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1
Clarence-Smith, W. G. « The Economic Dynamics of Spanish Colonialism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries ». Itinerario 15, no 1 (mars 1991) : 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300005787.
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The survival of the Spanish empire after the loss of the mainland American colonies is a neglected subject, and no part of it is more neglected than its economic features. General histories of Spain in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries rarely touch on overseas matters, although the colonies do occasionally appear centre stage, as in 1868, when the Cuban Creoles rose in rebellion; in 1898, when Spain lost most of her colonies as a result of war with America; in 1921, when the Berber tribes of Northern Morocco defeated the Spanish army; and in 1936, when General Franco and his coconspirators raised the standard of rebellion against the Republic in North Western Africa. But these references are episodic and essentially political, indeed military in nature. There is little structural analysis of what the colonies meant to Spain, least of all in the economic field.
2
Zholudeva, Natal’ya R., et Sergey A. Vasyutin. « Employment Problems of Muslim Migrants in France (Exemplified by Paris). Part 1 ». Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, no 6 (20 décembre 2021) : 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v137.
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The first part of the article briefly covers the history of immigration to France, social conflicts associated with migrants, and the results of French research on discrimination of immigrants in employment. In spite of the high unemployment rate, compared with other European Union countries, France remains one of the centres of migration and receives a significant number of migrants and refugees every year. The origins of immigration to France go back to the mid-19th century. Initially, it was mainly for political reasons, in order to find a job or receive an education. Between the First and the Second World Wars, France accepted both political (e.g. from Russia, Germany and Spain) and labour migrants (from Africa and Indo-China). After World War II, the French government actively invited labour migrants from the French colonies, primarily, from North Africa (Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco). When the Algerian War ended, the Harkis – Algerians who served in the French Army – found refuge in France. By the late 1960s, the Moroccan and Tunisian communities were formed. Up to the 1980s, labour migration was predominant. However, with time, the share of refugees and those who wanted to move to France with their families started to increase. This caused a growing social and political tension in French society resulting in conflicts (e.g. the 2005 riots in Paris). Moreover, the numerous terrorist attacks and the migration crisis of 2014–2016 had a particularly negative impact on the attitude towards migrants. All these issues have to a certain extent affected the employment of the Muslim population in France.
3
Tykhonenko, Iryna. « Evolution of the multilateral cooperation between the Kingdom of Morocco and the European Union : from political to values dimension ». European Historical Studies, no 14 (2019) : 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2019.14.31-42.
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The article focuses on one of the current areas of European Union cooperation within the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, namely with the Kingdom of Morocco. The official Rabat has both a historical basis for cooperation with the EU (colonial past) and an established dialogue with the European Union from associate membership to the acquisition of a special partnership status in 2008. The purpose of Morocco’s special status in the EU is to: strengthen dialogue and cooperation in the field of politics and security; gradual integration of Morocco into the EU internal market through approximation of legislation and regulations. The main directions and areas of multilateral cooperation between Morocco and the EU are highlighted especially Rabat ties with leading European powers (notably France and Spain) as implementation of bilateral level and at the level of integration with EU as political body. It is revealed that the acquisition of a special status in cooperation with the EU aims to deepen cooperation not only in the economic, security and energy spheres, but also the human dimension of bilateral relations, which affects human rights and cultural and humanitarian level of relations. In particular, the topical agenda for bilateral Moroccan-European relations is migration issues, the problem of Western Sahara, which complicate dialogue somewhat. The leading role in Morocco’s relations with EU Member States is played by dialogue within the Francophonie, as well as interpersonal contacts in the fields of culture, education and science. These contacts are closely maintained between Morocco, France and Spain, and implemented the EU’s values policy mentioned in the Association Agreement. It is revealed that cultural cooperation plays a positive role in the fight against religious extremism and civil society building.
4
HARFOUF, SOULAIMAN. « The school and the military : two precursors of physical education and sport in northern Morocco during the protectorate ». International Journal of Information Technology and Applied Sciences (IJITAS) 3, no 2 (1 juillet 2021) : 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52502/ijitas.v3i2.86.
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Considered rather as a protectorate, the Spanish colonization of northern Morocco allowed the establishment of a new culture among the natives: the sports culture. The socio-political context of the emergence and the social and geographical dissemination of sports activities and physical education (PE) in schools explain why they were put at the service of the patriotic and militaristic national colonial conception.
This conception was implemented by two ideological apparatuses: the school and the army. The action of these two agents in charge of disseminating sport and PE among the Moroccan population aimed at highlighting the possibility that colonial Spain would have to prepare future men-soldiers capable of responding to the aspirations of the conquering state. Sport was instrumentalized and became an effective channel of political communication.
5
Bouyahya, Driss. « Colonial vs Colonized Counter-Hegemonies : Two Vistas of Moroccan Educational Models ». International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 2, no 4 (26 décembre 2020) : 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i4.423.
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Both France and Spain used schooling as a vehicle in service of colonization during the Protectorate era in Morocco, whereas Moroccans retaliated with counter-hegemonic tools to resist and interrogate imposed educational models in order to implement their oppositional agendas. Thus, the paper is threefold: it attempts to revisit and sketch out both colonial policies in education with their ramifications, while outlining and analyzing their strengths and limitations. The study also seeks to investigate how Moroccans establish resistance movements to react to the newly-imposed colonial hegemonies, such as free schools and reformed traditional Qur’anic schools (Msids), discussing their goals, structures, success and failure. Finally, the paper explores colonial education as a site of interaction or “contact zones” between French and Spanish colonizers and elite Moroccan Muslims and Nationalists who sought to counter the processes of acculturation, marginalization and subalternization. The study covers the Moroccan schooling system from 1912 to 1956. The study dwelled on the congruity of education as an ideological apparatus to shape identity and/or dominate in a battlefield over power between the Protectorate powers and the Moroccan nationalists, who made use of different discourses as an instrument of power. This essay unravels some conclusions that both French and Spanish Protectorates utilized different vistas to establish and sustain their hegemonies through education and instruction, such as Franco-Berber schools and Spanish-Arab/Spanish-Jewish schools respectively. While, Moroccan Muslims and nationalists countered the former hegemonies through creating a free-school system and reforming traditional Qur´anic schools.
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Zakhir, Marouane, et Jason L. O’Brien. « Moroccan Arabic : The Battlefield of Language Ideologies ». JURNAL ARBITRER 6, no 1 (25 mai 2019) : 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ar.6.1.59-76.2019.
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The debate on the use of Moroccan Arabic (also known as Moroccan darija) dates back to the medieval period when literary critics have discussed the effectiveness of writing in Moroccan Arabic lyrics of Muslim Spain, muwashshahat and zajal. This debate was later sharpened in the protectorate era (1912-1955) by the French colonial administration in its attempt to use MA in education as a tool to divide Morocco into Arabs and Amazigh, separate the country from the Arab world and pave the way for French to flourish in society. Nowadays, the use of MA in education came to the fore front of the interests of Moroccan intelligentsia. A new current of Francophone academics called for the legitimacy of using MA in education and media to fight illiteracy and maximize access to education in the country. They held many conferences for the sake of discussing the utility of MA as an alternative for SA in education and designed dictionaries and books to ease its instruction. Such attempts raised the hostility of Arabists and Amazigh activists. They regarded the defense of MA use in education as an ideology of language to eradicate Moroccan official languages in favor of French and the Francophone culture. The present empirical research examines the status of MA in education and the different ideologies backing its use by Moroccan teachers and students.
7
Moreras, Jordi. « The Way to Mecca. Spanish State Sponsorship of Muslim Pilgrimage (1925-1972) ». Culture & ; History Digital Journal 9, no 2 (30 décembre 2020) : e013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2020.013.
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The sponsorship of pilgrimage to Mecca by European colonial powers in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to transforming the hajj into the global phenomenon it is today. Spain also promoted Muslim pilgrimage from its zone of the Moroccan Protectorate, tentatively at first, and then more purposefully from 1937 onwards, continuing its sponsorship into the early 1970s, years after Morocco’s independence. Intensive study of administrative documentation from the Spanish Protectorate allows the reformulation of the sponsorship’s established chronology (from 1937 to 1956). It also shows the dual intent concealed behind its promotion: first, as propaganda aimed at the interior of the Moroccan territory being administered; and second, as a tool for the external promotion of a political regime in need of support to escape its international isolation. The pilgrimage’s sponsorship is seen as part of the general framework of managing Muslim rituals enacted by the Spanish government to deactivate their potential mobilising capacity.
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Martin, Juan carlos gimeno. « Western Sahara ». Tensões Mundiais 13, no 25 (24 septembre 2018) : 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33956/tensoesmundiais.v13i25.350.
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This article aims to reveal the complicity of the international community with Moroccan colonialism in Western Sahara. Since 1987, the Moroccan wall separates the Saharawi people into two groups: one group lives under Moroccan occupation, the other lives in exile camps in Southern Algeria. It is a Bedouin village, nomadic, colonized by Spain, but has maintained a persistent anti-colonial resistance and struggle for self-determination.
9
Marín-Aguilera, Beatriz. « Distorted Narratives : Morocco, Spain, and the Colonial Stratigraphy of Cultural Heritage ». Archaeologies 14, no 3 (19 avril 2018) : 472–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11759-018-9341-2.
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Zherlitsina, N. A. « Radicalization of French and Spanish Colonial Methods during War with Rif Republic (1921—1926) ». Nauchnyi dialog 11, no 2 (19 mars 2022) : 419–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-2-419-436.
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The question of the transformation of the colonial strategies of France and Spain in relation to Morocco with the beginning of the war in the Rif Republic is considered. A comparative analysis of the colonial policy of the two European metropolises before the start of the revolt of the Rif tribes and during the Rif War is carried out. It is argued that this war, in its duration, scale and international resonance, called into question the entire colonial system and created a dangerous precedent. Disagreements within the power elites of the metropolises between supporters of flexible diplomatic methods of colonization and advocates of a direct military solution are analyzed. The novelty of this study is seen in the fact that the victory of the military lobby in France and Spain meant the radicalization of the methods of “conciliation” applied to the local population. The use of modern weapons and aircraft, which meant the mass extermination of the local population, anticipated the methods of the Second World War. The author comes to the conclusion that the war in the Rif had the most profound impact on the political development of Spain, largely predetermining the establishment of a military-nationalist dictatorship ten years later.
11
Cherkasova, E. « Spain and Conflict over Western Sahara ». World Economy and International Relations, no 7 (2012) : 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2012-7-33-40.
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The article provides an overview of the history of this "forgotten" conflict, as well as its current state. The author reveals the position of stakeholders, including the European Union, France, the U.S. and Russia. Particular attention is paid to the position of Spain as a former colonial power, and to the correlation of the conflict with other problems in the Spanish-Moroccan relations.
12
Tripathi, Ameya. « Bombing Cultural Heritage : Nancy Cunard, Art Humanitarianism, and Primitivist Wars in Morocco, Ethiopia, and Spain ». Modernist Cultures 17, no 2 (mai 2022) : 191–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/mod.2022.0368.
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This article examines Nancy Cunard's later writing on Spain as a direct legacy of her previous projects as a modernist poet, publisher and black rights activist. Cunard was a rare analyst of the links between total war, colonial counter-insurgency, and cultural destruction. Noting the desire of both the air power theorist and art collector to stereotype peoples, from Morocco to Ethiopia to Spain, as ‘primitive’, the article brings original archival materials from Cunard's notes into dialogue with her journalism, and published and unpublished poetry, to examine how she reclaimed and repurposed primitivism. Her poems devise a metonymic and palimpsestic literary geopolitics, juxtaposing fragments from ancient cultures atop one another to argue, simultaneously, for Spain's essential dignity as both a primitive and a civilised nation. Cunard reconciles Spain's liminal status, between Africa and Europe, to argue for Spain's art, and people, as part of a syncretic, universal human cultural heritage, anticipating the art humanitarianism of organisations such as UNESCO.
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Elinson, Alexander E. « Colonial al-Andalus : Spain and the making of Moroccan culture ». Journal of North African Studies 26, no 1 (16 février 2020) : 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2020.1728868.
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Markakis, E. A., N. Kavroulakis et G. C. Koubouris. « First Report of Verticillium Wilt Caused by Verticillium dahliae on Avocado Trees in Greece ». Plant Disease 98, no 11 (novembre 2014) : 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-14-0492-pdn.
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Avocado (Persea americana) is an important crop for Chania, Crete, Greece, and is grown on more than 800 ha. In November 2013, 4-year-old trees in a new avocado grove of cv. Hass grafted onto the rootstock ‘Bacon,’ previously planted in citrus trees, showed symptoms of yellowing, leaf fall, twig and branch dieback and vascular tissue discoloration. Disease incidence was estimated at 2.3% (12 out of 530 trees affected). A fungus was consistently and readily isolated from symptomatic vascular tissue, previously surface-disinfested with 95% ethanol, on acidified potato dextrose agar (APDA). After 7 days, slow-growing colonies were transferred to PDA and the growth rate of the fungus was 2.9 mm/day at 24°C in the dark. Microscopic observations revealed hyaline hyphae with many irregular, dark microsclerotia measuring 40 to 200 × 30 to 75 μm (average 94.5 × 50.3 μm) developing after 21 days of growth. Hyaline, elliptical, single-celled conidia measuring 2.8 to 7.5 × 2.5 to 4.3 μm (average 4.8 × 3.1 μm) developed on verticillate conidiophores. For molecular characterization, Verticillium dahliae specific primer pair ITS1-F/ITS2-R that amplifies the rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was used (2). Band of expected size was amplified, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. KJ818294). On the basis of morphological characteristics (3) and a BLAST search with 100% identity to the published ITS sequence of a V. dahliae isolate in GenBank (KC834733.1), the fungus was identified as V. dahliae. Five 1-year-old avocado plants of cv. Hass, grafted onto the rootstock ‘Bacon,’ were used for pathogenicity tests. Artificial inoculation was performed by making a 5.0 × 3.5 mm hole in the rootstock trunk, injecting approximately 40 μl of a 2.8 × 107 conidia/ml suspension into the vessels (spores were introduced passively), sealing with Vaseline, and covering with adhesive paper tape. Five control plants were mock inoculated with sterilized distilled water. Disease symptoms that appeared 18 days post artificial inoculation were similar to those observed under natural infection conditions. Thirty-five days post artificial inoculation, disease incidence was 80%, whereas the percentage of positive V. dahliae re-isolations from infected tissues was 95% (96.7 and 93.3% from rootstock and graft, respectively). The extent of vascular tissue discoloration from the point of inoculation ranged from 11 to 62 cm, whereas V. dahliae was successfully re-isolated even from the end of the graft (approximately 60 cm above the initial inoculation point), thus confirming Koch's postulates. Neither symptoms nor positive isolations were observed in control plants. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice with similar results. Verticillium wilt of avocado has been observed in several countries including Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Israel, Mexico, Morocco, Spain, and the United States (1). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Verticillium wilt on avocado in Greece. This disease could potentially be an increasing problem in areas where young avocado trees are established on land previously planted in vegetable crops. References: (1) J. C. Goud and J. A. Hiemstra. Chapter 3 in: A Compendium of Verticillium Wilt in Trees Species, 1998. (2) E. A. Markakis et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 124:603, 2009. (3) G. F. Pegg and B. L. Brady. Verticillium Wilts. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 2002.
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Dreaden, T. J., K. Shin et J. A. Smith. « First Report of Diplodia corticola Causing Branch Cankers on Live Oak (Quercus virginiana) in Florida ». Plant Disease 95, no 8 (août 2011) : 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-11-0123.
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Numerous cankers on small branches showing dieback were observed on live oak (Quercus virginiana) trees in September 2010 in Marion County, FL. Approximately 24 12-year-old landscape trees planted on a farm displayed symptoms. Samples were collected from six of the symptomatic trees and returned to the laboratory for processing. Isolations were made from canker margins after surface sterilization of samples in 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and by plating on potato dextrose agar (PDA). A suspect Botryosphaeriaceae sp. (based on colony morphology) was consistently isolated from the symptomatic branches from all six trees sampled. Fungal colonies consisted of plentiful, white, aerial mycelium that turned dark olive after 5 to 7 days at 23°C with the underside of the cultures turning black (1). Total genomic DNA from three representative Botryosphaeriaceae sp. isolates was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8s-ITS2) region of the rDNA (GenBank Accessions Nos. JF798638, JF798639, and JF798640) using the primers ITS1 and ITS4 (3) and a portion of the β-tubulin gene (Bt), (GenBank Accession Nos. JF798641, JF798642, and JF798641) using the primers Bt2a and Bt2b (2) were amplified, sequenced, and deposited in GenBank. BLASTn searches of the ITS-rDNA sequences resulted in 100% homology (467 of 467, 467 of 467, and 540 of 540, respectively) with Diplodia corticola isolate CBS 112074 (GenBank Accession No. AY268421). BLASTn searches of the Bt sequences resulted in 99, 98, and 99% (391 of 393, 396 of 400, and 392 of 394, respectively) matches with D. corticola strain UCD2397TX, GenBank Accession No. GU294724. To complete Koch's postulates, nine seedlings of Q. virginiana, 0.6 to 0.9 cm in diameter at ground line maintained in a greenhouse, were inoculated with isolate PL949 (GenBank Accession Nos. JF798638 and JF798641) by making a 1.5-cm incision with a single-edge razor blade into the xylem 10 cm above ground line. Inoculations were done by placing mycelial plugs (1 × 0.25 cm) from cultures on PDA in the incision with the mycelium facing the center of the stem. Wounds were sealed by wrapping them with Parafilm. Three negative controls were mock inoculated as previously described except sterile PDA plugs were used. Eight weeks postinoculation, the lengths of the necrotic lesions were measured. Mean lesion length of the inoculated seedlings was 41.2 cm ± SE 4.5 and ranged between 27 and 63 cm. The negative control inoculations showed no necrotic lesions. Three of the inoculated seedlings were plated on PDA in an effort to reisolate the inoculated fungus. D. corticola was reisolated from each and all had the same ITS sequence as D. corticola strain CBS 112074. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. corticola causing cankers on Q. virginiana and the first report of the disease occurring in Florida. D. corticola has been reported to cause cankers and dieback in several Quercus spp. in Greece, Hungary, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, and Spain and has recently been reported to cause cankers on Q. chrysolepis and Q. agrifolia in California. References: (1) A. Alves et al. Mycologia. 96:598, 2004. (2) N. L. Glass and G. C. Donaldson. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323, 1995. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
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Allard, Elisabeth Bolorinos. « Colonial al-Andalus : Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture ». History : Reviews of New Books 46, no 6 (2 novembre 2018) : 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2018.1512333.
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Goikolea-Amiano, Itzea. « Colonial al-Andalus : Spain and the making of modern Moroccan culture ». Journal of Spanish Cultural Studies 21, no 2 (2 avril 2020) : 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636204.2020.1760439.
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Wacks, David A. « Colonial al-Andalus : Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture ». Comparative Literature 72, no 4 (1 décembre 2020) : 460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-8537775.
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Wright, Stephanie. « Glorious Brothers, Unsuitable Lovers : Moroccan Veterans, Spanish Women, and the Mechanisms of Francoist Paternalism ». Journal of Contemporary History 55, no 1 (13 août 2018) : 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009418778777.
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Out of the 78,504 Moroccans who fought in the Francoist army during the Spanish Civil War, an estimated 55,468 sustained injuries over the course of the conflict. Within the deeply hierarchical and militaristic regime of Francisco Franco, a privileged symbolic space was reserved for troops from the Spanish Protectorate who had sacrificed their bodily integrity in the ‘Crusade’. Such veterans were presented by the regime as the ‘glorious mutilated’, and a special body was established to manage their disability pension claims. Yet this privileged position did not imply parity with veterans’ Spanish counterparts, especially when it came to romantic relationships with Spanish women. This article will explore how the Francoist regime’s paternalism towards its Moroccan veterans helped to entrench racial hierarchies in Francoist Spain while respecting military ones. Through an examination of the everyday bureaucratic interactions between representatives of the Francoist state and Moroccan men, paternalism emerges as an overlooked and undertheorized – yet highly significant – discourse in modern European politics and society. Far from being a by-product of colonial politics, paternalism in many ways defined the Francoist regime’s governing ethos more broadly, and helped to ensure its long-term survival both in the Protectorate and in Spain.
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Campoy, Adolfo. « Colonial al-Andalus : Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture Culture by Eric Calderwood ». MLN 135, no 2 (2020) : 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mln.2020.0025.
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Albet-Mas, Abel. « Three Gods, Two Shores, One Space : Religious Justifications for Tolerance and Confrontation between Spain and Colonial Morocco during the Franco Era ». Geopolitics 11, no 4 (décembre 2006) : 580–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650040600890743.
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Clancy-Smith, Julia. « INTRODUCTION ». International Journal of Middle East Studies 44, no 4 (12 octobre 2012) : 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812000785.
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This special issue originated in a series of conversations two years ago with IJMES editor Beth Baron regarding the Maghrib's positioning in historical scholarship on the Middle East generally and in our field's flagship journal more specifically. While IJMES has published a number of solo articles devoted to North Africa from a range of disciplines, we concluded that the journal's readers would welcome a corpus of recent work in the historical sciences for the modern period from roughly the late 18th century on. Emphasis upon the modern does not imply that other eras in North Africa's long history have languished for lack of renewed scholarly interest—far from it. The Punic and Roman empires are currently subject to vigorous reinterpretation in order to dismantle dominant colonial and Orientalist interpretations. Moreover, the literature on Muslim Spain and on medieval and early modern North Africa and Iberia, particularly the hotly contested idea of convivencia, has gone from artisanal to industrial production in terms of output. The regionalist frame for the special issue admittedly acknowledges a form of geographically informed “otherness,” but it does so in order to question that distinction. And although the call for papers had invited research whose primary (but by no means sole) focus was the peoples, societies, and states in what we now know as Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, regrettably no submissions on Tripolitania/Libya were received.
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GarcÍA-Yeste, Carme, Gisela Redondo-Sama, Maria PadrÓS et Patricia Melgar. « The Modern School of Francisco Ferrer i Guàrdia (1859–1909), an International and Current Figure ». Teachers College Record : The Voice of Scholarship in Education 118, no 4 (avril 2016) : 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811611800405.
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Background/Context Throughout history, a country's economic and military strength has influenced its times of cultural splendor and the rise of famous intellectuals and artists. Spain has been an exception to this. At the turn of the 20th century, a surprising series of events that no one could have predicted occurred. At the time, Spain had recently lost the last of its overseas colonies. A few years later, the Moroccan War was also a failure. All these events sent Spain into a state of confusion and provoked strong political tensions within the country: popular uprisings, street fights, and a general state of economic, political, and military weakness. Simultaneously, the cultural and intellectual scene developed a fascinating degree of momentum. Spain became the cradle of some of the world's foremost painters, poets, writers, and intellectuals, such as Picasso, Machado, Lorca, and Buñuel. Among them, the Catalan pedagogue Ferrer i Guàrdia (1859–1909), who was important in the libertarian tradition of popular culture, became a world figure with his educational project, the Modern School. This project was specifically aimed at the lowest social classes so that they would have access to a scientific, democratic, quality education, thereby developing their skills in a society where education was limited to the upper classes and contributing educational development to improve social conditions. Both his project and Ferrer i Guàrdia himself were persecuted and attacked until he was finally sentenced to death in October 1909. Purpose This goal of this study was to analyze Ferrer i Guàrdia's indefatigable fight for an egalitarian, high-quality pedagogical project. Specifically, the figure of Ferrer i Guàrdia was analyzed in the context of a socially and militarily decadent country, which led to his defamation, persecution, and death—in contrast with the international impact and prestige he achieved. Research Design This research was based on historical methods, specifically drawing on analyses of literature review, historical documents, books, and articles (both scientific articles and newspaper articles from the time) regarding the life and work of Ferrer i Guàrdia and the historical context in which he lived. Findings/Conclusions The article concludes with a summary of the great current value of Ferrer i Guàrdia's libertarian approach to education, which consisted of transforming education to provide high-quality learning for all regardless of socioeconomic class.
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Emir, Derya. « DISCRIMINATION, ASSIMILATION, and CULTURAL IDENTITY in TAHAR BEN JELLOUN'S LEAVING TANGIER ». European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 2, no 1 (30 décembre 2014) : 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v2i1.p25-33.
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In today's multicultural countries, cultural diversity, hybridity, assimilation, and cultural identity are key issues. By focusing on the problem of immigration and its inevitable traumatic results on the migrants, Tahar Ben Jelloun's Leaving Tangier fully presents Azel (the protagonist) and his acquaintances' search for identity in terms of history, religion, nationality and cultural identity. Tahar Ben Jelloun's Leaving Tangier is the story of a Moroccan brother and sister who are burning with the desire to migrate to Spain in order to attain better life. The accomplishment of their dreams actualizes at the cost of some compromises and sacrifices that end with the protagonists' physical, emotional failure, and annihilation. The winner of Prix Goncourt for La Nuit Sacrée (The Sacred Night) in 1987, a Moroccan novelist Tahar Ben Jelloun is one of the most prolific and important writers of the recent years. As a novelist and critic, Ben Jelloun artfully combines the fact and fiction, past and present, East and West in his works. in this respect, he creates multidimensional writings that can be read and interpreted from several perspectives. Tahar Ben Jelloun's Leaving Tangier (2006) presents the issues of "wounded childhood," "solitude," "displacement," and "alienation" both individually and collectively in the colonial history of Tangier. This study focuses on the issues of discrimination, assimilation, and cultural identity, experienced by the characters in the novel, resulting from the immigration of individuals from their homelands to Europe in order to find better life conditions.
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García de Juan, Miguel Ángel. « Enfrentamiento de la prensa de España y Francia por la cuestión marroquí en 1911 (Un nuevo capítulo de las disensiones entre los dos países) = Spain’s and France’s Press Confrontation about the Moroccan Question in 1911 (A New Chapter in the Dissensions between the Two Countries) ». Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie V, Historia Contemporánea, no 30 (18 juillet 2018) : 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfv.30.2018.20609.
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Las disensiones vividas en Europa en el año 1911 a causa, aunque no sólo, del expansionismo colonial de varios de sus países en el norte de África estuvieron a punto de desencadenar, como es sabido, un conflicto bélico internacional. Es cierto que a finales de ese año y en 1912 distintos acuerdos en que participaron Francia, Alemania, España, el Reino Unido e Italia moderaron por un breve tiempo y de manera superficial su prepotencia y ansia de ampliación de dominios en el continente del sur.La tensión política entre Francia y España en 1911 por la cuestión africana ha atraído en España, si bien con no gran detalle, el interés de numerosos historiadores, pero no, que sepamos, el enfrentamiento entre la prensa de ambas naciones. Éste alcanzó una gran virulencia en muchos periódicos de los dos lados de los Pirineos (fuente principal de nuestra investigación). Recordar los hechos y, en especial, examinar su repercusión en los medios escritos es el principal objetivo del presente trabajo.Palabras claveColonialismo europeo; Marruecos en 1911; Tensión entre Francia y España; La prensa de ambos países. The disagreements that happened in Europe during 1911 because of the Colonial Expansion of several of their countries to North Africa, were about to unchain, as it is actually known, an international war conflict. It is true that, at the end of that year and for 1912, different agreements in which France, Spain, UK and Italy took part, reduced for a short period of time and in a superficial manner, their arrogance and anxiety for spreading their possessions along the continent of the south.The political tension between France and Spain during 1911 has attracted some historians but not, as far as we know, the confrontation between the media of both nations. It reached a great level of bitterness in many newspapers from both sides of the Pyrenees (main source of our investigation). Providing a comprehensive account of the facts and moreover investigating their impact in printed press is the main goal of this project.
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Vinagrero Ávila, José Antonio. « La educación en los campamentos saharauis : un sistema educativo en el refugio y en el desierto ». Revista Española de Educación Comparada, no 35 (20 décembre 2019) : 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/reec.35.2020.25174.
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When in 1975 Spain leaves to its fate the inhabitants of the former Spanish province of Western Sahara, most of the Saharawi population has to flee their homes chased by the armies of Morocco and Mauritania in the operation known as “Ecouvillon” while the civilian population marched to Saharaui territory in "The Green March" .In this flight to the desert find refuge in an inhospitable territory of the Algerian Hamada where, located in four camps, declare the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), organizing basic services that allow the survival of the population as well as the possibility of return and government of the territory of Western Sahara in the future. Within the hardness of the situation emerges something exceptional and it is the main axis of this article. The Saharawi people are able to create in the desert refugee camps an educational system that reduces illiteracy in the population as a whole and in childhood in particular. They have been able to organize an educational system in which practically 100% of children are in school, reducing the illiteracy of 90% of the population, in colonial times, to data similar to those of developed countries. In the education of the camps you can study children's education, primary, secondary and also vocational training. In this article we will go deeper into the main characteristics and difficulties of a structured educational system practically without economic resources, but what represents a great commitment to education as a form of struggle, social and political progress. We will also analyze the role of the Spanish Government as a donor of humanitarian aid to these people, as well as its political responsibility in a conflict that has been open for more than 40 years, with Western Sahara being the only territory in the world pending decolonization.
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Mateo Dieste, Josep Lluís. « Eric Calderwood. 2018. "Colonial al-Andalus. Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture". Cambridge, Massachussets, London, England : The Belknap Press of Harvard University. 400 páginas. » Anaquel de Estudios Árabes 30 (5 juillet 2019) : 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/anqe.64957.
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Dorado, Francisco Javier, Tamara Corcobado, Andrea Brandano, Younes Abbas, Francisco Alcaide, Thomas Jung, Bruno Scanu et Alejandro Solla. « First Report of Dieback of Quercus suber Trees Associated with Phytophthora quercina in Morocco ». Plant Disease, 27 septembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-22-1795-pdn.
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Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) is an evergreen tree native to SW Europe and NW Africa. It covers 2·106 ha in the western Mediterranean basin, forms heterogeneous forest ecosystems and represents an important source of income derived from cork production. While in Iberia, Italy, Tunisia and Algeria, drought and several endemic pathogens have been associated with cork oak decline (Moricca et al. 2016; Smahi et al. 2017), in Morocco there is no evidence, apart from overgrazing and human intervention (Fennane and Rejdali 2015), of a pathogen associated with oak decline. In December 2019, extensive dieback and mortality of 60-year-old cork oak trees were observed in a natural stand of ca 150 ha located 5 km east from Touazithe, in Maâmora forest, Morocco (34°13′38′′N, 6°14′51′′W - 87 m a.s.l.). Two years before, Q. suber seedlings from a local nursery were planted to increase tree density. Symptoms in trees and planted seedlings included chlorosis, reddish-brown discoloration of the whole crown and dieback starting in the upper crown. Root rot and lack of fine roots were observed. Tree mortality was estimated at ca 30%, and disease incidences of trees and seedlings were 45 and 70%, respectively. A Phytophthora species was consistently isolated from the rhizosphere of 3 symptomatic trees randomly selected at the site using leaves as bait (Jung et al. 1996). On carrot agar Phytophthora colonies were uniform and cottonwool-like. Sporangia were typically terminal, with ovoid, and obpyriform shape, mostly papillate, measuring 30.7 ± 4.7 µm length and 22.7 ± 4.1 µm wide. Oogonia were produced in single culture, and they were globose to subglobose, elongated to ellipsoid, 32.1 ± 2.9 µm in diameter and 46.1 ± 4.8 µm in length. Oospores were usually spherical, thick-walled, and measured 28.1 ± 2.4 µm. Antheridia were paragynous, mostly spherical, measuring 12.2 ± 1.4 µm. Isolates had minimum and maximum temperatures of 5 °C and 30 °C, respectively, and a growth optimum at 20 °C. Apart from the small size of sporangia, features were typical of Phytophthora quercina Jung. The identity of a representative strain (TJ1500) was corroborated by sequencing the ITS and mitochondrial cox1 gene regions, and BLAST search in GenBank showed 100% homology with sequences of the ex-type culture of P. quercina (KF358229 and KF358241 accessions, respectively). Both sequences of the representative isolate were submitted to GenBank (accessions OP086243 and OP290549). The strain TJ1500 is currently stored within the culture collections of the Mendel University in Brno and the University of Sassari. Its pathogenicity was verified and compared with a P. cinnamomi strain in a soil infestation test with one-year-old cork oak seedlings (Corcobado et al. 2017). Five months after inoculation, the symptoms described were observed in the seedlings, and fine root weight of plants inoculated with the TJ1500 strain and P. cinnamomi was reduced by 19 and 42%, respectively, in relation to non-inoculated controls. The pathogen was re-isolated from the necrotic roots, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. So far, P. quercina has been reported associated with chronic mortality of cork oak in new plantations in Spain (Martín-García et al. 2015; Jung et al. 2016) and natural forests in Italy (Seddaiu et al. 2020). To our knowledge this is the first report of P. quercina in Morocco. Givenat Morocco is an important cork producing country, our finding warns about the risk this pathogen poses to Q. suber and other North African oaks.
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Cannon, P. F. « Chitonospora ammophila. » IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no 211 (1 juillet 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20173334985.
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Abstract A description is provided for Chitonospora ammophila, found on dead culms and leaves of grasses typical of coastal sand ecosystems (usually Ammophila arenaria). Nothing is known about when it colonizes the substratum, but it is saprobic by the time ascomata are produced. Some information on its habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Morocco), Europe (Belgium, Spain, Sweden, UK)).
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Bou, Enric. « Eric Calderwood. Colonial al-Andalus : Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture ». Rassegna iberistica, no 111 (21 juin 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/ri/2037-6588/2019/111/016.
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Iglesias Amorín, Alfonso. « Sub-state nationalisms in Spain during the Moroccan War and the Rif War (1909-1927) ». Studies on National Movements 8, no 1 (30 décembre 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/snm.85317.
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This article analyses how the Spanish colonial wars in Morocco in the early 20th Century influenced Catalan, Basque and Galician nationalisms at an absolutely key moment in their development. It assesses the aftermath of the Versailles settlement and the new claims of colonial peripheries, which coincided with the Disaster of Annual in 1921, Spain’s great defeat in Morocco, which served as a weapon against the State for sub-state nationalisms, and led to the appearance of the Rif Republic, a benchmark in the anti Spanish fight. The article examines how the war was used to mobilize people against prevailing Spanish nationalism, the warmongering, colonialist, anti-war and anti-colonial discourses of the nationalisms in question and the positions of the main political parties and leaders. In short, it seek to measure the impact that this long and important war had on different Spanish national identities during the first decades of the 20th century.
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Daudin, Pascal. « The Rif War : A forgotten war ? » International Review of the Red Cross, 13 décembre 2022, 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1816383122001023.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Approximately 100 years ago, a colonial conflict of great breadth began on the south side of the Mediterranean. Initially seen as an “indigenous” rebellion, the conflict evolved into an intense war, the final phase of which involved the intervention of two great colonial powers (France and Spain). Looking at the Rif War (1920–1926) in a region of what is now Morocco, then claimed by Spain, as an example, this article presents a critical analysis of a conflict rich in lessons for current humanitarian challenges and the sometimes-difficult relationship between humanitarian actors and the parties to a conflict. Assessed in the light of its human cost, which is largely forgotten today, the Rif War can feed debates through necessary historical reflection surrounding humanitarian action and the role of the International Committee of the Red Cross. It will also examine the complicated connections between historical truth, collective memory and the political difficulties inherent to reconciliation.
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García, Laura Morgenthaler. « The expansion of French and Spanish in the Maghreb : School as glottopolitical agent of colonialism ». International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2016, no 239 (1 janvier 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0005.
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AbstractThe introduction of European educational models before, during and after the colonization of the African continent has played a fundamental role in the expansion of colonial languages and, in many cases, the displacement of native ones. This article analyses the means by which France and Spain administered linguistic-educational policies in Morocco and Western Sahara. It also focuses on the disputes these countries engaged in to secure both official language and social domains of use for French and Spanish as prestige languages in contrast to Arabic. As an important and innovative contribution, the present article analyses the nature of the strategies adopted in Western Sahara in the attempt to spread the Spanish and French languages to a nomadic population par excellence that was completely unconcerned with school attendance. Finally, the current consequences of colonial decision-making on the field of linguistic policies will be analysed.
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Montel, Aurélien. « Eric Calderwood, Colonial al-Andalus. Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture ». Mélanges de la Casa de Velázquez, no 48-2 (15 novembre 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mcv.9425.
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Woods, Eva. « Eric Calderwood. Colonial al-Andalus : Spain and the Making of Modern Moroccan Culture ». Romance Quarterly, 27 juillet 2022, 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08831157.2022.2094683.
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Pack, Sasha D. « Review of Eric Calderwood, Colonial al-Andalus : Spain and the Making of Moroccan Culture ». Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies 44, no 1 (13 janvier 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26431/0739-182x.1344.
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