Thèses sur le sujet « South Bali »

This thesis is an ethnography of children's practice and performance of dance, music and song in the village of Keramas, Gianyar, South-central Bali. Focusing upon power relationships between adults and children and between children themselves in the setting of a Balinese dance studio (sanggar tan), I examine how adults exercise power over children and teenagers in the context of traditional Balinese dance. Furthermore, I investigate the ways in which children incorporate contemporary influences into their songs, games and disco dance performances, thereby exercising agreater degree of power over their own activities. While dance is central to Bali-Hindu religious practice, it is also a medium used to communicate . important aspects of what it means to be Balinese to children. Looking at children's participation in dance activities, I explore how children relate to the world that surrounds them. By moving through tradition children not only perpetuate Balinese traditional dance, 'but also actively engage with global influences. The thesis is divided into six chapters which chronologically follow the journey of children's dance and music . ac. tivities, from lullabies .. through traditional dance to disco dance performances. Although children's songs and lore have received previous attention from scholars, research focusing upon music and dance activities of children still remains on the periphery of ethnomusicological enquiry. By examining children's songs and their learning, practice and performance of traditional and popular dance, I sh~w how dance, music and song are integral elements in the lives of young Balinese. This ethnographic account seeks to provide an insight into research pertaining to Bali as well as to form the foundation for future studies regarding children and the role of music and dance in their everyday lives.

The present work examines the construction of masculine identities in the context of migration between the city of Surabaya, East Java and the region of South Bali. It addresses the issues of growth, work and the transition towards adulthood among underemployed East Javanese young men who seek membership to street gangs of male sex workers in South Bali. My focus is on social relations among youth gangs who make extensive use of violence. I try to explore the meaning of collective practices and the outcomes of violent behavior in the lives of these young men as they attempt to draw together the necessary social and material resources to enter adult life. This thesis is based on ethnographic fieldwork carried out in South Bali and Surabaya for twenty months between 2008 and 2010.

The central interest of this thesis is the nature of the transmission of musical knowledge, and its meaning and purpose to different societies and within different contemplations of life and beliefs. In my case, I will specifically refer to what I learnt from the fieldwork I carried out in Southern Italy (2004), in some South African contexts (2005), and in the village of Batuan (Bali, Indonesia; 2006, 2007). All such experiences will be put, so to say, in a 'dialogue' with each other in order to suggest a few considerations. The methodological tools employed to sustain my argument are Clifford Geertz's concept of thick description, and the audio-visual material collected throughout my fieldwork, which will further support my commentary. Using Clifford Geertz's approach, I suggest that in exploring the relationship between human beings and the various practices of 'music' existing, as well as their contents and aims, we need to look at music not as an isolated element on its own, as mostly conceived of in the West, but rather as an integral aspect of life itself. The facts and observations reported from my fieldwork show that what in the West is called music and music education can elsewhere be experienced and thought of in very dissimilar ways. In the village of Batuan, for example, music is not a special event, but an ingredient of the local community's life and its spirituality. The final ruminations will speculate on the fact that in the West the fragmentation through which life is understood, and that has destroyed the bond between life and the arts, is also reflected in the educational system. In modern Western societies, the detachment of arts from life has created a craving and a need for artistic exclusivity, which celebrates the individualistic rather than the communal, and aesthetics rather than spirituality, unlike Bali, for example. As a starting point, we are asked to ponder whether, and how, in the West we can still entertain the hope to reconcile such a fragmentation with a more holistic approach, where music becomes equal to the other daily activities taking place within our community.

Balinese puris are the residences of the traditional ruling elite of Bali, the ksatria. The puris provided the rajas and the lesser political leaders in Bali until the challenge to Satria hegemony posed by Dutch colonialism. In Badung (South Bali), Dutch ascendancy was marked by the massacre known as the puputan Badung, in 1906, which wiped out most of the royal families of puri Denpasar and puri Pamacutan. After the puputan, puri Denpasar and Pamacutan were replaced by puri Satria and puri Kanginan-Pamacutan respectively. Very few studies have been made of the Balinese puris in Badung, after the fall of puri Denpasar and Pamacutan so that the people of Badung themselves do not clearly understand the political role of these puris. This thesis is an attempt to study the rivalry between the resurgent puri Satria and its main local antagonist, puri Pamacutan. The latter co-operated with the Dutch colonial authority, while the survivors of the Badung massacre rebuilt puri Satria as a centre of opposition to the Dutch. The time frame (1906-1950) for this research reflects a period of turmoil and change in Bali, from the Dutch invasion (of South Bali), to the Japanese occupation, through the struggle for independence and the incorporation of Bali into the East Indonesian State to the eventual union with the Republic of Indonesia. The major topic of interest will be the strongly contrasting roles played by the traditional leadership of the two puris in the maintenance of political hegemony through the first half of the twentieth century.

The South African criminal justice process is such that there is an inevitable lapse of time between the arrest of the offender and his or her subsequent trial. The pre-trial incarceration presents a special problem. Between the arrest of the accused and release, the accused is being deprived of his or her liberty in circumstances where no court of law has pronounced him or her guilty. The right to bail is well entrenched in South African criminal justice system both in the Constitution Act and Criminal Procedure Act. Bail is always in the form of contract between the State and the accused, even though at times it may be opposed by the State. In the past the legal position based on the case law was that the presumption of innocence in bail proceedings operated in favour of the applicant even where it was said that there was a strong prima facie case against him or her. This position has slightly changed in that the courts in bail applications are not concerned with guilt, but that of possible guilt only to the extent that it may bear on where the interests of justice lie in regard to bail. The onus of proof in bail applications, other than Schedule 5 and 6 offences is borne by the State. Where Schedule 5 or 6 is applicable the onus is on the applicant. There are different requirements between schedule 5 and 6 that must be met by the applicant before release on bail is granted. In Schedule 5 offences the bail applicant must satisfy the court that the interests of justice permit his or her release. In determining whether the interests of justice permit the release of a particular applicant on bail, the courts are guided by the provisions of section 60(4) to (9) inclusive of section (11B)(c) of the Criminal Procedure Act. In such determination the courts must also take into account of section 60(60)(a) to (g) of the Criminal Procedure Act. In Schedule 6 offences there are two requirements namely: the exceptional circumstances and the interests of justice. The term “exceptional circumstances” does not have a closed definition. Both requirements must be established by means of written or oral evidence to the satisfaction of the court before bail may be granted. As pointed out above, the State may still oppose the release on bail of the applicant. It is now accepted in bail applications that ordinary circumstances may in particular context be blended with exceptional or unusual elements. In such cases the court is expected to apply its independent evaluation of evidence in order to determine whether the exceptional circumstances in the interests of justice permit the release on bail. Similarly to the South African bail jurisprudence the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court recognises a right of the arrested person to apply for the interim release. It also recognises the need to establish exceptional circumstances for such release. The South African bail jurisprudence recognises the right to bail, and places reasonable and procedural limitations founded on the constitutional values and interests of justice. There are still practical challenges that need to be addressed as a results of the stringent requirements in section 60(11)(a) and (b) of the Criminal Procedure Act that relate to Schedule 5 and 6. It is therefore recommended that there is a need for the following: 1. Legislative intervention that will regulate and limit the time spent on investigations where bail has been refused. 2. Legislative intervention that will provide for an automatic review procedures in Schedule 5 or 6 offences where bail is refused on grounds that the interests of justice do not permit the release of the applicant on bail or for failure to prove exceptional circumstances. It is submitted that this may assist in reducing refusals of bail based on mistaken understanding of the law or facts or irregularities that may be prejudicial to the applicant or the administration of justice; or 3. Legislative intervention that will make it mandatory for a court that refuses to grant bail to reconsider its decision after a certain period in future provided that the trial has not been commenced with, in order to determine whether further incarceration is necessary or proportionate to the offence. It is submitted that this may assist the court to enquire into unreasonable delays on investigations or changed circumstances of the applicant in order to enable the court to reconsider its previous decision if necessary. This may further assist in offences where it is foreseeable that the trial court is likely to pass a partly or wholly suspended sentence in case of conviction. For example some cases fall within the scope of Schedule 5 by virtue of a previous conviction on Schedule 1 or release on bail on a Schedule 1 offence. The above recommendations may directly or indirectly contribute in balancing the scales of justice during the bail proceedings and its aftermath. These may contribute to the reduction of high numbers of the in custody awaiting trial prisoners while not compromising the current bail procedures.

This qualitative study is based on literature from before, during, and after South Africa’s hosting of the 2010 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup (2005 – 2014). The objective is: (1) to explore the relationship between one developing state, South Africa, and one supranational organisation, FIFA, in order to shed light on a pattern that seems to have become prevalent in the post-millennial world; (2) to explore how the shift in global politics at the end of the Cold War has affected how domination manifests in relations between states, but also between states and capitalist corporations.
Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Ancient Languages
MA
Unrestricted

Thesis (LLM) -- Stellenbosch University, 2004.
Stellenbosch University. Faculty of Law. Dept. of Public Law.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: When evaluating a bail application, the court must take into consideration the interests of the accused against those of the community. The main goal of this assessment is to find a balance between said interests. While an application for bail is made at a stage where guilt has not been proven, it is of extreme importance that the court must not infringe on the fundamental rights of the accused which include the right to personal freedom and the presumption of innocence. In order to protect the rights of the bail applicant within the proper functioning of the legal system, it is important to determine the nature of bail proceedings. As shown in this thesis, bail proceedings are sui gelleris in nature, which means that a separate set of rules of the law of evidence is applicable to these proceedings. The object of this thesis is to identify the rules of law of evidence applicable to bail proceedings as well as to clarify the deviation from the normal rules of evidence which apply to the trial of the accused. In chapter one the purpose and nature of bail proceedings as well as the characteristics of accusatorial and inquisitorial systems, are discussed. Problem areas within the South African legal system with regards to bail applications are also highlighted in this chapter. In chapter two the application of the primary rules of the law of evidence with regards to bail proceedings are investigated as well as the admissibility of evidence pertaining to prior convictions of the applicant, opinion evidence and character evidence. In chapter three the admissibility of hearsay evidence at bail proceedings is discussed. The constitutionality of the privilege pertaining to the police docket is dealt with in chapter four. Chapter five deals with the infom1er's privilege. The requirements that have to be met in order to qualify for protection under the said privilege, are examined. Chapter six focuses on the privilege against self-incrimination and the manner In which it is applied in bail proceedings. The provisions of s 60(11B)(c) of the Criminal Procedure Act and the role of the presiding officer are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter seven focuses on the burden of proof in bail applications. Chapter eight contains a summary and recommendations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: By die beoordeling van 'n borgaansoek moet die hof die be lange van die beskuldigde en die belange van die samelewing teen mekaar opweeg. Die doel van die betrokke verrigtinge is om 'n balans tussen hierdie belange te vind. Omdat borgtog ter sprake kom op 'n tydstip waar daar nog geen skuldigbevinding is nie, is dit van kardinale belang dat die hof ten aile tye moet waak teen die onregverdige inbreukmaking op die beskuldigde se fundamentele regte wat onder andere die reg op individuele vryheid en die vem10ede van onskuld insluit. Ten einde die regte van die borgaansoeker na behore te beskem1 sonder om die behoorlike funksionering van die regstelsel te belemmer, is dit belangrik om vas te stel wat die aard van borgverrigtinge is. Soos in hierdie tesis aangetoon word, is borgverrigtinge sui generis van aard. Dit het tot gevolg dat daar 'n aparte stel reels van die bewysreg bestaan wat op hierdie verrigtinge van toepassing is. In hierdie tesis word daar gepoog om die reels van die bewysreg wat op borgverrigtinge van toepassing is, te identifiseer en om die afwykings van die gewone bewysregreels wat op die verhoor van toepassing is, te verklaar. In hoofstuk een word die doel en aard van borgverrigtinge bespreek en word die kenmerke van die akkusatoriale en inkwisitoriale stelsels teen mekaar gestel. Die onduidelikhede oor die aard van borgverrigtinge in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg word ook aangeraak. In hoofstuk twee word die toepassing van die relevantheidsgrondreel by borgverrigtinge ondersoek, asook die toelaatbaarheid van getuienis oor die vorige veroordelings van die beskuldigde, opiniegetuienis en karaktergetuienis. Hoofstuk drie het betrekking op die toelaatbaarheid van hoorsegetuienis by borgverrigtinge. In hoofstuk vier word kwessies rakende dossierprivilegie behandel en die grondwetlikheid van sodanige privilegie, asook die toepassing daarvan, word van naderby beskou. In hoofstuk vyf word daar gefokus op die aanbrengersprivilegie. Die aard en toepassing van die privilegie asook die vereistes waaraan voldoen moet word alvorens daar op die betrokke privilegie gesteun kan word, word aangeraak. Hoofstuk ses fokus op die borgapplikant se privilegie teen selfinkriminasie. Die bepalings van a 60(11 B)(c) asook die rol van die voorsittende beampte word ook in hierdie hoofstuk aangespreek. Die sewende kwessie wat in verband met borgverrigtinge in die stu die ondersoek word, is die ligging van die bewyslas by sodanige verrigtinge. Dit word In hoofstuk sewe gedoen. Hoofstuk agt bevat 'n opsomming van sowel bevindings as aanbevelings.

In the past decade, Bald Eagle populations throughout North America have increased considerably and, despite their previous known avoidance of humans, eagles have begun invading cities in large numbers. The overall aim of this study was to document the ecology of urban Bald Eagle populations living in south-coastal British Columbia. We conducted a comparative study of the nest-site characteristics, productivity, and feeding habits of over 150 breeding pairs of rural, suburban and urban eagles. Tall mature trees are especially important for urban eagles and suburban areas have greater concentrations of nests. Nesting success and productivity for this population are some of the highest figures in North America. Human land-use and proximity to habitat edge are strongly linked to productivity and crows, gulls and pigeons are the most popular prey items for urban eagles. This study is expected to have implications for future management strategies of Bald Eagles in human-altered landscapes.
Dans les dernières décennies, les populations de pygargue à tête blanche ont considérablement augmenté partout en Amérique du Nord, et étonnement dans les milieux urbains. L'objectif de cette étude est de documenter l'écologie des populations urbaines de pygargues dans le sud-ouest de la Colombie-Britannique. Nous avons comparé les caractéristiques des sites de nidification, la productivité et les habitudes alimentaires de 150 paires d'individus vivant en milieux ruraux, sous-urbains et urbains. Les grands arbres sont spécialement important pour les aigles urbains, les banlieues démontrent de plus grandes concentrations de nids, la productivité de cette population est l'une des plus élevées de la distribution et est fortement liée à l'occupation humaine et la proximité des zones de transition d'habitat. Les corneilles, goélands et pigeons sont les proies les plus prisées par les aigles urbains. Cette étude risque d'influencer la gestion des pygargues dans les environnements partagés avec les humains.

Thesis (MSc) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Shrews are excellent bioindicators of environmental heavy metal pollution. This is due to their diets and the high rate of consumption at which these small mammals consume their prey. Shrews feed mostly on earthworms, and earthworms accumulate high levels of heavy metals in their bodies. Biomarkers measure responses to environmental pollution in the bodies of exposed organisms. Cellular biomarkers give an indication of responses to pollutants at levels of pollutant exposure that are not yet lethal to the organism. This study was prompted by concern that the number of shrews in the Stellenbosch region was declining. For the present study, shrews (Myosorex varius and Crocidura jlavescens) from the Stellenbosch region were sampled. The levels of Cd and Pb in their bodies were analysed in order to ascertain whether or not these two heavy metals, which occur in the environment as a result of various anthropogenic activities, are present in the food chain of the shrews. In the laboratory, shrews were fed live control and metal exposed earthworms from laboratory cultures. The earthworms had been exposed to either Cd or Pb in these cultures over a number of generations. This was performed to determine whether the presence of the metals in the body of the shrews, had resulted from metal accumulation from the earthworms which were fed to the shrews. Cellular biomarkers were used to determine the cellular response to the metals and membrane integrity and DNA integrity were investigated. This was done by exposing the cells of the shrews and ofBALB/c mice to metal salt solutions of Cd, Pb and Zn in vitro. Membrane integrity was tested by cell leaching techniques viz. the LDH assay and the trypan blue assay. DNA integrity was determined by using the comet assay as a biomarker of exposure. The results of the study show that the shrews in the immediate Stellenbosch region are exposed to lower levels of Cd and even lower levels of Pb than shrews from a site 16km out of the town of Stellenbosch. The cellular responses induced by metal exposure of laboratory mice show that the metals are indeed cytotoxic and genotoxic to the cells of small mammals. Cd and Pb were found to be more cytotoxic than Zn, while Zn was more genotoxic than either CqorPb.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Skeerbekke is uitstekende bioindikatore van swaarmetaalbesoedeling in die omgewing. Dit is as gevolg van hul dieët en die hoë koers waarteen hierdie klein soogdiere hul prooi verorber. Skeerbekke voed meestalop erdwurms, en erdwurms akkumuleer hoë vlakke van swaarmetale in hul liggaam. Biomerkers meet response as gevolg van omgewingsbesoedeling in die liggame van blootgestelde organismes. Sellulêre biomerkers gee 'n aanduiding van response op besoedelingstowwe by vlakke wat nog nie dodelik is vir die organisme nie. Die studie is aangespoor deur die bekommernis dat die getal van skeerbekkies in Stellenbosch besig is om te daal. In die studie is skeerbekke (Myosorex varius en Crocidura flavescens) van die Stellenbosch omgewing gevang en die vlakke van Cd en Pb in hul liggame gemeet om vas te stelof die twee swaarmetale, wat in die omgewing beland as gevolg van verskeie antropogeniese aktiwiteite, teenwoordig is in die voedselketting van die skeerbekke. Die skeerbekke is in die laboratorium met lewende kontrole en metaalblootgestelde erdwurms uit kulture in die laboratorium gevoer. Die erdwurms is aan Cd en Pb oor baie generasies blootgestel in hierdie kulture. Dit is gedoen om vas te stelof die teenwoordigheid van die metale in die liggame van die skeerbekke 'n oorsaak is van metaalakkumuleering as gevolg van die erdwurms waarmee hulle gevoer is. Sellulêre biomerkers is gebruik om sellulêre respons op die metale op die membraanintegriteit en DNA-integriteit vas te stel. Dit is gedoen deur die selle van skeerbekke so wel as BALB/c muise in vitro bloot te stel aan metaalsoutoplossings van Cd, Pb en Zn. Membraanintegriteit is getoets deur selmembraan permeabiliteit tegnieke nl. die LDH en tripaan blou toetse. DNA-integriteit is getoets deur die komeettoets te gebruik. Die resultate van die studie dui daarop dat die skeerbekke van Stellenbosch aan laer vlakke van Cd, en nóg laer vlakke van Pb blootgestel is as die skeerbekke van 'n perseel 16km buite die dorp. Die sellulêre response geïndusseer deur blootstelling aan metale by die laboratoriummuise het aangetoon dat die metale inderdaad skadelik is vir die selmembraan en die DNA van die selle van die muise. Cd en Pb is meer toksies vir die selmembraan as Zn, terwyl Zn weer meer toksies is vir die DNA-integriteit as Cd en Pb.

During the 1990s, most African countries experienced what has been termed their ‘second independence’ (cf. Bratton and Hyden 1992), a period of political upheaval and transformation leading to the introduction of democratic rule. In many countries including South Africa and Cameroon, the process triggered fresh debates about the status and role of chiefs. The popular assumption in ‘struggle circles’ such as the African National Congress (ANC) was that chiefs would be relegated to the background in the democratic era, thus giving room to people’s power and new forms of accountability. But the reality was that the introduction of democracy created a situation whereby many rural people felt excluded economically from the boundless promises of the new dispensation. This dissatisfaction among rural people brought into question the legitimacy of some structures such as the local government even though the ruling ANC continued to enjoy much support among the masses. This in turn provided an enabling environment in which some, but not all, chiefs could make new claims for legitimacy. This is because some chiefs remain discredited by their past association with apartheid authorities. Chief Tshivhase is one of the few chiefs who has successfully associated himself with the ANC both at the national and provincial levels. This has given him space to act decisively in certain ways on behalf of the poor at the local level, thereby winning credibility among rural people. Thus, his credibility is two-fold – with the national politicians, because he is one of them, and with the people of the chiefdom. Chief Tshivhase’s ability to renegotiate his status and gain new legitimacy as chief is a particular example of how the game of neo-liberal democracy is played out in post-apartheid South Africa. In the chiefdom of Bali Nyonga in Cameroon, Chief Ganyonga’s career looks rather similar to Tshivhase’s in so far as he too has risen to national prominence in the ruling party in Cameroon, the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement (CPDM) in the era of democracy. But Cameroon’s democratic transition was contradictory in the sense that it introduced the form of democracy but not its substance, leaving the ruling party the ability to manipulate and suppress the opposition and civil society. It was against this background that Ganyonga’s prominence in the CPDM contributed to undermining his legitimacy in the eyes of his subjects because they believed that his prominence in the party left them without any shield from the predation and manipulation of the state. Ganyonga was seen to be in ‘illicit cohabitation’ with a self-serving ruling party, at a time when his subjects wanted to use their newfound rights as citizens to vote the opposition into office. But Ganyonga’s involvement in the politics of the so-called ‘Anglophone problem’ helped to legitimise his participation in modern politics as a chief. Against this background, this thesis examines why both chiefs used their positions as a springboard into national politics? It also establishes the kinds of legitimacy claimed by these chiefs and to what extent the masses are persuaded by such claims and how the chiefs’ involvement in national politics has affected the relationship between them and their subjects. This thesis therefore makes a case for the importance of comparative research on chiefs in the era of democracy and the predicaments they face therein. The thesis argues that contrary to exhortations about the incompatibility of chiefs and democracy, the reality is that political transition in both countries produced contradictions which created space for chiefs to fill but on condition that they were able to draw from different kinds of legitimacy and had not been discredited by their past or present involvement with the postcolonial state.
Dissertation (MA (Social Science))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
Anthropology and Archaeology
unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document Please note that the used copy of this thesis does not contain pages xx-xxi of the list of abbreviations
Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Jurisprudence
LLD
Unrestricted

Text in English
Every victim wants to see the perpetrator or offender of serious crimes convicted for their criminal actions. Each victim in a case is supported by witnesses and the community in wanting accused persons to be locked away behind bars. Having the accused persons locked away in prison is an achievement of every role player involved in the process of putting that accused where he/she belongs. The ultimate goal of investigation is to see successful bail opposing to ensure the safety of witnesses. There are accused who are released from custody by the court despite many attempts made by an investigator to keep that criminal in custody until trial. Victims and witnesses are struggling to get their offenders punished for the crimes they committed. It is the wish of every investigator of crime to satisfy every complainant in cases but it does not always happen, not because of any lack of skills, but because of many factors which come along with the successful prosecution in a case. Once the accused is released on bail, the chances and hopes of putting him/her back in prison are equal to the chances of getting him/her back in the community for good. This difficulty is caused by the fact that, once the accused is out on bail he/she might evade trial or the docket will be in and out of court for further evidence until the court declines to prosecute.
Criminal and Procedural Law
M.A. (Criminal Justice)

Text in Afrikaans
Wanneer die konstitusionele invloed op borgstelling in die bree bespreek word, moet die bepalings van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 met inbegrip van die Handves van Menseregte en die onderliggende waardes, beginsels en doelstellings daartoe binne die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks inaggeneem word. Die algemene transformasie van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap in 'n verteenwoordigende demokrasie, veelvolkigheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskap, eskalerende misdaadsyfer, wantroue van die gemeenskap in die regstelsel en die beklemtoning van fundamentele regte is aspekte wat figureer binne die Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg. Die tradisionele benadering dat die bewyslas op die beskuldigde rus tydens borgtogverrigtinge is binne die moderne borgtogreg en in die lig van die Grondwet 200 van 1993 asook die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet 75 van 1995 onvanpas. As algemene reel behoort die bewyslas by 'n borgaansoek op die staat te rus op oorwig van waarskynlikhede. In sekere spesifiek omskrewe gevalle soos vervat inartikel60(11) van die Tweede Strafproseswysigingswet rus die bewyslas op die beskuldigde. Hierdie beperking is regverdigbaar in tenne van artike133 van die Grondwet 200 van 1993. Daar bestaan verder nie voldoende rede om nie gebruik te maak van die bewyslasbegrip as gevestigde prosessuele maatreel tydens borgverrigtinge nie. In die moderne Suid-Afrikaanse borgtogreg moet 'n balans gehandhaaf word tussen die belange van die gemeenskap en die fundamentele regte van die individu. Die howe moet in elke spesifieke geval· inhoud aan hierdie beginsel verleen.
When the effect of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 200 of 1993 on bail is considered, the transformation of the South African community, multi-racial society, high crimerate, disillusionment of the community with regard to the courtsystem and importance of fundamental rights must be regarded. The traditional approach that the onus is upon the accused (in his capacity as applicant) to prove on a balance of probability that the court should exercise its discretion in favour of granting bail and, in discharging this burden, he must show that the interests of justice will not be prejudiced, is in terms ofthe Constitution 200 of 1993 and the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act 75 of 1995 unacceptable. It is submitted that the onus should be on the State to place grounds before the Court why there should be an exercise of discretion in favour of the State for further detention of the individual. In terms of certain spesific crimes as described in article 60(11) of the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act theis placed on the accused. This exception is acceptable as it prescribes to the requirements in article 33 of the Constitution 200 of 1993. It is submitted that there is no reason why onus as excepted evidentiary rule should not be used in bail applications. A balance between the interest of the community and fundamental rights of the individual must be kept in modern law regarding bail. It is in the hands of the courts to substantiate this balance.
Criminal & Procedural Law
LL.M. (Criminal & Procedural Law)

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2005.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-54).

The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa guarantees every person a fair trial; the right to a fair trial right trial must begin and conclude within a reasonable time and without undue delay. Internationally the same guarantees and protections are available to unconvicted suspects. However, the South African criminal justice system lacks behind internationally and falls short of promoting these guarantees. Investigation was done on delays in commencing and finalising trials in light of constitutional provisions, the consequence and the impact of the delay with discussion on prison conditions and overcrowding with reference to the Constitutiton, legislation and case law. Delayed trial, prison overcrowding and poor prison conditions are still an issue in South Africa and there needs to be positive change to enforce and practice prescribed directives. South Africa‟s justice system through its servants, need to do more to gain a higher status of having a constitutionally democratic country that fully promotes‟ rights of detainees.
Criminal & Procedural Law
LLM

Academic debate about the nature and value of sport for young males has often involved a dualistic argument of either defending its social benefits or decrying its deficiencies, particularly in relation to negative associations between sport and hegemonic masculinity. Similarly contending positions have also been voiced in the youth service sector. Furthermore, much academic analysis of sport has been targeted at the (inert) national elite rather than local, grass-roots level of sport participation. In order to transcend such simplistic dichotomies and to broaden the range of work on young males and sport, the theoretical framework for this research incorporates a range of approaches, including: (i) Primary Health Care, particularly an understanding of the social determinants of health; (ii) Sport Sociology, especially relating to an analysis of sport as a reflection, reinforcement or resistance of dominant culture; and (iii) Social Work/Youth Work, with particular reference to anti-oppressive approaches to research and practice with young people. These approaches were blended since, taken individually, none could capture a sufficiently comprehensive picture of the positive and negative relationships between sport, youth, masculinity, health and well-being, and social participation. This thesis explores the connections between sport and meaningful civic engagement by young males. In doing so, it focuses on young males’ participation in grass-roots sport in the Western Sydney region of Australia. The thesis draws together interviews with young Australian males that, within a phenomenological framework, give voice to their lived experiences of sport and civic engagement. Thematic analysis of their narratives indicates an understanding of sport that emerges as a synthesis (rather than as a set of mutually exclusive factors) of fairness, respect, competitiveness, effort, aspiration and controlled aggression. This thematic nexus, on further examination, also reveals a gender identity that blends aspects of hegemonic and alternative masculinities and, at the same time, contributes to an emerging civic identity, where passion, altruism and determination are seen as integral to community contribution, potential political activism, and resistance to dominant ideologies associated with gender identity and sports club culture. It is the contention of this thesis that these significant roles of sport for young males have key implications for the ways in which they civically engage, and the ways in which human service workers and policy-makers engage with young males. The thesis uniquely contributes to the fields of youth research and sport research in the analysis of the complexity of the connections between local sport and meaningful civic engagement by young males, by finding that sport is both a source of, and a pathway into, such engagement. Finally, the thesis leads to distinct opportunities for further inquiry into the nature of sports club cultures, and an exploration of the broader range of engagement strategies, immediate and longitudinal, open to young males and, in fact, all young people.

The primacy objective of this study is to determine if the acceptance of electronic payments will improve the service delivery at SAPS King William's Town? The secondary objectives are: * To determine if the SAPS are complying with sections 2 (d), (g) and (k) of the ECT Act * To make recommendations that can be used by management of the SAPS with regards to the acceptance of electronic payments as an e-government principle. Will the acceptance of electronic payments improve the service delivery of the SAPS King William's Town? The research design for the purpose of this mini dissertation will be that on an exploratory study. Data will be collected by means of questionnaires. The purpose of the mentioned technique is firstly to collect information from the SAPS to determine if the electronic payment of fines and bail would improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the SAPS at King William's Town. The population sample for this research project will be the employees of the South African Police Service in the Eastern Cape, members of the community and the clerks of the court Data was analyzed using qualitative methods.
Economics
M. Tech. (Business Administration)

Abstract in English, Sepedi and Sesotho
In this thesis, the researcher used an explanatory sequential mixed methods research design to investigate the role of English academic vocabulary on reading comprehension of grade 11 English First Additional Language (EFAL) learners in the Free State province, Fezile Dabi district in South Africa. The current study is an attempt to determine whether the breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge have a bearing on grade 11 EFAL learners' reading comprehension, and to examine which one of these variables, that is, breadth or depth of vocabulary knowledge, makes a more important contribution to reading comprehension. It also attempts to investigate the Vocabulary Learning Strategies (VLS) used by grade 11 EFAL learners. For the non-experimental quantitative study, the participants of the study were thirty EFAL learners who were chosen based on available sampling. To collect the relevant data, two tests measuring breadth and depth of vocabulary knowledge (Section A and Section B) and a reading comprehension were administered to all participants. To achieve its aim 1, two independent variables namely, the Vocabulary Levels Test (VLT) which measures vocabulary breadth and Word Associate Test (WAT) which measures vocabulary depth were used. Then, the dependent variable was the reading comprehension test in which the participants were asked to read the passages and answer some multiple choice questions. Pearson product-moment correlations and multiple regression were chosen as the dominant techniques for the statistical analyses. The results obtained from the analysis of the data indicated that while both depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge play an important role in EFAL learners' reading comprehension performance, depth of vocabulary knowledge makes a more important contribution. The results further revealed that depth and breadth of vocabulary knowledge are positively correlated, that is, those learners who had large vocabulary size had a deeper knowledge of the words, too. Then, the findings from the qualitative study based on the data collected through eight focus group discussion participants about the VLS used by grade 11 EFAL learners, highlight that it is important to explore and broaden learners’ vocabulary learning strategic knowledge. Also, results reflect that learners can take control of their own vocabulary learning as long the teachers train and then offer them opportunities to learn and practice the strategies.The qualitative data for this study was analysed using the content analysis method.
Nyakisiso ye e tserwe ka mekgwa ye mentshi ye e hlakantshitsweng lebaka e le go nyakishisha ka karolo yeo polelo ya Sepediya poleloya tlatselletso e ralokang karolo dithutong tsa polelo ya go bala taodiso mphatong wa lesometee (11) polelong go bana kua porofenseng ya Foreistata e bitswang Fezile Dabi, districting (lefapheng) gona mo Aforika Borwa. Gonabjalo dithuto di ipontsha go ikemisetsa go tseba ka bophara le bogolo ba tsebo ka polelo ya sepedi ka seo e leng sona Mphatong wa le sometee (11), polelong ya tlatselletso ya bana ba mphato wa lesometee ka go bala ga taodisho. Go nyakega di nyakisiso ka mekgwa yeo oka e berekisang ke bana ba Mphato wa lesometee polelong ya tlatselletso. Go thuto yeo e tiilego batseakarolo ba masome a mararo (30) ba polelo ya tletselletso e leng bana ba sekolo bao ba kgethilweng ka mokgwa wa dinyakisiso tse di ntshitswego. Go humana palo ya mannete, dihlahlobo tse pedi (2) tseo ditlago go lekanetsa bogolo le bophara ba tsebo ya go bolela le go bala taodisho e filwe batseakarolo kamoka. Go humana maikemisetso a pele (1). Tseo di ikemetsego di bolelwe, le hlahlobo ya polelo ya mantswe eo e lekanyetsago polelo ka bophara e berekishitswe. Seo se ikemetsego e be ele go bala teko ya taodiso ye batseakarolo ba kgopetsweng go bala ditemana le go araba dipotsiso tse mmalwa tseo dikgethilweng. Dipoelo tseo di humanwego gotswa go dipalo tsa tseo ditserweng ka bophara le go bolela ga polelo kapa yona tsebo ya polelo yeo e ralokileng karolo e bohlokwa go polelo ya tlatselletso go baithuti ka go bala taodiso yeo e tsereng karolo ka bophara kapa bogolo ba tsebo ya polelo e dira gore go be bohlokwa gotseyeng karolo. Dipoelo go tswela pele di bontsha bogolo le bophora ka tsebo polelo di ya kopana di ya tsamaisana nang ka tsela ya maleba, Baithuti ba palo ya godimo bao ba nang le tsebo ya polelo yeo e tibileng ka mantswe le bona baya amega. Gotswa go dinyakisiso tseo di fitisisago go humanwe gore dipalopalo go tswa go dihlopa tse sesawi tseo kapa bao batsereng karolo ka mekgwa ya nyakisiso kapa tsebo ya polelo yeo e berekisitswego go bana ba Mphato wa bo lesometee (11) polelong ya tlatselletso e hlagisa gore go bohlokwa gore bogolo ba baithuti bainyakisisetse ka tsebo ya mekgwa ya polelo. Dipoelo di bontsha thuto ya polelo go barutegi bao barutiwago ba filwe monyetla wa go ithuta le go tsea karolo go mekgwa ya go ithuta e fapaneng.
Mokgwa ona o tswakilweng wa ho hlahloba karolo ya puo ya Senyesemane ka ho bala kutlwisiso ya diithuti tsa Sekolo sa Pele sa Puo ea Senyesemane sa Pele (EFAL) seprofinseng sa Free State seterekeng sa Fezile Dabi, Arika Borwa. Phuputso ya morao tjena ke boiteko ba ho bona hore na bophara le botebo ba tsebo wa mantswe di na le sebopeho sa ho bala sekolo sa EFAL, mme ho hlahloba e nngwe ya mefuta ena, ke hore, bophara kapa botebo ba tsebo ya mantswe, e etsa monehelo wa bohlokwa haholwanyane ho bala kutlwisiso. E boetse e leka ho batlisisa mekgwa ya ho ithuta ya mantswe (VLT) e sebediswang ke barutwana ba 11 EFAL. Bakeng sa dipatlisiso tse ngata, barupeluwa ba thuto ba ne ba e-na le diithuti tse mashome a mararo tsa EFAL tse kgethilweng di thehilwe ho sampole e fumanehang. Ho bokella boitsebiso bo nepahetseng, diteko tse pedi tse lekanyang le bophara ba tsebo ya mantswe (Karolo ya A le Section B) mme kutlwisiso ya ho bala e ne e tsamaiswa ho bohle ba barupeluwa. Ho finyella sepheo sa yona 1, mefuta e mmedi e ikemetseng, e leng. Tlhahlobo ya disebediswatsa vocabulary (VLT) e lekanyang tekanyao ya mantswe le Testing (WAT) e lekanyang e tibeleng ya mantswe e sebedisitsweng. Jwale, moelelo o itshetlehile ka ho bala teko ya kutlwisiso eo barupeluwa ba ileng ba koptjoa hore ba bale dipatlisiso le ho araba dipotso tse ngata. Diphello tse fumanweng ha ho hlahlojwa boitsebiso bo bontshiitse hore ho tseba hore boitsebiso bo bongata bo tebileng le bobopeho ba tsebo ya mantswe bo phetha karolo ya bohlokwa haholo. Diphello di ile tsa tswela pele ho senola hore tsebo le tsebo ya tsebo di tsamaisana hantle, ke hore, baithuti ba neng ba e-na le boholo ba di-vocabulary bana le tsebo e tebileng ya mantswe, hape. Jwale dithuto tse tswang thupelong ya boleng bo thehilweng boitsebisong ba dihlopha tse robedi tsa dipuisano tsa dihlopha tsa dipuisano ka sehlopha sa VLS se sebedisitsweng ka dihlopha tsa bo 11 ba EFAL di bontsha hore ke habohlokwa ho hlahloba le ho atolosa tsebo ya diithuti tsa ho ithuta tsebo. Hape, diphello di bontsha hore barupeluwa ba ka nka boikarabelo ba ho ithuta mantswe ha nako e telele matichere a ntse a kwetliswa mme jwale a ba fa menyetla ya ho ithuta le ho sebeisa manqheka.
Language Education, Arts and Culture
D. Phil. (Education)