, et Lise-Merete Alpers. « Utilitarian and common-sense morality discussions in intercultural nursing practice ». Nursing Ethics 17, no 2 (25 février 2010) : 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733009355544.
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Two areas of ethical conflict in intercultural nursing — who needs single rooms more, and how far should nurses go to comply with ethnic minority patients’ wishes? — are discussed from a utilitarian and common-sense morality point of view. These theories may mirror nurses’ way of thinking better than principled ethics, and both philosophies play a significant role in shaping nurses’ decision making. Questions concerning room allocation, noisy behaviour, and demands that nurses are unprepared or unequipped for may be hard to cope with owing to physical restrictions and other patients’ needs. Unsolvable problems may cause stress and a bad conscience as no solution is ‘right’ for all the patients concerned. Nurses experience a moral state of disequilibrium, which occurs when they feel responsible for the outcomes of their actions in situations that have no clear-cut solution.
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van Hooft, Stan. « Acting from the Virtue of Caring in Nursing ». Nursing Ethics 6, no 3 (mai 1999) : 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096973309900600302.
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The author challenges the recently argued position of Helga Kuhse that caring is merely a preparatory stage to moral action and that impartial, principled thinking is required to make action moral, by suggesting a notion of caring as virtue. If caring is a virtue then acting from that virtue will be acting well. Acting from the virtue of caring involves eight features, which include not only that of being sensitive to, and concerned about, the patient, but also that of being aware of, and sensitive to, the relevant ethical principles. In this way, caring is seen as an overarching quality that gives action its moral character. The moral character of an action does not derive only from its having been performed in the light of principles.
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Wijaya, Adi, et Ehwanudin Ehwanudin. « Gadamer’s Hermeneutic Approach in the Concept of Education KH. Hasyim Asy’ari ». Journal of Contemporary Islamic Education 1, no 2 (28 juillet 2021) : 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25217/cie.v1i2.1627.
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Education is an integral part that cannot be separated from life. Education can realize the progress and civilization of a nation. However, the current state of our education is very concerning. The morals and manners of our students are very low. Many of the students like to fight with fellow students, acts of violence, they don't even have the shame of holding hands with the opposite sex in public places. This is of course based on the lack of ethics and morals of the students themselves. The concept of education KH. Hasyim Asy'ari is one of the bids in overcoming the moral and ethical crisis. Therefore, the concept of education KH. Hasyim Asy'ari is very relevant in forming students who are intellectually intelligent and have noble character in today's modern era. Education in today's modern era is mostly more emphasis on cognitive aspects. So, it is important to examine the concept of KH's education. Hasyim Asy'ari which emphasizes the primacy of science and scholars, teaching and learning, student ethics, teacher ethics and ethics towards facilities. In revealing KH's educational concept. Hasyim Asy'ari, the author uses Gadamer's hermeneutic approach to review and how the educational concept of KH. Hasyim Asy'ari to answer the challenges in today's modern era
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Konstańczak, Stefan. « Moralny obowiązek ochrony środowiska naturalnego według ks. prof. Tadeusza Ślipko ». Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 12, no 1 (31 mars 2014) : 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2014.12.1.01.
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In his paper, the author makes an attempt at reconstructing one of the first propositions in Poland to start a philosophical discourse on ecological problems. The author of this proposition is priest Tadeusz Ślipko. According to this author the problems of the moral aspects of natural environmental protection are also bioethical problems. Therefore, we can see that he does not consider ethics of the environment as an individual philosophical discipline. The article concentrates on presenting the sources and the range of moral duties of humankind towards the natural environment. Tadeusz Ślipko does not approve of the anthropocentric or biocentric standpoints in the issues of natural environmental protection. He offers his own idea of anthropopriorism, which takes the middle ground between these two extreme concepts. In conclusion, the author underlines that there is still a strong need for ethical reflection over the state of the natural environment along the lines of Ślipko’s stance.
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Syzdykova, Zhibek, Olga Akinina, Vera Shilova et Dina Gromatikopolo. « Higher Education in Post-truth, postmodernism and the problem of moral devaluation ». Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação 13, no 32 (4 mars 2020) : 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v13i32.13186.
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Of the goal of this study is to Educate the abstract concept as : Post-truth and Post modernism. Post-truth as a social phenomenon has put scientific discourse into polemic discussions in connection with an acute public request for the restoration of the Truth. Postmodernism, the previous era that gave rise to the problems of moral devaluation, is regarded as a cynical environment that produced these problems. Postmodernism has softened up the ground for radical openness of the public to the requests for the Truth, which can no longer be ignored in the last decade. The research considers modern sources of the formation of socio-ethical phenomena, which are the main life criteria in developed countries. Politics, media and culture are the core of any state and the entire global space. It is in the time of globalization, interstate interdependence, information wars and global warming that these aspects have attracted increased public interest. We provide a comparative argumentation of postmodernism and post-truth proving that the request for the Truth has become a new reality factor due to the mass public demand. The morality and ethics of the Truth have regained their classical forms and escaped from mass manipulation. Consequently, the issues of morality and values have become relevant. Ideologically, the world community demonstrates a genuine desire to restore the socio-ethical mission of the Truth. This statement is proved in our research.
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Axelsson, Lena, Eva Benzein, Jenny Lindberg et Carina Persson. « Processes toward the end of life and dialysis withdrawal Physicians’ and nurses’ perspectives ». Nursing Ethics 27, no 2 (11 juin 2019) : 419–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733019848050.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Background: Nurses and physicians in nephrology settings provide care for patients with end-stage kidney disease receiving hemodialysis treatment along a complex illness trajectory. Aim: The aim was to explore physicians’ and nurses’ perspectives on the trajectories toward the end of life involving decisions regarding hemodialysis withdrawal for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Research design and participants: A qualitative research approach was used. Four mixed focus group interviews were conducted with renal physicians (5) and nurses (17) in Sweden. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse data. Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained (Dnr 2014/304-31). Findings and discussion: Findings illuminated multi-faceted, intertwined processes encompassing healthcare professionals, patients, and family members. The analysis resulted in four themes: Complexities of initiating end-of-life conversations, Genuine attentiveness to the patient’s decision-making process, The challenge awaiting the family members’ processes, and Negotiating different professional responsibilities. Findings showed complexities and challenges when striving to provide good, ethical care which are related to beneficence, nonmaleficence, and self-determination, and which can give rise to moral distress. Conclusion: There are ethical challenges and strains in the dialysis context that healthcare professionals may not always be prepared for. Supporting healthcare professionals in not allowing complexities to hinder the patient’s possibilities for shared decision-making seems important. An open and continual communication, including family meetings, from dialysis initiation could serve to make conversations involving decisions about hemodialysis withdrawal a more natural routine, as well as build up a relationship of trust necessary for the advance care planning about the end of life. Healthcare professionals should also receive support in ethical reasoning to meet these challenges and handle potential moral distress in the dialysis context.
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Borinshtein, Yevgen, Oleksandr Stovpets, Olga Kukshinova, Anton Kisse et Natalia Kucherenko. « Phenomena of freedom and justice in the interpretations of T. Hobbes and J. Locke ». Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no 42 (30 juillet 2021) : 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.24.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study gives a possible representation of T. Hobbes and J. Locke's visions of the essence of 'freedom' and 'justice' phenomena. The philosophic-historical analysis performed in the article made it possible to reveal the fundamental ideological conflict between statism and liberalism, between the utilitarian, entirely pragmatic understanding the nature of the social contract (in Hobbes's political philosophy), and moral-ethical accents on the essential foundations of a state-organized society (in Locke's political thoughts). Hobbes generally ignores the moral and ethical preconditions inherent to human nature, reducing the social contract ontology to purely utilitarian aspects. The freedom of the individual loses its absolute character, as each member of this socio-political community gives up a part of his freedom in favor of 'Leviathan' (i.e. the sovereign, the state). Beginning from this moment it is fair for each individual to comply with the terms of that universally binding social contract, and its violation by someone within the community deemed to be unjust. On the contrary, Locke forms an idea of the ethical basis of the human community. Locke's political anthropology is based on the close relationship between the principle of justice and the imperatives of reason. The latter ones approach the universal ethical and legal requirements to ensure equal opportunities in the implementation and protection of freedoms and interests of the individual living in society. Under such conditions, justice means that a person acquires the maximum opportunities to fulfill his own freedoms (in all its diversity), without violating the freedoms of others.
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Delong, Marek. « Moral and ethical aspects of the Polish transition from communism in the enunciations of the Polish Episcopate ». Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 20, no 7 (25 février 2017) : 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.20.7.09.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The Polish Episcopate critically assessed the social and economic situation in Poland in the period of the transition from communism to democracy and a freemarket economy. Privatisation led to production being stopped and to an increase in unemployment. Profit and not human dignity became the measure of labour. The economic and social reality was dominated by the treatment of economics and financial success as of the highest values and the dissemination of the opinion that in politics and economics there are no values. The political elites showed an inability to develop long-term strategies for getting out of the crisis. The disappearance of the morality of many representatives of public life, which was manifested in universal corruption and the aspiration to improve social status as soon as possible, contributed to this state of affairs. As a result, there was a crisis of the idea of the common wealth and an increase in crime. The social crisis was particularly visible in moral attitudes, social behaviour, and in the economic sphere, public finance, on the labour market, and in the quickly progressing social stratification.
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Levy-Malmberg, Rika, et Katie Eriksson. « Legitimizing basic research by evaluating quality ». Nursing Ethics 17, no 1 (janvier 2010) : 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733009349989.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The aim of this study was to use ethical arguments to strengthen the relationship between the concepts of legitimacy and evaluation. The analysis is based on the ethics of Levinas and Buber and is motivated by a sense of responsibility using dialogical ideology as a mediator. The main questions in this study consider the following: Does caring science as an independent academic discipline have the moral responsibility to develop a theory for evaluating the quality of basic research? and Will such a quality evaluation theory have a reasonable probability of introducing legitimization into caring science? On an ethical level, this study introduces a meaningful interaction inspired by social demands and is linked to the concept of research justification. Legitimization turns from an abstract idea to an achievable entity by an act. The act of evaluation has the likelihood of delegating legitimacy and empowers the foundation of caring science, which in turn will become a cornerstone of nursing. At this stage there is no intention to develop an evaluation theory, rather to create a meaningful discussion for the future development of an ethics-based theory.
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Gasparov, Igor G. « “Ethical Argument” Against God’s Existence : Some Critical Conciderations ». Chelovek 33, no 4 (2022) : 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s023620070021628-7.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In his recent book, renowned American philosopher James Sterba puts forward an ‘ethical argument’ against the existence of God [Sterba, 2019], arguing for the logical incompatibility of the existence of an all-powerful and all-good God with the existence of moral evil we encounter in the world. This argument marks a new stage in the evolution of the so-called 'problem of evil' in contemporary analytic philosophy of religion, shifting from a discussion of metaphysical and epistemological aspects of the problem to ethical ones. Sterba offers a theoretical justification for the 'theological premise' of the atheistic argument from evil, relying on the Pauline principle that one should not do evil for the good that may come from it, from which he concludes that an all-powerful and all-good God would be obliged to prevent certain kinds of moral evil that are actually found in our world. The paper is aimed to critical evaluation of Sterba's argument by means of logical-conceptual analysis, showing that the key premise of Sterba's argument, according to which Pauline principle applies equally to any rational agent, is controversial, because there is a good reason to believe that God is related to moral norm in a different way than His creation is. The first section examines Sterba's ethical argument in support of the incompatibility of God's existence and existence of certain kinds of moral evil in the world. The second section shows that his strategy of refuting the main anti-atheist counterarguments offered by free will apology, soul-making theodicy, and skeptical theism, while not without merit, is not entirely satisfactory. The third section discusses the problem of the divine moral agency, raised by Sterba within his polemic with classical theism. The fourth section demonstrates that the key premise on which Sterba relies in his argument is controversial because it ignores the nature of the divine moral agency.
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Cervantes, José-Antonio, Luis-Felipe Rodríguez, Sonia López, Félix Ramos et Francisco Robles. « Cognitive Process of Moral Decision-Making for Autonomous Agents ». International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 5, no 4 (octobre 2013) : 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssci.2013100105.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There are a great variety of theoretical models of cognition whose main purpose is to explain the inner workings of the human brain. Researchers from areas such as neuroscience, psychology, and physiology have proposed these models. Nevertheless, most of these models are based on empirical studies and on experiments with humans, primates, and rodents. In fields such as cognitive informatics and artificial intelligence, these cognitive models may be translated into computational implementations and incorporated into the architectures of intelligent autonomous agents (AAs). Thus, the main assumption in this work is that knowledge in those fields can be used as a design approach contributing to the development of intelligent systems capable of displaying very believable and human-like behaviors. Decision-Making (DM) is one of the most investigated and computationally implemented functions. The literature reports several computational models that enable AAs to make decisions that help achieve their personal goals and needs. However, most models disregard crucial aspects of human decision-making such as other agents' needs, ethical values, and social norms. In this paper, the authors present a set of criteria and mechanisms proposed to develop a biologically inspired computational model of Moral Decision-Making (MDM). To achieve a process of moral decision-making believable, the authors propose a cognitive function to determine the importance of each criterion based on the mood and emotional state of AAs, the main objective the model is to enable AAs to make decisions based on ethical and moral judgment.