Bibliographies thématiques / Soot abatement

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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Soot abatement »

Auteur : Grafiati
Publié le 9 mars 2023
Mis à jour le 10 mars 2023

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Soot abatement"

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Figueredo, Miguel Jose Marin, Clarissa Cocuzza, Samir Bensaid, Debora Fino, Marco Piumetti et Nunzio Russo. « Catalytic Abatement of Volatile Organic Compounds and Soot over Manganese Oxide Catalysts ». Materials 14, no 16 (12 août 2021) : 4534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164534.

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A set of manganese oxide catalysts was synthesized via two preparation techniques: solution combustion synthesis (Mn3O4/Mn2O3-SCS and Mn2O3-SCS) and sol-gel synthesis (Mn2O3-SG550 and Mn2O3-SG650). The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were studied by means of N2-physisorption at −196 °C, X-ray powder diffraction, H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), soot-TPR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The high catalytic performance of the catalysts was verified in the oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) probe molecules (ethene and propene) and carbon soot in a temperature-programmed oxidation setup. The best catalytic performances in soot abatement were observed for the Mn2O3-SG550 and the Mn3O4/Mn2O3-SCS catalysts. The catalytic activity in VOC total oxidation was effectively correlated to the enhanced low-temperature reducibility of the catalysts and the abundant surface Oα-species. Likewise, low-temperature oxidation of soot in tight contact occurred over the Mn2O3-SG550 catalyst and was attributed to high amounts of surface Oα-species and better surface reducibility. For the soot oxidation in loose contact, the improved catalytic performance of the Mn3O4/Mn2O3-SCS catalyst was attributed to the beneficial effects of both the morphological structure that—like a filter—enhanced the capture of soot particles and to a probable high amount of surface acid-sites, which is characteristic of Mn3O4 catalysts.
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Martinovic, Ferenc, Lidia Castoldi et Fabio Alessandro Deorsola. « Aftertreatment Technologies for Diesel Engines : An Overview of the Combined Systems ». Catalysts 11, no 6 (21 mai 2021) : 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060653.

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The abatement of the pollutants deriving from diesel engines in the vehicle sector still represents an interesting scientific and technological challenge due to increasingly limiting regulations. Meeting the stringent limits of NOx and soot emissions requires a catalytic system with great complexity, size of units, and number of units, as well as increased fuel consumption. Thus, an after-treatment device for a diesel vehicle requires the use of an integrated catalyst technology for a reduction in the individual emissions of exhaust gas. The representative technologies devoted to the reduction of NOx under lean-burn operation conditions are selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and the lean NOx trap (LNT), while soot removal is mainly performed by filters (DPF). These devices are normally used in sequence, or a combination of them has been proposed to overcome the drawbacks of the individual devices. This review summarizes the current state of NOx and soot abatement strategies. The main focus of this review is on combined technologies for NOx removal (i.e., LNT–SCR) and for the simultaneous removal of NOx and soot, like SCR-on-Filter (SCRoF), in series LNT/DPF and SCR/DPF, and LNT/DPF and SCR/DPF hybrid systems.
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Fino, Debora, Nunzio Russo, Emanuele Cauda, Davide Mescia, Simone Solaro, Guido Saracco et Vito Specchia. « Novel Approches in Oxidative Catalysis for Diesel Particulate Abatement ». Advances in Science and Technology 45 (octobre 2006) : 2083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.45.2083.

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Next 2008 European legislation on diesel engines will impose the use of specific traps, placed in the car exhaust line, so as to meet very stringent particulate emission limits (0.005 g/km). This paper provides a survey of the advancement status of R&D in the field of diesel particulate traps. Special emphasis is given to the combined use of traps and catalysts for regeneration purposes via catalytic combustion of the collected soot in the traps. Issues like trap materials selection, catalyst development, catalytic vs. non-catalytic trap performance are addressed. Specific highlights of the research in catalytic materials developed at Politecnico di Torino in the framework of EU projects will also be provided. In order to enhance the soot-catalyst contact conditions, several kinds of catalysts have been developed: oxygen spillover oxide, mobile catalysts based on alkali vanadates, spinels for the combined removal of particulate and NOx, precious metals enabling the NO oxidation to NO2 followed by reaction of this latter with particulate, heavy metal oxides, alkalimetal substituted perovskites capable of delivering oxygen species. An overview of these different approaches to soot oxidation will be provided pointing the way towards possible synergetic effects in multi-component catalysts.
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Ciambelli, P., V. Palma, P. Russo et S. Vaccaro. « Performances of a catalytic foam trap for soot abatement ». Catalysis Today 75, no 1-4 (juillet 2002) : 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(02)00098-6.

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Peralta, M. A., M. A. Ulla et C. A. Querini. « Diesel soot and NOx abatement : K/La2O3 catalyst stability ». Applied Catalysis B : Environmental 101, no 1-2 (22 novembre 2010) : 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.08.031.

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Casanova, Marzia, Sara Colussi et Alessandro Trovarelli. « Investigation of Iron Vanadates for Simultaneous Carbon Soot Abatement and NH3-SCR ». Catalysts 8, no 4 (26 mars 2018) : 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8040130.

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FeVO4 and Fe0.5Er0.5VO4 were prepared and loaded over standard Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) supports based on TiO2-WO3-SiO2 (TWS) and redox active supports like CeO2 and CeZrO2 with the aim of finding a suitable formulation for simultaneous soot abatement and NH3-SCR and to understand the level of interaction between the two reactions. A suitable bi-functional material was identified in the composition FeVO4/CeZrO2 where an SCR active component is added over a redox active support, to increase carbon oxidation properties. The influence of the presence of ammonia in soot oxidation and the effect of the presence of soot on SCR reaction have been addressed. It is found that the addition of NO and NO/NH3 mixtures decreases at different levels the oxidation temperature of carbon soot, while the presence of carbon adversely affects the NH3-SCR reaction by increasing the oxidation of NH3 to NO, thus lowering the NO removal efficiency.
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Meloni, Eugenio, et Vincenzo Palma. « Most Recent Advances in Diesel Engine Catalytic Soot Abatement : Structured Catalysts and Alternative Approaches ». Catalysts 10, no 7 (5 juillet 2020) : 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10070745.

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Diesel engine emissions are typically composed of several hundred chemical compounds, partly present in the gas phase and partly in solid phase as particles, the so-called particulate matter or soot. The morphology of the catalyst is an important characteristic of soot particles’ abatement, since a good contact between catalyst and soot is mandatory. For practical purposes, the active species should be supported as a film on the structured carrier, in order to allow simultaneous soot filtration and combustion. This review focuses on the most recent advances in the development of structured catalysts for diesel engine catalytic soot combustion, characterized by different active species and supports, as well as by different geometric configurations (monoliths, foams, ceramic papers, or wire mesh); the most important peculiar properties are highlighted and summarized. Moreover, a critical review of the most recent advances in modeling studies is also presented in this paper. In addition, some highlights on some of the most recent alternative approaches proposed for limiting the soot emissions from diesel engines have been given, delineating feasible alternatives to the classical strategies nowadays used.
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Montenegro Camacho, Yeidy Sorani, Samir Bensaid, Souzana Lorentzou, Nunzio Russo et Debora Fino. « Structured catalytic reactor for soot abatement in a reducing atmosphere ». Fuel Processing Technology 167 (décembre 2017) : 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.07.031.

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Peralta, María A., María S. Zanuttini, María A. Ulla et Carlos A. Querini. « Diesel soot and NOx abatement on K/La2O3 catalyst : Influence of K precursor on soot combustion ». Applied Catalysis A : General 399, no 1-2 (mai 2011) : 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.03.046.

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Grabchenko, M., N. Mikheeva, G. Mamontov, M. Salaev, L. Liotta et O. Vodyankina. « Ag/CeO2 Composites for Catalytic Abatement of CO, Soot and VOCs ». Catalysts 8, no 7 (16 juillet 2018) : 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8070285.

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Nowadays catalytic technologies are widely used to purify indoor and outdoor air from harmful compounds. Recently, Ag–CeO2 composites have found various applications in catalysis due to distinctive physical-chemical properties and relatively low costs as compared to those based on other noble metals. Currently, metal–support interaction is considered the key factor that determines high catalytic performance of silver–ceria composites. Despite thorough investigations, several questions remain debating. Among such issues, there are (1) morphology and size effects of both Ag and CeO2 particles, including their defective structure, (2) chemical and charge state of silver, (3) charge transfer between silver and ceria, (4) role of oxygen vacancies, (5) reducibility of support and the catalyst on the basis thereof. In this review, we consider recent advances and trends on the role of silver–ceria interactions in catalytic performance of Ag/CeO2 composites in low-temperature CO oxidation, soot oxidation, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) abatement. Promising photo- and electrocatalytic applications of Ag/CeO2 composites are also discussed.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Soot abatement"

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Alcalde-Santiago, Virginia. « Macroporous inorganic oxides for NOx abatement and catalytic soot combustion in diesel engines ». Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/94327.

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Esta tesis doctoral se ha centrado en el diseño y la síntesis de óxidos inorgánicos con estructura macroporosa altamente activos en la combustión de carbonilla y el control de emisiones de NOx mediante el ciclo NSR. Estos materiales, que incluyen óxidos mixtos de estroncio y titanio, óxidos de cerio, praseodimio y lantano, con y sin cobre en su composición, han sido estudiados para entender la relación entre las propiedades físico-químicas de los materiales y su comportamiento catalítico, de modo que se puedan diseñar catalizadores óptimos para cada aplicación.
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PREDA, GLORIA. « Theoretical models of heterogeneous catalysts based on cerium oxide ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/28402.

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In this Ph.D. thesis the reactivity of clean and silver precovered ceria surfaces is studied in the context of applications in catalysis of Diesel particulate soot abatement. In fact, ceria and in particular silver doped ceria show very good catalytic activity in decreasing the temperature of soot combustion. A key step in the mechanism of oxidation of the particulate, which is mainly amorphous carbon, is the activation of the oxygen molecule. In literature, experimental IR-Raman and EPR studies show the comparison of peroxo, O22-, and superoxo, O2-, species when O2 interacts with ceria. With theoretical calculations we firstly investigate the interaction of O2 with regular CeO2(111) and defective CeO2-x (111) surfaces. While with the regular surface we find no interaction and no activation of the oxygen molecule, on the oxygen vacancy a peroxo strongly linked to the surface is observed. The formation of O22- is due to a charge transfer from the two Ce3+ centers that are located on the surface when an O is removed. The formation of a superoxo, thus, is not found when such an interaction is considered. The hypothesis is then that the interaction of O2 with isolated Ce3+ could generate O2- by charge transfer. When O2- is studied, Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) properties can be evaluated. For superoxo formed on ceria the experimental spectra available in literature are not well resolved, so a comparison between calculated and experimental data is not trivial. Then, a model system is studied to validate the theoretical approach in reproducing EPR properties of superoxo. In fact, for O2- formed on Na precovered MgO surfaces, very well resolved EPR spectra are available. In this case we found that our theoretical approach can reproduce the EPR properties very well. Subsequently, we studied the interaction of O2 with ceria clusters and nanoparticles. At first, we considered the model system Ce2O3, that has two Ce3+ ions. This species is modeled at different theoretical levels, and we always find the expected result, the formation of O2- by charge transfer from one low-coordinated Ce3+ center. The evidences of this are in the O-O bond length, in the IR frequency and in the EPR properties, that are in very good agreement with the experimental ones. This result is confirmed also on bigger defective nanoparticles, where the oxygen vacancy leaves two Ce3+ centers that stabilize on low-coordinated sites. The presence of low-coordinated and, more important, isolated Ce3+ centers is thus responsible of the formation of superoxo ions on ceria. The role of silver in improving the catalytic activity of ceria is proved in literature by a decrease of the soot combustion temperature. Moreover, in literature, experimental EPR studies show a slightly increase of the signal due to the presence of superoxo ions. Experimental STM and XPS data of Ag nanoparticles deposited on stoichiometric and reduced thin CeO2 films grown on Pt(111) in UHV conditions show a reduction of ceria with comparison of Ce3+ centers. Theoretically, we studied the interaction of Ag atoms, Ag5 and Ag0 clusters and mono and bi-layers of silver adsorbed on CeO2(111) and CeO2-x(111) surfaces. We find a general tendency of silver to reduce ceria by charge transfer, with subsequent oxidation of the metal. However, the experimental data could also fit with an oxygen spillover mechanism. In this situation, oxygen atoms migrate from the surface to the metal particles, leaving a reduced support. Our calculations show that this mechanism is highly unfavourable from an energetic point of view. Therefore, both the experimental and the theoretical results agree with a reduction of ceria due to a charge transfer from silver.
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Wu, Juntao. « Soot abatement using fuel additives ». 2004. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-671/index.html.

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Livres sur le sujet "Soot abatement"

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Potential asbestos contamination in soft concrete. Washington, DC : U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration, 1998.

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Belfiori, Phil. Nonpoint source control plan for the Soft Maple and Hay Creek Priority Watershed Project : The Wisconsin Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement Program. Madison (P.O. Box 7921, Madison 53707) : Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, Bureau of Watershed Management, Runoff Management Practices Section, 1996.

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Soot abatement"

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Gil, Sonia, Jesus Manuel Garcia-Vargas, Leonarda F. Liotta, Philippe Vernoux et Anne Giroir-Fendler. « Single Brick Solution for Lean-Burn DeNO x and Soot Abatement ». Dans Perovskites and Related Mixed Oxides, 797–816. Weinheim, Germany : Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527686605.ch35.

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Chichaibelu, Bezawit Beyene, Maksud Bekchanov, Joachim von Braun et Maximo Torero. « The Global Cost of Reaching a World Without Hunger : Investment Costs and Policy Action Opportunities ». Dans Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, 625–60. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_34.

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AbstractThis study developed a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) to identify a mix of least-cost investment options with the highest potential for hunger reduction, hunger here defined by the undernourishment concept of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Twenty-two different interventions are considered for reducing undernourishment relying on information drawn from best available evidence-based literature, including model- and large-scale intervention studies. Ending hunger by 2030 would require annual investments of about US$ 39 to 50 billion until 2030 to lift about 840 to 909 million people out of hunger, which is the 2020 estimate of hunger projection in 2030, also considering the effects of COVID-19. Investing in agricultural R&D, agricultural extension services, information and communication technologies (ICT) – agricultural information systems, small-scale irrigation expansion in Africa and female literacy improvement are low cost options that have a relatively large hunger reduction potential. To achieve the goal of ending hunger by 2030, not only is it urgent not to lose any more time, but also to optimally phase investments. Investments that have more long-term impacts should be frontloaded in the decade in order to reap their benefits soon before 2030. A balanced approach is needed to reach the hungry soon – including those adversely affected by COVID-19 with social protection and nutrition programs.
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MAKKEE, MICHIEL, SYTSE J. JELLES et JACOB A. MOULIJN. « CERIUM AND PLATINUM BASED DIESEL FUEL ADDITIVES IN THE DIESEL SOOT ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY ». Dans Catalysis by Ceria and Related Materials, 391–406. PUBLISHED BY IMPERIAL COLLEGE PRESS AND DISTRIBUTED BY WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CO., 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9781860949654_0012.

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Palma, Vincenzo, Giuseppina Iervolino et Eugenio Meloni. « Catalytic combustion for cleaner burning : Innovative catalysts for low temperature diesel soot abatement ». Dans Combustion Chemistry and the Carbon Neutral Future, 345–82. Elsevier, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-99213-8.00002-3.

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Soot abatement"

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Marikkar, Nuhuman, Matthieu Vierling, Maher Aboujaib, Richard Denolle et Michel Moliere. « Soot Reduction in Gas Turbine Combustors Using Oxidation Catalyst Additives ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2015 : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42067.

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The combustion of viscous ash forming fuels generates soot and ash that collectively form the so called particulate matter (PM). In addition to existing SOx and NOx emission regulations, the World Bank has enacted a 50 mg/Nm3 limit for the PM emissions of large combustion plants, creating a new challenge to power generators who use heavy fuel oils. LTL Holdings Ltd (Colombo, Sri Lanka) that own and operate a 300MW heavy-fueled gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) at its Kerawalapitiya (Sri Lanka) power plant and GE Power & Water have embarked on a study intended to investigate the best PM abatement technique for heavy fueled gas turbines. This was done with TEKAT Ltd (London, UK) as the additive suppliers and the IRTES-LERMPS laboratory (Sévenans, France). In recent lab and field tests, the authors have thus evaluated the soot abatement capability of various combustion catalysts at different dosages. The results show that cerium proves an efficient oxidation catalyst in a real gas turbine, irrespective to its chemical form (Ce(III) or Ce(IV)), providing very substantial soot abatement rates. After briefly reviewing the different PM abatement techniques, the paper focuses on the lab and field tests performed and places emphasis on the performances of cerium in gas turbine combustors, along with the complex ash chemistry developed by heavy fuel oils.
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RICHARDSON, ROBERT G. « COST EFFECTIVE MARINE EXHAUST ABATEMENT FOR NOX, SOX AND SOOT ». Dans MARITIME TRANSPORT 2019. Southampton UK : WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/mt190151.

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Komodromos, Aristotelis, George Moniatis, Frixos Kontopoulos, George Zaimis, Matthieu Vierling, Maher Aboujaib, Dmitry Sokolov et al. « Measurement and Abatement of PM Emitted by Stationary Gas Turbines : Experience Gained With Different Fuels and Combustor Types ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2018 : Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76393.

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Whichever the type of combustion installation, liquid fuels burned in gas turbines tend to generate particulate matter (PM) emissions, which consist in soot only or in ash plus soot, according to their ash-free or ash-forming character. Standard diffusion flame combustion systems are known as “universal” combustors, capable to burn both ash-free (naphtha, light and heavy distillates) and ash-forming (crude and heavy) fuels. In contrast, DLN systems are designed to burn gaseous fuels and light distillates. PMs in the range of a few parts per million represent a solid micropollutant, the measurement and abatement of which creates specific technical challenges. In order to fully characterize soot emission and investigate their reduction, GE has undertaken a multi-year investigation program covering (i) an exploratory engineering study starting from the EN13284-1 standard and (ii) the testing of a number of inorganic oxidation catalysts used in the form of fuel additives (“soot inhibitors”). In this framework, a joint work involving GE and Electricity Authority of Cyprus has been conducted in the first half of 2017 and a full-scale test plan has been performed at the Vasilikos power plant in Cyprus, involving a Frame 6F.03 DLN2.6 that burns light distillate oil and is equipped with a DeNOx water injection system. Four types of soot inhibitor additives: cerium (IV) and (III), iron (III) and (II) were tested. This paper reviews the results of this field test and compares them with data previously acquired at other power plants featuring different liquid fuels and combustion systems. Its goal is to provide the gas turbine community with a better understanding of PM emissions and their abatement using various soot inhibitor candidates, in function of liquid fuel type and combustion system.
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Palma, Vincenzo, Paola Russo, Giuseppa Matarazzo et Paolo Ciambelli. « Soot Abatement Improvement by Microwave Programmed Regeneration of Fe/V/K-SiC Foam ». Dans 7th International Conference on Engines for Automobile. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-24-098.

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Van Setten, B. A. A. L., M. Makkee et J. A. Moulijn. « Molten Salts Supported on Ceramic Foam in the Potential Application of a Diesel Soot Abatement Technology ». Dans SAE 2001 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0905.

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Palma, V., P. Russo, S. Vaccaro, E. Meloni et P. Ciambelli. « Catalytic foam for the abatement of soot particulate and gaseous emissions from a gas-oil burner ». Dans 2001 Internal Combustion Engines. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-24-0064.

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Galantine, Bernard, Philippe Lepante, Alex Angebert, Matthieu Vierling, Maher Aboujaib, Dmitry Sokolov, Mickael Plouhinec et Michel Moliere. « Reduction of Soot Emitted by Gas Turbines Fired on Gasoil ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2017 : Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64200.

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Particulate matter (PM) emitted by the combustion of liquid fuels consist of both ash and soot particles. For installations fired on heavy fuel oil, ash particles represent a substantial fraction of the PM emitted. However, when one burns distillate oil, soot accounts for more than 95% of the PM emission. There is currently a marked move towards the reduction of particles emitted by combustion installations. This includes gas turbines operated in cogeneration or in simple/combined cycle. This trend is driven namely by the EU BREF (Best Available Techniques Reference Document) and IED (Industrial Emission Directive), which recommend more stringent PM limitations for the combustion of gaseous and liquid fuels. Due to the proposed regulations GE has performed testing to evaluate the efficiency of catalysts mobilized in the form of fuel additives on soot emissions of heavy duty gas turbines (“GT”) fired on # 2 diesel oil (#2 DO) also known as gasoil. In the framework of a collaboration between EDF and GE, a full-scale test has been performed at the Jarry Sud power plant in Guadeloupe (West Indies), involving a Frame 6B, with three types of benign oxidation catalyst additives: cerium (IV), cerium (III) and iron (III). The results of this trial proved successful with a PM abatement level up to 80% attained at full load. The paper summarizes the preparation and execution of this field test with emphasis placed on the activity of cerium that appeared efficient at concentrations as low as a few ppm. The performances of iron and cerium are also compared.
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Vierling, Matthieu, Michel Moliere, Paul Glaser, Richard Denolle, Sathya Nayani, Nouri Amadou, Amit Dutta et al. « Efficient Smoke Suppressant Reduces the Particulate Matter Emissions of Crude Oil Fired Gas Turbines ». Dans ASME Turbo Expo 2019 : Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90382.

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Abstract Gas turbines are often the master pieces of the utilities that power Oil and Gas (O&G) installations as they most often operate in off-grid mode and must reliably deliver the electric power and the steam streams required by all the Exploration/Production (EP) or refining processes. In addition to reliability, fuel flexibility is an important score card of gas turbines since they must permanently accommodate the type of fuel which is available on the particular O&G site. For instance, during the operation of an associated gas field, crude oil comes out from the well heads as the gas reserves are declining or depleted. The utility gas turbine must then be capable to successively burn natural gas and crude oil and often to co-fire both fuels. An important feature of crude oils is that their combustion tends to emit significantly more particulate matter (PM) than do distillate oil and natural gas as they contain some heavier hydrocarbon ends. Taking account of the fact that some alternative liquid fuels emit more particulates matter (PM) than distillate oils, GE has investigated a class of soot suppressant additives that have been previously tested on light distillate oil (No 2 DO). As a continuation of this development, these products have been field-tested at an important refining site where several Frame 6B gas turbines have been converted from natural gas to crude oil with some units running in cofiring mode. This field test showed that proper injections of these fuel additives, at quite moderate concentration levels, enable a substantial abatement of the PM emissions and reduction of flue gas opacity. This paper outlines the main outcomes of this field campaign and consolidates the overall results obtained with this smoke suppression technology.
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