Articles de revues : « Spinta contributiva »

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Pastuszka, Agnieszka, Janusz Bohosiewicz, Anita Olejek, Jacek Zamłyński, Ewa Horzelska et Tomasz Koszutski. « PRENATAL MYELOMENINGOCELE REPAIR – A CHANCE TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF LIFE ». Wiadomości Lekarskie 72, n^o 7 (2019) : 1380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek201907127.

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Spina bifida (myelomeningocele) is the most prevalent developmental defect of the nervous system. In different regions of the world it affects from 0.3 to 5 per 1000 of livingneonates. It is known that the defect develops during the early fetal life however no explicit cause has been found yet. Recently it has been accepted that one of the major factors contributing to spina bifida is deficiency of folic acid in the mother’s body before and during pregnancy. The first attempts to cure myelomeningocele were taken in ancient times. More extensive knowledge of aetiology and effects of spina bifida and development of new surgical techniques allowed for management not only of the defect itself but also the consequent complications. Prenatal spina bifida repair has been performed in the USA for 20 years now while European surgeons (Poland and Switzerland) have operated myelomeningocele for 12 years. Comparative analysis carried out to evaluate the patients operated for spina bifida prenatally and postnatally pointed that those after fetal repair demand the use of ventriculoperitoneal shunt for hydrocephalus twice less frequently. Thanks to shortened exposure of the spinal cord and the spinal nerves to the toxic effect of amniotic fluid and reduced exposure to mechanical injuries, prenatal myelomeningocele repair offers better opportunities to improve motor, urinary and alimentary functions, contributing then statistically to higher quality of lives of children with spina bifida.

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Kutia, S. A., N. G. Nikolaeva, A. V. Yeryomin et L. R. Shaymardanova. « NICOLAS TULP (1593-1674) AND FIRST DESCRIPTION OF SPINA BIFIDA ». Crimea Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 10, n^o 1 (2020) : 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2224-6444-2020-10-1-52-54.

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Article provides Russian translation of the first description of spina bifida found in work of Dutch physician and anatomist Nicolas Tulp (1593-1674). Brief biographical sketch is given and his contribution to medicine is described

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Roversi, Fernanda Marconi, Nathalia Moreno Cury, Matheus Rodrigues Lopes, Fernando Vieira Pericole, Marisa Claudia Alvarez Prax, Karla Priscila Ferro, Patricia Favaro, José Andres Yunes et Sara T. Olalla Saad. « Methylation of HAI-2/SPINT2 in Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells of MDS and AML Patients Affects Hematopoietic Stem Cell Survival and Adhesion ». Blood 126, n^o 23 (3 décembre 2015) : 2847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.2847.2847.

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Abstract In recent years, the role of tumor microenvironment in neoplasm initiation and malignant evolution has been increasingly recognized. However, the bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (BMMSC) contribution to disease progression remains poorly explored. We had previously performed a microarray analysis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patient-derived BMMSC (MDS-BMMSC) and found an underexpression of HAI-2/SPINT2, an endogenous inhibitor of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator. This gene has been described as methylated in various cancer types and has been associated with disease progression. Despite of being related to the pathogenesis of several neoplasms, the role of HAI-2/SPINT2 has not yet been fully elucidated in hematological diseases, such as MDS and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate HAI-2/SPINT2 expression in derived BMMSC and total bone marrow (BM) of healthy donors (HD), MDS and AML patients as well as in BMMSC treated with 5-Azacitidine (Aza), a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor. To achieve this, we collected BM hematopoietic cells and plastic-adherent BMMSC from aspirates of HD, MDS and AML patients. BMMSC were expanded to passage 4 and defined as CD73+/CD90+/CD105+/CD45-/CD34-/CD31-/HLA-DR-. A total of 29 HD and 121 patients at diagnosis (MDS=72 [low-risk=46, high-risk=26], AML with myelodysplastic related changes (AML-MRC)=17 and de novo AML=32) were included. HAI-2/SPINT2 mRNA was significantly decreased in MDS- (0.34[0.01-2.06];P <.01) compared to HD-BMMSC (0.89[0.46-1.59]). When patients were stratified according to WHO classification, HAI-2/SPINT2 expression was lower in both low-risk (0.31[0.01-1.33]) and high-risk (0.43[0.01-2.06]) MDS-BMMSC. Similar results were found in total BM: HAI-2/SPINT2 transcripts were significantly decreased in MDS (0.41[0.01-2.53];P <.01), AML-MRC (0.38[0.014-0.84];P <.01) and AML patients (0.33[0.01-2.07];P <.001) compared to HD (0.91[0.19-4.79]). To investigate whether this loss of expression was due to HAI-2/SPINT2 methylation, BMMSC were treated with Aza (1µM or IC50 value) for 48h. In MDS- and AML-BMMSC, Aza treatment resulted in a pronounced upregulation of HAI-2/SPINT2 mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, Aza treatment of HD-BMMSC did not improve the HAI-2/SPINT2 mRNA and protein levels as much as the observed in MDS- and AML-BMMSC. To better understand the role of HAI-2/SPINT2 downregulation in BMMSC physiology, its expression was inhibited in a BM stromal cell line (HS5). As previously reported, HAI-2/SPINT2 silencing resulted in an increased secretion of HGF, known to be overexpressed in plasma of MDS patients and considered a prognostic factor in MDS and AML patients (Matsuda et al., Leukemia, 2004). Moreover, after co-culture, HAI-2/SPINT2 knockdown improved survival of blasts isolated from AML-MRC and AML patients. We also observed an increased adhesion of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to HAI-2/SPINT2 silenced HS5 cells. This prompted us to analyze the expression of cell adhesion molecules in MDS- and AML-BMMSC. We observed a significant augment in the expression of CD49b and CD49d integrins in MDS- and AML-compared to HD-BMMSC. Taken together, SPINT2 inhibition improves HGF secretion, consequently with alteration in molecule receptor adhesion, resulting in an increased expression of integrins (CD49b and CD49d) responsible for cell-to-cell adhesion. Thus, reactivation of HAI-2/SPINT2 levels after Aza treatment indicates that this gene is probably epigenetically silenced by methylation in MDS and AML, and is possibly a tumor suppressor gene. Interestingly, nowadays, epigenetic therapy by Aza is the first-line treatment for MDS patients, and induces prolonged survival and delayed AML evolution. Likewise, our results suggest that HAI-2/SPINT2 may play a role in deregulation of HGF cytokine secretion with consequently alteration in HSC adhesion and growth/survival. Tumor microenvironment niche is currently known to play a critical role in cancer initiation and progression, thus HAI-2/SPINT2 may contributes to functional and morphological abnormalities of microenvironment niche and with the stem/progenitor cancer cell progression. Hence, downregulation in HAI-2/SPINT2 gene expression, due to methylation in MDS- and AML-BMMSC, provides novel insights into the pathogenic role of the leukemic bone marrow microenvironment. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Geerdink, Niels, Inge Cuppen, Jan Rotteveel, Reinier Mullaart, Nel Roeleveld et Jaco Pasman. « Contribution of the Corticospinal Tract to Motor Impairment in Spina Bifida ». Pediatric Neurology 47, n^o 4 (octobre 2012) : 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.06.010.

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Karapetian, M. K. « On paleoepidemiology of spina bifida sacralis : prevalence of the anomaly in Late Scythians of lower Dnieper region ». VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, n^o 3(58) (15 septembre 2022) : 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2022-58-3-11.

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Spina bifida is a developmental anomaly that is thought to be caused by a combination of hereditary and en-vironmental factors. Though the most significant association was found with the folic acid deficit during early em-bryogenesis, numerous genetic variants were also found to be in some association with the development of neu-ral tube defects, but this data is inconsistent. It is still debated whether the unremarkable anomaly (spina bifida occulta) often observed in osteological samples is truly a form of neural tube defects forming in early embryo-genesis, or is a minor variation that is forming later in postnatal life. Also, data is equivocal regarding the neuro-logical consequences of sacral spina bifida occulta, some pointing to its clinical significance, others stating that it does not affect the wellbeing in any way. Though paleopathological studies on spina bifida are numerous, the frequency of the anomaly remains largely unknown for the Early Iron Age population of the Eurasian steppes. This study examines presence of sacral spina bifida in a Late Scynthian sample (3rd c. BC — 3rd с. AD) from the northern Black Sea region. Totally, 89 skeletons were examined, originating from cemeteries near Nikolayevka and Zolotaya Balka villages (Kherson Oblast, Ukrain). These cemeteries are located along the Dnieper river bank about 90 km apart. The people they represent were settled agriculturalists. The defect was scored when either or all of the three upper sacral vertebrae were affected (S1–S3), its level was recorded. Totally, 16 % of individuals were affected. The majority of defects were observed solely on S1 level. Only two cases of spina bifida sacralis totalis were recorded. The frequency of the anomaly was not significantly different either between males and fe-males, or between younger (<35 years) and older (>35 years) adults. In two instances, two individuals buried in a common grave both had spina bifida sacralis which may point to a biological relationship between them. The fre-quency of spina bifida sacralis is very close to the mean values, reported in the literature. Thus, no evidence of an increased selection against individuals in this group with this form of skeletal anomaly, or a significant impact of envi-ronmental factors, leading to its development in ontogenesis, is present. Also, contrary to literature data, it seems that in this sample age and sex were not the factors significantly contributing to the trait’s variation, though the age dynamics of this trait needs further consideration using a sample with higher proportion of senile individuals.

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Beuls, Emile A. M., Linda Vanormelingen, Jasper van Aalst, Marjan Vandersteen, Peter Adriaensens, Erwin M. J. Cornips, Hans J. S. Vles et Jan Gelan. « In vitro high-field magnetic resonance imaging—documented anatomy of a fetal myelomeningocele at 20 weeks' gestation. A contribution to the rationale of intrauterine surgical repair of spina bifida ». Journal of Neurosurgery : Spine 98, n^o 2 (mars 2003) : 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/spi.2003.98.2.0210.

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Object. It remains uncertain if closure of a myelomeningocele at midgestation changes the neurological condition at birth in an infant born with spina bifida. The authors conducted a study to provide a detailed analysis of the morphology of the spinal cord with the myelomeningocele at the time fetal surgery usually is performed. Methods. The myelomeningocele of a 20-week-gestation-age fetus was examined, and data were compared with those obtained in a neurologically intact specimen of the same age. In vitro high-field 9.4-tesla magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy was used to examine the fetal material. High-field MR spectroscopy provided images in the three orthogonal planes with a resolution comparable with low-power optical microscopy. The authors observed that the fetal cord of the myelomeningocele specimen was tapered and tethered at S3–4 while the conus medullaris in the normal fetus reaches L-4. No neurulation defects were noted. The axial MR images clearly revealed the nonfusion of the mesodermal structures. The absence of neurulation defects suggests that at least in some cases of spina bifida the spinal cord initially is well developed but is damaged later on chemically and mechanically. This might be an argument in favor of intrauterine myelomeningocele repair. By 20 weeks' gestation, however, the deformation of the cord inside the myelomeningocele is severe. An optimization of the preoperative assessment by means of MR imaging therefore might be considered a valuable contribution to intrauterine surgery. The in vitro high-field MR microscopic findings of this study could be used as references for clinical intrauterine MR imaging. Conclusions. The detailed in vitro high-field MR analysis of a 20-week-gestation-age fetus with spina bifida demonstrated that an improvement of the preoperative intrauterine imaging should be pursued to detect those cases without neurulation defects and with minimal deformation of the spinal cord.

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BARTLETT, VIRGINIA L., et MARK J. BLITON. « Retrieving the Moral in the Ethics of Maternal-Fetal Surgery ». Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 29, n^o 3 (2 juin 2020) : 480–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180120000225.

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Open-uterine surgery to repair spina bifida, or ‘fetal surgery of open neural tube defects,’ has generated questions throughout its history—and continues to do so in a variety of contexts. As clinical ethics consultants who worked (Mark J. Bliton) and trained (Virginia L. Bartlett) at Vanderbilt University—where the first successful cases of open-uterine repair of spina bifida were carried out—we lived with these questions for nearly two decades. We worked with clinicians as they were developing and offering the procedure, with researchers in refining and studying the procedure, and with pregnant women and their partners as they considered whether to undergo the procedure. From this experience in the early studies at Vanderbilt, we learned that pregnant women and their partners approach the clinical uncertainty of such a risky procedure with a curious and unique combination of practicality, self-reflection, fear, and overwhelming hope. These early experiences were a major contributing factor to the inclusion of an ethics-focused interview in the informed consent process for the Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) trial study design.

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Chang, Shin-Tsu, Chih-Hung Ku, Ming-Fu Hsieh, Liang-Cheng Chen, Heng-Yi Chu, Cheng-Chiang Chang et Kao-Chung Tsai. « Contribution of the Multifidus Muscle for Control of Upright Posture in Subjects with Spina Bifida Occulta ». Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 17, n^o 3 (août 2008) : 283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.17.3.283.

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Context:The multifidus muscle plays a role in controlling lumbosacral position and postural sway. One of its attachment sites is the exact site of spina bifida occulta (SBO).Objective:To investigate the role of the muscle for postural control in SBO.Design:Cross-sectional cohort.Participants:Eighty subjects with SBO (38 in minor; 42 in major) and controls.Interventions:N/A.Main Outcome Measures:Subjects stood upright on a platform at 0° and on an inclined surface (10° and 20°) with feet in plantarflexion/dorsiflexion, together with eyes open and closed. The platform system measured posture to obtain sway area and sway mean for statistics.Results:Upon sway area/mean, the group differences of major/minor SBO vs. control were all significant. Sway means of minor SBO were lower than those of major SBO at corresponding inclined degrees.Conclusions:Subjects with SBO demonstrated increased sway as compared to controls.

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Tian, Tian, Xuanye Cao, Sung-Eun Kim, Ying Linda Lin, John W. Steele, Robert M. Cabrera, Menuka Karki et al. « FKBP8 variants are risk factors for spina bifida ». Human Molecular Genetics 29, n^o 18 (15 septembre 2020) : 3132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddaa211.

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Abstract Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of severe congenital malformations caused by a failure of neural tube closure during early embryonic development. Although extensively investigated, the genetic etiology of NTDs remains poorly understood. FKBP8 is critical for proper mammalian neural tube closure. Fkbp8−/− mouse embryos showed posterior NTDs consistent with a diagnosis of spina bifida (SB). To date, no publication has reported any association between FKBP8 and human NTDs. Using Sanger sequencing on genomic DNA samples from 472 SB and 565 control samples, we identified five rare (MAF ≤ 0.001) deleterious variants in SB patients, while no rare deleterious variant was identified in the controls (P = 0.0191). p.Glu140* affected FKBP8 localization to the mitochondria and created a truncated form of the FKBP8 protein, thus impairing its interaction with BCL2 and ultimately leading to an increase in cellular apoptosis. p.Ser3Leu, p.Lys315Asn and p.Ala292Ser variants decreased FKBP8 protein level. p.Lys315Asn further increased the cellular apoptosis. RNA sequencing on anterior and posterior tissues isolated from Fkbp8−/− and wildtype mice at E9.5 and E10.5 showed that Fkbp8−/− embryos have an abnormal expression profile within tissues harvested at posterior sites, thus leading to a posterior NTD. Moreover, we found that Fkbp8 knockout mouse embryos have abnormal expression of Wnt3a and Nkx2.9 during the early stage of neural tube development, perhaps also contributing to caudal specific NTDs. These findings provide evidence that functional variants of FKBP8 are risk factors for SB, which may involve a novel mechanism by which Fkbp8 mutations specifically cause SB in mice.

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Reece, Albert Stuart, et Gary Kenneth Hulse. « Cannabis Teratology Explains Current Patterns of Coloradan Congenital Defects : The Contribution of Increased Cannabinoid Exposure to Rising Teratological Trends ». Clinical Pediatrics 58, n^o 10 (9 juillet 2019) : 1085–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922819861281.

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Rising Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations in modern cannabis invites investigation of the teratological implications of prenatal cannabis exposure. Data from Colorado Responds to Children with Special Needs (CRCSN), National Survey of Drug Use and Health, and Drug Enforcement Agency was analyzed. Seven, 40, and 2 defects were rising, flat, and falling, respectively, and 10/12 summary indices rose. Atrial septal defect, spina bifida, microcephalus, Down’s syndrome, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus rose, and along with central nervous system, cardiovascular, genitourinary, respiratory, chromosomal, and musculoskeletal defects rose 5 to 37 times faster than the birth rate (3.3%) to generate an excess of 11 753 (22%) major anomalies. Cannabis was the only drug whose use grew from 2000 to 2014 while pain relievers, cocaine, alcohol, and tobacco did not. The correlation of cannabis use with major defects in 2014 (2019 dataset) was R = .77, P = .0011. Multiple cannabinoids were linked with summary measures of congenital anomalies and were robust to multivariate adjustment.

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Butlen, Denis, et Monique Pézard. « Une contribution à l’étude des rapports entre habiletés calculatoires et résolution de problèmes numériques à l’école élémentaire et au début du collège ». Spirale. Revue de recherches en éducation 31, n^o 1 (2003) : 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/spira.2003.1415.

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Loganathan, Tharani, Zhie X. Chan et Nicola S. Pocock. « Healthcare financing and social protection policies for migrant workers in Malaysia ». PLOS ONE 15, n^o 12 (9 décembre 2020) : e0243629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243629.

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Background For Malaysia, a nation highly dependent on migrant labour, the large non-citizen workforce presents a unique health system challenge. Although documented migrant workers are covered by mandatory healthcare insurance (SPIKPA), financial constraints remain a major barrier for non-citizen healthcare access. Malaysia recently extended protection for migrant workers under the national social security scheme (SOCSO), previously exclusive to citizens. This study aims to evaluate healthcare financing and social security policies for migrant workers to identify policy gaps and opportunities for intervention. Methods A total of 37 in-depth interviews were conducted of 44 stakeholders from July 2018 to July 2019. A mixed-methods analysis combining major themes from qualitative interviews with policy document reviews was conducted. Descriptive analysis of publicly available secondary data, namely revenues collected at government healthcare facilities, was conducted to contextualise the policy review and qualitative findings. Results We found that migrant workers and employers were unaware of SPIKPA enrolment and entitlements. Higher fees for non-citizens result in delayed care-seeking. While the Malaysian government nearly doubled non-citizen healthcare fees revenues from RM 104 to 182 million (USD 26 to 45 million) between 2014 to 2018, outstanding revenues tripled from RM 16 to 50 million (USD 4 to 12 million) in the same period. SPIKPA coverage is likely inadequate in providing financial risk protection to migrant workers, especially with increased non-citizens fees at public hospitals. Undocumented workers and other migrant populations excluded from SPIKPA contribution to unpaid fees revenues are unknown. Problems described with the previous Foreign Workers Compensation Scheme (FWCS), could be partially addressed by SOCSO, in theory. Nevertheless, questions remain on the feasibility of implementing elements of SOCSO, such as recurring payments to workers and next-of-kin overseas. Conclusion Malaysia is moving towards migrant inclusion with the provision of SOCSO for documented migrant workers, but more needs to be done. Here we suggest the expansion of the SPIKPA insurance scheme to include all migrant populations, while broadening its scope towards more comprehensive coverage, including essential primary care.

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Ksiksi, Taoufik Saleh, Remya K., Mohamed T. Mousa, Shima K. Al-Badi, Salama K. Al Kaabi, Shamsa M. Alameemi, Sanad M. Fereaa et Fatima E. Hassan. « Climate change-induced species distribution modeling in hyper-arid ecosystems ». F1000Research 8 (27 juin 2019) : 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19540.1.

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Background: The impact of climate change on selected plant species from the hyper-arid landscape of United Arab Emirates (UAE) was assessed through modeling of their habitat suitability and distribution. Calotropis procera, Prosopis cineraria and Ziziphus spina-christi were used for this study. The specific objectives of this study were to identify the current and future (for 2050s and 2070s) suitable habitats distribution using MaxEnt, an Ecological Envelope Model. Methods: The adopted method consists of extraction of current and future bioclimatic variables together with their land use cover and elevation for the study area. MaxEnt species distribution model was then used to simulate the distribution of the selected species. The projections are simulated for the current date, the 2050s and 2070s using Community Climate System Model version 4 with representative concentration pathway RCP4.5. Results: The current distribution model of all three species evolved with a high suitable habitat towards the north eastern part of the country. For C. procera, an area of 1775 km2 is modeled under highly suitable habitat for the current year, while it is expected to increase for both 2050s and 2070s. The current high suitability of P. cinararia was around an area of 1335 km2 and the future projection revealed an increase of high suitability habitats. Z. spina-christi showed a potential area of 5083 km2 under high suitability and it might increase in the future. Conclusions: Precipitation of coldest quarter (BIO19) had the maximum contribution for all the three species under investigation.

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Béguin, Annette. « Les bons conteurs sont-ils toujours de beaux menteurs ? Contribution à une réflexion sur le rôle de la fiction dans la construction de la connaissance historique ». Spirale. Revue de recherches en éducation 9, n^o 1 (1993) : 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/spira.1993.1770.

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Caspar, Philippe. « Individuazione genetica e gemellarità : l'obiezione dei gemelli monozigoti ». Medicina e Morale 43, n^o 3 (30 juin 1994) : 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.1994.1014.

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L'Autore parte dalla constatazione che molti dei dibattiti attuali sull'individuazione dell'embrione umano vertono attorno alla c.d. "obiezione dei gemelli monozigoti". Premesso che l'obiezione citata riguarda un concetto di individuo legato all'indivisibilità, per cui l'embrione non sarebbe individuo sin dal concepimento in quanto nelle primissime fasi dello sviluppo è suscettibile di divisione in due gemelli identici, l'Autore traccia anzitutto un profilo storico-filosofico della valutazione data ai gemelli ed alla loro formazione. Dopo aver esaminato anche i contributi della biologia moderna e soprattutto gli studi di Hans Driesch, che ha osservato la gemellazione nel riccio di mare, nell'ambito di una filosofia biologica che si ricollega al pensiero aristotelico, viene passata in rassegna l'enorme spinta data alla questione dalla genetica molecolare. L'Autore opera, inoltre, un'analisi critica dell'"obiezione" e riconosce come questa si fonda su una indebita applicazione della metafisica leibniziana per cui individuo significherebbe indivisibile. In realtà il concetto di individuo di riferisce ad una indivisibilità in sé che lo distingue da qualsiasi altro. L'articolo si conclude con un riferimento all'animazione dei gemelli: la divisione di una morula in due parti non significa la divisione dell'anima, per cui l'animazione del gemello non procede dal primo embrione ma ciascuno dei due è pervaso da uno spirito singolo.

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Rios, Cleiton Vinicius, Gabriel Vitor Dias Souza, Elaine Pereira de Brito, Frida Maciel Pagliosa et Cristiano Pereira da Silva. « Efeito do cálcio, boro e potássio no crescimento inicial de hortelã-verde (Mentha spicata L.) em solução nutritiva ». Revista Agraria Academica 5, n^o 3 (1 mai 2022) : 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32406/v5n3/2022/159-171/agrariacad.

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Calcium, boron and potassium are important nutrients in plant growth and development, contributing to cell division, cell wall lining, nutrient transport via the plasma membrane, enzymatic activation, nutrient and metabolic translocation via xylem and phloem, biosynthesis and metabolism of carbohydrates, pigments, chromoproteins among other effects. The objective of this work was to demonstrate the physiological effects of Ca, B, and K on the initial growth of Mentha spicata (L.). For the development of this work, a research and bibliographic review was carried out with preliminary tests carried out in 2017/2018 in the Multidisciplinary laboratories of Chemistry, Biochemistry in the premises of the Unigran Capital Faculty, Campo Grande - MS. Mentha spicata (L.) was used to investigate the effects of Ca, B and K, for seedling height, seedling stem diameter, plant tissue analysis, leaf area and chlorophyll, number of stomata and seedling fresh weight. Among the results obtained, it is highlighted that the nutrient solution at concentrations of 0.75% and 1% contributed to the increase in seedlings, average length of roots, shoots, leaf area and fresh mass. Verifying the essential oil yield in the leaves and stems there were no significant differences in the treatments.

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Machado, Vanessa de Souza, Cecilia Volkmer-Ribeiro et Roberto Iannuzzi. « Inventary of the Sponge Fauna of the cemitério Paleolake, Catalão, Goiás, Brazil ». Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 84, n^o 1 (mars 2012) : 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652012000100004.

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The Cemitério Paleolake, Catalão, Goiás, is a lacustrine deposit that is rich in spicules of continental sponges. These spicules, which are present in three sections (1-3), were analyzed for the taxonomic identification of the species in order to reconstruct the late Quaternary palaeoenvironment. An indigenous assemblage of lentic sponges was found, consisting of Metania spinata (Carter 1881), Dosilia pydanieli Volkmer-Ribeiro (1992), Radiospongilla amazonensis Volkmer-Ribeiro and Maciel (1983), Trochospongilla variabilis Bonetto and Ezcurra de Drago (1973), Corvomeyenia thumi (Traxler 1895), Heterorotula fistula Volkmer-Ribeiro and Motta (1995), plus Corvoheteromeyenia australis (Bonetto and Ezcurra de Drago 1966), which here has its first record in an assemblage formed by biosiliceous deposits. Furthermore, at the base of the sections, spicules of sponges from lotic environments were detected, including Corvospongilla seckti Bonetto and Ezcurra de Drago (1966), Oncosclera navicella (Carter 1881) and Eunapius fragilis (Leidy 1851), which suggests a contribution from flowing water. We identified 25 spongofacies horizons caused by sponge assemblages typical of a lentic environment, dated from at least 39,700 years BP., and currently occurring in lakes typical of the Cerrado Biome.

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Pineda, Cristian, et Mauricio Cid-Arcos. « Contribución al conocimiento de las especies altoandinas de Ectinogonia Spinola (Coleoptera : Buprestidae), con descripción de una nueva especie del extremo norte de Chile ». REVISTA CHILENA DE ENTOMOLOGÍA 45, n^o 4 (13 décembre 2019) : 655–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35249/rche.45.4.19.12.

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Fadl, Kamal Eldin Mohammed, Salah E. Mahmoud et Zainab M. Hamad. « Farmers' perceptions towards agroforestry systems in North and South Kordofanstates, Sudan ». International Journal of Environment 4, n^o 2 (3 juin 2015) : 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12624.

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This study was conducted during 2010 and 2011 in North and South Kordofan States with objectives of to identify and assess the most important agroforestry systems, to characterize major tree species in different agroforestry system, to prioritize major constraints on agroforestry systems in the region, and to study the current status of gum Arabic trees and their contribution on farmers livelihood. Data were collected through community meeting, individual interviews and direct field observation. The common agroforestry systems in the region are scatter trees on farm land, followed by wind breaks and boundary planting. The important trees in the study area are Acacia senegal83%, followed by Fadherbia albida 46%, Ziziphus spina- christia43% and Balanites aegyptiaca 41%. The most important field crops that cultivated in agroforestry system are groundnuts, millet, sorghum, sesame and roselle. The environmental benefits of trees in farm which was identified by the respondents include protection of farm against wind erosion, improvement of the soil properties, improvement of the micro-climate and providing a source for income which was indicated by the majority of respondents. Across all sites 93% of respondents showed that gum Arabic have a significant contribution to their family income. The study recommended that a multi-purpose tree species such as Acacia senegal should be maintained for amelioration of soils fertility and increase crop productivity in the fragile ecosystems such as that of the study sites. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12624 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 53-67

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Machado, V. S., C. Volkmer-Ribeiro et R. Iannuzzi. « Investigation of freshwater sponges spicules deposits in a karstic lake in Brazil ». Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, n^o 1 (22 janvier 2016) : 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.09814.

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Abstract The environmental conditions which contributed to the formation of the notorious quaternary deposits of freshwater sponge spicules in karstic lentic environments in Brazil have been subject of some speculation. No investigation has yet been conducted to test whether these deposits currently originate in karstic lakes. To provide for such an investigation, Serra Negra Lake, which is formed on an ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite dome at central western Brazil, close to the area of occurrence of the paleo-deposits was selected for the study. Bottom sediments were sampled at 10 stations across the lake, and water was sampled at five of the stations, in June/2011 (rainy season) and October/2011 (dry season). Analysis of granulometry, organic matter and presence of spicules were carried out in the sediments. Lake water was analysed for the main physical and chemical characteristics. Deposit of spicules was restricted to the northern area of the lake, which is rich in macrophyte. The taxonomic analysis of the spicules indicated the contribution of five sponge species, Dosilia pydanieli, Metania spinata, Radiospongilla amazonensis, Trochospongilla variabilis and Heterorotula fistula, which formed large deposits in neighbouring areas. The high silica concentration, derived from the dome volcanic rocks, constant water level and available substrate are credited for the continuous production of sponges and spicules, confirmed by the rare presence of gemmoscleres. The lake is classed as a minerotrophic fen type of bog with a heavy contribution from the surrounding creeks. Lake sediments are fine with high levels of organic matter and peat, which contributed to the trapping of spicules in the sediments.

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Самгина, Т. А., Д. И. Колмыков, Г. Н. Мяснянкина, Ю. Э. Азарова, Ю. В. Канищев, П. М. Назаренко, А. В. Полоников et В. А. Лазаренко. « Joint contribution of alcohol abuse and the rs6580502 polymorphism of the SPINK1 gene to the risk of acute alcoholic pancreatitis ». Nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal «Medicinskaia genetika, n^o 4(225) (30 avril 2021) : 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25557/2073-7998.2021.04.43-48.

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Основным фактором риска развития острого алкогольного панкреатита (ОАП) является злоупотребление алкоголем. Алкоголь инициирует экзокринную гиперсекрецию поджелудочной железы, создает предпосылки для повышения давления в протоках. Энзимы проникают в паренхиму, активируют протеолитические ферменты и вызывают аутолиз клеток поджелудочной железы. При избыточном накоплении трипсина в тканях начинается переваривание тканей железы собственными ферментами. SPINK1 - панкреатический секреторный ингибитор трипсина - препятствует преждевременной активации зимогенов. Цель - определить совместный вклад полиморфного локуса rs6580502 гена SPINK1 и злоупотребления алкоголем в развитие острого панкреатита и его осложнений. Образцы ДНК получены от 471 неродственного больного острым небилиарным панкреатитом и 573 неродственных индивидов без заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта. Генотипирование выполнено методом ПЦР с дискриминацией аллелей с помощью TaqMan-зондов. Для оценки ассоциаций аллелей и генотипов с риском развития заболевания использовали критерий χ2 и отношение шансов (OR) с 95% доверительными интервалами (CI). Статистический анализ осуществлялся с использованием программы Statistica 6.0 (StatSoft, США). В ходе исследования обнаружена ассоциация генотипа ТТ rs6580502 гена SPINK1 с повышенным риском развития ОАП (corOR (95% CI)= 1,69 (1,22-2,33); р=0,0015R). У носителей генотипа ТТ риск развития ОАП повышали такие факторы риска, как частота употребления алкоголя более 2 раз в неделю (corOR (95% CI) = 1,66 (1,08-2,57); р=0,02R) и объем употребления алкоголя более 200 г в неделю (corOR (95% CI) = 6,04 (1,81-20,17); р= 0,001R). Также была выявлена ассоциация генотипа ТТ с повышенным риском развития отечного панкреатита (corOR (95% CI)= 2.10 (1.44-3.05); p= 1×10-4 R). The main risk factor for the acute non-biliary pancreatitis is alcohol abuse. Alcohol initiates exocrine hypersecretion of the pancreas, creates the prerequisites for increasing pressure in the ducts. Enzymes activate proteolytic enzymes and cause autolysis of pancreatic cells. With an excessive accumulation of trypsin in the tissues, the digestion of the tissues of the gland by its own enzymes begins. SPINK1, a pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor, prevents premature activation of zymogens. Aim: to determine the contribution of the rs6580502 polymorphism of the SPINK1 gene and alcohol abuse in the development of acute pancreatitis and its complications. DNA samples obtained from 471 unrelated patients with acute non-biliary pancreatitis and 573 unrelated individuals without gastrointestinal diseases. Genotyping was performed using the PCR method with discrimination of alleles using TaqMan probes. The χ2 criterion and the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the associations of alleles and genotypes of genes with the risk of developing the disease. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica 6.0 software (StatSoft, USA). We found an association of the T/T SPINK1 rs6580502 genotype with an increased risk of developing acute non-biliary pancreatitis (corOR (95% CI)= 1.69 (1.22-2.33); p=0,0015R). In carriers of the TT genotype, the risk of developing SNP was increased by such risk factors as the frequency of drinking more than 2 times per week (corOR (95% CI)= 1,66(1,08-2,57); p=0,02R) and the volume of alcohol consumption more than 200 grams per week (corOR (95% CI)= 6,04(1,81-20,17); p= 0,001R). An association of the T/T genotype with an increased risk of developing edematous pancreatitis was also revealed (corOR (95% CI)= 2.10 (1.44-3.05); Р= 1×10-4 R).

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Das, Barun, et Mamata Sivagnanam. « Congenital Tufting Enteropathy : Biology, Pathogenesis and Mechanisms ». Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, n^o 1 (23 décembre 2020) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10010019.

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Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) is an autosomal recessive disease of infancy that causes severe intestinal failure with electrolyte imbalances and impaired growth. CTE is typically diagnosed by its characteristic histological features, including villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia and focal epithelial tufts consisting of densely packed enterocytes. Mutations in the EPCAM and SPINT2 genes have been identified as the etiology for this disease. The significant morbidity and mortality and lack of direct treatments for CTE patients demand a better understanding of disease pathophysiology. Here, the latest knowledge of CTE biology is systematically reviewed, including clinical aspects, disease genetics, and research model systems. Particular focus is paid to the pathogenesis of CTE and predicted mechanisms of the disease as these would provide insight for future therapeutic options. The contribution of intestinal homeostasis, including the role of intestinal cell differentiation, defective enterocytes, disrupted barrier and cell–cell junction, and cell-matrix adhesion, is vividly described here (see Graphical Abstract). Moreover, based on the known dynamics of EpCAM signaling, potential mechanistic pathways are highlighted that may contribute to the pathogenesis of CTE due to either loss of EpCAM function or EpCAM mutation. Although not fully elucidated, these pathways provide an improved understanding of this devastating disease.

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Wang, Marco, Capra et Kibar. « Update on the Role of the Non-Canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Pathway in Neural Tube Defects ». Cells 8, n^o 10 (4 octobre 2019) : 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8101198.

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Neural tube defects (NTDs), including spina bifida and anencephaly, represent the most severe and common malformations of the central nervous system affecting 0.7–3 per 1000 live births. They result from the failure of neural tube closure during the first few weeks of pregnancy. They have a complex etiology that implicate a large number of genetic and environmental factors that remain largely undetermined. Extensive studies in vertebrate models have strongly implicated the non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of NTDs. The defects in this pathway lead to a defective convergent extension that is a major morphogenetic process essential for neural tube elongation and subsequent closure. A large number of genetic studies in human NTDs have demonstrated an important role of PCP signaling in their etiology. However, the relative contribution of this pathway to this complex etiology awaits a better picture of the complete genetic architecture of these defects. The emergence of new genome technologies and bioinformatics pipelines, complemented with the powerful tool of animal models for variant interpretation as well as significant collaborative efforts, will help to dissect the complex genetics of NTDs. The ultimate goal is to develop better preventive and counseling strategies for families affected by these devastating conditions.

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Shahid Bokhari, Syed, et Muhammad Asif Qureshi. « Incidence and Trends of Neural Tube Defects in Babies Delivered at Dera Ghazi Khan Tertiary Care Center ». Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery 24, n^o 4 (1 janvier 2021) : 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.36552/pjns.v24i4.496.

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Objective: A cross-section study was conducted to determine the incidence and trends of neural tube defects in babies delivered at a tertiary care center. And those babies who were delivered elsewhere and were brought to a tertiary care center for treatment. Material and Methods: The Study was conducted at neurosurgery and pediatric surgery departments, Ghazi Khan Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Two thousand (n = 2000) women delivered their babies at a tertiary care hospital were enrolled, out of them 52 women who delivered babies with neural tube defects (NTDs) were further assessed. Women were interviewed and history of folic acid intake, previous baby with NTDs and family history were recorded. Tests of significance were applied to assess the significant results. Results: Folic acid intake was occurred in n = 298 (14.9%) subjects. Association of folic acid on neural tube defects. Odds ratio showed that if a baby without intake of folic acid had 7.8 times at risk to suffer from a neural tube defect. The association was also significant (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Neural tube defects are common in tertiary care centers its incidence was 2%. Increased incidence of NTDs was observed in babies who delivered by folic acid deficit mothers. Early childhood marriages in rural areas and cousin marriages are the main contributing factors. Keywords: Neural tube defect, Anencephaly, Spina bifida, Hydrocephalus, Meningocele.

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Lowry, R. Brian, Tanya Bedard, Xin Grevers, Susan Crawford, Steven C. Greenway, Mary E. Brindle, Harvey B. Sarnat, A. Robertson Harrop, Gerhard N. Kiefer et Mary Thomas. « The Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System : a 40-year review with prevalence and trends for selected congenital anomalies, 1997–2019 ». Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 43, n^o 1 (janvier 2023) : 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.43.1.04.

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Introduction Current published long-term provincial or territorial congenital anomaly data are lacking for Canada. We report on prevalence (per 1000 total births) and trends in 1997–2019, in Alberta, Canada, for selected congenital anomalies. Associated risk factors are also discussed. Methods We used data from the Alberta Congenital Anomalies Surveillance System (ACASS) to calculate the prevalence and perform chi-square linear trend analyses. Results From 1997 to 2019, the overall prevalence of neural tube defects was stable, at 0.74 per 1000 total births. The same was true for spina bifida (0.38), orofacial clefts (1.99), more severe CHDs (transposition of the great arteries, 0.38; tetralogy of Fallot, 0.33; and hypoplastic left heart syndrome, 0.32); and gastroschisis (0.38). Anencephaly, cleft palate and anorectal malformation significantly decreased with a prevalence of 0.23, 0.75 and 0.54 per 1000 total births, respectively. Significantly increasing trends were reported for anotia/microtia (0.24), limb reduction anomalies (0.73), omphalocele (0.36) and Down syndrome (2.21) and for hypospadias and undescended testes (4.68 and 5.29, respectively, per 1000 male births). Conclusion Congenital anomalies are an important public health concern with significant social and societal costs. Surveillance data gathered by ACASS for over 40 years can be used for planning and policy decisions and the evaluation of prevention strategies. Contributing genetic and environmental factors are discussed as is the need for continued surveillance and research.

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Vakula, Jozef, Milan Zúbrik, Juraj Galko, Andrej Gubka, Andrej Kunca, Christo Nikolov, Miroslav Saniga et Peter Zach. « Is the double-spined bark beetle Ips duplicatus a new threat to Picea omorika in urban habitats ? » Plant Protection Science 57, No. 3 (10 juin 2021) : 248–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2021-pps.

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The double-spined bark beetle Ips duplicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is an invasive forest pest having a broad range of coniferous hosts within Europe. We found this species to be also developing in the Serbian spruce Picea omorika. Ips duplicatus infested 14 (52%) of 27 P. omorika mature trees in an arboretum garden in northern Slovakia in Central Europe during the summer of 2019. Logs from the upper part of stems of P. omorika trees placed in eclectors in the laboratory, yielded a total of 179 individuals of three scolytine species, with prevalence of I. duplicatus. Our results show that I. duplicatus also colonized less likely host such as the Serbian spruce, causing threat to this ornamental tree and contributing to its mortality in urban habitats during hot and dry summer weather.

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Lowry, R. Brian, Tanya Bedard, Xin Grevers, Susan Crawford, Steven C. Greenway, Mary E. Brindle, Harvey B. Sarnat, A. Robertson Harrop, Gerhard N. Kiefer et Mary Thomas. « Le système de surveillance des anomalies congénitales de l’Alberta : compte rendu des données sur 40 ans avec prévalence et tendances de certaines anomalies congénitales entre 1997 et 2019 ». Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada 43, n^o 1 (janvier 2023) : 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.43.1.04f.

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Introduction On manque de données provinciales ou territoriales à long terme publiées et actuelles sur les anomalies congénitales Au Canada. Cette étude fait état de la prévalence (pour 1000 naissances totales) et des tendances pour diverses anomalies congénitales de 1997 à 2019 en Alberta (Canada). Les facteurs de risque associés sont également abordés. Methods Nous avons utilisé les données du Système de surveillance des anomalies congénitales de l’Alberta (ACASS) pour calculer la prévalence et effectuer des analyses de tendance linéaire par test du chi carré. Results Entre 1997 et 2019, la prévalence globale des anomalies du tube neural est demeurée stable, à 0,74 pour 1000 naissances totales. C’était également le cas pour le spina bifida (0,38), les fentes orofaciales (1,99), les cardiopathies congénitales graves (transposition des grandes artères, 0,38; tétralogie de Fallot, 0,33; hypoplasie du coeur gauche, 0,32) et le gastroschisis (0,38). L’anencéphalie, la fente palatine et les anomalies anorectales ont diminué significativement, avec une prévalence de respectivement 0,23, 0,75 et 0,54 pour 1000 naissances totales. Une tendance significativement à la hausse a été relevée pour l’anotie/microtie (0,24), les anomalies de raccourcissement des membres (0,73), l’omphalocèle (0,36) et le syndrome de Down (2,21), ainsi que pour l’hypospadias et la cryptorchidie (respectivement 4,68 et 5,29 pour 1 000 naissances masculines). Conclusion Les anomalies congénitales constituent un important problème de santé publique, qui est associé à des coûts sociaux et sociétaux substantiels. Les données de surveillance recueillies par l’ACASS sur plus de 40 ans peuvent servir à la planification et aux décisions en matière de politiques ainsi qu’à l’évaluation des stratégies de prévention. Les facteurs génétiques et environnementaux contributifs sont abordés, de même que la nécessité de poursuivre la surveillance et la recherche.

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Genovino, Cinzia, et Rosa Maria Caprino. « Il ruolo della banca nel processo di innovazione del modello di business ». ESPERIENZE D'IMPRESA, n^o 2 (janvier 2021) : 69–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ei2018-002005.

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Il contributo rappresenta un approfondimento del Rapporto MACREF Strategie di integrazione tra produzioni agroalimentari e turismo ed in particolar modo il ruolo della banca nei processi d'innovazione dei modelli di business per le PMI. Si è cercato di offrire un'analisi critica della letteratura sul tema della scelta relativa alla struttura finanziaria efficiente delle imprese, con particolare riguardo alla realtà delle piccole e medie imprese italiane, ed in particolar modo del settore agroalimentare, attraverso una visione della letteratura empirica sull'argomento. Le PMI si caratterizzano tradizionalmente per l'uso quasi esclusivo di capitale di debito nella copertura del fabbisogno finanziario e presentano di conseguenza una struttura finanziaria quanto mai semplificata, nella maggior parte dei casi composta dal debito bancario da una parte e dal capitale dei soci fondatori dall'altra. In questo momento di crisi e di particolare frammentazione del tessuto societario italiano, in particolar modo quello del comparto agroalimentare, un ruolo determinante è stato rivestito dagli istituti bancari anche come gestori di garanzie e contributi pubblici. La scarsa patrimonializzazione delle nostre aziende, spesso a carattere e proprietà familiare, è stata negli anni supplita con un forte ricorso al credito bancario, dal quale le imprese sono diventate dipendenti a scapito di un corretto equilibrio finanziario. L'intero sistema si trova difronte ad una rieducazione finanziaria, dunque sia le imprese che le banche, quest'ultime spinte dall'innovazione tecnologica e dalla ricerca di redditività, si accingono al superamento della loro tradizionale veste istituzionale legata alla erogazione di credito. Gli istituti di credito possono e stanno quindi trasformando in opportunità tale situazione rivedendo i propri modelli distributivi e di business per diversificare le proprie fonti di reddito concentrandosi sull'offerta di nuovi servizi ad alto valore aggiunto alle imprese, sostenendo lo sviluppo e la crescita economica del nostro paese. Oggi il ruolo trainante della ripresa è infatti rappresentato da quelle imprese che sono innovative, che sanno coniugare la produttività e la tecnologia, che si aggregano tra loro o che si internazionalizzano: è proprio a queste impr- se che il sistema bancario deve guardare offrendo loro un supporto non solo in termini finanziari ma in termini di esperienza, conoscenze, competenza e consulenza.

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Manzoor, Eefa, Zahid Majeed, Shamyla Nawazish, Wasim Akhtar, Sofia Baig, Ayesha Baig, Syeda Manahil Fatima Bukhari, Qaisar Mahmood, Zainub Mir et Shahida Shaheen. « Wood Ash Additive for Performance Improvement of Gelatin-Based Slow-Release Urea Fertilizer ». Agriculture 12, n^o 10 (21 octobre 2022) : 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101743.

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Urea is a crucial nutrient for plant growth, but because of its substantial losses due to nitrification, ammonification, and subsurface leaching, there is currently a push to reduce these losses. Urea is frequently uploaded and trapped in gelatin. In this research, the improvement of urea uploading and encapsulation efficiency is investigated using wood ash made from plant biomass (Pinus roxburghii). The 8 g w/v of gelatin was mixed with various concentrations of wood ash (from 4 to 16 g w/w), urea (from 4 to 24 g w/w), and glutaraldehyde (from 0.5 to 3 mL g−1) to prepare various formulations of slow-release fertilizer (SRF). According to this study, adding wood ash to gelatin increases its ability to upload and encapsulate urea. The urea on its surface and the metal in wood ash both considerably contribute to the compositional alterations in gelatin in SRFs, which were demonstrated by IR spectroscopy. Visualization from photographs revealed that the homogenous dispersion of wood ash improved structural compatibility. The water content of the SRF formulation showed that wood ash can reduce water absorption by changing how hydrophobic gelatin is. Wood ash improves the gelatin’s ability to reduce the rapid release of urea over time, according to testing of cumulative urea release from SRF. The optimal combinations for achieving the maximum 53.43% of urea uploading were 2.44 g of urea, 2.47 mL of glutaraldehyde, and 1.50 g of wood ash, according to the Box–Behnken model. The gelatin-based SRF that had been amended with wood ash was applied to the Mentha spicata plant, and the plant’s healthy development and higher chlorophyll content revealed its agronomic potential. This study has a significant contribution to the development of an affordable and more effective wood ash-modified gelatin-based SRF.

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Corzo, Jorge Raúl García, Jurg Niederbacher Velásquez, Clara Isabel González Rugeles, Laura Rodríguez, Mayra Machuca, Alexánder Torres Prieto, Gloria Cecilia Ortiz Rodríguez et Mónica Romero Salazar. « Prevalencia de virus respiratorios en población menor de 5 años con infección respiratoria aguda en Bucaramanga y las provincias Comunera y de García Rovira, Santander, diciembre del 2012 a diciembre del 2013 ». Iatreia 27, n^o 4-S (16 janvier 2015) : S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.iatreia.21492.

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INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOSA pesar de la importancia de conocer la proporción de casos de enfermedad respiratoria causada por los diferentes virus, en el departamento de Santander se carece de dicha información, que podría servir de ayuda para planear actividades de salud pública. OBJETIVO GENERAL Determinar la prevalencia de 15 virus en casos de infección respiratoria aguda en menores de 5 años en Bucaramanga y las provincias Comunera y de García Rovira.MATERIALES Y MÉTODOSTipo de estudio: descriptivo, de corte transversal.Población: menores de 5 años con infección respiratoria aguda diagnosticada por un médico.Inclusión: máximo 5 días desde el comienzo de los síntomas, residencia en Santander, sin salir del departamento en los 14 días anteriores a dicho comienzo.Exclusión: uso de antivirales para influenza.Muestra: estratificada por institución pública o privada, proporcional a la distribución del aseguramiento. En cada estrato se seleccionaron las IPS con mayor cobertura. Se recolectaron 199 muestras de igual número de niños.Procedimiento:muestras obtenidas por hisopado nasofaríngeo y conservadas a 4 ºC en medio de recuperación viral por un máximo por 72 horas. El ADN y el ARN virales se extrajeron con el estuche comercial Gene-spinTM y la amplificación se hizo por PCRRT con el test cualitativo Seeplex® RV15 OneStep ACE Detection, un ensayo de PCR múltiplex para 15 virus.RESULTADOSNiñas: 41,7%; niños 58,3%. Menores de un año: 46,7%; de un año: 9%; de dos años: 29,3%; de 3 años: 7% y de 4 años: 8%. Pertenecían al régimen contributivo 49%, al régimen subsidiado 46%, a regímenes especiales 1% y no tenían afiliación 4%. El 46% de las muestras fueron positivas para virus. De ellas, 76% correspondieron a pacientes atendidos en Bucaramanga; 18,5% en la provincia Comunera y 5,5% en la provincia de García Rovira. En 9% de las muestras positivas había más de un virus (8% con dos y 1% con tres virus). En la estación lluviosa los virus más frecuentes fueron: Sincitial Respiratorio A (27,3%) y B (10,8%), Parainfluenza 3 (10,8%), Adenovirus, Metapneumovirus, Influenza A y Rhinovirus A/B/C. En la estación seca predominaron Rhinovirus A/B/C (24,6%), Sincitial Respiratorio (15,8%), Parainfluenza 1 (12,3%) y 3, Metapneumovirus e Influenza A. En la estación lluviosa se encontró Bocavirus humano 1/2/3/4 y en la seca, Coronavirus OCE43 y 229E/NL63. En ambas hubo identificación de Enterovirus. CONCLUSIONESEn Santander circulan los 15 virus respiratorios buscados en menores de 5 años y en Bucaramanga se encontraron 13 de ellos. El virus Sincitial Respiratorio A fue el más prevalente en Bucaramanga y las provincias Comunera y de García Rovira entre diciembre del 2012 y diciembre del 2013. Hubo diferencias estacionales importantes en los virus hallados. En Santander se identificó la presencia de Metapneumovirus, Enterovirus, Coronavirus humano y Bocavirus.

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Lekkas, Damien, Joseph A. Gyorda, George D. Price, Zoe Wortzman et Nicholas C. Jacobson. « Using the COVID-19 Pandemic to Assess the Influence of News Affect on Online Mental Health-Related Search Behavior Across the United States : Integrated Sentiment Analysis and the Circumplex Model of Affect ». Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, n^o 1 (27 janvier 2022) : e32731. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/32731.

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Background The digital era has ushered in an unprecedented volume of readily accessible information, including news coverage of current events. Research has shown that the sentiment of news articles can evoke emotional responses from readers on a daily basis with specific evidence for increased anxiety and depression in response to coverage of the recent COVID-19 pandemic. Given the primacy and relevance of such information exposure, its daily impact on the mental health of the general population within this modality warrants further nuanced investigation. Objective Using the COVID-19 pandemic as a subject-specific example, this work aimed to profile and examine associations between the dynamics of semantic affect in online local news headlines and same-day online mental health term search behavior over time across the United States. Methods Using COVID-19–related news headlines from a database of online news stories in conjunction with mental health–related online search data from Google Trends, this paper first explored the statistical and qualitative affective properties of state-specific COVID-19 news coverage across the United States from January 23, 2020, to October 22, 2020. The resultant operationalizations and findings from the joint application of dictionary-based sentiment analysis and the circumplex theory of affect informed the construction of subsequent hypothesis-driven mixed effects models. Daily state-specific counts of mental health search queries were regressed on circumplex-derived features of semantic affect, time, and state (as a random effect) to model the associations between the dynamics of news affect and search behavior throughout the pandemic. Search terms were also grouped into depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and nonspecific depression and anxiety symptoms to model the broad impact of news coverage on mental health. Results Exploratory efforts revealed patterns in day-to-day news headline affect variation across the first 9 months of the pandemic. In addition, circumplex mapping of the most frequently used words in state-specific headlines uncovered time-agnostic similarities and differences across the United States, including the ubiquitous use of negatively valenced and strongly arousing language. Subsequent mixed effects modeling implicated increased consistency in affective tone (SpinVA β=–.207; P<.001) as predictive of increased depression-related search term activity, with emotional language patterns indicative of affective uncontrollability (FluxA β=.221; P<.001) contributing generally to an increase in online mental health search term frequency. Conclusions This study demonstrated promise in applying the circumplex model of affect to written content and provided a practical example for how circumplex theory can be integrated with sentiment analysis techniques to interrogate mental health–related associations. The findings from pandemic-specific news headlines highlighted arousal, flux, and spin as potentially significant affect-based foci for further study. Future efforts may also benefit from more expansive sentiment analysis approaches to more broadly test the practical application and theoretical capabilities of the circumplex model of affect on text-based data.

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Varynska, Аlla, et Nataliia Kornodudova. « FORMATION OF UKRAINIAN MARITIME TERMINOLOGY ». Terminological Bulletin, n^o 6 (2021) : 296–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2021-6-29.

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The article is devoted to the topical problem of formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology. From the monuments of writing, from dictionaries published in different periods of historical development of society, as well as scientific works of historians and linguists who studied certain issues of Ukrainian maritime terminology, we selected Ukrainian maritime terms and demonstrated a specific style of representation of these terms in the above sources. The article highlights the significant contribution of prominent linguists O.T. Gorbach, V.B. Yurkivsky, J.O. Dzendzelivsky, E.M. Motuzenka, А.А. Berlizova in the study of Ukrainian maritime terminology. The peculiarities of the formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology, which depended on the history of the formation of terminological activity in Ukraine, are highlighted, and five periods of formation of maritime terminology are singled out, which have their own peculiarities. Analyzing the periods of formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology, attention is focused on the use of terms of the period of Kievan Rus; examples from the maritime terminology that prevailed on the Black Sea in the XII-XIII centuries are given, and also the maritime terms of the Cossack era are defined. Ukrainian maritime terminology includes both specific and borrowed terms, so information is provided on borrowing terms in different periods of formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology. Analyzing the periods of formation of Ukrainian maritime terminology, we emphasize the importance of dictionaries by Mykhailo Levchenko, M. Umanets and A. Spilka, E. Tymchenko, B. Hrinchenko, S. Ivanytsky and F. Shumlyansky, B. Stepanenko, P. and P. Terpyl, V. Dubrovsky, V. Yurkivsky, J. Mykolayenko, O. Izyumov, in which the most common maritime terms were recorded. Attention is paid to socio-political conditions: the times of cessation of terminological activity, its resumption with a tendency to copy from the Russian language, as well as the period associated with Ukraine’s independence, when the problem of national terminology is gaining state importance. The article summarizes that the language of science is a historical concept. The language of science transmits achievements in science, technology, education, culture, respectively, and changes with them. Therefore in each historical period it is possible to allocate characteristic tendencies of formation and features of formation of terminology. And although Ukrainian maritime terminology has become the subject of study of many scientists, but the problems of its formation, functioning, development continue to be relevant and need further study.

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Schlesener, Anita Helena. « Educação e Filosofia : uma leitura a partir de Freud e Benjamin ». EDUCAÇÃO E FILOSOFIA 33, n^o 69 (7 janvier 2021) : 1467–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/revedfil.v33n69a2019-50448.

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Resumo: O presente artigo tem o objetivo de tecer algumas considerações sobre as concepções de mundo que formam nosso imaginário a partir de uma leitura de Freud e de Benjamin. Este aporte teórico permite entender a dimensão ideológica de ideias e preconceitos que sedimentam o senso comum e que consolidam relações de dependência. A educação, entendida como processo de formação que acontece na vida, se alimenta da filosofia mesmo inconscientemente e as relações sociais e políticas orientam a formação da subjetividade individual. Benjamin explicita estas relações ao analisar as imagens oníricas cotejando os conceitos de sonho e despertar com o objetivo de mostrar a importância de conhecer o passado e elaborar uma história materialista da cultura, como tarefa básica para pensar o futuro.Palavras chaves: Educação. Filosofia. Imagens oníricas. Ideologia. Education and philosophy: a reading from Freud and Benjamin Abstract: This article aims to weave some considerations about the conceptions of the world that form our imaginary from a reading of Freud and Benjamin. This theoretical contribution allows us to understand the ideological dimension of ideas and prejudices that sediment common sense and consolidate relationships of dependence. Education, understood as a process of formation that happens in life, feeds on philosophy even unconsciously, and social and political relations guide the formation of individual subjectivity. Benjamin explains these relationships by analyzing the dream-images by comparing the concepts of dream and awakening with the purpose of showing the importance of knowing the past to elaborate a materialistic history of culture as a basic task to think about the future.Key words: Education. Philosophy. Dream images. Ideology. Educazione e filosofia: una lettura di Freud e Benjamin Riassunto: Questo articolo ha l’obiettivo di fare alcune riflessioni sulle concezioni del mondo che formano il nostro immaginario da una lettura di Freud e Benjamin. Questa base teorica ci consente di comprendere la dimensione ideologica delle idee e dei pregiudizi che basano il senso comune e rinsaldano le relazioni di dipendenza. L'istruzione, intesa come un processo di formazione che accade nella vita, si nutre anche inconsciamente della filosofia e le relazioni sociali e politiche guidano la formazione della soggettività individuale. Benjamin spiega queste relazioni analizzando le immagini dei sogni riunendo i concetti di sogno e risveglio al fine di dimostrare l'importanza di conoscere il passato ed elaborare una storia materialista della cultura, come compito fondamentale per pensare al futuro.Parole chiave: Educazione. Filosofia. Immagini dei sogni. Ideologia. Data de registro: 09/09/2019 Data de aceite: 16/06/2020

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Romero, Maria Vita. « Medicina e morale in Descartes / Medicine and ethics in Descartes ». Medicina e Morale 66, n^o 5 (20 décembre 2017) : 603–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/mem.2017.509.

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Descartes considera la medicina e la morale come due discipline accomunate dal conseguimento – ciascuna con mezzi e metodi propri – di un fine comune: la salute psicofisica sia come valore in sé, sia come indispensabile premessa per cogliere la felicità in questo mondo. Infatti, se l’uomo non è una “macchina animale”, ma un “composto umano” di anima e di corpo, allora bisogna riconoscere che la medicina e la morale mirano entrambe all’integrità di questo composé humain: l’una guardando al corpo unito alla mente, l’altra alla mente unita al corpo. Sulla scia degli studi condotti sulla machine animale, Descartes aveva tentato di elaborare una medicina anti-animista fondata sui princìpi della meccanica animale; ma, se è vero che tutto si spiega meccanicisticamente nell’organismo, è anche vero però che i princìpi meccanicistici non sono in grado di spiegare la totalità del composé humain, ossia dell’individuo composto di anima e corpo. Da qui la necessità di passare da una medicina basata sulla fisica pura ad una medicina basata sul composto sostanziale, e quindi dall’assoluto meccanicismo fisico al teleologismo psicofisico. Su queste premesse Descartes elabora un particolare concetto di natura su una duplice direttrice di pensiero: da un canto, egli si riallaccia a Ippocrate in merito alla natura intesa come medico delle malattie; dall’altro, apre la strada a certe suggestioni sulla medicina naturale, che invita l’uomo ad ascoltare la natura, quale fonte di rimedi ai suoi mali. ---------- Descartes considers medicine and ethics as two disciplines connected by the achievement – each with different means and methods – of a common goal: psychophysical health, both as a value in itself and as an essential condition to experience happiness in this world. Indeed, if man is not an “animal machine”, but a “human mixture” of soul and body, then it has to be recognised the medicine and ethics both target the integrity of this composé humain: one seeing the body linked to the mind, the other looking at the mind linker to the body. In line with the contribution on the machine animale, Descartes had attempted to develop an anti-animist medicine based on the principles of animal mechanics; however, if it is true that everything can be explained mechanistically in the body, it is also true that mechanistic principles cannot explain the entirety of the composé humain, i.e. the individual made of soul and body. Thus the necessity to move from a medicine purely based on physics to a medicine based on a substantial mixture; therefore, from the absolute physical mechanism to psychophysical teleology. On these conditions Descartes develops a specific concept of nature based on two ideas: on one hand, he looks at Hippocrates regarding the concept of nature seen as a healer of illness; on the other, opens the door to various intuitions of natural medicine that suggests that man should look at nature for remedies to his problems.

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Küppers, Ralf. « Genomic Analysis of Hodgkin Lymphoma ». Blood 134, Supplement_1 (13 novembre 2019) : SCI—7—SCI—7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-121073.

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The genetic analysis of the Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg (HRS) tumor cells in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is very much hampered by the rarity of these cells, typically accounting for only about 1% of cells in the lymphoma tissue. Moreover, only very few cell lines were established from HL, partly with an uncertain origin. Thus, for the identification of somatic mutations in HRS cells, methods had to be established to isolate the rare HRS cells by microdissection from tissue sections or by cell sorting from cell suspensions. Initial studies were focussed on candidate gene approaches, often inspired by results from the prior analysis of HL cell lines. These early studies revealed numerous recurrent mutations in members of the NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways, causing or at least contributing to the constitutive activation of these signaling pathways.1 The pathobiological relevance of the constitutive activation of NF-κB and JAK/STAT factors was validated by functional studies with HL cell lines. A first whole exome sequencing analysis of flow-sorted HRS cells was published by Reichel and colleagues.2 B2M was found to be inactivated by somatic mutations in 7/10 cases, and caused loss of major histocompatibility complex 1 expression. Although later studies with larger case series identified such mutations in only about 20-30% of cases,3,4 B2M inactivation is nevertheless an important factor for immune evasion of HRS cells and a frequently mutated gene in HL. A second exome sequencing study of HRS cells used microdissected tumor cells and revealed as a major novel finding frequent somatic mutations in the STAT6 gene (ca. 30% of cases).3 The genetic lesions in STAT6 are gain-of-function mutations. Overall nearly 90% of HL cases show genetic alterations in members of the JAK/STAT pathway, further demonstrating the major role of this pathway in HL pathogenesis. Our group is currently performing studies of microdissected HRS cells by whole genome sequencing, aiming to identify further genetic lesions in HRS cells beyond those affecting exons. An alternative attractive approach to uncover mutations in HRS cells is the genetic analysis of circulating DNA in plasma, because HRS cell-derived DNA fragments can be identified in most patients at the time of diagnosis. A targeted sequencing study of circulating tumor DNA showed the feasibility of this approach and validated, for example, the frequent occurrence of STAT6 mutations in HL. In rare instances, a HL can co-occur with another lymphoma in the same patient. Such composite lymphomas frequently show a common clonal origin of both lymphomas from a mature B cell.5 Composite lymphomas are therefore elegant models to study the multi-step transformation process in lymphomagenesis. We are currently performing a whole exome sequencing analysis of composite classical HL and B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, to reveal the pattern of early shared mutations and later distinct mutations. In each of the cases under investigations, such shared and distinct mutations were indeed identified. Küppers R, Engert A, Hansmann ML. Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Invest. 2012; 122: 3439. Reichel J, Chadburn A, Rubinstein PG, et al. Flow sorting and exome sequencing reveal the oncogenome of primary Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Blood. 2015; 125: 1061. Tiacci E, Ladewig E, Schiavoni G, et al. Pervasive mutations of JAK-STAT pathway genes in classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood. 2018; 131: 2454. Spina V, Bruscaggin A, Cuccaro A, et al. Circulating tumor DNA reveals genetics, clonal evolution, and residual disease in classical Hodgkinlymphoma. Blood. 2018; 131: 2413. Küppers R, Dührsen U, Hansmann ML. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of composite lymphomas. Lancet Oncol. 2014; 15: e435. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Hohaizel, Olha. « THE IMAGE OF ANNA IN THE OPERA “STOLEN HAPPINESS” BY Y. MEYTUS : INTERPRETATIVE ANALYSIS ». Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 58, n^o 58 (10 mars 2021) : 112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-58.07.

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The article analyzes the musical material of the two arias of Anna – as the key characteristics of her image in the opera Y. Meytus “Stolen Happiness” (based on the experience of analysis, since the arias are in the work and repertoire of the author of the study). Consideration of the image from the point of view of performance and interpretation of the understanding of the interactions of words and music, the composer logic of emotional experiences, taking into account a complex of components such as the nature of the musical fabric and the historical aspect, is proposed. operas. Statement of the problem. The creativity of Y. Meytus as a composer, who stood at the origins of the formation of the Ukrainian composing school of the twentieth century, is still relevant and, in particular, his rarely performed opera «Stolen Happiness», which in the true opinion of Y. Malyshev, is a «significant contribution» in the development of realistic opera art. There are still an undeserved number of records of this opera, and accordingly a small number of variants of interpretations of images, semantic texts and subtexts, and this work in this sense is of practical importance from the performer’s point of view. Since Anna’s arias are in the work and repertoire of the author of the study, the relevance of this topic is also related to the direct presentation of this music on stage. The purpose of the study –to determine the specificity of the interpretation of the image of Anna from the opera “Stolen Happiness” by Y. Maytus. Analysis of publications on the topic of the study. Regarding the works of Y. Meytus, there are researches and publications by Y. Malyshev, L. Archimovich, I. Mamchur, L. Bas, where the composer’s creativity is covered. There are few sources for the opera «Stolen Happiness», and there is no comprehensive and in-depth interpretative performance analysis.Presentation of the main research material. Widely utilizing the opera-harmonic basis of the features of Western Ukrainian folklore in the opera «Stolen Happiness», Y. Meytus emphasizes the national identity and color of the characters, including the main heroine, by means of the symphonic development of the musical material creates a dramatically and intelligently developed development of the multifaceted and multifaceted. The task of vocal performance is to consciously read the “score of feelings” of the performed character, which is contained primarily in the musical texture, which much and fully conveys the dynamics of character image development. The vocal part, the melody, being a part of harmony, is the condensate, the quintessence of the harmonious thought of the composer, which demands from the performer imagination, intuition, attention, sensory perception, emotional sensitivity. Conclusions of the study. Having performed a performative analysis of the image of Anna in the opera «Stolen Happiness» by Y. Meytus. 1. Because, first and foremost, it is an aria-melodic musical drama, close in style to verisim (the melody in Y. Meytus does not lose the properties of the length and cantilenes) therefore performance requires good long vocal breathing, cantilever, legato, flexibility of voice and timbral equality with simultaneous force of sound in climaxes, long thought of phrases, fullness of each vowel, clear diction, that is, awareness of the relationship between words and music, the smoothness of the language line. Good intonation hearing and good coordination of vocal apparatus are required not only from the point of view of breathing, but also from the point of view of difficult intonational musical language. 2. Performing arias requires from the singer a deep emotional responsiveness, great mental strength and physical endurance, as well as an actor’s understanding of the image-role. This image does not tolerate excessive passion for expressiveness, unnecessary emotions and hysterics, it will penetrate the depth of the tragedy of the heroine. The nuances from pianissimo, not transient to whispering, but voiced, to the filled fortissimo, not transitional to cry. The choice of tempo, especially given their frequent change, should be consistent with the natural sound of the vocal language. 3. The texture of the music material determines the role of the voice. The party is suitable for a solid lyric, lyric-dramatic (spinto) or dramatic soprano, that is, for voice, has the flight to “cut through” the orchestra and be sounded part of its rich texture.

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da Empoli, Domenico. « The Italian Law for the Protection of Competition and the Market ». Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 8, n^o 2 (1 octobre 1990) : 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569298x15668907344956.

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Abstract Gli studi attinenti alla «politica della concorrenza” sono uno dei settori nei quali da maggior tempo collaborano economisti e giuristi, dato che, in assenza di questa cooperazione, i soli strumenti di cui dispone l’economista, senza quelli del giurista, non sono sufficienti ad interpretare ed applicare le norme antitrust.Soprattutto sulla spinta di queste esigenze si è sviluppato nelle Università americane l’insegnamento di corsi di «Law and Economics», disciplina ormai consolidata.Da un punto di vista intellettuale, pertanto, non vi è dubbio che il tema della concorrenza sia di particolare interesse.Peraltro, già da qualche tempo le opinioni degli studiosi circa gli effetti della politica della concorrenza e, quindi, sull’opportunità di introdurre una specifica legge al riguardo e, poi, di applicarla in modo rigoroso, non sono molto concordi.L’atteggiamento critico nei riguardi dell’intervento pubblico che caratterizza l’epoca attuale e che si può sintetizzare nella nozione di «fallimento dello Stato», non ha risparmiato neppure la politica della concorrenza, sui cui effetti sono state avanzate, e permangono, numerose incertezze.Peraltro, se un atteggiamento critico poteva avere un suo fondamento apprezzabile nei momento in cui si discuteva dell’opportunity o meno di introdurre questa legge, non vi è dubbio che, una volta che questa sia entrata in vigore, essa debba essere oggetto di studio, sempre critico, ma costruttivo.Per questo motivo, è apparsa molto utile la pubblicazione su questo numero di Economia delle Scelte Pubbliche degli atti di un convegno internazionale, organizzato a Reggio Calabria nei dicembre del 1990 dall’Istituto Superiore Europeo di Studi Politici, che ha avuto come oggetto la nuova legge italiana della concorrenza, confrontata con le normative già in vigore presso altri Paesi OCSE, oltre che con la normativa CEE.Assieme ai testi delle relazioni, viene anche pubblicato il testo della legge, sia nella traduzione inglese che in quella francese (ambedue non ufficiali).L’ordine di pubblicazione dei diversi contributi segue il seguente schema: dopo questa presentazione della legge italiana, segue l’articolo di Claudio Menis sulle relazioni tra legislazione CEE e legge italiana. Successivamente, vengono pubblicati (seguendo l’ordine alfabetico per paese) gli scritti che riflettono valutazioni della legge italiana alla luce dell’esperienza nazionale di ciascuno dei Paesi OCSE rappresentati: Belgio (van Meerhaeghe), Francia (Charrier), Germania (Ruppelt), Spagna (Canivell), Svizzera (Baldi) e Regno Unito (Howe).Infine, un articolo di Eric Lacey confronta i lineamenti essenziali della struttura della legge italiana con quelli della media dei Paesi OCSE.La presentazione della legge italiana, non è compito facile per un economista, per la necessità di ricorrere a termini giuridici molto specialistici.La legge considera tre principali fattispecie che sono suscettibili di danneggiare la concorrenza: i cartelli che restringono la libertà di concorrenza, l’abuso di posizione dominante e le concentrazioni.I «cartelli” (o «intese») sono definiti dalla legge come «gli accordi e/o le pratiche concordati tra le imprese, nonché le deliberazioni, anche se adottate ai sensi di disposizioni statutarie o regolamentari, di consorzi, associazioni di imprese ed altri organismi similari». Esse sono vietate quando «abbiano per oggetto, o per effetto, di impedire, restringere o falsare in maniera consistente il gioco della concorrenza all’interno del mercato nazionale o in una sua parte rilevante” (art. 1).L’«abuso di posizione dominante” è vietato dall’art. 3, che include anche una casistica, peraltro non del tutto esauriente, circa situazioni identificabili come abuso di posizione dominante.Le «operazioni di concentrazione», d’altra parte, hanno luogo, secondo l’art. 5, «quando due o più imprese procedono a fusione», «quando uno o più soggetti in posizione di controllo di almeno un’impresa ovvero una o più imprese acquisiscono direttamente o indirettamente [...], il controllo dell’insieme o di parti di una o più imprese», e «quando due o più imprese procedono, attraverso la costituzione di una nuova società, alla costituzione di un’impresa comune». Sulla base dell’art. 6, tali operazioni sono vietate quando costituiscono o rafforzino una posizione dominante sul mercato.L’organo che ha il compito di garantire l’appHcazione della legge è l’Autorità, che è stata creata appositamente e che è composta da quattro membri, più il presidente, nominati sulla base di una determinazione adottata d’intesa dai presidenti dei due rami del Parlamento.Una caratteristica fondamentale del nuovo organo per la tutela della concorrenza è la sua indipendenza dal potere politico, che viene attenuata soltanto a proposito delle operazioni di concentrazione. Come afferma, infatti, l’art. 25, il Consiglio dei Ministri può elaborare criteri di carattere generate che autorizzino operazioni che sarebbero vietate ai sensi dell’art. 6 e, inoltre, può anche vietare specifiche operazioni di concentrazione qualora vi partecipino «enti o imprese di Stati che non tutelano l’indipendenza degli enti o delle imprese con norme di effetto equivalente a quello dei precedenti titoli o applicano disposizioni discriminatorie o impongono clausole aventi effetti analoghi nei confronti di acquisizioni da parte di imprese o enti italiani».Oltre ai poteri d’istruttoria e decisione nei riguardi delle tre fattispecie di cui si è detto, con la possibilità d’imporre anche sanzioni pecuniarie, l’Autorità ha anche poteri conoscitivi e consultivi, sulla cui base può esprimere pareri, o di sua iniziativa o su richiesta del presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri.

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Rossitti, Marco, et Francesca Torrieri. « Action research for the conservation of architectural heritage in mariginal areas : the role of evaluation / La ricerca azione per la conservazione del patrimonio architettonico in aree marginali : il ruolo della valutazione ». Valori e Valutazioni 30 (août 2022) : 3–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.48264/vvsiev-20223002.

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The recognition of the key role of architectural heritage for sustainable territorial development has pushed the scientific community to give more importance to the involvement of local communities in conservation choices and practices. However, despite the recognition of the benefits deriving from the active participation of local communities in the field of conservation, in practice, this involvement is still marginal and linked to experiences without institutional support. This phenomenon is due to different causes, such as the lack of a participatory culture in conservation. It finds its roots in a conventional approach to architectural heritage conservation merely based on an “expert knowledge”. Consequently, there is an urgent need for approaches and tools to manage the complexity of decisions about conservation, which require close collaboration between local communities, research, and institutions. In this context, the paper aims to investigate the role of the action-research approach in fostering the participation of local communities in conservation processes, especially in marginal areas, where the demographic shrinking dynamics make even more necessary both the institutions’ intervention and the communities’ engagement. Based on these premises, starting from an analysis of recent experiences, the contribution dwells on the need to support the implementation of action-research approaches for the conservation of architectural heritage in marginal areas, paying particular attention to the role of evaluation. More in detail, in the first part of the paper, a reflection on the importance of community involvement for heritage conservation is proposed based on the main documents on the topic. In the second part, the main features of the action-research approach and its strengths and weaknesses have been analyzed through a literature review of action-research experiences applied to architectural heritage at a global level. The analyses have highlighted how most of these experiences are born from spontaneous initiatives, without institutional and methodological support, in which the role of evaluation is still marginal. Therefore, in the final part, the paper proposes a first methodological framework based on integrating action research with the main evaluation tools developed in the scientific literature to support the different phases of the decision-making process. This framework, suitably declined according to the specificities of the case study treated, can represent a valid support for implementing and transposing the research-action approach for heritage conservation in an institutional context. Il riconoscimento del ruolo chiave del patrimonio architettonico per uno sviluppo territoriale sostenibile ha spinto la comunità scientifica ad attribuire maggiore importanza al coinvolgimento delle comunità locali nelle scelte e pratiche di conservazione. Tuttavia, nonostante il riconoscimento dei benefici derivanti dalla partecipazione attiva delle comunità locali in ambito conservativo, nella pratica tale coinvolgimento risulta ancora marginale e legato ad esperienze prive di supporto istituzionale. Tale fenomeno è ascrivibile a molteplici cause, tra cui la mancanza di una cultura della partecipazione, che affonda le sue radici nell’approccio convenzionale alla conservazione del patrimonio architettonico basato sulla sola “conoscenza esperta”, e la conseguente carenza di approcci e strumenti capaci di gestire la complessità delle scelte legate alla conservazione in cui, invece, si richiede una stretta collaborazione tra comunità locali, mondo della ricerca e istituzioni. Il presente contributo mira ad indagare il ruolo dell’approccio della ricerca azione nel favorire la partecipazione delle comunità locali ai processi di conservazione soprattutto nelle aree marginali, dove le dinamiche di contra- zione demografica in atto rendono ancora più necessario sia l’intervento delle istituzioni, che la partecipazione delle comunità. Sulla scorta di tali premesse, partendo da un’analisi delle esperienze in corso, il contributo si sofferma sulla necessità di supportare l’implementazione di approcci alla ricerca-azione per la conservazione del patrimonio architettonico in aree marginali, ponendo parti- colare attenzione al ruolo della valutazione per il raggiungimento di tale obiettivo. Nello specifico, nella prima parte del contributo si propone una riflessione sull’importanza del coinvolgimento delle comunità per la conservazione del patrimonio sulla base delle principali carte e trattati sul tema. Nella seconda parte sono state, poi, analizzate le principali caratteristiche dell’approccio alla ricerca-azione ed i suoi punti di forze e di debolezza rispetto alle finalità preposte attraverso una literature review delle esperienze di ricerca azione applicate al patrimonio architettonico a livello globale. Le analisi condotte hanno portato ad evidenziare come la maggior parte delle esperienze analizzate nasca da iniziative spontanee, prive di un supporto istituzionale e metodologico, in cui il ruolo della valutazione è ancora marginale. Pertanto, nella parte finale della riflessione si propone una prima proposta di framework metodologico basato sul- l’integrazione della ricerca azione con i principali strumenti di valutazione sviluppati in letteratura al fine di supportare le differenti fasi del processo decisionale. Tale framework, opportunamente declinato secondo le specificità del caso studio trattato, può rappresentare un valido supporto per l’implementazione e la trasposizione in ambito istituzionale dell’approccio alla ricerca-azione per la conservazione del patrimonio.

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Tyagi, Rachana, et Julia Duff. « Role of the Spina Bifida Association of Northeastern New York in the Community ». JOURNAL OF GLOBAL NEUROSURGERY 2, n^o 1 (29 septembre 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.51437/jgns.v2i1.51.

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The Spina Bifida Association of Northeastern New York serves a primary role in facilitating education, care, networking, and advocacy efforts for families and patients with spina bifida. The organization has a long history, with volunteers contributing most of the work done by the organization. Even in the United States, patients with spina bifida are in need of extensive assistance outside the health care, education and employment systems provided by government programs.

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Shean, Christopher, et Janaka Balasooriya. « Scoliosis and spina bifida contributing to strangulation of a hiatus hernia : a case report ». Journal of Surgical Case Reports 2022, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jscr/rjab635.

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Abstract Hiatus hernia is defined as a trans-diaphragmatic protrusion of the intra-abdominal contents through the oesophageal hiatus into the mediastinum. Surgical repair is indicated in symptomatic patients, with some patients presenting emergently with strangulation and ischaemia of hernial contents. In this situation, emergent decompression and surgical repair is indicated. Although it has been suggested previously that kyphoscoliosis may contribute to development and progression of hiatus hernia, there are no published reports of obstruction being caused by severe spinal deformity. A 67-year-old male patient with spina bifida and severe scoliosis who presented with an obstructed hiatus hernia is discussed here. Because of his obstruction, laparoscopic hiatus hernia repair and fundoplication was undertaken. The patient had an uncomplicated recovery following this. This case highlights the importance of providing definitive management to patients with difficult anatomy, which has caused their obstruction, as conservative management is unlikely to lead to an optimal outcome.

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Taghipour, Mohammad Taghi, Reihaneh Nameni, Mehrad Taghipour et Fereshteh Ghorat. « Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity of Ziziphus spina-christi and Tamarix aphylla Leaves᾽ Extracts as Effective Treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ». Thrita In Press, In Press (28 décembre 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.5812/thrita.107776.

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Background: The increased use of antibiotics has led to the frequent occurrence of resistant bacterial strains᾽ infections and increased side effects. It is inevitable that medicinal plants and their good antimicrobial activities for controlling and curing different infectious diseases is always a salient feature of various investigations. Also, understanding the plant species in the light of the Holy Quran, religious texts, and the sacred books could make a useful contribution to studying two significant plants used as ancient and reliable medicines. Objectives: The present research used two plants for medicinal products to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Ziziphus spina-christi (sider) is a medicinal and traditional plant and ethanol and methanol extracts of its leaves have been used against some bacterial and viral infections. Another herbal remedy is Tamarix aphylla with the local name of Ghaz, as the largest known species of Tamarix. The stem smoke of Tamarix aphylla is used by people in the desert area as an antibiotic and antimicrobial agent. Methods: The leaves of Ziziphus spina-christi and Tamarix aphylla were collected to extract their flavonoids and alkaloids using methanol and ethanol, respectively. Moreover, in the process of extraction, powdered and dried leaves by using disc diffusion testing and undiluted neat solution were prepared. Results: The extracted phytochemicals exhibited antimicrobial activity of the two plants through alkaloids and flavonoids as secondary metabolites. Substantial influences on impairing the energy metabolism weakened microbial growth, resulting in the fat formation and protein inhibition. Conclusions: It was concluded that flavonoids and alkaloids from Ziziphus spina-christi and Tamarix aphylla leaves have antimicrobial potential. On the other hand, the process of cell division can be affected by alkaloids that are bound to DNA. Also, flavonoids bind to DNA and RNA, resulting in impairing energy metabolism causing the weakened growth of the microbe affecting protein inhibition and fat formation. Viral cell walls are made up of proteins. Coronavirus spike proteins and viral membrane fusions are wonderful molecules. Through binding to the host cell surface receptor, coronaviruses enter host cells and then fuse the host and viral membranes. Through precipitating the protein components, tannins in Ziziphus spina-christi behave as detoxifying agents by inhibiting their growth.

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Aguiar-Pulido, Vanessa, Paul Wolujewicz, Alexander Martinez-Fundichely, Eran Elhaik, Gaurav Thareja, Alice Abdel Aleem, Nader Chalhoub et al. « Systems biology analysis of human genomes points to key pathways conferring spina bifida risk ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n^o 51 (16 décembre 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106844118.

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Significance Genetic investigations of most structural birth defects, including spina bifida (SB), congenital heart disease, and craniofacial anomalies, have been underpowered for genome-wide association studies because of their rarity, genetic heterogeneity, incomplete penetrance, and environmental influences. Our systems biology strategy to investigate SB predisposition controls for population stratification and avoids much of the bias inherent in candidate gene searches that are pervasive in the field. We examine both protein coding and noncoding regions of whole genomes to analyze sequence variants, collapsed by gene or regulatory region, and apply machine learning, gene enrichment, and pathway analyses to elucidate molecular pathways and genes contributing to human SB.

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Wolujewicz, Paul, Vanessa Aguiar-Pulido, Alice AbdelAleem, Vidya Nair, Gaurav Thareja, Karsten Suhre, Gary M. Shaw, Richard H. Finnell, Olivier Elemento et M. Elizabeth Ross. « Genome-wide investigation identifies a rare copy-number variant burden associated with human spina bifida ». Genetics in Medicine, 8 mars 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41436-021-01126-9.

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Abstract Purpose Next-generation sequencing has implicated some risk variants for human spina bifida (SB), but the genome-wide contribution of structural variation to this complex genetic disorder remains largely unknown. We examined copy-number variant (CNV) participation in the genetic architecture underlying SB risk. Methods A high-confidence ensemble approach to genome sequences (GS) was benchmarked and employed for systematic detection of common and rare CNVs in two separate ancestry-matched SB case–control cohorts. Results SB cases were enriched with exon disruptive rare CNVs, 44% of which were under 10 kb, in both ancestral populations (P = 6.75 × 10−7; P = 7.59 × 10−4). Genes containing these disruptive CNVs fall into molecular pathways, supporting a role for these genes in SB. Our results expand the catalog of variants and genes with potential contribution to genetic and gene–environment interactions that interfere with neurulation, useful for further functional characterization. Conclusion This study underscores the need for genome-wide investigation and extends our previous threshold model of exonic, single-nucleotide variation toward human SB risk to include structural variation. Since GS data afford detection of CNVs with greater resolution than microarray methods, our results have important implications toward a more comprehensive understanding of the genetic risk and mechanisms underlying neural tube defect pathogenesis.

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Polfuss, Michele, Tiebin Liu, Kathryn Smith, Pamela S. Murphy, Elisabeth Ward, Judy Thibadeau, Nienke P. Dosa, Yinding Wang et Kathleen J. Sawin. « Weight Status of Children Participating in the National Spina Bifida Patient Registry ». Pediatrics, 23 novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2022-057007.

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OBJECTIVES: Describe the distribution of weight status categories and determine factors associated with overweight and obesity (OW/OB) in children and adolescents with spina bifida (SB) using the National Spina Bifida Patient Registry. METHODS: Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data collected from 2009 through 2018 was used to describe the prevalence of OW/OB. The generalized estimating equation model (GEE) identified factors associated with OW/OB among individuals with SB. RESULTS: Participants (n = 7215) were aged 2 to 19 years (mean = 11.1; standard error, 0.06) and 51.4% female. The majority were non-Hispanic white (57.2%) followed by Hispanic or Latino (25.1%) and non-Hispanic Black (7.5%). The myelomeningocele (MMC) subgroup accounted for 76.3%. Most (60.2%) were community ambulators. The overall percentage of OW/OB was 45.2%, with 49.2% of MMC and 32.0% of nonmyelomeningocele OW/OB. Following the Centers for Disease Control Obesity Severity Classification System, 19.7% of MMC were in class 1, 6.6% in class 2, and 3.5% in class 3. Univariate analysis of MMC participants demonstrated demographic (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and clinic region) and clinical variables (functional level of lesion, ambulation, and number of shunt surgeries) were associated with OW/OB. The GEE model showed that OW/OB was independently, and significantly, associated with age, sex, race/ethnicity, lesion levels, and geographic location of the clinics. CONCLUSIONS: The demographic and clinical factors associated with OW/OB in children and adolescents with SB further our understanding of factors contributing to the higher prevalence of OW/OB in this population and may inform OW/OB prevention and treatment strategies.

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Kelly, Amanda, et Brendan O'Neill. « THE ROMAN AQUEDUCT OF KNOSSOS, A MODEL FOR NINETEENTH-CENTURY AQUEDUCT DESIGN ». Annual of the British School at Athens, 16 février 2023, 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245422000156.

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In this paper, we present findings from a field inspection of the Knossos aqueduct undertaken in 2019. A key contribution of our fieldwork was the architectural identification of the Roman channel underlying the nineteenth-century wall of the Ottoman-Egyptian aqueduct supplying Iraklio. While reuse of the Roman aqueduct in the nineteenth century was known from historical reports, the structural overlap has never been identified in the field or documented archaeologically, until now. We recorded the Roman channel lined with opus signinum running along the base of the nineteenth-century aqueduct's wall between Fundana and Spilia. Through this realisation in the field, we were able to establish diagnostic styles of masonry for both periods. Our architectural distinction between the overlaid aqueducts allowed us to integrate previously disarticulated components of the later system, like the reused Roman tunnel at Skalani and the nineteenth-century bridge at Spilia, into an integrated Ottoman-Egyptian water supply for Iraklio. As we approached Knossos from Spilia, we were also able to identify the point at which the Venetian aqueduct supplying Iraklio converged with the Roman system. Consequently, our 2019 fieldwork not only mapped the length of the Roman aqueduct supplying the city of Knossos but also that section of the nineteenth-century Ottoman-Egyptian aqueduct of Iraklio built directly over it and a shorter tract of the Venetian aqueduct of Iraklio that either ran alongside it or was, in turn, itself partially overlaid by the nineteenth-century system.

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Finnell, Richard H., Carlo Donato Caiaffa, Sung-Eun Kim, Yunping Lei, John Steele, Xuanye Cao, Gabriel Tukeman, Ying Linda Lin, Robert M. Cabrera et Bogdan J. Wlodarczyk. « Gene Environment Interactions in the Etiology of Neural Tube Defects ». Frontiers in Genetics 12 (10 mai 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.659612.

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Human structural congenital malformations are the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States. Estimates from the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) determine that close to 3% of all United States newborns present with birth defects; the worldwide estimate approaches 6% of infants presenting with congenital anomalies. The scientific community has recognized for decades that the majority of birth defects have undetermined etiologies, although we propose that environmental agents interacting with inherited susceptibility genes are the major contributing factors. Neural tube defects (NTDs) are among the most prevalent human birth defects and as such, these malformations will be the primary focus of this review. NTDs result from failures in embryonic central nervous system development and are classified by their anatomical locations. Defects in the posterior portion of the neural tube are referred to as meningomyeloceles (spina bifida), while the more anterior defects are differentiated as anencephaly, encephalocele, or iniencephaly. Craniorachischisis involves a failure of the neural folds to elevate and thus disrupt the entire length of the neural tube. Worldwide NTDs have a prevalence of approximately 18.6 per 10,000 live births. It is widely believed that genetic factors are responsible for some 70% of NTDs, while the intrauterine environment tips the balance toward neurulation failure in at risk individuals. Despite aggressive educational campaigns to inform the public about folic acid supplementation and the benefits of providing mandatory folic acid food fortification in the United States, NTDs still affect up to 2,300 United States births annually and some 166,000 spina bifida patients currently live in the United States, more than half of whom are now adults. Within the context of this review, we will consider the role of maternal nutritional status (deficiency states involving B vitamins and one carbon analytes) and the potential modifiers of NTD risk beyond folic acid. There are several well-established human teratogens that contribute to the population burden of NTDs, including: industrial waste and pollutants [e.g., arsenic, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)], pharmaceuticals (e.g., anti-epileptic medications), and maternal hyperthermia during the first trimester. Animal models for these teratogens are described with attention focused on valproic acid (VPA; Depakote). Genetic interrogation of model systems involving VPA will be used as a model approach to discerning susceptibility factors that define the gene-environment interactions contributing to the etiology of NTDs.

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Araya, Claudio, et Daniela Carrasco. « Mechanisms of vertebrate neural plate internalization ». International Journal of Developmental Biology 52 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.200122ca.

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The internalization of multi-cellular tissues is a key morphogenetic process during animal development and organ formation. A good example of this is the initial stages of vertebrate central nervous system formation whereby a transient embryonic structure called the neural plate is able to undergo collective cell rearrangements within the dorsal midline. Despite that defects in neural plate midline internalization may result in a series of severe clinical conditions such as spina bifida and anencephaly, the biochemical and biomechanical details of this process remain only partially characterized. Here we review the main cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying midline cell and tissue internalization during vertebrate neural tube formation. We discuss the contribution of collective cell mechanisms including convergent and extension as well as apical constriction facilitating midline neural plate shaping. Furthermore, we summarize recent studies that shed light on how the interplay of signaling pathways and cell biomechanics modulate neural plate internalization. In addition, we discuss how adhesion-dependent cell-cell contact appears to be a critical component during midline cell convergence and surface cell contraction via cell-cell mechanical coupling. We envision that more detailed high-resolution quantitative data at both cell and tissue levels will be required to properly model mechanisms of vertebrate neural plate internalization with the hope to prevent human neural tube defects.

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Casale, Achille, Pier Mauro Giachino et Dante Vailati. « Il genere Duvalius nell’isola di Creta, con descrizione di Duvalius (Duvalius) augusti specie nuova (Coleoptera Carabidae Trechinae) ». Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana, 21 avril 2021, 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/memoriesei.2020.191.

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Gli Autori descrivono Duvalius (Duvalius) augusti nuova specie, con località tipica e unica nota finora: la grotta Spilia Kronio (=Trapeza Cave), sita a 940 m s.l.m. (Lassithi, Tzermiado), nel massiccio orientale del Dikti nell’isola di Creta (Grecia). Il nuovo taxon è attribuibile al gruppo di Duvalius sbordonii Vigna Taglianti, Genest & Sciaky, 1980 come definito dagli Autori in precedenti contributi sul genere Duvalius in Grecia, e presenta in particolare affinità nei confronti di D. passaueri Lebenbauer, 2005, presente nel medesimo massiccio. Da tutte le specie del gruppo è marcatamente distinta per numerosi caratteri esterni e per la diversa struttura dell’edeago e della lamella copulatrice. Tali caratteri sono descritti e illustrati in dettaglio nel presente contributo, con note sul livello di specializzazione delle differenti specie nei confronti dell’ambiente sotterraneo. Alcuni dati sulla paleogeografia e la zoogeografia di Creta sono riportati, che confermano un’origine nord-occidentale di tale gruppo di specie, che trova apparenti affinità nei confronti di D. taygetanus Casale, 1979, specie isolata e localizzata nel massiccio del Taigeto in Peloponneso.

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« Recent Advances in 3D Ultrasound, Silhouette Ultrasound, and Sonoangiogram in Fetal Neurology ». Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, n^o 2 (2016) : 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1468.

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ABSTRACT New fields of neurosonoembryology and fetal neurology have been established by the remarkable contribution of threedimensional/ four-dimensional (3D/4D) ultrasound technology. A recent evolution in prenatal imaging is HDlive silhouette/flow technology. By HDlive silhouette mode, an inner cystic structure with fluid collection can be depicted through the outer surface structure of the body, and it can be appropriately named “seethrough fashion.” HDlive flow mode adds more spatial resolution to conventional 3D ultrasound angiogram. We have utilized this technology in neuroimaging and investigated its clinical significance. HDlive silhouette imaging demonstrated clear images of ventricular system with outer fetal surface structure in early pregnancy as well as in the middle gestation. Silhouette ultrasound demonstration of a thick slice of 3D volume dataset shows a more concrete inside structure of complicated morphology in specific cases. Silhouette ultrasound can also depict a bony structure; therefore, cranial bones and vertebrae of spina bifida can be detected using this technology. HDlive flow imaging can demonstrate the cerebral vascular structure of fine arteries and veins throughout gestation. By HDlive silhouette and flow imaging, inner cystic as well as noncystic structures can be demonstrated with outer surface. HDlive flow imaging can demonstrate fine peripheral brain vasculature. The degree of gain, threshold, and silhouette or a combination of these makes it possible to create completely different images with different clinical information from a single-volume dataset. This fact expands the flexibility of imaging and demonstration, but at the same time it can create a virtual reality. Although any new technology is not always perfect, HDlive silhouette and flow imaging will greatly contribute to perinatal medicine. How to cite this article Pooh RK. Recent Advances in 3D Ultrasound, Silhouette Ultrasound, and Sonoangiogram in Fetal Neurology. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016;10(2):193-200.

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Martinez, Homero, Jessica Poulin, Aliki Weakland, Lynn Bailey, Rajesh Mehta, Ronald Afidra et Kenneth Brown. « Developing a Global Strategy for the Control of Folate Deficiency and Folic Acid Responsive Neural Tube Defects in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (P10-107-19) ». Current Developments in Nutrition 3, Supplement_1 (1 juin 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzz034.p10-107-19.

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Abstract Objectives To develop a global action plan for the control of folate deficiency and folic acid responsive neural tube defects (anencephaly and spina bifida) Methods • Establish a multi- and inter-disciplinary group to develop a global action plan for folate-sensitive NTD prevention • Ensure regional lab capacity exists to assess folate status applying a harmonized microbiologic assay (MBA) to measure red blood cell (RBC) folate, establishing a global network of regional laboratories coordinated by an umbrella organization • Promote improvements of folate status in women of reproductive age (WRA) in LMIC, engaging a wide variety of national and global stakeholders • Address key knowledge gaps related to the prevention of folate sensitive NTDs • Improve knowledge availability and sharing amongst global stakeholders in NTD prevention • Communicate and share the work of the Folate Task Team Results • A standing Folate Task Team comprised of a 2-member Secretariat, a 10-member Expert Advisory Group, 4 Ex-Officio members, and 4 “As Needed” advisors (see Fig. 1) • Identification of an initial list of 12 global stakeholders and partner organizations • Five resource laboratories have been trained at the Division of Laboratory Sciences - CDC, including labs in Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Tanzania, and Pakistan • A training video supported by a manual and mini posters to illustrate specific activities of the assay has been produced by CDC. • A landscaping analysis has identified countries that have mandatory/voluntary food fortification practices, information on folate status in the population, burden of NTDs, and consumption patterns of fortified foods • Identification of alternative foods/food vehicles likely to be fortified to reach at-risk segments of WRA • Dissemination activities are shared at https://www.nutritionintl.org/what-we-do/nteam/folate-task-team/ Conclusions • The estimated global prevalence of NTD-affected pregnancies is estimated to be 260,100 in 2015 and has a significant emotional and economic impact on families and society, while contributing to the loss of human potential for countries • The global action provides a clear path forward to help direct and prioritize investments, advance resource mobilization, and garner the political will to accelerate NTD prevention in LMIC Funding Sources The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

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