Thèses : « Societa' rurali »

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Bouatrous, Noureddine. « Les enjeux socioéconomiques et politiques de l’agriculture familiale paysanne en Algérie : cas de la région jijelienne ». Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080046/document.

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L’agriculture familiale apparait comme une alternative pour lutter contre la dépendance aux transnationales et au flux des marchés mondiaux de produits agricoles. Aujourd’hui, de nombreuses études montrent l’efficacité économique de l’agriculture familiale, de son dynamisme et de sa capacité à innover et à s’adapter sans oublier bien sûr, sa capacité à fournir des emplois à plus d’un milliard d’habitants dans les pays du Sud et à contribuer au PIB de ces pays.Ce travail analyse la place qu’occupe l’agriculture familiale rurale au sein d’une économie locale et son rapport avec les acteurs économiques, la population et le marché mais il va aussi essayer de faire ressortir l’influence de cette activité sur les rapports sociaux et sur l’évolution de l’agriculture elle-même. Ajoutons à cela les nouveaux défis qu’elle a à relever : tels que son nouveau cadre juridique, la question foncière, la gestion de l’eau, la pluriactivité, la polyculture, les flux migratoires et leur impact sur les communautés paysannes. L’objet de cette recherche porte sur la région de Jijel que nous connaissons pour l’avoir étudiée pendant nos études de graduation. L’importance de l’agriculture familiale dans cette région a attiré notre attention autant par la population concernée que par le type d’agriculture, sa variété en cultures maraichères, son arboriculture, son apiculture et son élevage. Le problème du dépaysannement du monde rural local, ces dernières années, généré par plusieurs facteurs va prendre aussi une place importante dans notre travail
Family farming appears to be an alternative to tackling dependence on transnational companies and the flow of global markets for agricultural products. Today, many studies show the economic efficiency of family farming, its dynamism and its ability to innovate and adapt. Without forgetting, of course, its capacity to provide employment to more than a billion people in the southern countries, and its contribution to the P.I.B of these countries.This work will demonstrate the role of rural family farming in a local economy, and its relation with the economic actors, population, and the market. But also, on one hand the influence of this activity on social relations. And the influence exerted by societal changes on family farming, on the other hand. Adding to this, the new challenges it must free; such as: the new legal framework, the land issue, water management, pluriactivity, polyculture, migratory flows and their impact on peasant communities.The Jijel area will be our ground for this study. This field we know well, thanks to the work that we carried out during our graduation studies. The importance of family farming in the region has attracted our attention, through the existence of different vegetable crops, arboriculture, olive growing, beekeeping and various livestock farms. The problem of disorientation of local rural areas in recent years driven by several factors will also take an important place in our work

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Clark, Mark William. « A society transformed : a political analysis of rural Malay society ». Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28165.

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This thesis presents a political analysis of rural Malay society in Peninsular Malaysia. Like other traditional societies in Southeast Asia, Peninsular Malaysia has had to contend with the intrusion of economic modernization and the adoption of western democratic institutions and processes. These influences have had a profound affect on how politics is conducted in these states. Since governments must now acquire and maintain the support of a largely rural based population through the electoral principle, these governments must link their bureaucracies and political structures with the peasant in order to maintain stability for their governing bodies. One important way of achieving this goal is to coopt into the institutions of state, those persons viewed by the villager as leaders of their community. What, then, becomes the glue which bonds the villager to state institutions? That glue is the patron-client relationship. The coopting of a patron produces the necessary linkage between state institutions and the villager. But in order for this connection process to be completed, these leaders must in turn connect with higher level leaders (patrons) who operate within pyramidal structures of patron-client relationships throughout the various levels of the bureaucracy and political structures. I refer to these linkage connections as "linchpins". By examining a number of village case studies in Peninsular Malaysia, I provide evidence that the nature of the patron-client relationship has been transformed by the modern state influences. The political dominance of the government has created patron-client structures influenced by the political institutions (e.g., political parties). This political influence has weakened the ability of the bureaucracy to function with any effective linchpins between it and the villager. On the other hand, the political influence has strengthened the linchpin connections between the villager and the politicians. The effects of this dominance has not only shifted patron-client relationships but also has created the environment for either alliance formation, through the existing power structure as factions (within a political party, for example), or has created the potential for peasant group action which could be manifested in protest movements generated outside the patron-client structure. The result could be a weakening or dissolution of patron-client structures. Combine these possibilities and the result will be inimical to state stability.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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Mallorquí, Elvis 1971. « Parròquia i societat rural al Bisbat de Girona, segles XIII i XIV ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7846.

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La parròquia, poc valorada per la historiografia medieval, fou una la institució fonamental per a l'ordenació de la societat rural del bisbat de Girona entre els segles X i XIV. Constituïa un territori ben delimitat, els habitants del qual rebien els sagraments eclesiàstics dels clergues que regien l'església i, a través de l'obreria i dels obrers, participaven en la gestió del temple i de la seva economia. La parròquia va incidir directament en l'ordenació del poblament rural a través tant dels nuclis eclesials o "celleres" com dels masos dispersos pel terme d'una parròquia. A més, la parròquia era una important font de rendes: a través de la documentació generada pel bisbe de Girona, el delme era una renda en mans, sobretot, de senyors feudals, cavallers i importants institucions eclesiàstiques; els clergues parroquials només rebien les primícies i altres drets de menor valor. Finalment, la parròquia contribuí enormement a la configuració de les comunitats rurals de bona part del bisbat de Girona.
The parish, undervalued by the medieval historiography, was a fundamental institution for the arrangement of the rural society of the diocese of Girona between the 10th and the 13th centuries. It was a well delimited territory, whose inhabitants received the ecclesiastic sacraments of the clergymen who ruled the church and, across the fabric fund and the churchwardens, they took part in the management of the parish and of its economy. The parish influenced directly in the organisation of the rural settlement not only through the ecclesiastical villages, or "celleres", but also through the isolated manses into the boundaries of the parish. Besides, the parish was an important source of revenues: through the documentation generated by the bishop of Girona, the tithe appears as a revenue mainly in hands of feudal lords, gentlemen and important ecclesiastic institutions; the parochial clergymen only were receiving the first fruits, or "primícies", and other rights of minor value. Finally, the parish contributed significantly in the rural communities configuration of most of the diocese of Girona.

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Gómez-Sierra, Fabio Aldemar. « Vins et paysans dans le Boyacá, Colombie : indicateurs d'un changement technique dans la société rurale ». Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE2008/document.

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La présente étude anthropologique est une description d’activités multiples qui résultent de la création (1982) et de l’extension (1999) d’un projet vitivinicole au sein de l’agriculture traditionnelle paysanne du haut-plateau tropical andin, dans le département du Boyacá – Colombie. Habitée par l’une des plus nombreuses communautés rurales du pays, l’économie de cette région a connu un important processus historique de déterritorialisation et son économie a longtemps dépendu des activités d’élevage de petits producteurs installés sur de très petites propriétés. L’histoire de cette région nous enseigne que peu de mesures spécialisées (mises en œuvre en tant que techniques) ont été appliquées à sa production agricole traditionnelle. Il s’agit là d’un élément décisif pour comprendre les conditions actuelles de pauvreté de beaucoup des habitants de la région, en particulier ceux des zones rurales, dans la mesure où, dans l’accès aux ressources végétales, minérales et animales, les techniques utilisées jouent un rôle décisif. Les acteurs principaux, dans ce domaine, ont été surtout des religieux, des politiques ou des militaires. L’émergence d’un acteur social détenteur d’un savoir spécialisé susceptible d’être appliqué à la tradition agricole de cette région par le biais de la création du “Projet vitivinicole de la Valle del Sol et territoires limitrophes”, dans le département du Boyacá, est le centre analytique et scientifique de notre étude. A partir d’une analyse historique, économique et descriptive, nous avons pu déduire que l’évolution technique et technologique dans la région n’avait pas été significative du point de vue de la production agricole
This anthropological study describes multiple activities initiated through the creation in (1982) and subsequent extension in (1999) of a wine-making project conducted in the high Andean altiplano with a group of farmers of the Department of Boyaca in Colombia. This region has undergone a historical process of deterritorialization. Nowadays, it is the home of a robust peasant population which heavily relies on numerous small properties known as minifundios and micro-minifundios, which are generally farmed by peasant households on hillsides. From this study, it is argued that the application of specialized information (based on specialized methods) to agriculture has been very limited in the region of our study. Therefore, this lack of specialized practices has contributed to the significant level of poverty these communities face, especially the rural dwellers. This is to say, agricultural practices represent a decisive factor for the use of natural resources and cultural development. In the particular case of vegetable and mineral exploitation, this study argues that the current practices have mostly been led by priests, politicians and military authorities. Thus, the need for a science-based approach entwined with cultural traditions of the local peasant communities encouraged the creation of this study called Proyecto vitivinícola del Valle del Sol y territorios afines, and carried out in above mentioned region. From a descriptive and economic standpoint, we claim that there has been a scarce or nonexistent technical and technological agricultural development in the region

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Gammon, V. A. F. « Popular music in rural society : Sussex 1815-1914 ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370433.

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O'Kane, Clare. « A society in transition : society, identity and nostalgia in rural Northern Ireland, 1939-1968 ». Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557643.

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This thesis is a study of social and cultural change in rural Northern Ireland from the outbreak of the Second . World War in 1939 to the late 1960s, a period in which rural society was undergoing transition. This study charts the progress of that transition, addressing the ambiguity of a period in which rural people were faced with the struggle between old and new, the narrowing gap between country and city and the loss of rural identity that came with modernisation and standardisation. This thesis also, examines how rural life in the middle decades of the twentieth century is explored in imaginative literature about the countryside written at the time and in the recorded memory of rural. people casting a backward glance on their own past. This study, therefore, not only provides a social and cultural history of rural Northern Ireland during the 1940s and 1950s, but it also examines how this rural society in transition was both represented and remembered. The thesis begins with a chapter which examines the ways in which the Second World War acted as a catalyst for change in the Northern Ireland countryside. Chapter two and three explore how this process of change continued in the post-war period, looking at how ordinary rural people adapted to social reform and cultural evolution. Chapter four considers literary interpretations of the rural at time when traditional rural identities were under threat. Finally, this thesis argues that the process of accelerated change that took place in rural Northern Ireland from the 1940s to the 1960s has had a significant impact on how this period is remembered by rural people. Rural life underwent such a transformation during this time, and so few tangible links to the past remain, that those looking back often do so with nostalgia.

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Viallard, Marianne. « Les campagnes toulousaines sous le Premier Empire, 1804-1814 : droit et société ». Toulouse 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU10045.

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Napoléon Ier s'est attaché à surveiller le monde rural à la fois pour assurer le ravitaillement des armées et pour prévenir toute pénurie de grains pouvant conduire à des troubles. Le gouvernement multiplie les interventions par des enquêtes statistiques, des encouragements, voire des mesures plus autoritaires en période de crises. En parallèle, l'empereur tente de donner un cadre juridique à la vie rurale en élaborant un Code rural, tentative qui rejoint la volonté impériale d'unification de l'ensemble du droit. Les ruraux voient en outre leurs habitudes séculaires bouleversées par le maintien des réformes révolutionnaires et la promulgation des Codes civil et pénal qui ignorent les traditions locales. Ces mesures se heurtent à une grande résistance. L'objectif de cette étude est de montrer comment les cultivateurs haut-garonnais, souvent appuyés par les autorités locales, s'opposent par tous les moyens aux initiatives impériales, faisant du département un grand foyer de résistance
Napoleon I endeavours to supervise the rural world to insure the provisioning of the armies and to avoid any scarcity of grains being able to lead to discorders. The government thus goes to multiply the interventions by statistical surveys, encouragements, or by more authoritarian measures in periods of crises. In parallel, the emperor tries to give a legal frame to the rural life by elaborating a rural Code, attempt which participates from the imperial will of unification of the whole law. The farmers also see their secular customs upset by the preservation of the revolutionary reforms and by the promulgation of the civil and penal Codes which ignore local traditions. All these proposals are thus going to collide with a big resistance. The objective of this study is to show how the farmers in Haute-Garonne, often supported by the local authorities, oppose by all the means at their disposal to the imperial initiatives, making of the departement a large place of resistance

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Boulaarach, Fatiha. « Société rurale et organisation de l'espace à Mesfioua : Le Haouz de Marrakech ». Toulouse 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU20059.

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Ce travail rapporte l'evolution geographique de mesfioua, situee au sud de marrakech, dans le haouz et d'une de ses communes: sidi-ghiat. Cette evolution est conditionnee par la nature de la zone etudiee, reunissant une meme population travaillant simultanement des zones de plaine et de montagne et obligee, en raison de l'appauvrissement du sol, de migrer au fil des saisons, soit vers la plaine riche, soit vers la montagne a l'agriculture plus precaire. Ces migrations sont ancestrales, rythmees par les besoins de l'elevage et de ses transhumances, rythmees aussi par les cultures d'hiver et d'ete. L'hydrologie a du etre adaptee au fil des generations et des besoins nouveaux, modelee selon l'evolution des exploitants agricoles, epoque apres epoque, ciselee par la succession des modeles agricoles imposes par les autorites politiques successives: caidalisme d'abord, avec ses methodes traditionnelles, protectorat colonial, avec ses innovations techniques, puis independance, ayant a affronter explosion demographique et appauvrissement du aux coutumes coloniales instautant la primaute du citadin proprietaire sur le paysan local, peu a peu depossede. C'est l'emergence des paysans sans terre qui caracterise l'evolution de la terre prise de plus en plus pour un moyen de survie et dont la mise en valeur vient au second plan, avec un rendement de court terme et de courte vue, tant de la part des paysans appauvris que des lointains proprietaires citadins. L'objectif de ce travail sera celui d'une incontournable prise de conscience de l'imperieuse necessite d'une preservation de la terre, sinon de sa mise en valeur, a moyen et long termes pour les generations suivantes, afin que cesse l'appauvrissement, par le biais d'un remembrement oblige et concerte et que la notion de paysan sans terre puisse ceder la place par ce biais a celle d'un paysan responsabilite par un interessement au produit de sa terre
This study reports the geographic evolution of mesfioua, situated in the south of marrakech in the haouz, and of one of its communes : sidi-ghiat. Its evolution is determined by the nature of the region studied. The population works both in the plains and in the mountains and, because of the poverty of the soil, must migrate with the seasons, between the rich plain and the mountain where agriculture is more precarious. These are traditional migrations that follow the rhythm of livestock transhumance and summer and winter crops. The hydrology has had to become adapted over the generations. New needs were modelled by the evolution of the farmers over the various epochs, and the succession of agricultural policies imposed by the authorities in power : first feudalism (kaidalism) with its traditional methods, followed by the colonial protectorate with its technical innovations, then independence - faced with the demographic explosion and impoverishment due to the colonial custom of favouring city-dwelling land owners rather than the local farmers who were steadily dispossessed. It is the emergence of these landless farmers which is the primary factor in the evolution of the land. The land has been increasingly taken to be a means of survival and its valorisation has become secondary. Yields are short-sightedly considered for the immediate future both by the impoverished farmers and by the distant land owners in the cities. The aim of this work is to reach an inevitable awareness of the imperative necessity to preserve the land and valorise it, in the middle and long term for the following generations so as to halt its impoverishment. This should be done by compulsory and concerted regrouping of the land and by getting the notion accepted that landless farmers should be succeeded, in this way, by farmers with a responsible attitude gained through interest in the product of the land

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Sreekumar, Thundiyil Thrivikraman Pillai. « State, civil society and development e-topia : information and communication technologies and the making of a rural network society in India / ». View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202004%20SREEKU.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-215). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Frank, Carol Anne. « The transformation of rural society : the Syrian interior 1830-1930 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303514.

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Thornton, Michael John. « Rural society in the Manor Courts of Northamptonshire, 1350-1500 ». Thesis, University of Leicester, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/4387.

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The lives of medieval English peasants were influenced more by the manor than any other secular institution. Through its court they resolved disputes, received customary holdings, engaged in the land market and were subject to manorial discipline. Where the lord exercised view of frankpledge, his court licensed them to produce and sell bread and ale, and they presented petty criminals and offenders against by-laws or custom. Better-off peasants, serving as jurors and manorial office-holders, were able to influence the procedures and business of the court. This thesis identifies the extent to which peasant society remained subject to manorial courts, during the 150 years after the Black Death, in certain Northamptonshire manors, grouped in three different regions of the county and governed by different forms of lordship: royal, gentry and conventual. In the royal manors remote lordship effectively devolved management to members of the local peasant elite: for example, the land market was administered through elected bailiffs. There is no evidence of late survival of the incidents of serfdom, although entry fines on admission to land were relatively high. At Brigstock, notably, the court continued to be used as an effective forum for inter-peasant litigation to the end of the fifteenth century. On the gentry and priory manors, although 4ttempts to prevent the emigration of the unfree were unavailing, customary tenants remained subject to burdens such as labour services, heriot and the maintenance of redundant buildings. On such manors tenants had largely abandoned the court as a forum for litigation by 1450. Irrespective of lordship, peasants continued to owe suit, undertake office and assent to by-laws regulating agriculture and social behaviour. Customary tenure remained subject to the court. Particularly where view of frankpledge was exercised through the manor court, its range of business and impact on local people was largely undiminished by 1500.

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Bennett, Stewart Alan George. « Land-ownership and rural society in Kesteven c.1820-1850 ». Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294000.

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Soulet, Jean-François. « Une societe en dissidence : les pyrenees au xixeme siecle. essai sur les comportements d'une societe rurale en crise ». Toulouse 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU20008.

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Ce travail a pour objet premier d'etudier les reactions d'une population rurale, privee de tout organe officiel de defense et d'expression critique, lorsqu'elle se trouve precipitee de force, par la conjonction de toute une serie de facteurs dans un monde etranger au sien. Son refus, gradue selon les lieux, les categories sociales et les periodes, revet des aspects tres divers, depuis la simple fronde a caractere folklorique (chants, chahuts, parodies. . . ), jusqu'a la revolte ouverte, capable de mettre sur le pied de guerre, des regions entieres. Les pyrenees de la premiere moitie du xixe siecle se pretent particulierement bien a ce type d'analyse, dans la mesure ou le systeme social traditionnel (fonde sur la famille, la communaute villageoise, et la communaute valleenne) s'est alors trouve gravement perturbe par l'action de puissantes forces deleteres, notamment par une croissance demographique exceptionnelle, une tres mauvaise conjoncture (serie de crises economiques, epidemies. . . ), et, surtout, une politique d'integration de l'etat, de plus en plus pressante (en particulier pour tout ce qui concerne la conscription, la fiscalite, la legislation forestiere. . . ), et, par certains aspects (langue, religion. . . ) totalitaire. L'exemple pyreneen prouve que les civilisations originales des differentes populations francaises ne se sont nullement eteintes paisiblement au cours du xixe siecle, mais que leur ultime combat fut acharne
The primary objective of this dissertation is to study the reactions of a rural population which, deprived of any instrument of defense or critical expression, finds itself forced by a combination of factors into a foreign world. Its denial, varying according to locality, social categories and periods, assumes quite divers forms, from mere folkloric mockery (songs, jeers, parodies. . . ) to open revolt leading nearly to war in entire regions. The pyrenees of the early-mid 19 th century lend themselves remarkably well to this type of analysis. The traditional social system, based on family, village community and valley community, found itself seriously perturbed during that period by powerful deleterious forces : notably, exceptional demographic growth, a combination of very unfavorable circumstances (series of economic crises, epidemics. . . ), and especially, increasingly insistent integrative policies on the part of the state (particulary regarding conscription, fiscal matters and forestry legislation) which were in some aspects totalitarian (language, religion. . . ). The pyrenean example proves that the original civilizations of the different french populations in no way peacefully died out during the 19 th century, but that their final struggle was indeed fierce

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Lieugomg, Médard. « Les plantations industrielles et les plantations villageoises de palmiers à huile sélectionnées dans les zones d'intervention de la société camerounaise des palmeraies (So. Ca. Palm) : le cas des régions d'Eseka et de Dibombari ». Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100191.

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Dans le cadre de l'exécution du plan palmier à huile au Cameroun oriental, une société de développement, la société camerounaise des palmeraies (so. Ca. Palm) est créée en 1968. Aujourd'hui elle intervient dans 5 régions (mbongo, dibombari, eseka, kienke et edea) et contrôle dans les seules plantations d'eseka et de dibombari, 8. 421 ha de palmiers sélectionnés et plus de 1. 700 employés en plantation industrielle, 5. 154 ha et 1. 348 planteurs en plantation villageoise. Dans la mission de développement de ses zones d'intervention la so. Ca. Palm fait des progrès au niveau de la production, mais connait des problèmes dans la gestion de son personnel et de ses planteurs, problèmes aggraves par le vieillissement de son verger et les difficultés de commercialisation de ses produits sur les marches national et international. Si l'Etat ne peut gérer avec efficacité, compétence et rentabilité une entreprise de la taille de la so. Ca. Palm, la solution c'est la privatisation ou la création des entreprises de taille humaine, c'est-à-dire la mise en place de petites structures qui permettent aux paysans de comprendre comment et pour qui ils doivent produire
In order to implement a palm-tree scheme in eastern Cameroon, a development enterprise, the societe camerounaise des palmeraies (so. Ca. Palm), was set up in 1968. Today, its action is extended to 5 areas (mbongo, dibombari, eseka, kienke and edea). Eseka and dibombari areas alone it controls 8 421 ha of improved palm-trees and more than 1 700 employees in industrial palm-groves and 5 154 ha for 1 348 small holders. So. Ca. Palm has achieved a noticeable progress as far as production is concerned but is confronted with problems due to personnel and small holders’ management. These problems are aggravated by the aging of plantations and difficulties in commercializing its products both on national and international markets. If the state cannot efficiently and competently manage with profitability a firm with so. Ca. Palm dimensions, the solution is either privatization or the creation of smaller enterprise, setting up of small structures by which peasants can understand why and for whom they should produce

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Forestier, Benoît. « L'agriculture et la société rurale dans l'arrondissement de Montreuil-sur-Mer depuis 1850 : permanences et ruptures ». Thesis, Littoral, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DUNK0362/document.

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De 1850 à nos jours, l'agriculture et la société rurale dans l'arrondissement de Montreuil-sur-Mer sont en pleine mutation. Les techniques et les structures de production et de commercialisation se modernisent. Les cultures et l'élevage se développent. Le syndicalisme, le mutualisme et le coopératisme apparaissent. Les exploitations sont de plus en plus vastes et les paysans de moins en moins nombreux. L'arrondissement dispose de l'une des associations de défense des intérêts des cultivateurs et de diffusion du progrès les plus puissantes et les plus actives du département : la Société d'agriculture de Montreuil-sur-Mer, fondée en 1821. Cette dernière, dirigée par Octave Corne de 1923 à 1956, atteint véritablement son apogée dans l'entre-deux guerres. Néanmoins, tout au long de la période, le territoire demeure l'un des espaces les moins avancés du Pas-de-Calais. La productivité, notamment céréalière, est l'une des plus faible du département. Les exploitations sont moins bien équipées que dans les région d'Arras et de Béthune. Le retard résulte principalement des conditions naturelles relativement difficiles, de la qualité des sols souvent médiocre et des mentalités particulièrement conservatrices. Des disparités subsistent également à l'échelle cantonale sur le territoire. L'essor des cultures et de l'élevage est plus important dans les cantons du Littoral et du sud de la Canche que dans ceux du nord-est. Les régions de Fruges et d'Hucqueliers sont incontestablement les espaces les plus déshérités de l'arrondissement
Agriculture and the rural society have been constantly changing in the district of Montreuil-sur-Mer since 1850. The production and marketing techniques and structures haves modernized. Farming and cattle breeding have developed. Unionism, mutualism and cooperation have emerged. Farms have become huger and the numbers of farmers has been decreasing. The district has got one of the most powerful and active organizations in the country. The Agricultural Company of Montreuil-sur-Mer was established in 1821 and has been defending the farmers interests and spreading progress since. It was run b Octave Corne from 1923 to 1956. It reached its climax during the interwar period. However, the territory remained one of the least developed areas of the Straits of Dover throughout those years. Productivity, cereal crops in particular, has been one of the lowest of the Straits of Dover. Farms are less well-equipped than in the Arras and Bethune areas. Backwardness mainly results from the natural conditions which are quite hard, the poor quality of the soil and from a conservative attitude. Disparities remain at a local level as well. The rapid expansion of farming and cattle breeding is far more important in the coast areas and in the south of the Canche than in the north eastern ones. The regions of Fruges and Hucqueliers are indisputably the most deprived of the district

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Chender, Isabel, Raquel Luna Viggiani et Zulma Patarroyo. « The Role of Rural Development Interventions in Creating a Sustainable Society ». Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för strategisk hållbar utveckling, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2431.

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The inter-related social and ecological facets of global sustainability imply that the way society develops will impact the environment. Development presents complex, multifaceted challenges. Interventions in the developing world in the form of projects created by the agencies, organizations and agents of the international development community increasingly appreciate and seek to address these challenges. Yet, to do so effectively, interventions need to shift from fragmented, sector-specific approaches based on formal data reports to approaches that anticipate, adapt, transform, and learn. This research aims to complement and support the practical and theoretical knowledge of rural development agents with insights from practitioners using approaches that consider complexity in other fields, in order to explore how development interventions could play a role in moving society toward sustainability. A prototype guide for rural development interventions synthesizes results gathered from interviews with rural development agents within Latin America and learning experience designers into three levels: system, interaction, and personal. The Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) provides a systems perspective and unifying definition of sustainability. The interaction level presents key recommendations, rationale, and methods for action, and the personal level presents reflection questions. This research hopes to inspire mutual learning between development actors and communities.

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Dépatie, Sylvie 1955. « L'évolution d'une société rurale : lîle Jésus au XVIIIe siècle ». Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75945.

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Set in i le Jesus, just north of the island of Montreal, this thesis has a two-fold objective: to study the problem of the growth of agricultural production and to analyse the structure and the evolution of Canadian rural society in the eighteenth century.
The study proceeds in five stages. In order to determine what factors govern agricultural production, prevailing economic circumstances, land distribution and the system of production are examined in succession. Next, the inquiry turns to inheritance customs and peasant estates, with the aim of measuring the economic hierarchy within the peasantry, determining its nature and explaining its dynamics.
The study concludes that the slow growth of agricultural production stems essentially from limitations on production resulting from the productive framework of the family farm and the system of inheritance. On the one hand, at each generation, this system pushed the majority of young peasants out to the fringes of settlement, where they could not produce surpluses. On the other hand, it slowed down the development of older, settled land by requiring the sons who established themselves on it to recompense their co-heirs.
Moreover, the analysis of peasant estates reveals the existence of an economic hierarchy among the peasantry, a hierarchy that persists over time. The study shows that well-to-do peasants generally benefitted from early access to cleared land through inheritance. As inheritance customs were relatively egalitarian, these privileged peasants were mainly the sons of families sufficiently well-off to establish all or most of their heirs comfortably. This initial advantage becomes particularly decisive once the market for agricultural products becomes more active. One can therefore conclude that even if inheritance customs imply a certain redistribution of family property, they do not equalize peasant society at each generation.

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Olivier, Jean-Marc. « Société rurale et industrialisation douce : Morez (Jura) (1780-1914) ». Lyon 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO20074.

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Entre 1780 et 1914, les paysans pluri-actifs du haut jura reussissent une industrialisation douce fondee sur l'energie hydraulique et le travail a domicile. Tres attaches a leurs paturages fraichement defriches et liberes de la mainmorte, ils refusent l'exode rural vers les grandes agglomerations lointaines. Leur appartenance a l'arc jurassien du fer et les contraintes de l'autarcie hivernale lesouvrent a la culture technique. Ainsi, trois cycles proto-industriels successifs se developpent : la clouterie (fin xviiie siecledebut xixe siecle), l'horlogerie (1820-1880) et la lunetterie (1860-1914). Cette longevite s'explique par l'efficacite du systeme de production eclate, ou etablissage, et par la perennite des circuits commerciaux mediterraneens herites de l'exportation des fromages. A partir des annees 1880, les lunettes moreziennes, legeres et bon marche, sont exportees dans le monde entier. La dynamique de cette reussite est sociale. La pluri-activite agrohorlogere, puis agro-lunetiere, proroge l'equilibre entre les hommes et la terre tout en creant un vivier de petits entrepreneurs ruraux. Cette autre voie vers la societe industrielle n'est pas unique, les couteliers de thiers et les horlogers suisses l'experimentent egalement avec succes.

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RASOLOMALALA, ARMAND. « L'ombiasy et la societe rurale de l'itasy (madagascar). Un facteur de developpement ». Paris 7, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA070009.

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Ce texte est une contribution a la recherche de la solution aux desequilibres que provoque la rencontre de deux societes de puissances inegales technologiquement et economiquement. Il essaie de montrer que le developpement harmonieux d'une societe ou d'un groupe repose sur la force qui specifie et regit les relations dans cette societe ou dans ce groupe, et qui conditionne l'adaptation des apports exterieurs. L'agent qui maitrise cette force devient naturellement le principal acteur social. En l'occurrence le texte voit en l'ombiasy, pretre-magicien, membre influent des groupes sociaux de l'itasy, la qualite de cet agent, et le considere pour cette raison comme un facteur de developpement. Dans un cadre propice a l'expansion de la modernite, tel est le territoire de l'itasy, cette consideration, evidente au niveau du petit groupe, n'est pas dementie explicitement au niveau du grand ensemble. Ce qui amene le texte a avancer que, dans le cas de madagascar, la nation gagnerait si elle accorde a l'activite et a l'enseignement de l'ombiasy une attention egale a celle qu'elle apporte aux institutions modernes, car, voici trois siecles de contact avec l'occident, l'enseignement de l'ombiasy vit au fil des habitudes sans l'appui des organismes officiels. Mais en depit de cette situation cet enseignement presente encore une force qui pourrait endiguer l'origine du mal actuel
This text is a contribution of search to solve the imbalances meetings of two societies incite, the societies being unequal powers technologicaly and economicaly. It trys to show the harmonious development of a society or group depends on the internal power specifing and ruling the relations of this society or group, and which conditions the adaptation of exterier contributions. The agent that controls this power naturally becomes the main social actor. Under the circomstance the text sees this agent quality in ombiasy, priest-soothsayer or magician, influential member of the social itasy groups, and considers him in this way as a developmental factor. In the right surrounding of modern development, like the territory of itasy, the esteem obvious for a small group, is not belied explicitly for a big group. It brings the text into proposing in the case of madagascar the nation would profit if the ombiasy's profession is considered as a modern institution. For there centuries the relation with the occident, the ombiasy's ideology is lived according to habit without any official instituts to support it. But in spite of the sitution, today it would still be worth a strength that may be able hold back the actual harm

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Atik, née Haouli Mimouna. « Le Sai͏̈s de Meknès et ses bordures : mutations récentes d'une societe rurale ». Montpellier 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON30013.

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En un demi-siecle, le sais de meknes a connu trois grandes phases d'organisation, dont chacune laisse des empreintes diverses dans sa vie actuelle : l'age tribal, avec ses collectivites traditionnelles, l'age colonial, avec ses "domaines" et ses cultures d'exportation et l'age national visant a consolider la petite paysannerie et a ameliorer ses conditions de vie. La resultante de ces trois ages economiques est une plus grande heterogeneite des terres, de l'organisation socio-economique et du peuplement. Les fondements de cette heterogeneite resident aussi bien dans la richesse et l'originalite de l'environnement physique et humain que dans les particularites des structures agraires traditionnelles que des forces de changement ont profondement bouleversees. Pour mieux apprehender et comprendre la complexite des combinaisons qui fondent la structure regionale du sais et de ses bordures, il est sans doute necessaire de connaitre les grands traits de l'evolution de ses campagnes ou l'homogeneite relative du systeme de production d'autrefois a fait place aujourd'hui a une diversite des structures socio-spatiales et au foisonnement des initiatives
In half a century, the sais de meknes has known three great phases of organisation, each of which has left its imprint on everyday life : the tribal age, with its traditional collections, the colonial age with its "domaines" and exportational cultures and the national age aiming to strengthen the peasantry and improve thier living conditions. The result of these three economic ages is a larger heterogeneity of territoires, socio-economic organisation and population. The foundation of this heterogeneity lies not only in the richess and originality of the physical and human environments but also in the particularities of tradional agrarian structures which the forces of change completely ouverturred. To anticipose and understand more about the complex combinations which founded the regional structure of sais and its borders, it is first necessary to know the great evolutionary features of the countryside when the relative homogeneity of the original production system has today given way to a diversity of socio-spatial structures and an abundance of initiatives

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Beynon, Eleanorah Louise. « Changing places, changing identities : finding one's place in contemporary Chinese urban society ». Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249407.

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Lebarbier, Micheline. « Littérature orale et société : étude de la société rurale roumaine à travers ses contes facétieux ». Paris, EHESS, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985EHESA028.

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Vivier, Anne-Sophie. « Comment peut-on être Afzadi ? : individu et société dans un village persan ». Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0208.

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Afzâd est un village persanophone et shi'ite de 200 habitants situé dans la région de Kermân (Iran). Depuis quatre décennies, l'exode rural, le développement de la scolarisation, des médias et des moyens de communication ont conduit à une transformation progressive de ses structures sociales et culturelles. Cette étude choisit de mesurer l'ampleur des changements introduits en centrant sa réflexion sur la place de l'individu. Traquant les signes d'une individuation croissante, elle analyse les représentations de l'individu à travers quatre grands domaines : pensée et pratiques religieuses, rapports de genre, parenté et vie communautaire. Il s'agit aussi de s'interroger sur la nature du lien existant entre l'individu et les normes et structures de sa société: ce sont les jeux subtils entre liberté personnelle et poids des structures socioculturelles que cette étude désire aussi explorer
Afzâd is a Persian and a Shiite village of 200 inhabitants, located in the region of Kermân (Iran). For forty years, the rural exodus, the development of schools, media and means of communication have lead to a progressive transformation of its social and cultural structures. The present study intends to estimate the weight of the changes introduced, focusing on the place of the individual. Searching the signs of a growing individuation, it analyses the representations of the individual in four fields: religions thoughts and practices, gender relationship, kinship and community. It aims also to understand the nature of the link between the individual and the norms and structures of his society, the subtle games between personal liberty and the weight of sociocultural structures

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Tucci, Walter. « La mobilità sociale nella società contadina della campagna torinese (XVII secolo) ». Paris, EHESS, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011EHES0008.

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Cette thèse porte sur les questions de mobilité sociale et géographique et sur les mécanismes qui les rendent possibles dans une société rurale de l'Ancien Régime. Le case study choisi est la communauté rurale de Lucento, un ancien fief médiéval situé sur le territoire - ﬁnaggio — de la ville de Turin, qui, capitale du duché de Savoie, va devenir au XVIIe le principal centre économique et administratif du Piémont. L’expansion de la ville produit des effets irréversibles sur les campagnes environnantes : la demande de biens alimentaires et surtout des fourrages et de foin (les rendements sont élevés grâce à la culture du trèﬂe) favorise la transformation rapide des contrats agraires, le déclin du métayage et le progrès des locations de fermes employant des salariés, la formation d’une couche moyenne rurale. Combinant macroanalyse (évolution des prix, marché foncier et urbaine, rapport rente/revenu agricole, salaires) et techniques de la microhistoire, cette thèse permet d’observer en plein XVIIe une expérience alors rare, celle d’une croissance urbaine forte dans sa composante « rurale ». L’analyse de la diversité spatiale des choix techniques (l’exemple des fumures est le plus frappant), des choix contractuels, de l'évolution des exploitations et plus encore des ﬂux des populations, débouchent à la fois sur une microanalyse de trajectoires individuelles et familiales, surtout métayer et fermier, et sur le phénomènes de mobilité entre société paysanne et urbaine. Enfin, avec la mise en évidence de phénomènes de structure le rôle de Turin rappelle ici celui repéré pur le fermes de la région parisiennes tout comme les effects de Londres sur le migrations anglaise
This research focuses on issues of social and geographical mobility and the mechanisms that make them possible in a rural society of the Ancien Régime, in the seventeenth century. The case study is the rural community of Lucento, ancient medieval ﬁef located on the territory of the city of Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoia that’s becoming the main economic and administrative center of the western Piedmont. The expansion of the city produces irreversible affects on the surrounding countryside : the demand for food products and most of all forage and hay (yields are high thanks to the cultivation of clover) promotes the rapid transformation of agrarian contracts, declining sharecropping and progress rentals farms employing wage labor, the formation of a rural middle class. Combining macro analysis (price developments, land and urban market, land revenue/farm income, wages) and techniques of microhistory, this thesis make it possible to observe in the seventeenth an experience so rare : a strong urban growth in its component “rural” or “not urban”. The analysis of the spatial diversity of technical options (the case of the manure is the most striking), contractual choice, the evolution of exploitations and most of all ﬂows of people, lead to both a microanalysis of individual and family trajectories, sharecropper and tenant farmer, and the phenomena of mobility between urban and rural society. Finally, thanks to the identiﬁcation of structural phenomena, the role of Turin recalled here the farms of Bassin Parisiens as well as the effects of english migration in London in the early modern history

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Koubry, Fatiha. « La population rurale dans les Chtouka-Massa, le phénomène migratoire et son impact sur l'espace et la société ». Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUEL224.

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Trente-neuf mille habitants vers 1931, cent trente-cinq mille en 1982, et sans doute plus de cent soixante-dix mille en 1992, la population rurale des Chtouka-Massa ne cesse d'augmenter. Outre une densité moyenne longtemps demeurée faible (20hab. /Km2) jusqu'au XXème siècle, la population des Chtouka-Massa est caractérisée par sa répartition inégale. En 1992, la région apparaît comme un espace fortement peuplé (92 hab. / km2). La densité moyenne a quadruplé et d'importants bouleversements sont survenus au niveau de sa répartition. Les vieux foyers de peuplement connaissent toujours de très fortes densités au point qu'actuellement la fraction de Tassila par exemple a plus de 131 hab. / km2 à cause de l'accroissement de sa population. La côte atlantique, les parties nord et nord-est de la plaine connaissent de très faibles densités, ils ne dépassent guère 10 à 40 hab. / km2. Ceci est du à l'exode rural incomplètement compensé par la croissance de la population des douars dans ces régions. Depuis une vingtaine d'années, on assiste à un spectaculaire dynamisme de la population et de sa mobilité spatiale. Pourquoi ce changement ? Pourquoi quitter son douar et sa famille ? Ces questions parmi d'autres ont fait l'objet de recherche dans cette étude pour apporter des éclaircissements aux aspects démographiques et aux mouvements migratoires dans la plaine des Chtouka-Massa
Thirty-nine thousand inhabitants about 1931, a hundred and thirty-five thousand in 1982 and probably more than a hundred and seventy thousand in 1992, rural population is still increasing in the Chtouka-Massa. As well as an average density, which remained low (20 inhabitants km2) up to the XXth century, the population in the Chtouka-Massa is characterized by its unequal spreading. In 1992 the region appeared as a densely-populated area (92 inhabitants per km2). The average density has quadrupled and important upheavals occured concerning its sharing-out. There are still very densities in old villages, and besides, there are more than 3131 inhabitants per km2 in the Tassila area at the moment, because of the population increase there. There are very low densities on the atlantic coast, and the not north and north-east parts of the plain, which hardly exceed 10 to 40 inhabitants per km2. This is due to the rural drift from the land, which is not made up for with the increase of the douar population has in these regions. For 20 years, the population has been incredibly dynamic and mobile. Why does this change happen? Why do people leave their douar and family? These questions, among others, have been examined in order to bring out explanations concerning demographic issues and migration in the Chtouka-Massa plain

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Mura, Marika Noemi. « The discontented farmer : state-society relations and food insecurity in rural Tanzania ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/80215/.

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In many developing countries, those people who work the land as food producers are also the ones who most suffer from food insecurity. While many studies look at the power dynamics within the food system at the global level and the role played by transnational companies in particular, this investigation starts at the local level to look into the reasons behind the high levels of food insecurity among farmers. Specifically, it analyses how the relationship between the domestic food producers and the state in Tanzania has affected food security in rural areas, in particular in farmers' households. The question it asks is: How has the relationship between the state and farmers shaped food security in rural Tanzania since its independence? A qualitative approach has been employed: farmer interviews were conducted in 8 villages located in two regions of Tanzania - Coast and Kilimanjaro - and supplemented by interviews with state officials and civil society representatives. The villages surveyed in the Coast region suffer from arid conditions and are isolated from the main road that connects Dar es Salaam to Morogoro, while the villages studied in the Kilimanjaro region are on the slopes of the mountains around the town of Usangi, far from the touristic and commercial centres of Moshi and Arusha. Through interviews with farmers in these villages, the qualitative approach of this research offers a contextualised insight into food insecurity, the problems of the agricultural sector and farmers' attitude towards the state and its policies. The interviews with state officials and representatives of civil society were employed to investigate both current agricultural policies and officials’ attitude towards small scale farmers. This thesis makes an empirical contribution to the literature on food security and state-farmer relationships. I argue that the mixture of agricultural policies implemented by the state over the years have done little to improve the livelihoods of small scale farmers that live in isolated rural areas. One of the reasons why this is so is that the policies are not framed around the needs of small scale farmers (despite them being the great majority of the farmers in the country), and hence are not welcomed positively by the communities. The results of this study identify a reciprocal distrust between the state and farmers as one of the main causes of policy failure and unsatisfactory improvements in food security in rural areas. On one side, state officials see small scale farmers as inefficient and wish for the agricultural sector to be driven by medium and large scale farmers. On the other side, most farmers tend to dismiss state officials' advice as inadequate to the reality of farming. In general, farmers see the state as a distant entity, with which they have little contact and which they do not trust. I argue that the controversial relationship between the Tanzanian state and farmers is historically grounded and has a direct link with food insecurity amongst farmers for two main reasons. First, it affects the framing, objectives and implementation of agricultural policies, which thus fail to support small scale farmers. Second, it hinders the ability of farmers to successfully cooperate and/or create a coherent farmers' movement to improve food security and address their challenges at state level. Farmers' discontent is perceived in their alienation to politics, and in their distrust towards a state that has historically not been able to address their challenges nor improve their condition.

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Forrest, Mark. « The estates of Chertsey Abbey : land management and rural society 1300-1550 ». Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401216.

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Huang, Jia. « Restructuring society : public health and social change in rural China, 1949-1976 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.567924.

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The goal of this study is to present a micro-level investigation into the development of rural public health in the political and social milieu of Maoist China, with evidence from two counties, Lingchuan and Lingui, in Guangxi Province in South China. It aims to understand how the extension of public health to the rural people helped shape their political and social existence in the modern era. During the first half of the twentieth century, the development of public health in China, which concentrated mostly in the urban towns, was inextricably integrated with the process of building a modern Chinese nation-state. In the realm of public health, the state managed to define its relationship with individual citizens through disseminating a universal system of scientific knowledge, directing disciplinary action, and imposing regulations. The connection between public health and government structure has inspired this study to trace the regulatory, administrative, and institutional role of state in public health activities, e.g., launching anti-epidemic campaign, giving vaccinations, and disseminating new ideas and methods in the countryside. Equally, this study is also concerned with the distinctiveness of the rural society, whose historical legacy had significantly shaped the modern development. During the mid-1950s to 70s, the state had exerted active efforts to legitimize traditional medicine. Consequently, mass mobilization at the local level was energized by adoption of traditional measures, for example, as in the programs of barefoot doctors and mass medication with herbal medicine. By observing the playing out of these practices in the local context, this study suggests that traditional medicine helped to sustain the involvement of local leadership and ethics in the new activities promoted by the state; and by extension, the interaction between the state and local communities in developing public health activities reflected the process of building local government, in which the power of the state and that of the communities were interacting and mutually reinforcing.

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Contreras, Mariela. « Child nutrition in rural Nicaragua : Population-based studies in a transitional society ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-248702.

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Emerging favourable as well as unfavourable nutrition patterns are observed in societies undergoing rapid social and economic change. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the associations between household and maternal resources and infant and young child feeding habits and nutritional status in rural Nicaragua, a low-income transitional society. All households (n=1,500) in Los Cuatro Santos with at least one child (0-3 y) were visited to collect information on feeding of the youngest child. Children´s anthropometry was also measured using standardised World Health Organisation (WHO) techniques. Validated instruments were used to assess household and maternal resources. All instruments had been adapted to the local context and piloted in a nearby community. The education of the mother showed more independent variation in the studied outcomes. The odds for exclusive breastfeeding were highest in infants aged 0 to 5 months of mothers with the lowest education. Further, children aged 6 to 35 months with lowest educated mothers were less likely to consume highly processed snacks (HP snacks) and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). They were also less likely to be exposed to a double burden of suboptimal feeding (concurrent unmet WHO recommended feeding practices and consumption of HP snacks or SSBs). However, children aged 6 to 35 months were more prone to infrequently meet dietary diversity and to more shortness. Children in the same age group with lower educated mothers were also shorter in households with the lowest housing quality. Higher level of maternal education contributed both favourably and unfavourably to child feeding and nutrition. This was reflected in more and less frequent practice of the WHO feeding indicators, but also in more frequent children´s consumption of HP snacks and SSBs. Higher maternal education was associated with taller children, even in households with the lowest housing quality.

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Bester, Alte. « A participatory action research approach to programme evaluation in a rural society ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52686.

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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently, Participatory action research (PAR) has become a common approach to social programmes in South Africa. This tendency has created a need to evaluate this kind of programmes to determine if it really achieves what it sets out to do. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an entrepreneurial skills training programme in a rural community where a participatory action research approach was followed. A literature review was undertaken to present an in-depth look into the body of literature that surrounds the study. Programme evaluation was discussed as a research design, including types and stages of evaluation. The concept of empowerment was investigated. The review also included a study of literature on PAR, especially the definitions, context and process of PAR. The role of entrepreneurship in rural development was also investigated as well as the evaluation of entrepreneurial skills training programmes. An entrepreneurial skills training programme was implemented in the rural town of Darling on the West Coast of South Africa. The PAR approach was followed in the implementation of the study that was conducted over a period of 15 months. Participants joined the programme that included different projects, voluntarily. The participants were divided into three groups according to their period of participation in the programme. The researcher facilitated actions as well as reflection meetings with the group of participants before and after the entrepreneurial skills training course. The researcher made field notes during the implementation of the programme. The participants' empowerment status was measured with a standardized questionnaire using a pre-test-post-test design. The participants' application of the entrepreneurial skills that were taught in the course was measured during semi-structured interviews at the end of the research perico. four case studies document the extremes of the respective outcomes of the programme, namely empowerment and entrepreneurship. Statistical analysis showed statistically significant improvements in the micro, macro and total empowerment scores of the total group. Looking at the three groups separately, group one showed statistically significant improvements on the micro and interface levels and group two on the micro level. Even though group three showed small improvements on all three levels, none of them were statistically significant. Data from the field notes wer:e analyzed according to the PAR concepts of participation, action and reflection. Participation mostly had a collaborative nature; action was aimed at economical change and reflection aimed at practical problem solving. The interviews revealed that 20 of the 24 participants had micro baking businesses at the end of the research period and they succeeded in the short-term goal of applying the skills that were taught in the course. The case studies showed no correlation between the participants' application of entrepreneurial skills and the changes in their empowerment status. The findings of the study suggest that the longer participants participate in a PAR programme, the bigger the improvement in their empowerment status will be. Monitoring of the implementation revealed that the study fell short of the "ideal type" of PAR, since participation was not yet collegiate. Actions were only effective in economic change and not in social transformation. Reflection resulted in limited critical self-awareness among the participants. The PAR approach has proven to be successful in the attainment of the short-term goals of an entrepreneurial skills training programme. The long-term sustainability of the entrepreneurs' businesses will have to be followed-up by further research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die afgelope tyd is deelnemende aksie navorsing (DAN)'n algemene benadering tot sosiale intervensie programme in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie tendens het 'n behoefte laat ontstaan om hierdie tipe programme te evalueer om te bepaal of dit werklik die program doelwitte bereik. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n entrepreneursvaardighede opleidingsprogram in 'n landelike gemeenskap waar die DAN-benadering gevolg is, te evalueer. 'n Literatuuroorsig is onderneem om die konseptueie raamwerk wat vir die studie saamgestel is, te kan beredeneer. Programevaluering, insluitende tipes and stadia van evaluering, is bespreek as 'n navorsingsontwerp. Die konsep van bemagtiging is ook bestudeer. Die oorsig het 'n ook studie van literatuur oor DAN ingesluit, veral definisies, die konteks en die proses van DAN. Die rol van entrepreneurskap in landelike ontwikkeling is 00~ ondersoek sowel as die evaluering van opleidingsprogramme gemik op die ontwikkeling van entrepreneursvaardighede. 'n Entrepreneursvaardighede opleidingsprogram is in 'n landelike dorpie, Darling, aan die Weskus van Suid-Afrika geïmplementeer. Oor 'n periode van 15 maande is die DAN-benadering in die implementering van die program gevolg. Deelnemers het vrywillig by die program wat uit verskillende projekte bestaan het, aangesluit. Die deelnemers is na aanleiding van hul tydperk van deelname in die program in drie groepe verdeel. Die navorser het aksies sowel as refleksie byeenkomste met die groep deelnemers voor en na die entrepreneursvaardighede opleidingskursus gefasiliteer. Die navorser het veldnotas tydens die implementering van die program gemaak. Die deelnemers se bemagtigingstatus is gemeet met 'n gestandaardiseerde vraelys terwyl 'n voor-en-na-toets ontwerp gevolg is. Die deelnemers se toepassing van die entrepreneursvaardighede wat in die kursus geleer is, is tydens semigestruktureerde onderhoude aan die einde van die navorsingsperiode gemeet. Vier gevallestudies dokumenteer die uiterstes van die onderskeidelike uitkomste van die program, naamlik bemagtiging en entrepreneurskap. Statistiese analise het statisties betekenisvolle verbeteringe in die mikro, makro en totale bemagtigingsvlakke van die totale groep getoon. Afsonderlik gesien, het groep een statisties betekenisvolle verbeteringe op die mikro en tussenvlak getoon en groep twee net op die mikrovlak. Alhoewel groep drie klein verbeteringe op al drie vlakke getoon het, was geen van die verbeteringe statisties betekenisvol nie. Data van die veldnotas is volgens DAN konsepte, naamlik deelname, aksie en refleksie geanaliseer. Die deelnemers en die fasiliteerder se deelname het meestal In samewerkende aard gehad, aksie was gemik op ekonomiese verandering en refleksie was gemik op praktiese probleemoplossinq. Die onderhoude het aangetoon dat 20 van die 24 deelnemers aan die einde van die navorsingsperiode In mikro bakbesigheid gehad het en dat hulle daarin geslaag het om die korttermyn doelwit, naamlik die toepassing van die vaardighede wat in die kursus geleer is, te bereik. Die gevallestudies het geen korrelasie getoon tussen die deelnemers se toepassing van entrepreneursvaardighede en die veranderinge in hulle bemagtigingstatus nie. Die studie se bevindinge dui daarop dat hoe langer deelnemers aan In DAN-program deelneem, hoe groter sal die verbetering in hulle bemagtigingstatus wees. Die monitering van die implementering van die program het laat biyk dat die studie tekort skiet in vergelyking met die "ideaaltipe" van DAN, want die deelname was nog nie korporatief nie. Aksies was net suksesvol in ekonomiese verandering en nie in sosiale transformasie nie. Refleksie het tot beperkte kritiese "selfbewustheid" by die deelnemers gelei. Dit blyk dat die DAN-benadering suksesvol was om die korttermyn doelwitte van In entrepreneursvaardighede opleidingsprogram te bereik. Die langtermyn volhoubaarheid van die entrepreneurs se bakbesighede sal met verdere navorsing opgevolg moet word.

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Thomas, Wilma R. « Women in the rural society of south-west Wales, c.1780-1870 ». Thesis, Swansea University, 2003. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42585.

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This thesis has sought to fill a gap in Welsh social history in its focusing on women's role and status in rural society. It is claimed, moreover, that the period covered allows us to capture the position of women within the traditional rural economy before the huge changes setting in during the final decades of the nineteenth century, not least the movement of women out of agriculture, and, of many, out of the countryside altogether, worked for the young in particular a profound change in their circumstances. The approach is an overarching one which deliberately seeks to explain the subject from as wide a perspective as possible. As such, it may be open to criticism that insufficient focus is given to certain areas as women's migration, spinsterhood, old age and to those few privileged females occupying the middling and upper ranks in society. The defence I make in adopting this comprehensive treatment is that it the more easily allows us to perceive the total world inhabited by women and to appreciate their predicament within the larger society. The thesis falls naturally into two sections, namely, first, women's participation in the rural workforce and their material circumstances, and, second, their public responsibilities and recreational pursuits and their private lives. The three chapters in section one cover female employment, women and the domestic economy, and coping with poverty. It will be demonstrated how precarious life was for small farmers' and cottagers' families and the vital role which women played in their continuing survival; of significance here was the fact that young girls were expected to enter farm service and domestic service in order to support themselves. Section two will examine their life outside the sphere of work. This will, firstly, explore their recreation and leisure activities and seek to understand their system of values and beliefs. The discussion will then turn to examining women's public role within the community, and here particular attention will be drawn to their importance as providers of nurture and care and as upholders of the community's morality and enforcers of what they perceived as natural justice. In the second place, the discussion will focus on women's private and domestic lives. The main themes here will cover marriage and sexuality, which exploration will range over aspects like illegitimacy, wife-beating, adultery and infanticide. The overwhelming disadvantaged position of women within matters pertaining to sexuality and private relations will be emphasised.

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Cal, Angel Eduardo. « Rural society and economic development : British mercantile capital in nineteenth-century Belize ». Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185710.

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Nineteenth-century European industrialization increased the demand for raw resources available in sub-tropical regions. The eastern coast of Central America and the Bay of Campeche had an ample supply of dyewoods used in the textile industry, and mahogany, a durable and precious wood used in the production of railway cars and furniture. British mercantile capital linked the various peoples and activities that were involved in the extractive industry and in the short-lived sugarcane and banana industries. The pre-Columbian regional economic block based on resources such as salt was taken over by the Spaniards during the Contact period. But the tenuous Iberian hold gave way to persistent British buccaneers turned loggers. Eventually, though, British mercantile firms took over the business. These firms monopolized the land, credit and the import business, and exerted considerable influence on the local state. This enclave economy essentially "created" its society, bringing in African slaves and attracting laborers from the region: Garifuna, Miskito, Mestizo and Maya. The Caste War of Yucatan (1847-1901) also sent some 15,000 refugees mostly peasants into Belize. Indentured workers were imported from the 1860s. Except for the blacks, most of the workers and peasants established settlements in the rural areas. The relationship between capital and labor and between capital and the peasantry was marked by both conflict and accommodation. Whereas the firms tried to secure a reliable, cheap, and submissive labor force and tried to "proletarianize" the peasantry with the help of state-backed mechanisms, the nature of the industry: the cultural norms of the Maya peasantry, for example, the strategic alliances among the groups at the frontier and the limited supply of labor made it difficult for capital to have its way. In fact, the Maya's determination to block further British expansion in the northwest eventually undermined the level of business confidence necessary to operate in a turbulent frontier. Mercantile capital withdrew when faced by declining prices. Many workers were repeasantized.

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Beynel, Christian. « La Forêt et la société rurale de la montagne limousine ». Limoges, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LIMO0003.

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La montagne limousine a ete le theatre d'une inversion paysagere exceptionnelle. Ce pays de landes est devenu une region forestiere (la foret occupe plus de la moitie de la surface). Cette "maree verte" imprime dans le paysage le recul de l'agriculture. La foret a une double origine. Sa partie feuillue (le tiers) largement spontanee, colonise lentement la lande. Sa composante resineuse totalement artificielle est de creation recente. Des techniques modernes sont employees pour la mise en place de resineux nobles et pour leur entretien. Ce sont les retombees de cette foret qui ont ete analysees. La montagne, jadis pauvre, va desormais disposer d'une richesse renouvelable. La foret peut-elle etre l'element de revitalisation d'un espace rural tres deprime ? les consequences de cet enresinement sont parfois inattendues. La recolte des cepes est souvent forte, mais la foret paysanne ne s'est pas realisee. Une filiere bois est en train de se mettre en place. Mais la foret permet la concentration de la vie, aussi l'auteur s'est-il interroge sur les rapports entre la foret et les autres activites, tout en proposant de centrer le developpement regional sur une sylviculture de qualite
The limousin mountain is a land of heath which in a few years has been turned into a booming forest area thanks to vast spaces of land given up by agriculture. The deciduous forest which is small is of mediocre quality. On the other end, the evergreen forest is taking advantage of the latest technology. It includes more and more highly productive conifers. The author has tried to study the consequences of this new source of wealth. New jobs related to the forest have been created, from planting to building cutting machines. The output of wood is higher and higher and has become a great asset to the industrialization of the small towns located around the mountain. Ussel is the home of two important triturating mills. Activities strongly tend to concentrate on a few locations so that the interior of the mountain may be turned into a no man's land. In the last part, the writer puts the stress on the connections between the forest and the other activities and he proposes to adjust the development of the area on forestry of high quality

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Carney, Don. « The analysis, presentation and sustainability of a past Northeast of Scotland "way of life" through video capture ». Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2601.

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The research upon which the outputs submitted as part of this thesis are based examines the socio-cultural environment of the Northeast of Scotland, from Aberdeen to Cabrach and from Portsoy to Laurencekirk. In total, five hundred and twenty hours of research data were collected as part of a project that began in 1987. This thesis investigates and visualises aspects of cultural identity representing the historical lifestyles of the "ordinary people" within rural Aberdeenshire circa 1890s-1950s. A unique feature of this research is the use of video as a tool for data gathering and presentation. The key themes are direct observations of the "ordinary people" and the author's rural ancestors. The use of the visual dynamic and the Doric dialect capture the ordinary person's testimony what a "past way of life" was like within Aberdeenshire. The research was initiated as a response to the author's cultural pride in his ancestors. It was not initially envisaged as a formal piece of academic research; the author conducted the research from a simplistic "desire to know". However, through reflective analysis of the research it can clearly demonstrate a rigorous research methodology, which has been replicated within the thesis. The procedures and methods engage with ordinary people in the real world, and help visualise and communicate material heritage. Through the identification of suitable topics, respondent selection, data capture, data analysis, critical review, post-production, archive management and research funding, aspects of the past are sustained. This new data has the potential to be future-proof and is unique in its content. The six topic videos, refereed conference papers, television features, and press articles have captured and sustained irreplaceable data. The research output has been utilised and subjected to critical peer review by diverse user groups locally, nationally and internationally. The work has credible and diverse endorsements and has also been accepted as authentic by the host community, going a long way to developing greater cultural pride. It captures a lost cultural identity in an innovative manner and presents output in a way which is both significant to user groups and also capable of furthering greater knowledge and understanding. This practitioner-based research has the potential to enhance future developments within the field of study through the embracing of modern visual technology in its widest sense.

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Yates, Margaret. « Continuity and change in rural society c.1400-1600 : West Hanney and Shaw (Berkshire) and their region ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360005.

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Fullola, Fuster Jaume. « La Conca Lignitifera de Mequinensa (Ebre/Segre). Una societat rural minera (1860-1950) ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8191.

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Aquesta investigació pretén realitzar un estudi específic sobre una zona de caràcter rural però amb unes característiques pròpies vinculades a l'extracció del lignit des de meitats del segle XIX. El desenvolupament d'aquesta activitat en un territori fronterer entre l'Aragó i Catalunya (conca de Mequinensa) ha constituït el nucli central de la recerca, a partir del qual s'ha intentat analitzar la incidència d'aquest espai en una indústria dependent dels combustibles sòlids com seria la catalana. L'extens recorregut històric, social i econòmic elaborat ens ha permès conèixer les transformacions originades en una regió agrària amb uns comportaments alterats per la introducció de la mineria del lignit. La gran transcendència que va assolir la conca Ebre/Segre en determinades conjuntures com la Primera i Segona Guerra Mundial manifesta la necessitat de donar respostes al fort impacte que va tenir la consolidació de la mineria en un territori certament aïllat, però amb un caràcter diferenciador i històricament vinculat a la navegació fluvial.
Esta investigación pretende realizar un estudio específico sobre una zona de carácter rural pero con unas características propias vinculadas a la extracción de lignito des de mediados del siglo XIX. El desarrollo de esta actividad en un territorio fronterizo entre Aragón y Cataluña (cuenca de Mequinenza) ha constituido el núcleo central de esta investigación, a partir del cual se ha intentado analizar la incidencia de este espacio en una industria dependiente de los combustibles sólidos, como sería la catalana. El extenso recorrido histórico, social i económico elaborado nos ha permitido conocer las transformaciones originadas en una región agraria con unos comportamientos alterados por la introducción de la minería del lignito. La gran trascendencia que alcanzó la cuenca Ebro/Segre en determinadas coyunturas como la Primera y Segunda Guerra Mundial manifiesta la necesidad de dar respuestas al fuerte impacto que tuvo la consolidación de la minería en un territorio ciertamente aislado, pero con un carácter diferenciador y históricamente vinculado a la navegación fluvial.
This investigation tries to realize a specific styudy on a zone of rural character but with own characteristics linked to the extraction of lignite from middle of the 19th century. The development of this activity in a frontier territory between Aragon and Catalonia (Mequinenza´s basin) has constituted the central core of this research, from which one has tried to analyze the influence of this space in a industry dependent on the solid fuels as the Catalan one. The extensive historical, social and economic tour elaborated has allowed us to know the transformations originated in an agrarian region with some behaviors altered by the introduction of the mining industry of lignite. The great transcendency that reached the basin Ebro/Segre in certain conjunctures as the First and Second World War demonstrates the need to give answers to the strong impact that had the consolidation of the mining industry in a certainly isolated territory, but with a specific character and historically linked to the fluvial navigation.

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Dennison, Tracy Kristine. « Economy and society in rural Russia : the serf estate of Voshchazhnikovo, 1750-1860 ». Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265604.

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The central idea of this dissertation is to compare the dominant view of Russian rural society, as classically formulated by Aleksandr Chayanov in the early twentieth century, with local evidence from a particular serf community. Chayanov's view has been widely accepted not only as portraying a general type (the archetypal peasant), but as a substantially accurate representation oflate nineteenth and early twentieth-century peasant communities across the whole of European Russia, and much of Eastern Europe as well. In this picture, peasants are a paradigm of 'traditional society', with little sense of private property, an aversion to market transactions, social and geographical immobility, early and universal marriage, large multiple-family households, and strong communal ties. These features are often regarded as part of an underlying 'peasant culture' on which external constraints, such as serfdom, had little effect. In this dissertation, archival evidence for the Sheremetyev estate of Voshchazhnikovo in Y aroslavl' province is used to test this widely-held view. Household listings, soul revisions, parish registers, serf petitions, landlords' instructions, account books, communal meeting minutes, land transactions contracts, credit contracts, passport lists, inventories, and wills are used to construct a detailed picture of the workings of a serf society, and to examine the role of institutions such as serfdom and the peasant commune in a local context. The main finding of the dissertation, based on this evidence, is that the Chayanovian view is largely false, not only on the particular estate ofVoshchazhnikovo, but at least regionally in the province of Yaroslavl', and possibly beyond. The social and economic behavior of peasants here was not dissimilar to what has been found in many parts of pre-industrial western Europe. Serfs at Voshchazhnikovo were active participants in land, labour, and credit markets at the local and regional level. They were free to sell, let, mortgage, or bequeath their substantial private landholdings. They were geographically mobile; labourers came to work on the Voshchazhnikovo estate from other parts of Russia, and many estate serfs lived in Moscow and St Peters burg as migTant labourers. There was agTeat deal of intra-communal conflict on the estate. Not all serfs at Voshchazhnikovo lived in large, multi-generational households; mean household size ranged from 4.6 in 1816 to 5.2 in 1850, and roughly half of all households were the simple-family type. Wealth was not distributed equally; in fact, there was a high degree of socio-economic stratification, and inter-:-generational transfers of wealth were common. Finally, contrary to the traditional view, the external institutional framework - serfdom, in particular - did have a significant effect on social structure ancl peasant behaviour.

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Oakes, Simon C. C. « Wild but wired ? : the co-construction of society and technology in rural Strathclyde ». Thesis, Middlesex University, 2000. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6637/.

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This study critically examines the co-construction of society and technology in rural Strathclyde during the late 1990s. A range of uses of information and communications technology (ICT) - spanning employment, community development and education – is accounted for, in a variety of highly localised settings on the islands of Arran, Islay and Jura and the Kintyre peninsula. Explanation is offered as to why certain outcomes have been arrived at. The reflexive relationship between technology and society is then highlighted, as it is shown that the challenge of introducing ICT to the region has affected change in local governance structures, catalysing new partnerships while challenging existing power relations. Building upon recent work in rural studies relating to the post-productivist countryside, theories derived from the sociology of science (specifically Social Construction of Technology and Actor Network Theory approaches) are employed in an attempt to heighten understanding of local sensitivity to 'globalising' technologies. A qualitative methodology is employed, consisting of depth interviews conducted with leading local actors throughout 1997 and 1998. The narratives give insight into these actors' beliefs and motivation as they have attempted to guide the innovation, diffusion and application of ICT in the region. Critical insight is sought as to how their frequently conflicting understanding of rural needs acts as a constraint upon the contingency of technical development locally, prompting certain courses of action to be favoured above others. The study draws more generally upon the experiences of rural Strathclyde to build a model of local sensitivity to technical change in the countryside. It is argued that the power to act rests in many hands and that those local actors who possess the necessary skills and resources to act as 'conduits' - linking local and 'global' circuits of production and consumption - do not always behave in ways that optimise local outcomes. Only under certain conditions can the effective deployment of ICT enable 'powerful' localities to act competitively 'at a distance' in seeking new trade and investment. It is argued that failure to appreciate the diversity of possible local responses to the provision of ICT has sometimes left policy-makers with exaggerated expectations for technically driven rural restructuring.

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Hawkins, Heather. « Recovering the rural : form, dialect and society in the poetry of Thomas Hardy ». Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2018. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/34660/.

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In this thesis I identify the limited research into Hardy's use of dialect and metre in his poetry. I argue that critics assume a narrow textual approach that disregards Hardy’s broad thematic, linguistic and metrical range. To redress this anomaly, I propose a broader critical methodology which reflects and accommodates the multi-faceted nature of Hardy's poems. I employ a combination of post-colonialism and textual criticism to place Hardy's work in its socio-historic and textual contexts. Intrinsic to this study is an acknowledgement of the cultural and linguistic disparities between Victorian social classes and the cultural subjugation of the rural labouring class by the middle and landowning classes. I conduct an examination of Victorian prosodic and philological debates in relation to Hardy's poetry. I demonstrate that Hardy was familiar with these debates and fuses standard poetic devices and language with the non-standard devices and dialect of his native rural culture. In doing so, Hardy proposes the equality of rural and urban cultures in order to reclaim rural culture from the subjugation of the dominant urban centre. I propose that this fusion reflects increasing nineteenth- century urbanisation and renders rural culture inherent to Victorian social evolution. Conversely, I consider whether Hardy's fusion of cultures articulates growing anxiety expressed by Victorian liberals regarding the morality and maintenance of the British empire. I argue that the increased Victorian interest in philology indicates a middle-class desire to return to pre-imperial identities. I demonstrate that Hardy's poetry assumes an anti-imperialist stance in which he contends that all empires fail and result in the loss of imperial identities. His migration poems provide a detached view of society in which non-fixation of identities becomes possible. My multi-theoretical stance permits Hardy's multi-cultural understanding of society, which he articulates through dialect and standard English, and speaks for all mankind.

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Gao, Yuqun. « Chinese society, the missionary enterprise, and foreign power in rural Fujian, 1842-1900 ». Thesis, University of Bristol, 2018. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.752806.

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Sully, Preis Max. « The meaning of work in a developing society a rural South African study ». Thesis, Rhodes University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002575.

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The primary aim of this thesis is to explore, at a psychological level, the meaning of work in a rural developing society context. Additional aims comprise: the examination of distinctions in the meaning of work between different occupational niches; and the development of an appropriate conceptual and methodological approach for understanding meaning of work issues in developing society contexts. The research was conducted in the Keiskammahoek district situated in Ciskei, a South African homeland area. Demographically, the area comprises farms, small rural villages and one small town. It has traditionally fulfilled the role of a labour reserve, and the local economy largely depends on income generated through migrant labour. The population predominantly comprises indigenous Xhosa speakers, although a few whites, individuals of mixed racial origin and other ethnic groups are represented. In order to accommodate the diversity of work experience in rural society, an approach was adopted which relied on the participants' subjective definition of work. A conscious attempt was made to avoid defining work exclusively as remunerated employment. At a metatheoretical level, the meaning of work model used is grounded in Kelly's (1955) Personal Construct Theory. It comprises three facets, namely process, context and content. A multiple case study analysis was carried design was used, through to a in which nomothetic idiographic level of understanding. The primary' research instrument comprised an interview, in which data was derived from life-history material, a repertory grid, and focused interview questions. In the development of case studies, a process of triangulation was used to link the three sources of data. The thesis explores the relationship between participants and their work in several ways. First, it looks at how work and non-work are constituted and related to one another, and at how personally valuable work is contrasted to less valuable work. Second, it explores the relationship between the individual's orientation to work and their life and occupational context. Finally, it discusses the proposal that work meanings change and evolve with the development of the individual, and with shifts in social and historical circumstance.

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Aventín, Mercè. « La societat rural a Catalunya en temps feudals : Vallès oriental, segles XIII-XVI / ». Barcelona : Columna ed, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370279796.

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Dixon, C. Scott. « The Reformation and rural society : the parishes of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach, 1528-1603 / ». Cambridge (GB) : Cambridge university press, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb374861441.

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Lee, Chulwoo. « Law, culture and conflict in a colonial society rural Korea under Japanese rule / ». Thesis, Online version, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.339141.

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Jacquet, Alain. « La société villageoise de la plaine thermale des Vosges, de 1697 à 1789 ». Nancy 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN21012.

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Au début du 18e siècle, les villageois habitant la plaine thermale des Vosges vivent dans une société d'ancien régime classique. Mais, trois générations plus tard, les fortunes déterminent pour beaucoup les hiérarchies, ce qui annonce la société capitaliste du 19e siècle. Quelle a été l'évolution sociale du siècle des Lumières en ce milieu précis? Vers 1700, il s'agit d'une société traditionnelle, dominée par les privilégiés qui ont réaffirmé leurs prérogatives après la guerre de trente ans, et soumise aux usages anciens. Peu a peu, la croissance démographique, la modernisation (limitée) de l'économie, la concentration des propriétés, le poids de l'endettement favorisent les "classes propriétaires". Dans le dernier tiers du 18e siècle, l'individualisme a gagné du terrain et s'oppose aux usages traditionnels. Il s'agit d'une société précapitaliste, dans laquelle la richesse, qu'elle soit financière ou foncière, détermine pour beaucoup les hiérarchies sociales. D’ou un double clivage, qui oppose plus riches et pauvres que privilégiés et roturiers. Les tensions sont toutefois insuffisantes pour engendrer une agitation prérévolutionnaire
At the beginning of the 18e century, the villagers dwelling in the thermal plain of the Vosges lived in a traditional old regime society. But three generations later, fortunes played a great part in the determination of hierarchies, which foretold the capitalist society of the 19e century. What has the social evolution been like in that particular social group during the age of enlightenment? Towards 1700, it was a traditional society, ruled by the privileged, who had claimed their rights after the 30 years ‘war, a society subject to old customs. Gradually, the population growth, the (limited) modernization of the economy, the concentration of properties, and the weight of the debt were favorable to the propertied classes. Towers the late seventies, individualism had gained ground and were opposed to traditional customs. It was now a precapitalist society in which wealth, consisting either in land or money, played a great part in the determination of social hierarchies. Hence a double rift which opposed the rich and the poor rather than the privileged and the commoners. Yet, the tensions were not strong enough to get rise to a pre-revolutionary unrest

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Leech, John Patrick. « Peasants and politics : rural society and discontent in the Dipartimento del Reno (1802-1817) ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262597.

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Abbas, Adel. « Société rurale et réforme agraire en Irak de 1958 à 1968 ». Toulouse 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOU20092.

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La société rurale irakienne est une société tribale. Les rapports des membres de la tribu étaient solidaires, mais ces relations se sont transformées en relations pseudo-féodales. Ce fut le resultat d'un developpement économique capitaliste et d'un changement des systèmes politiques accompagnant la colonisation britannique en particulier. Une réforme agraire a été établie après avoir renversé le régime monarchique qui vise à faire disparaitre la classe pseudo-féodale, autrement dit, le changement des rapports productifs, à améliorer la production agricole et la lier à la politique économique générale du pays, à l'augmentation du niveau de vie des agriculteurs et l'amélioration de leurs conditions et des services sociaux. Cette réforme agraire n'a pas pu atteindre ses objectifs à cause de problèmes nombreux et complexes : parmi ces problèmes, la loi sur la réforme agraire elle-même ; l'instabilité politique dans le pays ; l'absence d'une méthodologie pour l'application de la loi qui se baserait sur une étude scientifique objective, l'inexistence d'un appareil administratif qui comprenne la nature de la société rurale et la société rurale elle-même. Deux conséquences principales à l'échec : la chute de la production agricole et la continuation de l'exode rural vers les villes
The rural Iraqi society is a tribal society. Relations between the members of the tribu were close together but such relations have since become pseudofeudal. This was the result of an economic capitalist development and, added to British colonisation in particular, of a change in the political system. Since the overthrow of the monarchist regime, a programme of agrarian reform has been set up which aims at getting rid of the pseudo-feudal class, that is to say the change in productive relations, improving agricultural production and the link with the general economic policy of the country, increasing the standard of living of the farmers and of improving their social conditions and services. This agrarian reform has not been able to arrive at its aims because of numerous complicated problems amongst which figures the law on agrarian reform itself, political instability in the country, the lack of a means of applying the law which would be based on objective scientifique studies and the inexistence of some sort of administrative machinery which takes into account the rural nature of the society and the rural society itself. Two important consequences arising from the failure of the reform are: first, the loss in agricultural production and secondly, the continuation of the rural exodus towards the cities

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Boehler, Jean-Michel. « Une societe rurale en milieu rhenan : la paysannerie de la plaine d'alsace (1648-1784) ». Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR20019.

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Lee, Chien-Ti. « Taiwanese Adolescent Psychosocial Development in Urban and Rural Areas ». DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/613.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate Taiwanese adolescent psychosocial development (i.e., autonomy and identity development) based on psychosocial theoretical models developed in western societies. Data were collected from both public senior high and vocational high schools in both urban and rural areas in Taiwan. Adolescent participants, with an average age of 17 years old, included 447 (about 54% were females) from urban areas, and 702 (62% were females) from rural areas. The results of this study revealed that Taiwanese adolescents from both urban and rural areas were similar to adolescent developmental ranges suggested in western theories. There were a few variations revealed in this study, such as scores of internal consistency, average scores of each scale, associations among indicators, and the numbers of youth classified of certain developmental status. In general, the relationships between factors and adolescent psychosocial developmental outcomes did not moderate by regional differences. Identity development of Taiwanese youth from both areas was more likely to be predicted by both situational (e.g., family income and school type) and agential factors (e.g., collectivism, parent attachment, and resiliency) than Taiwanese adolescent cognitive, emotional, and behavioral autonomy. Higher family income level and greater resiliency scores were positively associated with high autonomy and/or achieved identity status. Strong beliefs in collectivism and secure attachments with parents did not significantly correlate with autonomy but did correlate with foreclosure identity status. Across the analysis models in this study, resiliency was the strongest factor which was associated with high autonomous status and identity achievement. Implications and further recommendations for research and practical uses were further discussed.

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Merlin, Colette. « Ceux des villages : la société rurale de la petite montagne jurassienne à la veille de la Révolution ». Besançon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BESA1003.

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Analyse dans un contexte politique donné du fonctionnement d'une société paysanne dans son rapport avec un milieu géographique bien caractérisé et simultanément la construction du paysage par les activités humaines. L'étude démographique puis celle des structures sociales ont présenté l'ensemble de la population. Nous montrons ensuite la communauté d'habitants, cellule de base, et les divers pouvoirs - d'abord locaux, seigneurie, église, puis centraux par l'intermédiaire de l'intendant - qui l'enserrent et la contrôlent. L'activité économique, agricole surtout, le mouvement des biens et des fortunes, la transmission des patrimoines et le jeu des rapports ville campagnes ont constitué un troisième volet. L'étude socio-économique débouche sur une approche anthropologique et sur la définition d'une civilisation rurale dans ses aspects matériels et moraux et dans ses mentalités.

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Thèses sur le sujet « Societa' rurali »

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