Articles de revues : « Spain – Economic conditions – 2008- »

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Barrio, Astrid. « The Weakness of Populism in Spain ». Debats. Revista de cultura, poder i societat 5 (30 décembre 2020) : 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.28939/iam.debats-en.2020-11.

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This paper analyses why Populism has failed to take root in Spain despite a ‘soil’ that has favoured its seeding and growth elsewhere. At first sight, Spain seems to provide the conditions in which Populism can thrive: a deep economic crisis (which began with the financial meltdown in 2008) and a succession of corruption scandals affecting all the main political parties. Even so, Populism has failed to gain a hold in Spain. The traditional Far Right is very weak, and new parties such as Podemos and Ciudadanos cannot be considered Populist. While Vox displays all the features of a radical right-wing party, it is one from which Populism is absent. We argue that the lack of Populism in Spain can mainly be explained by the highly fractured nature of the country’s politics, with left-right and national fault lines shaping how political competition plays out in the nation.

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Pérez-Morente, María, María Sánchez-Ocón, Encarnación Martínez-García, Adelina Martín-Salvador, César Hueso-Montoro et Inmaculada García-García. « Differences in Sexually Transmitted Infections between the Precrisis Period (2000–2007) and the Crisis Period (2008–2014) in Granada, Spain ». Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, n^o 2 (25 février 2019) : 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020277.

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Objective: To analyze the difference in the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) between two time periods (2000–2007 and 2008–2014, with the latter period characterized by the economic crisis), as well as determine differences in sociodemographic factors, clinical care, and risk indicators. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, and analytical study, reviewing 1437 medical records of subjects attending a specialized center in the province of Granada (Spain) for consultation associated with the presence or suspicion of an STI between 2000–2014. Data were collected on variables relating to the research objective. A descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis was performed by multiple logistic regression. Results: In the analysis comparing the presence of STIs between the crisis and non-crisis periods, the percentage of positive diagnoses reached 56.6% compared to 43.4% negative diagnoses during the non-crisis period, while the percentages were 75.2% and 24.8%, respectively, during the crisis period. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001) with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.21 after adjusting for age, sex, days since last unprotected sexual intercourse, and partners in the last year. Conclusions: There are significant differences in the prevalence of STIs between the study periods, which is consistent with the reports of some authors regarding the effect of the financial crisis on these conditions; however, it is worth considering other aspects that might explain the differences.

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Oliveira, Jonas da Silva, Graça Maria do Carmo Azevedo et Maria José Pires Carvalho Silva. « Institutional and economic determinants of corporate social responsibility disclosure by banks ». Meditari Accountancy Research 27, n^o 2 (8 avril 2019) : 196–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/medar-01-2018-0259.

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PurposeThis study aims to explore the firm’s and country-level institutional forces that determine banks’ CSR reporting diversity, during the recent global financial crisis.Design/methodology/approachSpecifically, this study assesses whether economic and institutional conditions explain CSR disclosure strategies used by 30 listed and unlisted banks from six countries in the context of the recent 2007/2008 global financial crisis. The annual reports and social responsibility reports of the largest banks in Canada, the UK, France, Italy, Spain and Portugal were content analyzed.FindingsThe findings suggest that economic factors do not influence CSR disclosure. Institutional factors associated with the legal environment, industry self-regulation and the organization’s commitments in maintaining a dialogue with relevant stakeholders are crucial elements in explaining CSR reporting. Consistent with the Dillard etal.’s (2004) model, CSR disclosure by banks not only stems from institutional legitimacy processes, but also from strategic ones.Practical implicationsThe findings highlight the importance of CSR regulation to properly monitor manager’s’ opportunistic use of CSR information and regulate the assurance activities (regarding standards, their profession or even the scope of assurance) to guarantee the proper credibility reliability of CSR information.Originality/valueThe study makes two major contributions. First, it extends and modifies the model used by Chihet al.(2010). Second, drawn on the new institutional sociology, this study develops a theoretical framework that combines the multilevel model of the dynamic process of institutionalization, transposition and deinstitutionalization of organizational practices developed by Dillardet al.(2004) with Campbell’s (2007) theoretical framework of socially responsible behavior. This theoretical framework incorporates a more inclusive social context, aligned with a more comprehensive sociology-based institutional theory (Dillardet al., 2004; Campbell, 2007), which has never been used in the CSR reporting literature hitherto.

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Malashenko, T. « Banking sector of Spain : innovation ». Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, n^o 4 (28 décembre 2019) : 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-4-49-57.

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In a turbulent global economy, the introduction of innovations in the banking sector is a key factor in improving efficiency and stabilizing the global financial system. World financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 became a serious test for the economy of Spain. The recognition of the importance of adapting the banking sector to new economic conditions is becoming increasingly relevant for considering modern processes taking place in the European Union and in the global economy as a whole. Spain is at the forefront in introducing digital technology into the banking sector, but its experience has been little studied. This is the first work analyzing the Spanish experience in introducing, developing and operating new technologies: Blockchain, mobile banking applications, alternative finance, sharing platforms, crowdsourcing. The author concludes that the introduction of innovation has transformed the banking sector in Spain and has led to a decrease in bank employees and a reduction in offices. The freed up resources were directed to the activation of the digital segment, which led to the leading position of Spain in digital banking. In the future, an even greater spread and development of these technologies is expected. It will grow more slowly than income, as deferred demand is absorbed and households increase their savings rates.

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Lvova, Alla Olegovna, et Sussanna Vachagonovna Vantsyan. « ECONOMIC PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF CATALONIA AS SOVEREIGN STATE ». Chronos 7, n^o 4(66) (13 juin 2022) : 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-66-4-45.

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This article is devoted to the study of the economic performance of Spain and its separate region of Catalonia from 2000 to 2019. It attempts to determine the contribution of the autonomous region to Spain’s GDP, to show the main industries that play a key role in the economy of Catalonia, to list the risks that Spain and Catalonia might face if the latter could gain independence, to determine whether Catalonia has an opportunity of becoming a sovereign state. The purpose of the study is to determine the conditions for the economic independence of Catalonia from Spain on the basis of statistical data of the analysis.

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Klotz, Philipp, Tsoyu Calvin Lin et Shih-Hsun Hsu. « Modeling property bubble dynamics in Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain ». Journal of European Real Estate Research 9, n^o 1 (3 mai 2016) : 52–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jerer-11-2014-0038.

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Purpose Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain have been in the spotlight of the recent economic crisis in Europe. With their economy strongly reliant on the construction industry, these countries have become widely exposed to the downturn in the property sector. This paper aims to examine residential property bubble dynamics in the period from 2003 to 2014 and investigate the role of financing conditions in the formation of these bubbles. Design/methodology/approach Building on the present value model in conjunction with the rational bubble assumption, the study applies the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach and applies weighted average cost of capital (WACC) to capture real estate bubble dynamics in the four countries. Reduced form vector autoregression models are used to examine the relationship between financing conditions and the bubble indicator. Findings The bubble indicator suggests that Spain and Ireland experienced a large rise in the bubble relative to moderate increases in Portugal and Greece in the period from 2003 up to the collapse in 2008. Our findings from the empirical analysis indicate that central bank policy shifts that impact interest rates and lending volumes on the domestic level have a significant and leading effect on the formation of residential property bubbles. Originality/value Only little research on real estate bubbles takes financial leverage into account. This paper bridges this gap by applying the WACC in the DCF model to identify real estate bubbles. While using a distinct bubble indicator, this analysis provides new insights into the linkage between financing conditions and real estate bubbles.

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Orlov, A. « KEY PROBLEMS OF MODERN SPAIN ». Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, n^o 1 (28 mars 2016) : 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-1-9-14.

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Adoption in 1978 of the new Constitution became a watershed between two Spains - old, dictatorial and modern, socially oriented, democratic. As a result of shown by leaders of the main political parties, labor unions and pragmatic part of the armed forces responsibility for the future of the country, the compromise solutions of a number of burning issues have been found that created necessary conditions for stable development of Spain for three next decades. Nevertheless over the years there were new problem knots which were distinctly shown during the financial and economic crisis 2008 which painfully struck across Spain, and the long-term depression which followed it. After the national elections to General Courts which took place on December 20, 2015 it became obvious that actually two-party system existing throughout the most part of the post-Franco period in Spain consigned to the past. It was succeeded by four-party system that excessively complicates process of formation of the stable government. In the practical plane there is a question of need to make changes into the existing Constitution of Spain (country federalization, fixing in the Fundamental law of the new civil and political rights and freedoms, revision of bases of an electoral system, reform of the Senate, etc.). The Catalan nationalism / separatism and corruption in the top echelons of power are distinguished from the burning issues of modern Spain. In article the conclusion is drawn that Spain faces a responsible choice today, on what way to go: or to continue the inertial movement on the route offered by the Spanish conservatives or to decide on changes, to initiate something similar to «the second transit» for what can call the left forces.

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Halvorsen, Knut. « Economic, Financial, and Political Crisis and Well-Being in the PIGS-Countries ». SAGE Open 6, n^o 4 (octobre 2016) : 215824401667519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016675198.

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The research question in this article is threefold: To which degree is the financial crisis of 2008 and the subsequent recession associated with reduced well-being among people in the four hardest affected EURO countries? Are individual factors associated with reduced well-being the same in these countries? and Are lower socioeconomic groups more severely hit than the better off?. Data before the crisis are compared with data in 2013/2014 (EU-SILC [European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions] survey 2013) for Greece, Portugal, Ireland, and Spain. Finland is used as a reference category. Before control of individual characteristics, regressions demonstrate a small and mostly significant fall in average satisfaction with life in these countries, Portugal being an exception. According to the theory of capability and actual economic and political development, it was hypothesized that Greece—being the worst case in terms of economic development—may experience the greatest fall in life satisfaction. This hypothesis is not supported by the data. In fact, the strongest decline was found in Ireland. In particular, lack of political trust stands in Greece out as having an impact, while poor health is related to Ireland and unemployment to Portugal and Spain. Greatest socioeconomic inequality in life satisfaction was found in Portugal.

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Mekhonoshina, Yu A. « THE EU ECONOMY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC CRISIS. IRELAND’s CASE ». Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 4, n^o 4 (28 décembre 2020) : 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2020-4-4-462-466.

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In 2008 the world faced a powerful economic crisis, which led to significant problems in the EU. Some states, such us Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain, were on the verge of default. In such conditions the EU had to take appropriate measures to save European countries. The author reviewed the measures which concerned Ireland. At the beginning of the century Irish economy showed rapid growth. But in 2010 the default threatened “The Celtic tiger”. It was conditioned by the collapse of mortgage landing system and the rapid outflow of foreign capital. As far as Ireland participates in the euro zone the other European countries are interested in the stabilization of Ireland’s economy. All measures of saving Ireland’s economy could be divided to two groups. The first group includes the measures taken by the government of Ireland. This is state financing of bank sphere, which was done without being agreed with the EU (moreover, the European council reacted negatively), and changing of tax rate approved by the EU. The second group is represented by the measures of European institutes. It includes preferential credits and suppression of sanctions for violation of Maastricht criterion in exchange for austerity budget. In Ireland’s case such policy doesn’t seem really effective. The level of Ireland’s budget deficit is more than 3 % of GDP and its current economic growth does not permit to redeem the loans. Economic problems provide political instability, that’s why Ireland’s government cannot elaborate long-term financial policy. Though European institutes managed to find consensus between different national interests, the EU needs no less than 15 years to return to pre-depression economic level.

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Golemo, Karolina. « Imigranci w Hiszpanii w dobie kryzysu. Reakcje hiszpańskiej opinii publicznej i prasy w okresie 2008-2011 ». Sprawy Narodowościowe, n^o 44 (15 décembre 2014) : 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2014.005.

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Immigration in Spain in times of crisis. Spanish public opinion and press reactions in the period from 2008 to 2011In recent decades immigrants considerably influence the social and cultural landscape of Spain. The immigration brings a new dimension of multiculturalism phenomenon and enriches the hybrid (ethnic, regional, linguistic) Spanish identity. All immigrant communities are factors of cultural change in different levels of social life. Their impact on the receiving society can be both measured through the “hard” statistical data and described from the subjective perspective focusing on the social representations, expectations, fears, lifestyle and mentality changes, cultural closeness and remoteness, etc. Over the last years the global crisis has been a idée fixe of the socio-economic (but also cultural) discourse in many parts of the world. Spain was placed among countries most affected by the recession. Its economic downturn and social impasse led to internal political crisis (the accelerated general elections in 2011) and to appearance of the protest movement Indignados fighting for better conditions for life. Immigrants have become one the most relevant participant of the social changes in times of recession and conflicts. The intent of this article is to present the situation of the immigrant community in Spain in the period from 2008 to 2011, in reference to statistical reports, public opinion surveys and selected comments of Spanish press. Imigranci w Hiszpanii w dobie kryzysu. Reakcje hiszpańskiej opinii publicznej i prasy w okresie 2008-2011Imigranci są od kilku dekad bardzo istotnym elementem hiszpańskiego społeczeństwa. Ich obecność w Hiszpanii to stosunkowo nowe oblicze wielokulturowości, współistniejące (nie zawsze zgodnie) z innymi składnikami złożonej hiszpańskiej tożsamości: etnicznej czy regionalnej. Społeczności imigranckie są często nośnikiem zmiany kulturowej na różnych poziomach życia społecznego. Bywają motorem przemian zarówno w sensie obiektywnym, co pokazuję „twarde” dane (wpływ na rynek prac i strukturę zatrudnienia, system edukacji, czy kierunek polityki społecznej), jak i w wymiarze bardziej subiektywnym, dotyczącym społecznych wyobrażeń, oczekiwań, niepokojów (przemiany stylu życia, mentalności, dynamika tolerancji vs. zamknięcia kulturowego, poczucie nowych zagrożeń w społeczeństwie przyjmującym etc.).W ostatnich latach tematem przewodnim debaty społeczno-ekonomicznej, ale także kulturowej, stał się postępujący kryzys dotykający zachodnie społeczeństwa. Hiszpania to jeden z tych krajów, w których ten impas przyjął szczególnie wyrazistą formę. Świadczyły o tym m.in. zawirowania na wewnętrznej scenie politycznej (przyspieszone wybory parlamentarne w 2011 r.), czy powstające ruchy społeczne walczące o poprawę warunków życia: Indignados. Imigranci stali się ważnymi uczestnikami wydarzeń i przemian społecznych zachodzących w dobie recesji i konfliktów. Celem artykułu będzie próba przedstawienia sytuacji społeczności imigranckich w Hiszpanii w latach 2008-2011, w odwołaniu do raportów statystycznych i sondaży opinii publicznej w Hiszpanii oraz wybranych komentarzy hiszpańskiej prasy.

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Sánchez-Sellero, María Carmen, et Pedro Sánchez-Sellero. « Factores determinantes de la satisfacción laboral en España en la crisis de 2008 ». Intangible Capital 12, n^o 5 (19 octobre 2016) : 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.844.

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Purpose: We try to find out differences between personal and job-related features to know which better explain job satisfaction. This study is made in a year of economic growth and in two years of economic crisis, in order to determine if the economic crisis affects to previous results.Design/methodology: The data are from the Quality of Labour Life Survey by the Ministry of Employment and Social Security in Spain, in 2007, 2009 and 2010. We use linear models (ANOVA), principal component analysis and stepwise multiple regression. The variables are degree of satisfaction with the current job and a group of personal variables (gender, age and education level) and job-related variables (with a maximum of 14 variables depending on the method).Findings: Using linear models get the variables related to work which provide better results to explain job satisfaction, and after a stepwise regression made with factors of principal component analysis, we find out that salary is one of the last factors in this explanation. The variables that influence on job satisfaction do not depend on the economic cycle, although the hierarchies are different among them.Social implications: During the crisis, the demands of workers are lower because they prefer to have a job with low working conditions and low salary than lose their job. Reducing the degree of satisfaction with stability and wages is due to the economic situation, because labour contracts are less stable and remunerated.Originality/value: We have compared the results of stepwise regression made with the original variables and the factors of principal component analysis. The combination of these methodologies is new in studies of job satisfaction, as well as the original combination of 14 variables related to work.

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Galbany-Estragués, Paola. « Nursing care in Tuberculosis patients at a Spanish sanatorium, 1943-1975 ». Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem 22, n^o 3 (juin 2014) : 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.3206.2440.

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OBJECTIVES: the objective in this study is to identify the profile of the nursing staff, the work conditions and to describe nursing care at a sanatorium located in Barcelona, Spain between 1943 and 1975.METHOD: historical study undertaken between 2008 and 2010, based on oral sources, five direct and one indirect testimonies, and the analysis of written documents. The data from the testimonies were collected through semistructured interviews.RESULTS: the nursing staff, mostly religious women, had scarce material and economic resources and no preventive measures to take care of the ill. The nurses undertook activities centered on the basic needs for physical and spiritual wellbeing.CONCLUSION: The study reveals how the nurses, despite working in hostile conditions, attempted to safeguard the wellbeing of the patients and accompany them during the death process.

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Carmona, Carmen, Fernando Marhuenda Fluixá, Nerea Hernaiz-Agreda et Almudena A. Navas Saurin. « Educated for migration ? Blind spots around labor market conditions, competence building, and international mobility ». European Educational Research Journal 17, n^o 6 (7 mars 2018) : 809–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474904118760338.

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Young European graduates are crossing borders to work abroad more often than in the past. This trend is particularly evident in Southern Europe, where recent economic downturn has significantly diminished professional opportunities and career prospects. This study will investigate Spain, a country where unemployment has increased dramatically since 2008, as a case study to examine recent graduate’s experiences to develop a professional career in Germany. In particular, this study will draw upon various sources: official statistics; review literature; and education and training policies throughout the European Union. The investigation features an interview with Spanish graduates working in Germany to offer insight into the experiences of perhaps the best-prepared generation of the Spanish workforce. Our results indicate that young Spaniards, leaving the country to work out of necessity rather than choice, learn through the benefits and challenges of a career abroad. We finish our article by discussing the notions of education, competencies and adaptation, and how citizen and professional identities are redefined after the experience of working abroad.

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Ermolieva, E. G., et N. Yu Kudeyarova. « The phenomenon of new Spanish emigration : its historical retrospect and present post-crisis reality ». Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, n^o 3 (28 septembre 2015) : 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2015-3-25-36.

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The article outlines new trends in the international flows of highly-skilled human resources from Spain because of deep economic crisis started in 2008 with its dramatic social consequences. High levels of youth unemployment as a result of downturn of national labor market provoked emigration of young Spaniards. The paper aims to compare the main socio-economic characteristics of recent migration and massive movements of the 1960-1970s when thousands of domestic Spaniards went abroad, to neighboring European countries to find a job and better life conditions. That historical wave of migration had rotary cycles and was composed mainly by low educated and unskilled workers. In comparison, among recent Spanish-born emigrants predominates educated and highly-qualified youth. However the Europe is the main end of attraction, some Latin American countries are increasing their importance due to the government politics with the purpose of recruiting Spanish scientists and highly qualified professionals.

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Klutse, Senanu Kwasi. « Competitiveness in the European Consolidated Banking Sector After the 2008 Financial Crisis ». Review of Economic Perspectives 20, n^o 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/revecp-2020-0021.

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AbstractThe constitutional conception of market integration within the European Union entails creating a level playing field for competition in the consolidated banking sector. The financial crisis of 2008 brought with it the need to proceed with care as it rolled back the gains of improving competitive conditions in the financial sector. Even though a lot of studies have investigated competitive conditions prior to the crisis, the same cannot be said of periods after the crisis. Using both structural and non-structural measures of competitive conditions, this study found that the consolidated banking sector in Europe shows signs of a monopolistic competitive market structure based on its revenue and cost measures. As five countries – United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Italy – control about 70 per cent of total assets in the consolidated banking sector. The capital expense to fixed assets and total assets in the Europe area were found to be negatively related to measures of profitability in the sector. They were indicating that the accumulation of assets eats into the incomes of banks in the sub-region, whereas bank exposures may be affecting bank profits.

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Torrente, Diego, Jordi Caïs et Catalina Bolancé. « Economic crisis and social trust : Reviewing the effects of economic polarisation on social and institutional confidence ». Social Science Information 58, n^o 4 (décembre 2019) : 631–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018419891321.

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The economic crisis of 2008 led to a significant erosion of trust in the countries that were hit hardest. However, whether this fall can best be explained by external economic factors or by the lack of response on the part of the institutions to civic needs and demands is unclear. This study uses the extreme case of Spain to bring new insights to this debate. Its aim is to analyse, in comparison with perceived institutional performance and other factors, the effect of increasing economic inequality and its polarisation on levels of social and institutional trust. The study examines the respective impact of these factors upon different social groups according to their degree of exposure to the effects of the crisis. It uses a simultaneous equations model to jointly examine interpersonal and institutional effects. Our results show that the social groups most severely affected by the recession lose a great deal of trust in others. We also find that polarisation of economic conditions has different effects depending on the institution. Institutional trust seems to vary according to the interest of different groups, but the economic position is an underlying factor, especially for specific segments of the population. Without calling into question the importance of institutional performance, our research sheds new light on the importance of economic polarisation and its joint impact on social and institutional trust. We suggest that, in severe economic recession scenarios, rising inequalities have a direct impact on the institutional trust of certain social groups and deteriorate a lot interpersonal confidence among the most disadvantaged.

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Moral, Francisco J., Cristina Aguirado, Virginia Alberdi, Luis L. Paniagua, Abelardo García-Martín et Francisco J. Rebollo. « Future Scenarios for Aridity under Conditions of Global Climate Change in Extremadura, Southwestern Spain ». Land 12, n^o 3 (22 février 2023) : 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030536.

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Aridity conditions in semi-arid lands with warm climates are key variables that must be assessed to properly manage water and plan to minimise the threat of desertification. This study analyses the spatial distribution of aridity in Extremadura, southwestern Spain, using the De Martonne aridity index (IDM), considering a historical reference period (1971–2005) and three-time intervals: 2006–2035 (near future), 2036–2065 (mid-century) and 2066–2095 (end of the century). Projections were computed using a set of ten global climate model (GCM) and regional climate model (RCM) combinations under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), RCP4.5, an intermediate anthropogenic radiative forcing scenario, and RCP8.5, a fossil-intensive emission scenario. Progressive strengthening of aridity conditions over Extremadura was evident until the end of the century, mainly under the RCP8.5 scenario. From the predominance of the Mediterranean aridity class in the south of the region during the reference period, semi-arid conditions will soon spread across this zone, occupying most of it during mid-century and later. In the north of Extremadura, less arid conditions will be reduced to the highest elevations, increasing the Mediterranean and semi-arid categories, particularly under the RCP8.5 scenario. Consequently, the projected increase in aridity conditions in Extremadura will make this region more vulnerable to climate change. Policies devoted to adapting to the expected conditions and controlling aridity in vulnerable areas will be necessary to mitigate the negative impacts, with significant environmental and socio-economic implications in the region.

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Alarcón, Pau, Carol Galais, Joan Font et Graham Smith. « The Effects of Economic Crises on Participatory Democracy ». Policy & ; Politics 47, n^o 2 (26 avril 2019) : 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557318x15407316045688.

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This paper examines the impact of economic conditions on participatory democracy. It analyses whether economic crises affect the types of proposals that emerge from local participatory processes and the fate of these proposals. Focusing on more than 500 proposals that emerged from 34 participatory processes in Spain between 2007 and 2011, our study covers a period which straddles the emergence of severe economic problems resulting from the global financial crisis. Applying four different but complementary analytical strategies, we find two types of effects. First, proposals made during the crisis period were less costly though more challenging. Second, local governments implemented a smaller proportion of the proposals that were put forward by the public. These findings suggest that external economic shocks reduce the ability of governments to respond to the demands of citizens, but that citizens also recalibrate their expectations in response to austerity.

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Ziętara, Wojciech. « PRODUCTION OF LIVE PIGS IN POLAND – CONDITIONS AND PROSPECTS ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, n^o 1 (11 mars 2019) : 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0859.

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The article presents the current situation of Polish farms oriented towards pig breeding, resulting from a drastic reduction in the pig population after 2007 which took place in farms holding up to 200 pigs. The assessment covered the production and economic activity of pig farms, by determining their efficiency and competitiveness against a background of similar farms from Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain. The results of analyses show that the major factor determining production efficiency and competitiveness of Polish pig farms was the production scale stemming from a very low level of breeding concentration in comparison with farms from countries analysed. In 2013, on average, on Polish farms, there were 41 pigs, while in Denmark, the Netherlands and Germany, there were 3096, 2285 and 587 pigs, respectively. Large Polish farms (economic size of EUR 100-500 thousand SO) were able to compete and very large farms were fully competitive. The major causes of a weak Polish pig production sector have been indicated and include a low level of concentration, no links between pig producers and commercial/meat processing plants as well as the existence of barriers preventing investment in livestock buildings adapted to a greater production scale.

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Pandey, Asheesh, Sanjay Sehgal, Amiya Kumar Mohapatra et Pradeepta Kumar Samanta. « Equity market anomalies in major European economies ». Investment Management and Financial Innovations 18, n^o 2 (10 juin 2021) : 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.18(2).2021.20.

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This paper investigates five leading equity market anomalies – size, value, momentum, profitability, and asset growth, for four Western European markets, namely, Germany, France, Italy and Spain, from January 2002 to March 2018. The study tests whether these anomalies reverse under different macro-economic uncertainty conditions, and evaluates if strategies based on time diversification can be formed using these equity market anomalies. Market anomalies were tested using four major asset pricing models – the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Fama-French three-factor model, the Carhart model, and the Fama-French five-factor model. Macro-economic uncertainty was tested using two proxies, namely VIX and default premiums. Time diversified strategies were examined by estimating Sharpe ratios of combined portfolios formed by combining winner univariate portfolios. Value effect in Germany, Size effect in France and Profitability effect in Italy and Spain provide the highest unadjusted returns on long side strategies. No significant reversal of these anomalies was found under different macroeconomic uncertainties. Asset pricing tests show that CAPM works well for Spain and Italy, while Carhart’s model explains returns in Germany. The Fama-French five factor model does not seem to be a good descriptor of asset pricing for data. No suitable model for explaining asset returns is identified for France. Finally, it is observed that some of the equity market anomalies seem to be countercyclical and therefore provide time diversification opportunities. The study has implications for academicians, investors, and policy makers by providing insights for developing profitable investment strategies and highlighting the efficacy of alternative models as performance benchmarks.

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Meno, Escuredo, Rodríguez-Flores et Seijo. « Interrupted Wet Period (IWP) to Forecast the Aerial Alternaria in Potato Crops of A Limia (Spain) ». Agronomy 9, n^o 10 (26 septembre 2019) : 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100585.

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Potato early blight caused by Alternaria solani generates significant economic losses in crops worldwide. Forecasting the risk of infection on crops is indispensable for the management of the fungal disease, ensuring maximum economic benefit but with minimal environmental impact. This work aimed to calculate the interrupted wet periods (IWP) according to the climate conditions of A Limia (Northwest of Spain) to optimize the prediction against early blight in potatoes. The study was performed during nine crop cycles. The relative hourly humidity and Alternaria concentration in the crop environment were taken into account. Alternaria levels were monitored by aerobiological techniques using a LANZONI VPPS-2000 volumetric trap. The relationships between weather conditions and airborne Alternaria concentration were statistically analyzed using Spearman correlations. To establish the effectiveness of wetness periods, the first important Alternaria peak was taken into account in each crop cycle (with a concentration greater than 70 spores/m3). Considering the six interrupted wet periods of the system, it was possible to predict the first peak of Alternaria several days in advance (between 6 and 38 days), except in 2007 and 2018. Automated systems to predict the initiation of early blight in potato crop, such as interrupted wet periods, could be an effective basis for developing decision support systems. The incorporation of aerobiological data for the calculation of interrupted wet periods improved the results of this system.

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M. Barrutia, Jose, et María Paz Espinosa. « Consumer expertise matters in price negotiation ». European Journal of Marketing 48, n^o 11/12 (4 novembre 2014) : 1962–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-04-2013-0208.

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Purpose – The main purpose of this paper is to study the effect of consumer expertise on mortgage loan prices. We argue that consumer expertise should affect price due to two reasons: (1) loan mortgage prices in non-price-regulated settings are usually the result of a bank-customer negotiation process; and (2) a mortgage loan is a complex product. Design/methodology/approach – Data on mortgage loan prices were used for a sample of 1,055 households for 2005 (Bank of Spain Survey of Household Finances, EFF-2005). Findings – The regression results indicate that consumer expertise-related metrics are highly significant as predictors of mortgage loan prices. Findings also indicate that cost-related variables and a measure of risk with low discrimination power (i.e. having a permanent employment contract, which accounts for 70 per cent of contracts in Spain) affect price. Surprisingly, more sophisticated measures of credit risk do not have such a significant impact on mortgage prices. Research limitations/implications – Empirical results refer to the credit conditions prior to the financial crisis and could shed some light on the factors that led to it. Practical implications – Findings seem to indicate that, in the period under study, bank managers prioritized capturing new business in the short-term against normative prescriptions, which suggest that price should be credit-risk adjusted (financial literature) and long-term consumer potential adjusted (marketing literature). The post-2008 difficult economic situation of Spanish banks (linked to an excessive portfolio of mortgage loans granted at very low prices) shows that these strategies were wrong. Originality/value – An uncommon perspective was adopted. The importance of consumer expertise-related variables on price has been underemphasized by prior research. The effect of consumer expertise is assessed by using a large and comprehensive database.

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Parés, Marc, Ismael Blanco et Charlotte Fernández. « Facing the Great Recession in Deprived Urban Areas : How Civic Capacity Contributes to Neighborhood Resilience ». City & ; Community 17, n^o 1 (mars 2018) : 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12287.

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Research suggests that some communities are more resilient than others in the face of the same external stress. Both the local effects of and local responses to the 2008 financial collapse and economic recession have been geographically variegated. Drawing upon two case studies in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona (Spain), this paper aims to understand why some historically deprived neighborhoods are proving more resilient than others in facing the effects of the Great Recession. We conclude that neighborhood resilience, strongly influenced by the precrash context and by socially produced conditions of vulnerability, operates in each community according to at least three context–specific and interdependent factors: built environment, social capital, and civic capacity. We focus on civic capacity—understood as neighborhood ability to mobilize different sectors of the community to act in a coordinated fashion around matters of community–wide importance—and demonstrate that it is a significant resource contributing to neighborhood resilience.

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García-Herrera, R., J. Díaz, R. M. Trigo et E. Hernández. « Extreme summer temperatures in Iberia : health impacts and associated synoptic conditions ». Annales Geophysicae 23, n^o 2 (28 février 2005) : 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-239-2005.

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Abstract. This paper examines the effect of extreme summer temperatures on daily mortality in two large cities of Iberia: Lisbon (Portugal) and Madrid (Spain). Daily mortality and meteorological variables are analysed using the same methodology based on Box-Jenkins models. Results reveal that in both cases there is a triggering effect on mortality when maximum daily temperature exceeds a given threshold (34°C in Lisbon and 36°C in Madrid). The impact of most intense heat events is very similar for both cities, with significant mortality values occurring up to 3 days after the temperature threshold has been surpassed. This impact is measured as the percentual increase of mortality associated to a 1°C increase above the threshold temperature. In this respect, Lisbon shows a higher impact, 31%, as compared with Madrid at 21%. The difference can be attributed to demographic and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, the longer life span of Iberian women is critical to explain why, in both cities, females are more susceptible than males to heat effects, with an almost double mortality impact value. The analysis of Sea Level Pressure (SLP), 500hPa geopotential height and temperature fields reveals that, despite being relatively close to each other, Lisbon and Madrid have relatively different synoptic circulation anomalies associated with their respective extreme summer temperature days. The SLP field reveals higher anomalies for Lisbon, but extending over a smaller area. Extreme values in Madrid seem to require a more western location of the Azores High, embracing a greater area over Europe, even if it is not as deep as for Lisbon. The origin of the hot and dry air masses that usually lead to extreme heat days in both cities is located in Northern Africa. However, while Madrid maxima require wind blowing directly from the south, transporting heat from Southern Spain and Northern Africa, Lisbon maxima occur under more easterly conditions, when Northern African air flows over the central Iberian plateau, which had been previously heated.

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Quintano, Claudio, Paolo Mazzocchi et Antonella Rocca. « Immigrants in the EU5 labour markets : what happened during the economic crisis ? » International Journal of Manpower 41, n^o 1 (11 septembre 2019) : 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-07-2017-0161.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand: whether the changes that have occurred in migrants’ conditions over time are smaller than the differences in their conditions existing across countries; and whether the comparison between immigrants and native-born conditions allows the verification of the levels of disparities between them and, therefore, the relative disadvantage suffered by migrant. After a general overview of the 28 European Union countries, this paper analyses the changes that have occurred from 2006 to 2017 in the conditions of migrants in the labour market in the big five European countries (Italy, Spain, France, Germany and the UK). Design/methodology/approach Various statistical methodologies were used. First, to gain an overall picture, taking into account both the spatial and the temporal dimensions, dynamic factor analysis (DFA) was applied. Second, time-dependent and cross-sectional time-series models were estimated to better understand the DFA results. Findings The results highlight very different scenarios in terms of labour market vulnerabilities, both affecting immigrants and native-born workers. The results also highlight the existence of a very complex framework, due to the high heterogeneity of immigrants’ characteristics and labour market capacities to integrate migrants and also to promote good conditions for the native-born population. Originality/value The picture emerging from this study and the evaluation of the policies and legislation in force to cope with migration and to promote integration suggests some reflections on the most efficacious actions to take in order to improve migrants’ integration, counteracting social exclusion and promoting economic growth.

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Redondo-Bravo, Lidia, Beatriz Fernandez-Martinez, Diana Gómez-Barroso, Alin Gherasim, Montserrat García-Gómez, Agustín Benito et Zaida Herrador. « Scabies in Spain ? A comprehensive epidemiological picture ». PLOS ONE 16, n^o 11 (1 novembre 2021) : e0258780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258780.

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Introduction Scabies is a neglected disease stablished worldwide with a fairy well determined incidence. In high-income countries, it often causes outbreaks affecting the residents and staff of institutions and long-term facilities, usually hard to detect and control due to the difficult diagnosis and notification delay. This study aim at characterizing the affected population, geographical distribution, and evolution of scabies in Spain from 1997–2019 as well as to describe the main environments of transmission using different data sources. Methods We carried out a nationwide retrospective study using four databases, which record data from different perspectives: hospital admissions, patients attended at primary healthcare services, outbreaks, and occupational diseases. We described the main characteristics from each database and calculated annual incidences in order to evaluate temporal and geographical patterns. We also analyzed outbreaks and occupational settings to characterize the main transmission foci and applied Joinpoint regression models to detect trend changes. Results The elderly was the most frequent collective among the hospital admitted patients and notified cases in outbreaks, while children and young adults were the most affected according to primary care databases. The majority of the outbreaks occurred in homes and nursing homes; however, the facilities with more cases per outbreak were military barracks, healthcare settings and nursing homes. Most occupational cases occurred also in healthcare and social services settings, being healthcare workers the most common affected professional group. We detected a decreasing trend in scabies admissions from 1997 to 2014 (annual percentage change -APC- = -11.2%) and an increasing trend from 2014 to 2017 (APC = 23.6%). Wide geographical differences were observed depending on the database explored. Discussion An increasing trend in scabies admissions was observed in Spain since 2014, probably due to cutbacks in social services and healthcare in addition to worsen of living conditions as a result of the 2008 economic crisis, among other reasons. The main transmission foci were healthcare and social settings. Measures including enhancing epidemic studies and national registries, reinforcing clinical diagnosis and early detection of cases, hygiene improvements and training of the staff and wide implementation of scabies treatment (considering mass drug administration in institutions outbreaks) should be considered to reduce the impact of scabies among most vulnerable groups in Spain.

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ELFAKHANI, SAID, et Wayne Mackie. « An analysis of net FDI drivers in BRIC countries ». Competitiveness Review 25, n^o 1 (19 janvier 2015) : 98–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-05-2013-0053.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to identify the main drivers which can explain the relative success of BRIC countries (i.e. Brazil, Russia, India and China), collectively and individually, in attracting foreign direct investment (FDIs). Unlike previous studies that have identified gross domestic product (GDP) as a major determinant, we find that for the sampling period 1980-2008, social variables (namely, high population growth and educated labor) and political variables account for 40 and 7 per cent of the variance in net inward FDI, respectively, and no importance for economic variables. Interestingly, for a sub-period (1999-2008), we observe the salience of financial (namely, sizable GDP economy, favorable net trade balance and controlled currency risk and sovereign debt risk) determinants of inward FDI (R2 is 44 per cent). On the other hand, when testing individual countries, it seems that FDI determinants are not universal as each country enjoys different characteristics and sources of strengths that attract FDIs. The implication is to focus more on those incentives that the host country is weak in to be able to optimize the amount of FDI flowing in from foreign investors. Design/methodology/approach – Three blocks of variables were examined: economic/financial, social and political variables. The economic/financial variable set expands on a prototype developed by Dunning (1981), which distinguishes three types of influences on inward FDI. First, it suggests some domestic market characteristics to influence FDI. They include the market size and the direction of trade flows. Another set of economic/financial factors includes measure of the host country’s overall financial performance such as the inflation rate and the effectiveness of the service sector. Social factors of the host country are considered an important determinant of FDI. Our social model included: the degree of human capital development, the extent of urbanization, the quality of life and the adequacy of the health-care system. Political factors were also considered. Using the STATA statistical package, we run a regression analysis on our transformed data twice: once over the full sampling period (1980-2008), and a second time using a partial data set covering the past 10 years (1999-2008), after controlling for multicollinearity and other econometric problems. Findings – Regressing net FDI inflows on all financial, social and political variables during the full data series (1980-2008), and after controlling for severe econometric problems, the nested block regression concludes that the social variables account for 40 per cent of the change in net inward FDI, followed by political variables (7 per cent). The nested regression for the past 10-year data series (1999-2008), however, shows the economic/financial variables block and social variables blocks contribute the most to FDI variations (R2 is 44 and 7 per cent, respectively), while political variables appear insignificant. The findings for each individual country show that the four countries have few common determinants. Research limitations/implications – Our results are not without limitations. Our sample is limited to BRIC countries that had attracted significant FDIs in the past two decades. Testing for a larger set of countries with smaller or less attractive countries included could be useful before any final conclusions can be drawn. Also, this research can be extended to cover the busted 2008-2010 years. It would be interesting if our results still hold in recent down market conditions. For example, in early 2008, there was a big credit crisis in the USA, followed by a universal market crash in September and October due to large financial institutions collapsing, which resulted in the recent bubble explosion. More recently, we witnessed the European financial crisis beginning with the Greece debt default (followed by fears in Spain, Portugal and potentially others). Practical implications – Overall, our findings suggest that individual countries enjoy different levels of strengths in economic/financial, social and political variables. A country that strives to attract more inward FDI may consider focusing more on those unique country-specific incentives that it is weak in to be able to optimize its intake of FDIs. Originality/value – The main goal of our paper is to bring updated evidence on the relevant set of incentives which have made the BRIC block the penchant for FDI, and whether these incentives are the same for each of the BRIC countries. Our paper makes three major contributions. First, it expands Mathur and Singh’s (2007) set of explanatory variables, especially to reflect the effect of financial markets and economic conditions (such as currency exchange rate risk, level of real interest rate, size of national debt, sovereign credit rating risk and inflation), new social variables (such as life expectancy at birth, people receptivity to foreign investors and the number of graduate degree holders) and new political variables (host country’s level of restriction on capital repatriation). Second, it brings more updated evidence by using a longer sampling period (1980-2008). Third, we test BRIC as a group and we retest individual BRIC countries. We also ensure that our results are free from econometric (autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity) problems.

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Fernández-Suárez, Belén, et Keina Espiñeira. « The Role of the ‘Cities for Change’ in Protecting the Rights of Irregular Migrants in Spain ». Urban Planning 6, n^o 2 (27 avril 2021) : 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.3811.

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Have the new municipalist pro-migrant policies succeeded in protecting the rights of irregular migrants? Cities in Spain have powers to design and implement services and programs aimed at the reception and integration of immigrants. Cities can also include those who are in vulnerable conditions, guaranteeing them access to healthcare, minimum income coverage or labour training, regardless of the immigration status. However, old municipal politics have been characterised by pragmatism, being mainly focused on regular immigrants. Besides, there has been a restrictive and punitive turn in immigration policy directly connected to the economic recession and austerity as of 2008. To explore what possibilities do cities have to expand and protect the rights of irregular immigrants, we analyse in this contribution the cases of Madrid and Barcelona for the years 2015–2019 when progressive municipalists fronts ruled the cities. Based on the textual analysis of policy documents and in-depth interviews with political parties, street-level bureaucrats and activists, we first examine the competencies that municipalities have in migration matters and mainstream approaches in Spain. Then we discuss the action of the new municipalism, focusing the analysis on four political measures that have been rebel and innovative in protecting irregular immigrants, namely, the proactive census, the prevention of irregularity, access to healthcare and changes in police protocols. These real experiences allow us to argue that cities can achieve changes in the way state control is enforced. However, the analysis also shows tensions between the political will and institutional constraints.

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Pereira, Cláudia, et Antonio Cerqueira. « Accounting conservatism and economic conditions : Evidence from the GIPS and the UK ». Revista de Contabilidad 26, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2023) : 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/rcsar.428821.

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In this article we analyse whether the level of conservative accounting practice is associated with economic conditions in Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain (GIPS) and the UK. For that purpose, we study conditional conservatism surrounding the 2007/08 global financial crisis, using an approach that consists in examining two stages of the crisis, which we denote by the earlier stage of the crisis and the later stage of the crisis. Furthermore, we analyse the impact of the intensity of economic changes and institutional factors by comparing conservatism in the GIPS, which were more severely affected by the crisis, with the UK. The results are consistent with a conservative accounting practice in those countries over the sample period from 1998 to 2018. Besides, we find evidence of a decrease in conservative accounting in the earlier stage of the crisis and an increase in the later stage. In addition, the results suggest an incremental sensitivity of conservatism in countries that were more severely affected by financial crisis. Our findings are consistent with managers adjusting financial reporting in response to the economic environment, sometimes they appear to respond to the demand for a conservative practice from stakeholders, but other times they act as if they wanted to mislead outsiders. Therefore, this study brings some insights to the debate about the use of accounting conservatism and its relation to economic conditions. En este artículo se analiza si el nivel de práctica contable conservadora está asociado con las condiciones económicas de Portugal, Irlanda, Grecia y España (PIGS) y el Reino Unido. Para ello, se estudia el conservadurismo condicional en torno a la crisis financiera global de 2007/08, utilizando un enfoque que consiste en examinar dos etapas de la crisis, que denotamos como la etapa anterior a la crisis y la etapa posterior a la crisis. Además, se examina el impacto de la intensidad de los cambios económicos y de los factores institucionales comparando el conservadurismo en los países PIGS, que se vieron más afectados por la crisis, con el Reino Unido. Los resultados son consistentes con una práctica contable conservadora en esos países durante el periodo de muestra (de 1998 a 2018). Además, se encuentran evidencias de una disminución de la contabilidad conservadora en la primera etapa de la crisis y un aumento en la etapa posterior. Además, los resultados sugieren una sensibilidad incremental del conservadurismo en los países que se vieron más gravemente afectados por la crisis financiera. Los resultados son coherentes con el hecho de que los gestores ajustan la información financiera en respuesta al entorno económico; a veces parecen responder a la demanda de una práctica conservadora por parte de las partes interesadas, pero otras veces actúan como si quisieran engañar a los agentes externos. Por tanto, este estudio aporta algunas ideas al debate sobre el uso del conservadurismo contable y su relación con las condiciones económicas.

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Alvarez, L. A., A. Vicent, J. M. Soler, E. De la Roca, J. Bascón et J. García-Jiménez. « Comparison of Application Methods of Systemic Fungicides to Suppress Branch Cankers in Clementine Trees Caused by Phytophthora citrophthora ». Plant Disease 92, n^o 9 (septembre 2008) : 1357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-9-1357.

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Since 2002, considerable losses of Clementine trees (Citrus clementina) have been observed in Spain due to Phytophthora branch canker of citrus caused by Phytophthora citrophthora. Due to the low efficiency of the available cultural and genetic control measures, application of fungicides is required for economic management of the disease. Fosetyl-Al, metalaxyl, and its enantiomer mefenoxam are the only systemic fungicides registered for control of Phytophthora diseases in Spain. However, their efficacy has not been tested against Phytophthora branch canker. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted for 3 years in Spain to evaluate the ability of these fungicides and application methods to reduce lesion expansion. Nevertheless, with the inoculation technique used, it was not possible to evaluate the protective activity of fungicides, which can play an important role in their performance under field conditions. None of the fungicide treatments inhibited lesion expansion when applications were made on a curative basis. The residual effect was better on young than on mature trees. Paint treatments were generally more effective in reducing lesion expansion that drip chemigation or foliar sprays. However, this application method is laborious and becomes uneconomical in Spain. Trunk and branch sprays as well as long-term programs of foliar sprays or drip chemigation for control of spring and autumn infections are proposed as targets for future research.

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Jenkins, Katie, et Rachel Warren. « Drought-Damage Functions for the Estimation of Drought Costs under Future Projections of Climate Change ». Journal of Extreme Events 02, n^o 01 (août 2015) : 1550001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737615500013.

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Drought events and their impacts pose a considerable problem for governments, businesses and individuals. Superimposed on this is the risk of anthropogenic climate change. Climate models are increasingly being used to understand how climate change may affect future drought regimes. However, methodologies to quantify economic costs which could occur under these future scenarios are virtually non-existent. In this study, historic drought events were identified in regional precipitation data using the Standardized Precipitation Index, and their magnitude quantified and linked to reported economic costs. Drought damage functions were created for Australia, Brazil, China, India, Spain/Portugal and the USA. Projections of drought magnitude for 2003–2050 were modeled using the Community Integrated Assessment System, for a range of climate and emission scenarios, and future economic costs estimated. Severe and extreme drought events were projected to cause estimated additional losses ranging between 0.04 and 9 percent of national GDP in Australia, the USA and Spain/Portugal under future scenarios of climate change. The combined effect on global GDP from projected long-term drought events in the countries analyzed resulted in additional annual losses of 0.01 to 0.25 percent. This is considered conservative as the analysis is representative of seven countries only; does not incorporate the possibility of successive drought events, or compounding effects on vulnerability from interactions with other extreme events. Furthermore, it excludes indirect economic effects; social and environmental losses; the possibility of increasing vulnerability due to changing socio-economic conditions; and the possibility of irreversible or systemic collapse of economies as the study highlighted that under future climate change drought magnitude may exceed current experience potentially passing thresholds of social and economic resilience. Stringent mitigation had little effect on the increasing impacts of drought in the first half of the 21st century, so in the short-term adaptation in drought "hot spots" will be crucial.

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Ficapal-Cusí, Pilar, Angel Díaz-Chao, Milagros Sainz-Ibáñez et Joan Torrent-Sellens. « Gender inequalities in job quality during the recession ». Employee Relations 40, n^o 1 (2 janvier 2018) : 2–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-07-2016-0139.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse gender differences in job quality during the first years of the economic crisis in Spain. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses microdata from the Quality of Working Life Survey. A representative sample of 5,381 and 4,925 Spanish employees (men and women) in 2008 and 2010, and a two-stage structural equation modelling (SEM) are empirically tested. Findings The study revealed three main results. First, the improvement in job quality was more favourable to men than it was to women. Second, the gender differences in the explanation of job quality increased considerably in favour of men. Third, this increase in gender-related job inequality in favour of men is explained by a worsening of 4 of the 5 explanatory dimensions thereof: intrinsic job quality; work organisation and workplace relationships; working conditions, work intensity and health and safety at work; and extrinsic rewards. Only inequality in the work-life balance dimension remained stable. Research limitations/implications The availability of more detailed microdata for other countries and new statistical methods for analysing causal relationships, particularly SEM-PLS, would allow new approaches to be taken. Social implications Public policy measures required to fight against gender inequalities are discussed. Originality/value The paper contributes to enrich the understanding of the multidimensional and gender-related determinants of job quality and, in particular, of studying the effects of the first years of the economic crisis.

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Sánchez-Moreno, Esteban, et Lorena Gallardo-Peralta. « From Income Inequalities to Social Exclusion : The Impact of the Great Recession on Self-Rated Health in Spain During the Onset of the Economic Crisis ». SAGE Open 11, n^o 4 (octobre 2021) : 215824402110529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211052925.

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The impact of the Great Recession on health stands out due to its implications for the wellbeing of the population. The available empirical evidence suggests that macrosocial inequalities can be a central element in explaining differences in the impact of the crisis on the health of the population during its early years (2008–2011). Specifically, it is necessary to analyze the role played by the processes constituting a model of inequalities based on social exclusion. This study addresses the topic by using longitudinal data taken from the European Union statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC) survey ( n = 5.924), with a hierarchical structure of four measurement moments nested in 5,924 individuals nested in 17 regions. Variables from two levels of analysis are considered: individual and ecological (regional) variables. The findings show that personal socioeconomic status (income and education) are significantly associated with changes in self-rated health during the onset of the crisis. The findings for ecological variables show that the variables measuring exclusion (material deprivation and low work intensity) play a significant role in the explanation of inequalities in health and how they changed during the crisis. Both indicators are negatively associated with self-rated health, while the Gini index and the proportion of the population in long-term unemployment do not have a consistent significant effect. These findings support the hypothesis that there are higher risks to wellbeing in more unequal societies compared with more equal societies.

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Solano Lucas, Juan Carlos, et Lola Frutos Balibrea. « Crisis de oportunidad para los jóvenes con escasos estudios en España (2005-2014) ». Revista Portuguesa de Educação 29, n^o 2 (14 décembre 2016) : 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/rpe.7911.

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La estructura educativa de la población joven en España es única en comparación con otros países de nuestro entorno. Ésta se caracteriza por la polarización del nivel de formación de sus jóvenes. España es el único país de la OCDE con altas tasas, tanto de jóvenes con educación superior, como de jóvenes con un nivel educativo bajo. Nos interrogamos sobre las condiciones educativas y laborales de este colectivo de jóvenes sin estudios obligatorios completados, muy castigados por el contexto de crisis económica. Precariedad, temporalidad, contratos de formación o prácticas, contratos a tiempo parcial se están cronificando en el mercado laboral español, y se están convirtiendo en una norma informal de acceso al empleo y de precarización prolongada del mismo; en parte, a consecuencia de los cambios en las políticas educativas que limitan sus oportunidades de promoción o mejora. Se pretende conocer, a través de los datos de la Encuesta de Población Activa, la situación sociolaboral de los jóvenes con escasos estudios, en un período sumamente convulso: entre el final del boom económico y la crisis económica en España. Y tratamos de interrogarnos hasta qué punto ambas coyunturas socioeconómicas han roto con la igualdad de oportunidades, propiciando la construcción de una sociedad dualizada, desde un punto de vista educativo y laboral.Palabras-clave: Jóvenes con escasos estudios; Desigualdad de oportunidades; Mercado laboral. ABSTRACTThe educational structure of the young population in Spain is unique compared to other neighbouring countries. It is characterized by the polarization of the levels of education of its young people. Spain is the only country in the OECD with the highest rates of young people with both higher education and low education level. We are considering the educational and working conditions of this part of our society who haven’t finished compulsory education and are really punished by the context of the economic crisis. Precariousness, temporality, training contracts or internship and part-time contracts are a constant in the Spanish labour market. They are becoming an informal norm of access to jobs and also a way of prolonged instability about employment. All this is partly due to changes in the educational policies that limit young people’s opportunities for promotion or improvement. This article intends to gain insight into the social and occupational situation of young people with low educational attainment in Spain. In order to do so, the Spanish Labour Force Survey will be used, analyzing the period of time ranging from the end of the economic boom from the beginning of the century to the current economic crisis. The research question focuses on the effect of both economic scenarios in the equality of opportunities and to what extent a dual society has emerged both in the educational and occupational realms.Keywords: Young people with low educational attainment; Inequality of opportunities; Labor market

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Kim, Jung Hyun, et Anja Leist. « Temporal Trends in the Prevalence of Dementia in South Korea ». Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (1 décembre 2021) : 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.990.

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Abstract Background. Secular decreases in the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia have been observed in several Western countries, however, few systematic investigations of temporal trends in dementia have been conducted in South Korea. Method. Data came from N=8,006 individuals (N=2,110 assessed twice) aged 65 years and older participating in the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging 2008 and 2018. Dementia was indicated by a score ≤ 17 on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE). Dementia was regressed on the year of survey, adjusting for multiple demographic and socio-economic confounders, and, in additional models, also chronic diseases and lifestyle factors related to health, social, and religious activities. Results. Across waves, the share of individuals with low socio-economic status decreased. The prevalence of chronic diseases, including diabetes, heart diseases, stroke, and psychiatric diseases, increased over time. Alcohol consumption increased, whereas smoking rates, religious affiliation, and participation in religious activities decreased. Controlling for all covariates and compared to 2008, we observe decreases in dementia prevalence in 2018 by 52% (2018: OR 0.48, CI 0.42, 0.56). Women’s MMSE scores were more than two times as likely as men’s to indicate dementia (OR 2.59, CI 2.15, 3.14). Discussion. Decreases in dementia prevalence in Korea are partly attributable to improved socio-economic conditions and can be observed despite the increased prevalence of chronic conditions. However, secular trends were not fully explained by these and lifestyle factors. We discuss further individual-level and contextual-level mechanisms that may have contributed to these findings.

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Aznar, Juan, Josep Maria Sayeras, Ricard Lascorz et Borja Raventós. « European macroeconomic imbalances at a sectorial level : Evidence from German and Spanish food industry ». Intangible Capital 14, n^o 1 (16 février 2018) : 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.1101.

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Purpose: This research has analyzed the structural differences observed comparing medium size Spanish and German firms in the food industry, specifically biscuit production. A second objective has been to analyze if the different macroeconomic conditions in Spain and Germany have affected the performance of firms.Design/methodology/approach: Using financial information from AMADEUS data base, a sample of firms (135 observations) in the food industry from Spain and Germany have been analyzed, considering the changes observed in the periods 2007-2009, 2010-2012 and 2013-2015. Productivity, real investment, cost per employee, profitability and interests paid by the firms are among the variables considered. The different hypotheses proposed have been tested using non-parametric tes, mainly, Mann-Whitney test and Rho Spearman coefficient.Findings: Medium size German firms are bigger, using number of employees, than Spanish firms and show a higher profitability (using ROE) whatever the period consider. The evidence suggests that after a certain threshold size the correlation between size and productivity is negative. An interesting result is the negative correlation between interest rate and labour productivity; financial conditions can have a clear effect on firm’s performance. At this sector level there is no evidence of the process of internal devaluation, probably because the growth observed either by increase in real investment or sales have been accompanied by the need to hire skilled labour.Research limitations/implications: The main limitation is that this research has only focused on particular economic activity, biscuit producers, to include others firms in the food industry must be considered in future research.Practical implications: Size is a strategic decision that managers must face, to understand how labour productivity and financial performance is affected by size will help to take the optimum decision. The performance of the firm is also partially affected by the interest rate that the firm faces, the negative correlation found between interest rate and labour productivity is important in informing right decisions about increasing firm’s debt level.Social Implications: Europe is rethinking industrial policy in the aftermath of the financial crisis (2008-2009) and in a global context with an increasing number of industrial activities locating in low labour costs destinations. Understanding the structural differences that industries across the European countries show is a key factor in deciding an efficient industrial policy.Originality/value: The last decade has accentuated the macroeconomic differences, in terms of long term interest rates or levels of unemployment between the core of Europe, Germany, and the periphery, including countries like Spain. This research is one the first ones in analyzing how these differences are affecting financial performance and structural differences in a particular industry, that is one of the most important exporters of the European Union.

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Koch, Ernesto. « Uruguay. Ein lateinamerikanisches Modell ? » PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 36, n^o 142 (1 mars 2006) : 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v36i142.571.

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A history of social struggles in Uruguay is given, from the fights against the Spaniards in early 19th century until the present time. These fights were always influenced by imperialist appropriation of the country. After the Spain has withdrawn it was at first the English Imperialism, later the US-Imperialism which forced Uruguay’s economy to serve its needs. A comprise between rival fractions of Uruguay’s ruling class brought the country a long lasting period of stability and also some social reforms. Economic crisis, increasing social protest and a brutal military regime ended this period in the early seventies. A broad coalition of the Left Frente Amplio could not only survive the military regime, it grew continuously under democratic conditions. Since 1989 Frente Amplio rules in Montevideo, capital and biggest department of the country, and in 2004, its candidate won the presidential elections, starting a new economic policy as well as a new foreign policy.

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Molina, José-Luis, Manuel Pulido-Velázquez, Carlos Llopis-Albert et Salvador Peña-Haro. « Stochastic hydro-economic model for groundwater quality management using Bayesian networks ». Water Science and Technology 67, n^o 3 (1 février 2013) : 579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.598.

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A strong normative development in Europe, including the Nitrate Directive (1991) and the Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000), has been promulgated. The WFD states that all water bodies have to reach a good quantitative and chemical status by 2015. It is necessary to consider different objectives, often in conflict, for tackling a suitable assessment of the impacts generated by water policies aimed to reduce nitrate pollution in groundwater. For that, an annual lumped probabilistic model based on Bayesian networks (BNs) has been designed for hydro-economic modelling of groundwater quality control under uncertain conditions. The information introduced in the BN model comes from different sources such as previous groundwater flow and mass transport simulations, hydro-economic models, stakeholders and expert opinion, etc. The methodology was applied to the El Salobral–Los Llanos aquifer unit within the ‘Easter Mancha’ groundwater body, which is one of the largest aquifers in Spain (7,400 km2), included in the Júcar River Basin. Over the past 30 years, socioeconomic development within the region has been mainly depending on intensive use of groundwater resources for irrigating crops. This has provoked a continuous groundwater level fall in the last two decades and significant streamflow depletion in the connected Júcar River. This BN model has proved to be a robust Decision Support System for helping water managers in the decision making process.

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Calvo, F., C. Giralt et C. Xavier. « Homelessness and Immigrants : In Front of the Border Between Spain and France ». European Psychiatry 41, S1 (avril 2017) : S621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.999.

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IntroductionIn 2006, prior to the worldwide economic crisis which especially affected Western countries, Southern Spain was one of the illegal immigrant gateways from Africa into Europe. The aim of this study is to establish the rate of homeless immigrants in a cohort of 2006 and carry out a follow up until 2015 in order to explore the chronicity associated to the territory.MethodsSample: 949 persons experiencing homelessness in Girona, according to official records. Procedure: prospective longitudinal study of the total population of homeless people in Girona. In 2006, a list was made of all the homeless people detected by both specialised and nonspecialised teams, which have been followed until the present day. Instruments: data bases of different official teams. Statistical analysis: measures of central tendency and dispersion and contingency tables were used for the comparison of qualitative variables.ResultsOverall, 64.8% of the population of Girona are immigrants (n = 614), principally from the Maghreb, (χ2 = 36.9, df = 4, P < .001) and 333 (36.3%) are autochthonous. The percentage of homeless immigrants in relation to the total immigrant population was 4.4%. Comparing the homeless autochthonous population with the total of the autochthonous population, homelessness among autochthonous population was 0.4%.ConclusionsThe results suggest that homelessness was more incidental in the immigrant group than in the autochthonous group. The percentage of immigrants who still live in homeless conditions suggests that immigration is a risk factor in the chronicity of the problem.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Dios-Aguado, Mercedes de, María Teresa Agulló-Ortuño, María Idoia Ugarte-Gurrutxaga, Benito Yañez-Araque, Brígida Molina-Gallego et Sagrario Gómez-Cantarino. « Nutritional Health Education in Pregnant Women in a Rural Health Centre : Results in Spanish and Foreign Women ». Healthcare 9, n^o 10 (29 septembre 2021) : 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9101293.

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The dietary behaviour of pregnant women, as well as the socio-cultural conditions in which pregnancy takes place, influence obstetric outcomes. To analyse the influence of socioeconomic factors and dietary habits on obstetric outcomes in Spanish and foreign pregnant women living in a rural environment, a population-based, prospective-observational study in a cohort of Spanish and foreign pregnant women in the town of Yepes, in the province of Toledo, Spain was conducted. Foreign pregnant women are ecodependent on their partners, have secondary education and low socioeconomic level. Spanish pregnant women have secondary education, a medium socio-economic level, live with their partners and are economically independent. Moreover, 85% of Spanish pregnant women gave birth at term and reached a gestational age of 40 ± 1.83 weeks. However, only 55% of foreign pregnant women reached a gestational age of 39.72 ± 2.28 weeks. Through health education, pregnant women in this geographical area of Castilla la Mancha, Spain, adopted bicultural dietary patterns, thus reaching the prescribed diet of 2000 Kcal. Through this diet, both Spanish and foreign pregnant women maintained albumin and plasma protein levels within the established range, with no significant differences in obstetric outcomes among pregnant women in the study.

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Schlueter, Max, Katie Chan, Romain Lasry et Martin Price. « The cost of cancer – A comparative analysis of the direct medical costs of cancer and other major chronic diseases in Europe ». PLOS ONE 15, n^o 11 (11 novembre 2020) : e0241354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241354.

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Background Cancer poses a significant mortality, morbidity, economic and humanistic burden to patients and health systems. This study aims to better understand healthcare expenditure on cancer relative to other major chronic diseases across France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, whilst also considering the burden of illness posed by these conditions. Methods A targeted literature review was performed to identify and extract relevant demographic, epidemiological and economic data. A health care payer perspective was adopted for the analysis, with a focus on direct healthcare costs. Results Between 2006–2015, the cancer-related disability-adjusted life year (DALY) disease burden decreased by 9.3% despite a 6.5% increase in prevalence. Whilst the per patient drug costs increased by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1%, the overall per patient cancer costs decreased over the 10-year study period (CAGR of -1.4%). Compared to cardiovascular disease, neurological/mental disorders and diabetes, cancer was associated with the highest disease burden (20.8% of DALYs across all diseases) but the second-lowest healthcare expenditure levels (4.8% of total healthcare expenditure) among the studied major chronic diseases. Conclusions Our study suggests that the costs associated with treating cancer account for a low proportion of total healthcare expenditure relative to the burden of the disease and compared to other major chronic diseases across the countries included in the analysis.

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Urbanos-Garrido, Rosa María, et Beatriz González López-Valcárcel. « Desempleo y salud : Un análisis de la repercusión de la crisis económica sobre la salud de los españoles ». Studies of Applied Economics 31, n^o 2 (14 mars 2020) : 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v31i2.3284.

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In this paper we explore the consequences of the economic crisis on the Spanish adult health with special emphasis on the effects of unemployment. We use the conceptual model of Dahlgren and Whitehead. We analyze longitudinal microdata from the Survey of Living Conditions (ECV) 2006-2011 and cross-sectional microdata from the National Health Survey of Spain (ENSE) 2011-12, using econometric models to explain the level of physical and mental health of individuals and their changes when varying income and employment status. Our analysis of ECV concludes that while the housing conditions and needs met proxies significantly influence self-assessed health, neither variations in individual income or the shift from employment to unemployment have a significant influence. Models based on data from the ENSE, however, conclude that after controlling for other determinants of health, unemployment has a significant negative impact on physical and mental health, and that impact is stronger the longer unemployment lasts.

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Addabbo, Tindara, Rosa María García-Fernández, Carmen María Llorca-Rodríguez et Anna Maccagnan. « Labor force heterogeneity and wage polarization : Italy and Spain ». Journal of Economic Studies 45, n^o 5 (8 octobre 2018) : 979–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-03-2017-0071.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the change in the Italian and Spanish wage polarization degree in a time of economic crisis, taking into account the factors affecting labor force heterogeneity. Gender differences in the evolution of social fractures are considered by carrying out the analysis separately for males and females. Design/methodology/approach The approach by Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández (2012) on polarization is applied to the microdata provided by the EU Living Conditions Surveys (2007, 2010 and 2012). According to Palacios-Gonzánlez and García-Fernández’s approach, polarization is generated by two tendencies that contribute to the generation of social tension: the homogeneity or cohesion within group and the heterogeneity between groups. The following labor force characteristics are considered: gender, level of education, type of contract, occupational status and job status. Findings The results for Italy reveal a higher increase of polarization for women than for men from the perspective of the type of contract. In Spain, the wage polarization of women also increases more intensively compared to men from the perspectives of level of education, job status and occupational status, while in Italy the reduction of the wage polarization index by level of education can be related, above all, to an increase in overqualification of women. Originality/value While the empirical literature on polarization has made considerable investigation into employment and job polarization, this paper explores the rather less explored matter of wage polarization. Furthermore, particular attention is paid to the impact on polarization of the Great Recession.

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Acebedo, Miguel M., Fernando Diánez et Mila Santos. « Almeria’s Green Pest Management Revolution : An Opportunity That Arose from a Food Safety Alert ». Agronomy 12, n^o 3 (2 mars 2022) : 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030619.

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Almería, a province of Spain, is the leader in horticultural production on a Spanish and European scale. The specific conditions of greenhouse cultivation favor plant development, but also the proliferation of pests. This high incidence of pests was controlled in the past mainly by means of chemical phytosanitary treatments. The aim of the present work has been to analyze the tools facilitated by the Andalusian Government (Junta de Andalucía) to replace the usual pest management process, taking advantage of the context of the food safety alert arising from the detection of isophenphos-methyl in peppers from the province of Almeria in December 2007. The results illustrate that, unlike many programs of public subsidies which involve long-term expenditure, the aid in question took advantage of the socioeconomic situation following the food safety alert. The program led to substantial economic savings and met its objectives swiftly, achieving excellent results in terms of removing most of the pesticides used in the “conventional production system”. In the 2006–2007 season, only 515 hectares in Almería used biological control organisms, four years later, it reached 20,081 hectares, and the average area during the last ten years was 24,953 hectares. This shows that Almeria’s green pest management revolution had been consolidated.

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Andrés Cabello, Sergio. « Análisis de las principales problemáticas en España ». Aldaba, n^o 42 (10 janvier 2018) : 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/aldaba.42.2017.20801.

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La crisis que comenzó en 2008 ha provocado un escenario social muy diferente. Aunque asistimos a unos años de recuperación económica, no es menos cierto que buena parte de la sociedad se ha empobrecido y los colectivos más vulnerables están en peor situación. Este artículo analiza las consecuencias de todo este proceso y presenta las principales problemáticas en España. Se parte de la situación del mercado laboral y de la precarización de las condiciones de trabajo. A continuación, se presenta el escenario de la pobreza y la exclusión social. En tercer lugar, también se analizan las respuestas institucionales a la crisis, marcadas por el ajuste y los recortes. Finalmente, se concluye con un escenario de los colectivos más vulnerables, los más perjudicados por todo el proceso, y que representan los principales retos de las políticas públicas españolas para evitar la cronificación y reproducción de la desigualdad.The crisis that began in 2008 has caused a different social setting. Although we are now witnessing a process of economic recovery, it is equally true that a part of society has been impoverished and the most vulnerable groups are in a worse situation. This work analyses the consequences of the whole process and shows the main issues in Spain. The beginning starting points are the situation of the labour market and the growing precarity of the working conditions. Secondly, poverty and social exclusion scenarios are presented. Thirdly, the institutional answers to the crisis, marked by the budget cuts, are also analyzed. Finally, this paper concludes showing the scenario of the most vulnerable social groups, the ones which are negatively affected by this process, and which represent the biggest challenges for Spanish public policies in order to avoid the chronification as well as the perpetuation of inequality.

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Martinez, M., B. Rodriguez et J. M. Sanchez-Vizcaino. « Autres orbivirus : Mise à jour des informations sur la peste équine africaine et la maladie hémorragique épizootique en Europe et dans le bassin méditerranéen ». Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, n^o 2-4 (1 février 2009) : 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10081.

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Orbiviruses are vector-borne pathogens that can cause notifiable diseases in animals, such as bluetongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD) in ruminants, or African horse sickness (AHS) in equines. The relatively recent expansion of BT in Europe to higher latitudes than expected has evidenced the need to explore the ways of introduction and exposure of other orbiviruses in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin. AHS was successfully eradicated from Europe since the 1990s but continues to be endemic in many African countries. Of the nine AHS serotypes, two have been present in Mediterranean countries: AHS-9 (1966) and AHS-4 (1987-1990). The last outbreaks (up to 2008) of AHS in Africa classified by serotype occurred in Senegal (AHS-9), Kenya (AHS-4), and Nigeria, Senegal and Ethiopia (AHS-2). EHD is caused by 10 serotypes and is notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) since 2008. It is present in America, Australia, Asia and Africa and is known to affect wild ruminants as well as cattle. EHD has been present in cattle in North Africa (EHD-9) and the Middle East (EHD-7) since 2006. Transport of infected Culicoides from Northern Africa to Southern Europe by wind is a proved way of orbivirus introduction. Import of infected asymptomatic animals from an endemic country also happened the first time AHS was introduced in Spain. Then, certain environmental conditions such as warm temperatures can favour perpetuation of the disease in animals exposed to infected vectors. The frequent consideration of horses as expensive leisure animals can worsen the economic and social consequences of a possible outbreak. However, nowadays there are good diagnostic techniques for AHS. Eradication can be achieved with the available polyvalent live vaccines and control measures. This is not the case for EHD, because an effective vaccine is urgently needed and there have been cross-reactions in the diagnoses between BT and EHD. European countries can prepare against other orbivirus outbreaks by prevention through educational campaigns and inactivated vaccine banks for AHS, and by further research on the possible vectors, the overwintering capacity of certain orbiviruses, the infectivity in all affected species, the identification of other possible reservoirs, and the development of risk assessments and modelling.

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Rybachok, Oksana Aleksandrovna. « Patient orientation is the main focus of the general practitioner’s work ». Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), n^o 4 (16 avril 2021) : 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2104-02.

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Taking into account the uneven settlement of the population of the Russian Federation, as well as with the aim of adapting the medical sphere to modern economic conditions in the context of the new economic mechanism, the reform of the health care system was started in the late 1990s. As a result of the reorganization of the primary care, a new specialty appeared, i.e. general practitioners, who replaced therapists and pediatricians. For many years, the principle of treatment of the disease was dominant in the Russian health care, without taking into account the individual characteristics of a patient; the introduced reform was aimed at ensuring that the doctor would advise a particular patient for all his/her life, know the characteristics of the organism, and understand the etiopathogenesis of the development of a particular disease. In February 2006, at the second World Patient Congress held in Spain by the International Alliance of Patient Organizations (IAPO), the Declaration on Patient-Centred Healthcare was adopted. It is an alternative program, aimed primarily not at treatment, but at the prevention of diseases, health promotion and the formation of general well-being, based on modern technologies and an individual approach to each patient.

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García-Ortega, E., M. T. Trobajo, L. López et J. L. Sánchez. « Synoptic patterns associated with wildfires caused by lightning in Castile and Leon, Spain ». Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11, n^o 3 (16 mars 2011) : 851–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-851-2011.

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Abstract. The Iberian Peninsula presents the highest number of wildfires in Europe. In the NW of Spain in particular, wildfires are the natural risk with the greatest economic impact in this region. Wildfires caused by lightning are closely related to the triggering of convective phenomena. The prediction of thunderstorms is a very complex task because these weather events have a local character and are highly dependent on mesoscale atmospheric conditions. The development of convective storms is directly linked to the existence of a synoptic environment favoring convection. The aim of this study is to classify the atmospheric patterns that provide favorable environments for the occurrence of wildfires caused by lightning in the region of Castile and Leon, Spain. The database used for the study contains 376 wildfire days from the period 1987–2006. NCEP data reanalysis has been used. The atmospheric fields used to characterise each day were: geopotential heights and temperatures at 500 hPa and 850 hPa, relative humidity and the horizontal wind at 850 hPa. A Principal Component Analysis in T-mode followed by a Cluster Analysis resulted in a classification of wildfire days into five clusters. The characteristics of these clusters were analysed and described, focusing particularly on the study of those wildfire days in which more than one wildfire was detected. In these cases the main feature observed was the intensification of the disturbance typical of the cluster to which the wildfire belongs.

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Gómez-Déniz, Emilio, Jorge V. Pérez-Rodríguez et Simón Sosvilla-Rivero. « Analyzing How the Social Security Reserve Fund in Spain Affects the Sustainability of the Pension System ». Risks 10, n^o 6 (10 juin 2022) : 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10060120.

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Faced with the need to adjust public pension systems to meet changing demographic, economic and social conditions, most developed countries have created government reserve funds to ensure macroeconomic sustainability. This paper aims to study the importance that this reserve fund plays in the sustainability of the Spanish public pension system. Using data for the 2000 to 2019 period (20 observations) on the main variables impacting on the system, we calculate probabilities and other indicators of its unsustainability in relation to the reserve fund. Our model accurately reflects certain aspects of the data, and suggests that the probability of unsustainability is inversely associated with the size of the reserve fund, but that this relation is moderated by the heterogeneity of the members of the pension system. Moreover, the probability of unsustainability increases in line with the pension system deficit, the time elapsed until unsustainability is reached is shorter when the Reserve Fund balance falls, and the size of this fund at which the system becomes unsustainable diminishes with the probability of unsustainability.

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Calvo, José L., Cristina Sánchez et Pedro Cortiñas. « Joint Estimation of the Characteristics and Intensity of Poverty in Spain : The Case of Imputed Rent ». Economics Research International 2010 (14 décembre 2010) : 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/854634.

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In 2007 the Spanish National Institute of Statistics modified the methodological approach to the Survey of Income and Living Conditions and included an estimate of Imputed Rent. It removes one of the main criticisms of Spanish poverty studies since this variable is associated with home ownership, and because more than 80% of Spanish families are homeowners, its exclusion biased the estimates of the size of Spain's poor population and poverty intensity. We estimate a Heckman model with a selection equation in which the dependent variable is the probability of being poor, and a truncated regression to explain poverty intensity. Our findings have at least two economic policy implications: Spanish social policy against poverty should take into account geographical differences but, at the same time, should consider Imputed Rent. Without this variable efforts should concentrate in Spanish less developed regions and rural areas, but if we include it poverty increases in urban population. The article has also reveals that most retired people cannot be considered poor if we take into account wealth (imputed rent included) instead of current income (pension).

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