Thèses : « Società europea »

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Pellizzari, Jenny <1989&gt. « Trasferimento di residenza delle società all'estero e libertà di stabilimento nel contesto dell'Unione Europea ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3312.

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La tesi si propone di affrontare il tema del trasferimento della sede delle società all'estero e la conseguenza tassazione in uscita (c.d. exit tax) che le stesse devono sostenere, analizzando come questa possa costituire un ostacolo, in netto contrasto con la libertà di stabilimento sancita dal TFUE, alla mobilità delle società, il tutto analizzato limitatamente al contesto dell'Unione Europea.

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BERNASCONI, SARA. « La mobilità delle società nell’Unione europea : casi del trasferimento di sede sociale e della fusione transfrontalieri ». Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/11565/4054300.

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FRATELLO, BENEDETTO. « Un nuovo impulso alla via italiana alla partecipazione : dalla Società europea al rinnovato dibattito sulla Mitbestimmung ». Doctoral thesis, Università Bocconi, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/11565/4053898.

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Gonzato, Alessandro Maria <1981&gt. « La libertà di stabilimento delle società nel diritto dell'Unione Europea : "stato dell'arte" e prospettive per il futuro ». Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1131.

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La tesi ha per oggetto il principio della libertà di stabilimento delle società nel diritto dell'Unione Europea. Il principio, sancito dal Trattato di Roma più di cinquantanni or sono, ha sollevato nel corso del tempo importanti questioni applicative, alimentando costantemente il dibattito dottrinale e giurisprudenziale. L'analisi è stata condotta orientando la ricerca principalmente lungo due direttrici: la prima, volta a tracciare una riflessione sistematica sulle complesse problematiche connesse alla mobilità delle società nel mercato interno dell'Unione; la seconda diretta a fornire elementi di comprensione dello stato attuale del difficile processo di armonizzazione del diritto societario europeo, anche con riferimento agli effetti di sperimentata competizione tra ordinamenti. Con riguardo al primo filone, viene proposto un quadro espositivo che parte dall'analisi della normativa comunitaria, dalle direttive di armonizzazione societaria ai regolamenti che hanno introdotto i principali modelli societari europei, fino a giungere alla trattazione dei casi posti dalla disciplina in oggetto sul versante del diritto internazionale privato. Vengono così esposte le teorie dell'incorporazione e della sede reale, come operanti all'interno dei vari ordinamenti e i relativi criteri di collegamento nella disciplina internazionalprivatistica, sulla scorta delle più importanti pronunce giurisprudenziali della Corte di Giustizia dell'Unione Europea e dei Tribunali nazionali. Muovendo l'orizzonte di analisi ad ulteriori forme societarie operanti nel territorio dell'Unione, ossia le società bancarie, finanziarie ed assicurative, lo spettro di indagine sulla mobilità transfrontaliera si è allargato ulteriormente, contribuendo al confronto con un diverso sistema di regole. Infatti, in tali settori, la libertà di stabilimento, operando attraverso il solo stabilimento secondario e scontando un apparato autorizzativo all'attività intracomunitaria ampiamente regolamentato, risulta peculiare rispetto a quanto succede invece per le società aventi ad oggetto lo svolgimento di attività diverse. Tale impostazione permette, alla fine del lavoro, di compiere un tentativo di sintesi del percorso intrapreso, su opposti versanti, dalla disciplina delle società con riguardo alla loro attività trasfrontaliera in regime di stabilimento; la traccia così segnata offre altresì la possibilità di delineare prospettive orientate alla risoluzione delle questioni ancora aperte, sia in termini di risultati normativi, sia in materia di scelta di una tecnica regolatoria utile al raggiungimento di tali risultati.
The subject of the present thesis is the principle of freedom of establishment under EU company law. This principle has involved relevant questions concerning its application within the internal market since the entering into force of the EC Treaty. Freedom of establishment has also generated a long debate over the last fifty years, in doctrine papers as well as in EU Court of Justice' judgements.The discussion on the principle of freedom of establishment is mainly related to the companies’ mobility in Europe. Secondly, the process between harmonization and liberalisation in EU company law has to be further devoloped, considering also the risks of “forum shopping” between EU member states. Referring to the mobility of companies in Europe, analysis has been enlarged with the discussion about european directives (i.e. Merger Directive 2005/56/CE) concerning the right to exercize mobility from one member state to another, european company statutes (i.e. SE), the proposal of “fourteenth directive” and European Private Company (SPE). The mobility of companies in EU implies international law matter referred to the important choice between “incorporation theory” or “real seat theory” as criteria in transferring company seat, and in cross-boarder mergers among industrial and commercial companies. Comparison between the above-mentioned subject of mobility in Europe with the freedom of establishment's principle, as defined in banking, insurance and financial law, is common so as to stress an in-depth difference in the legislative approach: registered office and administrative office must be positioned in the same member state, european authorisation admitted by the country of origin, establishing branches in other member states. The aforesaid conceptual framework allows to formulate some conclusions based on the right of free establishment next upgrade and fixing perspectives on balance between harmonisation and liberalisation in European company law.

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DIMONTE, MICHELE. « I conflitti di classificazione del diritto tributario dell'Unione Europea : una rilettura della Direttiva sul regime fiscale comune applicabile alle società madri e figlie ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/26692.

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Community law accepts the fact that the power to determine the connecting factors in taxation lies with the Member States. Thus, the Member States may decide whether tax will be levied at all, who is subject to tax, what type of income is taxed and the rate at which it will be taxed. Disparities result because different tax system apply independently of one another. Moreover, it is inherent to the sovereignty to tax that Member States may limit their tax jurisdiction (in other words, not levy tax) and that taxation in one Member States is not linked to taxation in another Member State. In this paper it has been indicated that Member State sovereignty will be jeopardized if disparities are characterized as prohibited restrictions. It is contended in the literature that the double taxation arising because of the (different) classification of a foreign (hybrid) entity is a restriction of the freedom of establishment. Some scholars are of the opinion that this kind of double taxation is a restriction of the freedom of movement and that Member State of participant has to recognize the tax classification of the entity by the state of establishment. In this paper it is argued that each Member State has the freedom to classify whichever taxpayer in whatever way, on the basis of its own tax rules. If this were not the case the Member States’ tax sovereignty would be at risk. The main purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether and to what extent the current wording of the Parent-Subsidiary Directive eliminates double taxation arising from cross-border distribution of profits in case of interposition of a hybrid entity between the parent company and the subsidiary. The main focus is placed on the scope of the Directive and its relation to the fundamental freedoms. The analysis is accompanied by a critical evaluation of the relevant case law of the ECJ. Based on the conducted research, in this paper I arrive to the conclusion that the P-S Directive itself does not provide for a satisfactory outcome to double taxation problems emerging in scenarios involving hybrid entities. However, double taxation affecting hybrid entities may nevertheless be resolved in some cases by recourse to the freedoms of movement.

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Carullo, G. « IL CONDIZIONAMENTO DEL DIRITTO EUROPEO SULL¿ORGANIZZAZIONE PUBBLICA DEI SERVIZI ECONOMICI. STUDIO SUI LIMITI DERIVANTI DAL DIRITTO DELL¿UNIONE EUROPEA ALLA DISCREZIONALITÀ ORGANIZZATIVA, TRA AUTOPRODUZIONE ED ESTERNALIZZAZIONE ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/258171.

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The research focuses on the way in which European law influences the discretionary decisions of national Authorities in the organization of services of general economic interest (hereinafter referred to as “SGEI”). In general terms, to ensure the European compatibility of a model of organization to be adopted to carry out a SGEI, it must be verified that the organizational formula chosen complies with the internal market. Various institutions of European law come into play, both of primary and secondary legislation: the rules on public tender procedures, the new legislation on the “public contracts between entities within the public sector” (art. 12, Directive 2014/24/EU, and the similar provisions in Directives 2014/23/EU and 2014/25/EU), the case-law on public-private partnerships, and the rules on State aids. The phenomenon is particularly interesting since it involves immediate repercussions on the exercise of discretionary powers. The fact that National Authorities must act coherently with the internal market rules implies that the decisions taken on the organisation of SGEI must be consistent with such market. Therefore, all decisions must consider that the service will be provided in the context of a free economy and a pro competitive environment. This means that the decisions on the organisation of SGEI must always state the reasons on which they are based. In particular, it is necessary to clarify why the organizational model chosen is deemed viable having regard to the framework deriving from the European competition principles. As a consequence, a decision to adopt a given organizational model may be contested if no adequate reasons are given to support it. European competition principles may thus be relevant in a “judicial review procedure”. In this context, the applicant could seek the annulment claiming that the choice made by the Public Authority has not been taken in accordance with the principle of proportionality, or that it is not sustainable in economic terms.

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BIANCHESSI, ANDREA. « COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE PER LO SVILUPPO : IL RUOLO DELLA SOCIETA' CIVILE NELLE POLITICHE DELLA BANCA MONDIALE E DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/307.

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La presente tesi di dottorato valuta i rapporti tra le organizzazioni della società civile e le istituzioni internazionali nel sistema della cooperazione per lo sviluppo, attraverso l'analisi delle politiche della Banca Mondiale e dell'Unione Europea, che risultano gli attori multilaterali più rilevanti nell'allocazione e gestione dei finanziamenti dell'Aiuto Pubblico allo Sviluppo (APS). Nel quadro di relazioni cooperative-dialettiche, si verificano le funzioni degli interlocutori della società civile nel rapporto con le due organizzazioni internazionali e i livelli di partnership. Si analizzano alcuni nodi problematici come la valutazione della performance dei progetti delle organizzazioni della società civile (OSC), per verificarne il valore aggiunto; la dicotomia tra un approccio top-down e bottom-up nella pianificazione di processi di sviluppo locale; la rappresentatività e l'efficacia del contributo delle OSC alla global governance per lo sviluppo. Si presentano anche due casi empirici di progetti realizzati da una stessa OSC, finanziati dalle due istituzioni considerate, al fine di favorire, attraverso l'analisi “micro”, la comprensione di eventuali diversità rispetto al quadro teorico, alle procedure sul “ciclo di progetto” e ai rilevamenti quantitativi presentati. Complessivamente, emerge che la cooperazione tra OSC e le istituzioni internazionali ha maggiori benefici che costi e conduce ad una partnership win-win per entrambi.
The present PhD thesis considers the relationships between the organisations of civil society and the international institutions in development cooperation's system through the analysis of the World Bank's and the European Union's policies. In the frame of cooperative and dialectic relationships will be verified the functions of the interlocutors of the civil society in relationship with the two international organisations and levels of partnership. Some problematic knots will be analysed such as the evaluation of projects' performance of the organisations of the social society (OSC) in order to verify the added value; the dichotomy between a top-down and bottom-up approach in the process planning of the local development; the representation and effectiveness of the OSC's contribution to the global governance for development. Two empirical cases of projects realised by an OCE will be showed. These are financed by the two above considered institutions in order to favour, through a “micro” analysis, the comprehension of possible differences regard to the theoretical picture, to the procedures of the project cycle and to the quantitative showed survey. Altogether it appears that the cooperation between the OSC and the international institutions has more benefits than costs and leads to a win-win partnership.

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BIANCHESSI, ANDREA. « COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE PER LO SVILUPPO : IL RUOLO DELLA SOCIETA' CIVILE NELLE POLITICHE DELLA BANCA MONDIALE E DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA ». Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/307.

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La presente tesi di dottorato valuta i rapporti tra le organizzazioni della società civile e le istituzioni internazionali nel sistema della cooperazione per lo sviluppo, attraverso l'analisi delle politiche della Banca Mondiale e dell'Unione Europea, che risultano gli attori multilaterali più rilevanti nell'allocazione e gestione dei finanziamenti dell'Aiuto Pubblico allo Sviluppo (APS). Nel quadro di relazioni cooperative-dialettiche, si verificano le funzioni degli interlocutori della società civile nel rapporto con le due organizzazioni internazionali e i livelli di partnership. Si analizzano alcuni nodi problematici come la valutazione della performance dei progetti delle organizzazioni della società civile (OSC), per verificarne il valore aggiunto; la dicotomia tra un approccio top-down e bottom-up nella pianificazione di processi di sviluppo locale; la rappresentatività e l'efficacia del contributo delle OSC alla global governance per lo sviluppo. Si presentano anche due casi empirici di progetti realizzati da una stessa OSC, finanziati dalle due istituzioni considerate, al fine di favorire, attraverso l'analisi “micro”, la comprensione di eventuali diversità rispetto al quadro teorico, alle procedure sul “ciclo di progetto” e ai rilevamenti quantitativi presentati. Complessivamente, emerge che la cooperazione tra OSC e le istituzioni internazionali ha maggiori benefici che costi e conduce ad una partnership win-win per entrambi.
The present PhD thesis considers the relationships between the organisations of civil society and the international institutions in development cooperation's system through the analysis of the World Bank's and the European Union's policies. In the frame of cooperative and dialectic relationships will be verified the functions of the interlocutors of the civil society in relationship with the two international organisations and levels of partnership. Some problematic knots will be analysed such as the evaluation of projects' performance of the organisations of the social society (OSC) in order to verify the added value; the dichotomy between a top-down and bottom-up approach in the process planning of the local development; the representation and effectiveness of the OSC's contribution to the global governance for development. Two empirical cases of projects realised by an OCE will be showed. These are financed by the two above considered institutions in order to favour, through a “micro” analysis, the comprehension of possible differences regard to the theoretical picture, to the procedures of the project cycle and to the quantitative showed survey. Altogether it appears that the cooperation between the OSC and the international institutions has more benefits than costs and leads to a win-win partnership.

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von, der Laage Gudrun Dorothea [Verfasser]. « Handelsbilanzielle und körperschaftsteuerliche Aspekte der Sitzverlegung einer Europäischen Aktiengesellschaft (SE) : Profili contabili e fiscali (dell’IRES) del trasferimento di sede di una Società Europea (SE) / Gudrun Dorothea von der Laage ». Frankfurt a.M. : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1127484664/34.

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Chiarito, Matteo <1995&gt. « La Blockchain e le società di gestione collettiva di diritti d’autore e dei diritti connessi nell’industria musicale europea : Caso studio “SIAE e i diritti di autore gestiti come asset digitali su una piattaforma Blockchain” ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21701.

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Le società di gestione collettiva di diritti d’autore e dei diritti connessi sono gli enti di intermediazione che lavorano per conto dei titolari dei diritti. Queste società concedono tramite dei mandati licenze di utilizzazione delle opere di ingegno a coloro che richiedono la loro utilizzazione, raccolgano le royalties da inviare agli artisti beneficiari e intrattengono una percettuale per il ruolo di intermediazione. I problemi del processo di regolamentazione dei diritti d’autore e diritti connessi sono collegati al modus operandi dalle società collettive, che si sono resi più inefficienti e poco trasparenti anche successivamente alla comparsa di Internet e all'avvento della Società dell'informazione Nel settore musicale i servizi streaming hanno consentito un accesso più semplice e veloce alle opere musicali online da parte dei consumatori, aumentando così il consumo di musica digitale e complicando l’attività di gestione per le collecting societies. In questa situazione l’Unione Europea si è spinta verso la ricerca di soluzioni a questo problema emanando una serie di direttive dalla strategia “Europa 2020”, tra le principali ci sono la Direttiva 2014/26/EU e e la Direttiva 2019/790/UE. Il progetto dell’Unione Europea è quello di aggiornare le norme UE sul diritto d’autore e i diritti connessi, sfruttando al meglio il mondo di un mercato unico europeo digitalizzato in cui le società di gestione collettiva puntano ad investire su tecnologie che siano in grado di migliorare i loro standard e governance della gestione dei diritti in modo più efficace, accurata e responsabile, facilitare la concessione delle licenze multi-territoriale dei prodotti musicali online, migliorare la protezione degli autori e degli artisti europei e un’equa remunerazione nei loro confronti. Questo progetto europeo ha creato un quadro più completo sul diritto d’autore in cui possono essere presi in considerazione diverse tecnologie innovative, tra queste la Blockchain è quella che possiede le caratteristiche più appropriate a risolvere le lacune evidenziate. La tecnologia Blockchain permette di creare un sistema basato su un database aperto e pubblico, in cui le informazioni digitali possono essere gestite in modo trasparente, accessibile e automatico. In questa ottica la SIAE si è mossa lanciando il progetto “Gestione dei diritti d’autore su reti 5G con Blockchain” in collaborazione con la piattaforma Algorand, applicando la tecnologia blockchain alla gestione del diritto di autore tramite la creazione di un database aperto, pubblico e accessibile per chiunque e gli NFT per i diritti d’autore. Questa tesi intende concentrarsi sulle problematiche inerenti al processo di gestione e distribuzione dei diritti d’autore nel settore musicale digitalizzato e quale impatto la tecnologia Blockchain potrebbe avere in tale processo, sul ruolo futuro delle società di gestione collettiva del diritto d’autore e i nuovi business model che si potrebbero sviluppare in Europa.

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Guidali, F. « UOMINI DI CULTURA E ASSOCIAZIONI INTELLETTUALI NEL DOPOGUERRA TRA FRANCIA, ITALIA E GERMANIA OCCIDENTALE (1945-1956) ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/227690.

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The associations established in the years following the Second World War – in particular the Congress for cultural freedom (CCF) and the Société européenne de culture (European Society of Culture, SEC) – were intended to create bonds among intellectuals and to promote the discussion about their function within society. This study investigates the reasons and causes which lead to said associations, and it analyses the intellectual’s perception of their own role at that time and of the instruments they had to perform their civil task. The SEC, founded by the philosopher Umberto Campagnolo in 1950, has been chosen as the case study. The present PhD thesis is divided into: a methodology introduction, a story of culture organization between the end of the Nineteenth Century and the Second World War (a part which has been considered necessary in order to underline the aspects of continuity and the possible original features regarding intellectuals’ associations that were founded during the Cold War years) and, finally, an in-depth analysis of the case study. The investigation moves from a transnational and comparative perspective, making use of the analytical procedure, first introduced by Pierre Bourdieu and Gisèle Sapiro, in a critical manner. In order to explore the core of this thesis, several different phases have been identified: the first one falls between 1945 and 1950, the second between 1950 (year of birth for the main intellectuals’ associations) and September 1953, the third covering the period until March 1956, an important date in SEC history. For this study a wide review of cultural magazines, as well as of relevant archive material has been carried out. Campagnolo conceived culture as a creation of values: in his opinion since intellectuals, were responsible for conceiving ideas and symbols they should maintain full autonomy in the literary field. It was exactly in such dualism between autonomy and engagement that the SEC’s originality can be traced. The association was founded on the conviction that, only by uniting their strength, intellectuals would have been able to win influence within society, though it was the individual who had to commit himself/herself personally. The SEC’s peculiarity was determined also by its effective political independence, in spite of financing from the Italian government. It was conceived as a real association, and the instruments used for its action – the magazine “Comprendre”, the national centres and the Rencontre Est-Ouest [“East-West Encounter”] – did represent new important elements for the organizations of the time. By means of a thorough study of Campagnolo’s speeches, of the “Comprendre” magazine, of the Meetings debates, of correspondence and of the strategy for new members’ recruitment, the SEC’s task was defined as “metaphysical”, meaning that it was not linked to events, but to the spirit which should have accompanied any cultural action. It was hence inferred that the SEC and the CCF were competing for non-political reasons. Actually, the SEC intended to safeguard the autonomy of intellectual relations (defining such an approach as politique de la culture [politics of culture]), while the CCF supported heteronomy, employing Art and literature with a precise political aim. The contrast between these two institutions was hence due to a different conception the intellectuals held about their own role in society. Therefore, the associations under examination did not represent an instrument with a univocal meaning: as demonstrated by the analysis which has been carried out, they were devoid of any intrinsically autonomous or heteronymous function with respect to the literary field. Furthermore it is clearly confirmed that intellectuals had a role of mediation, as they had always affirmed during past history The development of intellectuals’ associations needs to be ascribed to the social aspects of the writer’s or artist’s function, more than to political factors related to the conflict between the blocks. In the attempt to fully understand the reasons for the success of intellectuals’ associations in those years, it has been hypothesized that a decline of the authority provided by traditional mediation forms among intellectuals, masses and politics had occurred. The social problem connected to such form of cultural organization was brought to light: in the SEC, it was less renowned intellectuals who showed particular involvement, and this means that actual interest for the SEC was due to their social condition and to the position a person had in the intellectual field. The sources examined have shown how in Western Europe, after the Cold War peak reached in the months of armed conflict in Korea, the conception of engagement itself evolved: intellectuals were integral part of society, were free to choose time, place and mode for their interventions, positioning themselves midway between pure action and pure Art. This point of arrival corresponded to Campagnolo’s own conclusions, who rightly maintained that the root of the intellectuals’ problem and of their crisis was social, rather than moral or political, relating to their role in a society which was more and more massified. The acceptance of an intermediate position among those expressed after the Second World War put a light on how ideological differences could be smoothed, while the need for autonomy and defence of intellectuals as expressed by associations remained.

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Lookofsky, Sarah Elsie. « No such thing as society : art and the crisis of the European welfare state / ». Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3386699.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 19, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 243-258).

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Christópoulos, Dīmī́trīs. « Droit, Europe et minorités : critique de la science juridique européenne ». Amiens, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AMIE0056.

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L'objectif de cette étude est de porter une réflexion critique sur la question des minorités dans ses articulations avec les concepts du droit et de l'Europe. Cette réflexion repose sur une démarche intellectuelle interdisciplinaire. La philosophie politique et juridique ainsi que l'histoire des relations internationales servent d'instruments pour la construction de la minorité comme objet de connaissance dans le domaine des sciences humaines. A partir des théories du contrat social, de la constitution des Etats-nations en Europe et de l'application du principe des nationalités, la minorité surgit comme entité sociale ainsi que comme concept. La compréhension du concept des minorités par le droit exige une lecture du droit au pluriel. Certains courants de sociologie, d'anthropologie et de théorie générale du droit contribuent à ce que la minorité puisse être construite comme objet de science du droit (inter alia, l'objectivisme sociologique, l'institutionnalisme, le psychologisme). L'indice primordial à relever dans cette démarche de pluralisme juridique est la revendication de la minorité. C'est à partir de la revendication du groupe et de ses présupposés (la représentation interne et la secondarité des règles du groupe) que la minorité peut être envisagée comme un ordre juridique qui réclame sa reconnaissance par l'Etat. De nos jours, l’Europe découvre son problème des minorités, après une longue période d'indifférence, caractérisée par la préoccupation du droit international de protéger l'homme abstrait et non-situé. Or, le concept de minorités fait appel aux notions d'appartenance et de reconnaissance de la différence. Un corps de normes est "en gestation" au sein des organisations européennes (Conseil de l'Europe, OCSE, UE). Ces normes sous le poids de l'urgence surgie après 1989, s'efforcent de protéger les minorités
The aim of this study consists in proposing a critical reflection on minority question in its articulations with the concepts of law and Europe. This reflection is founded on an interdisciplinary intellectual reasoning. The political and legal philosophy as well as the history of international relations in Europe contribute in order to construct the minority as an object of knowledge in the domain of human sciences. From the theories of social contract, to the constitution of the state-nations in Europe and the application of the principle of nationalities, minority emerges as a social entity as well as a concept. The comprehension of the minority concept imposes a plural lecture of law. Certain doctrinal movements within the disciplines of legal sociology, legal anthropology and the general theory of law. (inter alia, sociological objectivism, institutionnalism, psychologism) contribute in order to construct the minority as an object of the legal science. The fundamental element of this reasoning of legal pluralism is the groups' claim. It's from this sign and its presuppositions that minority can be envisaged as a legal order claiming its recognition by the state. Actually, Europe discovers its minority problems, after a long period of indifference, characterised by the major preoccupation of international law to protect the abstract and non-situated individual. However, minority concept calls for the notions of membership and of the recognition of difference, claimed by minority groups. A body of norms is actually elaborated within the European organisations (Council of Europe, OSCE, EU). These norms are willing to assume minority protection

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Charrad, Kristina. « Participants or observers in European governance ? civil society lobbyists from Central and Eastern Europe in Brussels ». Baden-Baden Nomos, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1000248372/04.

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Rößl, Dietmar, et Elisabeth Reiner. « The Implementation of the Regulation 1435/2003 on the Statute European Cooperative Society (SCE) in Europe ». WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/2937/1/SCE_Report_Austria%2Dfinal.pdf.

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Kleeberg, Christian. « Kapitalaufbringung bei Gründung der Societas Europaea : Vergleich der Vorschriften zur Kapitalaufbringung und -erhöhung in Europa / ». Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014657176&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Meyer, Michael, Clara Maria Moder, Michaela Neumayr et Peter Vandor. « Civil Society and Its Institutional Context in CEE ». Springer US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11266-019-00106-7.

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Although civil societies in Central and Eastern Europe are often portrayed as similar, united by a shared communist past, they have developed along increasingly divergent trajectories over the past three decades. This article investigates the current state of civil society in the region and the role the institutional context plays in it. Drawing on historical institutionalism and the process of European integration, we classify the 14 countries under investigation into three distinct groups and analyze data from a survey of more than 350 local civil society experts. We find that, together with domestic governments, international donors and the EU are perceived as the most influential institutional actors for civil society organizations. Their respective influences, however, depend largely on a country's stage in the EU accession process. Overall, the study provides a differentiated mapping of civil society in this region and a better understanding of how the institutional context relates to a Country's civil society.

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Qiu, Lei, et Xiaomeng Ding. « Chinese students' integration in European society ». Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för hälsa och arbetsliv, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16432.

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Robakov, Jevgeni. « Societas Europaea : Analysis of adoption and practical functioning ». Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1072.

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Due to constant expansion of the European Community, the harmonization in the fields of European company law and development of internal European market have emerged into considerably bigger and more complex issues. Aspects of corporate mobility, having a direct simultaneous connection to the right of freedom of establishment, have been one of the most problematic spheres for reaching international consensus. Despite numerous directives adopted by Member States (MS) European undertakings continue to be regulated by national legislations. The idea of a common European limited liability company, sc. Societas Europaea (SE), was put into process of realization in order to facilitate the internal trade and to help multinational companies to obtain legal certainty and trans-European character by rising above the variety of national legislations. Furthermore, the SE was to make cross-border enterprise management more flexible and less bureaucratic and to help improving the general competitiveness of Community enterprises.

The process of formation of the European Company Statue took over forty years and the result of the final adoption turned out to be something completely different from the es-sential idea of the European Company. Due to the historical, socio-political and legal dif-ferences MSs had difficulties with compromising on the majority of aspects and instead of one common SE form, the Community had basically adopted 28 different alternatives, loosing the original valuable supranational character. The strongest advantage of the SE are the rights conferred to it by the Regulation. The frequent use of renvoi technique undermines this aspect of SE’s precedence over national legislation. The true potential of the European Company remains thus highly theoretical and the current shape of the SE presents only a weak alternative to the national corporate forms of the MSs.

A European Company cannot be freely incorporated solely by investment of private capi-tal. There is a need for existence of at least two legal enterprises which furthermore must fall under the scope of different national legislations. In other words in order to create an SE, the definite cross-border element between companies at hand must be visible or can be identified. It can be formed by means of merger, creation of a holding, incorporation of a subsidiary or conversion. The subscribed capital for the SE shall at its minimum equal €120 000. The Council Regulation on SE provides a flexible management regime, permit-ting companies to choose between two administration systems (one-tier/two-tier) that exist in the Community. The issues of employee involvement are regulated in separate directive that is a supplement to the Regulation.

Despite the recent developments of freedom of establishment through the case-law, the matter remains utterly complicated. The SE may seem on one hand as a logical solution, being able to incorporate in different MSs, to merge or to form a holding without burden-some processes of winding-up and re-incorporation. On the other hand the Regulation re-stricts the mobility of the SE by provisions prohibiting location of registered and head of-fice of the company in different MSs, depriving it thus from one of the basic Community freedoms. Prudent attitude to mobility and aspiration to protect national interests have partly diminished essential advantages of the SE. It appears to be impossible to conduct business in one MS while being registered in another. Possible amendments are awaited shortly, but so far the SE has definitely not achieved many of practical goals considering mobility and has fulfilled very few of its important theoretical expectations.

National perspective on the adoption of the SE seems to be relatively positive, accepting the theoretical advantages of corporate mobility, options of structure and management and possibility to obtain an essentially European trademark. However, there is also an amount of skepticism addressed to deficient practical functioning due to the lack of uniform legislation. European organizations and companies tend to have a slightly more cautious and restrained approach. The idea of a European Company is praised more for its genuinely European character. Representatives for established SEs prefer to talk about internationalization of trade, European recognition, enhanced competitiveness and market integration, while very little speaks about the true practical potential. The SE is furthermore often observed as a useful but still mainly theoretical legal instrument, playing an indispensable part in the overall development of European company law.

Political motives seem to be considerably heavier while discussing the question of necessity of adoption that later attracted so little interest. Additionally, the basic idea of the SE also seems to include definite measures for general European unification, granting SE the symbolic value of commonly European enterprise. Consequently, failing in purely practical application in the absence of a clear need for common limited liability company, the SE has its theoretical and crucially important socio-psychological purposes.

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Zennato, Marco <1993&gt. « La valutazione delle Partecipazioni di alcune società quotate Europee ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/13218.

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Il presente elaborato analizza l’impatto sull’accounting choice della tradizione contabile, del macrosettore di appartenenza, del comparto azionario, della composizione del board e del livello di financial leverage. Il suddetto lavoro si concentra su un ambito ben specifico, l’accounting choice relativamente ai criteri di valutazione delle partecipazioni nel bilancio separato secondo i principi internazionali. Il lavoro è stato svolto sulle scelte contabili di un campione di 324 aziende quotate di derivazione Anglosassone e Continentale Europea che utilizzano gli IAS-IFRS, tutte presenti all’interno dell’indice Eurostoxx.  Tutte le informazioni relative alle società in questione sono state reperite all’interno degli ultimi annual report disponibili, pubblicati sul sito ufficiale della società nella sezione riservata agli investitori. Lo studio si focalizza sulla valutazione delle partecipazioni e nello specifico verifica se il metodo di valutazione predominante ricade sulla scelta del fair value, del costo storico o metodo del patrimonio netto. Per la verifica di ipotesi si è utilizzato il t-test, mentre per lo studio delle variabili è stato utilizzato il metodo della multinomial logistic regression.

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Spansk, Mattis. « Europe Calls →FEBI eller ESEC ? : - Financial European Bureau of InvestigationellerEuropean Securities and Exchange Commission ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-439573.

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Min ambition är att med aktuellt material samt med en handfull adekvata metoder pröva mintes om att det krävs en central europeisk myndighet, med såväl polis, åklagare som domstol,som är underställd justitiedepartementen med fullt mandat för att komma tillrätta med en utavvår tids största globala organiserade brottsligheter, Penningtvätt. Detta hotar samhälletsförtroende för kapitalmarknaderna, kan leda till finansiell systemkris och på det stora helasåledes vårt moderna sätt att leva. Samhällskontraktet mellan staten och dess medborgareutmanas. Människans innersta väsen, med en epigenetisk tillika predisponerad girighet står idirekt polemik med vårt sätt att på nations och unions vägar mitigera detta humana drag. Utanett skifte från förvaltningsrätten till straffrätten, med en verkställighet med tydligt preventivaoch direkt effektiva sanktioner som är större än ett ändrat arbetssätt och lite penningböter(som till slut diskonteras i Bankernas P/L kalkyler), så står inte dessa väl cementeradeinstitutioner till svars som en del utav en lösning. Inte heller är regleringen i form av lagar,regler och förordningar optimal, den borde kräva med [emfas] (direkt kausalitet) en vässadverkställighet och inte ett samordnande av artiklar, direktiv, regler och förslag. Bankerna,vågar jag påstå (stryk: att vi idag med all säkerhet kan stipulera), är en avgörande del avproblemet, vilket jag varken tror de vill eller skall så vara: de är en av nycklarna till lösningenpå problemet med penningtvätt. Alltså annorlunda uttryckt: hur får sheriffen kulor i revolvernoch hur får vi sheriffen att ta till mod för att stämma i bäcken? Sheriffen är härtillsynsmyndigheten. Hur skiftar vi paradigmet hos nyckelaktören: banken? Vad skulle kunnaskrämma banker och bankanställda till compliance/efterlevnad? Kan vi jämföra med och hurfår vi i så fall fram ett ställföreträdaransvar likt det sjukvården besitter?

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Vandor, Peter, Nicole Traxler, Reinhard Millner et Michael Meyer. « Civil Society in Central and Eastern Europe : Challenges and Opportunities ». ERSTE Foundation, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6256/1/Study_Civil%2DSociety%2Din%2DCEE_WU%2DWien.pdf.

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Building on the work of 27 authors and a survey of 400 experts, this volume provide a map of civil society in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The analysis comprises 16 CEE countries in four distinct country groups: a) the Visegrád group, which consists of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary, b) Slovenia and Croatia, c) Bulgaria and Romania, and finally, d) the non-EU countries Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Albania, and Moldova. Austria serves as a reference country for comparing CEE civil society with a traditional Western European civil society. For each country, a chapter provides an overview over recent historical developments, the shapes and forms of civil society, its most important fields and activity, and an assessment of its institutional environment. Chapters also contain an analyisis of trends and future developments in civil society. In addition, the volume contains a synthesis chapter which provides a general investitgation of civil societes across the region. We find that, even though the four groups are very diverse, similarities and shared patterns can be identified, such as the important role of the European Union and the accession process in shaping the institutional framework. Analyses also reveal distinct features of civil society within the four country groups, such as a particularly high level of donor dependency in the non-EU country group and a low level of institutional trust in Bulgaria and Romania. Despite recent challenges, including the withdrawal of foreign donors and political tensions in some countries, the outlook we provide for this dynamic region remains largely optimistic.

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Ostlinning, Freya Elisa [Verfasser], et Annette [Akademischer Betreuer] Zimmer. « Running for Europe : European sports policy and the role of civil society / Freya Elisa Ostlinning, geb. Brune. Betreuer : Annette Zimmer ». Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1027017746/34.

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Bruhagen, Åsa. « European Identity-building and the Democratic Deficit - a Europe in search of its 'Demos' ». Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Political Science, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-557.

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During the last two decades the citizens’ trust in the European Union (EU) has decreased. It has been established that the Union suffer from a democratic deficit which has caused it to impose so called “identity-policies”. There is a need for the citizens to identify with the Union as a foundation of its legitimacy. But there is a problem since there is no clear idea of who constitutes “the people” in the European case.

Democratic theory presupposes a demos and a polity. The problem of the EU is that there are difficulties defining the ‘demos’ – there are difficulties identifying ‘the people’. The fact that the EU is in a situation where it has to deal with ‘peoples’ instead of a ‘people’ (demoi instead of demos) makes it more difficult since demos is closely related to the ‘nation’. Only nations may have states, thus the EU may not have a state. Hence it is difficult for the EU to conceptualize a demos, and without a demos there cannot be democracy. By arguing in this way the great need to create a ‘peoples’ Europe’ is understandable.

The thesis will concentrate on why there is a lack of a demos, or a “We-feeling”, within the Union, why this is a source of anxiety, and what possibly could unite the Union.

Attempts have been made to create a ‘European’ identity through constitution-making (however, a new constitution was recently rejected) and citizenship rights. The Union has also adopted a number of symbols to facilitate the citizens in identifying with the Union. Most of these symbols have been similar to those of the memberstates, thus, the Union has tried to use the methods of nation-building to overcome the legitimacy problem. Still, there is a lack of uniqueness of the Union. This may be for various reasons. Institution-building and constitution-making cannot alone provide democratic legitimacy; social practice and contestation must be included. This should take place in a public sphere but, in order to ‘have’ a public sphere, there must be a certain degree of collective identification.

It has also been claimed that there is a ‘European’ culture stemming from three ancient treasure houses (the ancient Near East, the ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire). Since culture is based on norms, i.e. customs, attitudes, beliefs, and values of a society, it is of importance to the Union when this is what politics are based on.

The study of this topic is relevant since the EU has an increased impact on the lives of its citizens, yet troubles to reach them. There is a lack of communication between the Union and its citizens and the democratic deficit becomes more and more obvious. The methods used by the Union do not seem successful and the issue of a European identity has become a source of anxiety.

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Bevivino, Vito <1975&gt. « Capitale e struttura finanziaria delle società bancarie europee per azioni ». Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15007.

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La tesi affronta il tema della capitalizzazione bancaria e degli strumenti per il finanziamento dell’impresa bancaria. A questo fine esamina la normativa europea in materia, il reg. 575/2013 UE e la direttiva 2013/36/UE, applicando una chiave di lettura del fenomeno che integra le ricadute della disciplina prudenziale con il valore dell’impresa bancaria avendo come punto di riferimento la banca e la sua funzione finanziaria e di intermediazione. Il percorso delineato dall’elaborato segue una linea di pensiero che si sviluppa a partire dal tema del finanziamento d’impresa e, quindi, secondo il punto di vista adottato, della disciplina del finanziamento d’impresa. A partire da questa considerazione, che sviluppa l’idea della funzione di intermediazione dell’impresa bancaria, i profili attivo e passivo dell’attività bancaria vengono considerati e analizzati dal punto di vista finanziario. Tutto ciò nella convinzione che questo profilo sia quello che meglio spiega il fenomeno prudenziale. Nella ricostruzione del fenomeno si colgono gli aspetti funzionali del finanziamento e la composizione capitalistica della disciplina prudenziale che non assume definizioni formali degli strumenti finanziari. Nella ricerca sono presenti e vengono utilizzate le fonti europee con perizia e misura, esito apprezzabile anche del periodo di ricerca condotto presso la Banca Centrale Europea.

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Bojinov, Jivco. « Democracy in Eastern Europe : society, government, and economy ». Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1361.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science

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Abele, Christine. « Civil society assistance in Central and Eastern Europe ». Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15749.

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Die Arbeit stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit es externen Akteuren möglich ist, zivilgesellschaftli-che Strukturen eines in der Transformation befindlichen Staates zu stärken, um damit einen Beitrag zur Konsolidierung nachkommunistischer Gesellschaften zu leisten. Resultiert die externe Förderung tatsächlich in eine „zivilere“ Gesellschaft, welche sich auf mündige und aktive Bürger stützt, oder führt sie zu einem bloßen Transfer von Strukturen in Form von Nicht-Regierungsorganisationen (NRO), welche jedoch keine gesellschaftliche Anbindung haben und bloße Zuarbeiter westlicher Geberorganisationen sind? // Um diese Frage zu beantworten, werden im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit ausgehend vom akteurszentrierten Institutionalismus zwei wesentliche Mechanismen identifiziert, durch wel-che die Aktivitäten der Geber Veränderungen bei den Nehmern erzielen: Ermächtigung und Lernen. Während Ersteres die Einsatzmöglichkeiten und Ressourcen einiger Akteure stärkt und damit vorhandene Akteurskonstellationen ändert, führt Letzteres dazu, dass neue Ideen Eingang in die politische Arena finden. // Die Arbeit stellt die Aktivitäten vier verschiedener Geberländer und –organisationen in Polen und der Slowakei in den 1990er Jahren vor; der Europäischen Union, Deutschlands, der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und dem privaten Netzwerk der Soros Stiftungen; und un-tersucht deren Beitrag zur zivilgesellschaftlichen Entwicklung beider Länder. Hierzu werden lokale NROs in den Blick genommen, welche maßgeblich von westlichen Gebern unterstützt werden und untersucht, inwieweit diese als Träger der Zivilgesellschaft fungieren, welche Legitimität sie bei der Bevölkerung besitzen und ob sie nach Rückzug der Geber weiter exis-tieren. // Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass westliche Zivilgesellschaftsförderung in beiden un-tersuchten Ländern einen positiven Effekt hatte in dem Sinne, dass maßgeblich geförderte NROs tatsächlich als Träger der Zivilgesellschaft fungierten. Sie bemühten sich um die Un-terstützung anderer NROs, erweitern gesellschaftliche Partizipationsmöglichkeiten und sind soweit in nationale Strukturen und in der Gesellschaft verankert, dass auch ein Fortbestand ohne westliche Gelder möglich ist.
With the end of the communist bloc and the transformations taking place in Central and Eastern Europe the promotion and protection of democracy from abroad became a major field of assistance. Especially civil society assistance, understood as direct support granted to non-governmental actors of the target state with the explicit aim to promote the consolida-tion of democracy, became a major pillar of democracy aid. The dissertation analyzes civil society assistance and aims to tackle the question whether it is feasible to promote and strengthen civil society from abroad. Does civil society assistance result in more civil society or does it result in nothing more than the establishment of donor driven NGOs which are nei-ther voluntary nor independent but solely function as puppets of donors? // In order to answer this question and following the insights of actor-centered institutionalism, the dissertation identifies to modes of external intervention labeled „empowerment” and “learning. In the first case, donors may increase the action resources of chosen domestic actors, thus altering domestic actor constellations, by providing finances, technical equip-ment, information and know-how. In the latter case, external actors may impact upon the ori-entations, that is, the perceptions and preferences, of domestic actors. // The dissertation analyses the contribution of the activities of four different donors; the Euro-pean Union, the USA, Germany and the private network of Soros Foundations; to the devel-opment of civil society in Poland and Slovakia. In order to pinpoint outcomes of civil society assistance the dissertation focuses on recipients and their activities. The dissertation thus clarifies to what extent main recipient organizations act as carriers of civil society, whether they transmit the interests of their constituency into politics, whether they fulfill a watch-dog function and democratic functions attributed to civil society. It therefore analyzes main recipi-ents, their sustainability, legitimacy and effectiveness as carriers of civil society. // The dissertation jumps to the conclusion that externally driven civil society assistance had positive effects in both countries under investigation as supported NGOs acted as carriers of civil society.

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Cook, Deborah. « Civil society in Wales and European Union policy-making ». Thesis, University of South Wales, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434813.

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Nieminen, Ari. « Towards a European society ? : integration and regulation of capitalism / ». Helsinki : Helsinki University Printing House, 2005. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/sosio/vk/nieminen/towardsa.pdf.

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Fieldhouse, Julie. « Europe's mirror, civil society and the other ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25046.pdf.

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Flaig, Katrin. « Die Satzung der Societas Privata Europaea (SPE) ». Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Burxelles new York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1003710506/04.

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Carraro, Irene <1989&gt. « Enterprise Risk Management e valore d’impresa : un’analisi empirica delle società quotate europee ». Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4157.

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Le variazioni che l’ambiente economico ha subito negli ultimi anni hanno messo in evidenza la complessità del business, l’elevata volatilità dei mercati, la maggiore difficoltà nelle transazioni, la crescente situazione di incertezza e la conseguente nascita di nuovi rischi e minacce cui le imprese possono essere esposte. Per fronteggiare tali eventi aleatori, le tradizionali metodologie di gestione (Traditional Risk Management) appaiono inadeguate e obsolete, in quanto non in grado di cogliere la natura dei nuovi rischi e le loro relazioni. Si evidenzia quindi la necessità di adottare un nuovo approccio di tipo integrato: l’Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). Tale processo non solo permette la gestione dei rischi aziendali in maniera globale, ma ha anche come fine ultimo la creazione di valore. L’analisi empirica, svolta su un campione di 200 imprese quotate europee, si propone un duplice obiettivo. In primo luogo quello di verificare se l’adozione del processo produca o meno degli effetti sul valore delle imprese. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che il ROE risente della presenza di società di revisione membri dei Big Four e della nomina di un Chief Risk Officer come responsabile del processo di Risk Management. In secondo luogo determinare quali siano le variabili che influenzano l’implementazione del processo stesso da parte del management; particolarmente significativi in questo caso sono la nomina di un CRO, l’adozione del COSO Framework ed il coinvolgimento del Consiglio di Amministrazione nell’implementazione dell’ERM.

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Ridner, Judith A. « The Society of United Irishmen and the Rebellion of 1798 ». W&M ScholarWorks, 1988. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625476.

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Arkan, Seda. « The Effects Of European Union Funding On Turkish Civil Society ». Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608152/index.pdf.

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The thesis explores the impact of European Union funding on Turkish non-governmental organizations in the post-Helsinki period. The European Union financial aids in the post-Helsinki period is analysed with a specific emphasis on civil society and how Turkish civil society is affected from these financial aids. The search for impact analysis is done through case studies of three different civil society organisations at several levels. The organisations studied are, Women Entrepreneur&rsquo
s Support Foundation of Turkey (KAGiDER), Mother-Child Education Foundation (AÇ
EV) and Southeast Anatolia Project- Entrepreneurs Development Centres (GiDEM) The importance of these three cases is being representative of different strata of civil society and operating in priority areas in such as, women, entrepreneurship and basic education the pre-accession stage. The effects of EU funding will be analysed in different subject areas and levels, such as organisational changes, operational changes, mission differentiations and changes in relations with third parties. The study concludes with the analysis if these impacts have a permanent effect on Turkish civil society and civil society organisations, together with the critiques of the extent EU funds can be utilised by an average NGO.

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DI, GIACOMO GIULIA. « Tra governo e autogoverno : l’emigrazione temporanea in Europa, i Segretariati Laici e la Società Umanitaria ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/385022.

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Lo scopo della presente tesi è quello di indagare quale spazio sia stato guadagnato dal pluralismo normativo all’interno dell’ordinamento italiano nel primo decennio del Novecento, nel pieno della crisi dell’ordine liberale. Ci proponiamo di farlo attraverso lo studio di un particolare fenomeno di massa, l’emigrazione italiana cd. temporanea o continentale, e, nello specifico, del tentativo di auto-organizzazione e auto-governo posto in essere da uno di quei gruppi di interessi che premevano sullo Stato liberale, gli emigranti (i lavoratori stagionali) organizzati dai Segretariati Laici dell’emigrazione. In questo lavoro, e ciò costituisce una novità rispetto alla letteratura esistente, proponiamo un capovolgimento di prospettiva: la nostra indagine, infatti, non parte dall’analisi della legislazione ma, a rovescio, parte da uno speciale gruppo di soggetti di diritto, nel tentativo di individuare quali effetti produceva la legislazione in vigore su questo gruppo e se, e in che modo, i comportamenti di quegli stessi soggetti influivano sul diritto e sulla sua materiale attuazione. Cambiare il punto di osservazione ci ha fornito una visuale privilegiata sull’intrinseca pluralità del diritto, consentendoci di osservare quanti soggetti diversi intervengano quotidianamente nell’applicazione delle norme giuridiche e giochino un ruolo fondamentale nella materializzazione dell’ordine vigente. Studiare il caso dell’organizzazione degli emigranti temporanei italiani ci ha consentito, inoltre, di analizzare il particolare sistema normativo e istituzionale costruito da uno specifico gruppo di emigranti per auto-disciplinare i propri comportamenti in accordo con i propri interessi individuali e collettivi, di vedere in che modo l’esistenza di questo “ordinamento” informale abbia influito sull’ordine giuridico esistente, e infine di verificare quale spazio di autonomia sia riuscito a conquistare quel nuovo soggetto sociale all’interno dell’ordinamento statale. Nel primo capitolo seguiamo gli emigranti italiani nei loro viaggi migratori attraverso l’Europa. Le dettagliate relazioni inviate al governo italiano dai Consoli e dai nuovi Addetti all’emigrazione chiariscono in che modo il carattere temporaneo dell’emigrazione poneva i lavoratori italiani in una condizione di svantaggio rispetto ai lavoratori locali, svelando, parallelamente, come il diritto vigente rafforzasse quella linea di divisione che li separava dai lavoratori autoctoni e contribuisse a riprodurre e a fissare quella differenza che ne consentiva il maggiore sfruttamento, anche in assenza di una legislazione specificamente restrittiva dell’immigrazione. Nei capitoli successivi vediamo la storia di come, sotto la spinta del Segretariato Laico dell’emigrazione di Udine e della Società Umanitaria, una parte di quei lavoratori stagionali, conscia della propria posizione sociale e delle carenze del diritto vigente, svilupperà degli strumenti normativi e istituzionali propri, con lo scopo di consentire alla massa degli emigranti di auto-disciplinare i propri comportamenti e di governare il proprio movimento in accordo con i propri interessi, individuali e collettivi. Gli emigranti organizzati costruiranno un ordinamento di classe che non solo interagirà variamente con il nuovo diritto predisposto dallo Stato italiano con la legge n. 23/1901 per la tutela degli emigranti, ma che cercherà di conquistare un sempre maggiore spazio di autonomia all’interno dello stesso ordinamento statale e internazionale.
The thesis aims at showing the role played by the Società Umanitaria, a non-governmental organisation promoting workers’ rights, in the enforcement and further development of the special/social legislation that ruled the position of Italian seasonal emigrants in Switzerland, Austria, Germany and France, in the early twentieth century. Italian seasonal emigration, also known as “temporary” or “continental” emigration, was a mass phenomenon whose numerical proportions at the time were comparable to those of transoceanic emigration. The Società Umanitaria is a private foundation established in 1893 with the aim of enabling the destitute to self-enhance their condition through labour, education, mutual aid, and class organization; from 1904 to 1924 it has focused part of its action on the assistance of Italian seasonal emigrants across Europe. Assisting migrants abroad, the Umanitaria discovered that foreign labour and social legislation failed to apply to Italian seasonal workers because migrants were neither conscious of their rights neither capable to enforce them; furthermore it realized that the existing legislation, both national and international, was not sufficient to protect emigrants’ interests and rights. To overcome these problems the Umanitaria began to promote the creation of local labourers’ bodies in the major centres of emigration and immigration, which were in charge of: 1) enlightening migrants about the rights; 2) making sure that abroad social and labour laws were applied evenly to Italian seasonal workers, providing them various forms of assistance; 3) developing new normative practices which could be used by emigrants to better protect their individual and collective interests. The various normative discourses and practices employed to promote the self-disciplining of Italian emigrants – e.g. the editing of practical guide for migrants, the organization of propaganda’s campaigns, the provision of free legal assistance abroad, the promotion of national conferences on temporary emigration – intertwined with the existing legal order, strengthening its validity, ensuring its enforcement, and sometimes even anticipating the enactment of new legal rules. Focusing on the activity of this peculiar non-governmental organization, the thesis investigates the entanglement between private regulation and official law and sheds light on some “hidden” factors which contributed to the development and actual implementation of the Italian special/social provisions protecting continental emigration, such as, for example, emigrants’ growing awareness of their social position and of their rights and interests as individuals and as a class.

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Laycock, Jolyon. « A changing role for the composer in society ». Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274517.

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Famoso, Fabio. « Regionalismo ed autonomie locali in Europa. Il caso basco ». Thesis, Università degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/273.

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La tesi indaga il tema del regionalismo in Europa e segnatamente nell'area spagnola dei paesi baschi. Essa si articola in 5 capitoli. Nel primo capitolo si affronta il tema dell'integrazione in Europa delle spinte regionalistiche. Nel secondo capitolo viene indagato il regionalismo spagnolo. Nel terzo capitolo viene seguita l'evoluzione del mondo basco fino al recente periodo. Nel quarto capitolo viene presentato un quadro fisico, economico e sociale della realta' basca. Infine, nel quinto capitolo e' approfondito il tema del nazionalismo basco e dei suoi caratteri culturali.

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Cruickshank, Neil A. « Power, civil society and contentious politics in post communist Europe ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/559.

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This dissertation examines how contentious collective action in two post communist states, Poland and the Czech Republic, has broadened to include European and international actors. It identifies the emergence of new opportunities for contention brought about by recent episodes of institutional change, specifically EU accession, and questions how they benefit materially or politically weak NGOs. With the intention of determining how three interrelated processes, democratization, Europeanization and internationalization, affect the nature and scope of contentious politics, this dissertation carries out an investigation of several concrete episodes of political mobilization and contention. As shown these 'contentious events' involved a myriad of national, European and international actors, mobilizing to challenge national policy. Data from NGO questionnaires, interviews and newswire/newspaper archives are used to discern the nature and scope of contentious collective action. This dissertation assesses the extent to which transnationalization of advocacy politics has disrupted existing power arrangements at the national level between NGOs and government. Hypothesizing that European Union accession in 2004 changed the nature and scope of contentious collective action in post communist Europe, this dissertation undertakes a comparative empirical examination of three sectors, environment, women and Roma, and twenty-nine representative NGOs. My research identifies three important developments in the Polish and Czech nonprofit sector: first, European advocacy networks and institutions are helping national NGOs overcome power disparities at the national level; second, issues once confined to national political space have acquired a European dimension, and; third, despite Europeanization, a few notable policy issues (i.e. reproductive rights, nuclear energy and domestic violence) remain firmly under national jurisdiction. This dissertation contributes to existing collective action/post communist scholarship in three ways. It applies established theories of contention/collective action to several recent episodes of political mobilization; it confirms that post accession institutional change does offer new political opportunity structures to national NGOs, and finally; it presents new empirical research on post communist collective action.

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Pejman, Niloofar. « Animal welfare in Europe and Iran : policy perspective and society ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673996.

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Intensive animal production systems are compromising current animal welfare standards. Societies' growing concerns regarding how animals are raised have resulted in continuous policy reforms and regulations that have banned certain intensive farming methods. However, these concerns toward animal welfare can vary across different countries and cultures. In many developed countries, EU policymakers are continuously identifying and implementing more restrictive regulations driven by social changes that go beyond the current minimum animal welfare requirements. However, animal welfare is also an emerging concern in developing countries. In this context, the main objectives of this thesis are threefold: Firstly, to analyze the EU consumers' and citizens' attitudes towards more restrictive animal welfare (AW) regulations. The Logit Model (LM) regression was used in eight European countries (Spain, the United Kingdom, Poland, Greece, Lithuania, Romania, Italy, and Sweden) on a sample of 3860 respondents. The results showed that consumers are more reluctant to adopt more restrictive regulations than respondents in their role of citizens. Respondents from northern European countries (Poland and Sweden) are more likely to support more restrictive animal welfare regulations than respondents from southern countries (Spain and Italy). Women were found to be more concerned with the welfare of pigs and laying hens, giving credibility to the Internet as an information source and more likely to support more restrictive animal welfare legislation. Secondly, the students' opinions towards the inclusion of the AW subjects in their educational program were analyzed. The Logit Model (LM) from eight European Union (EU) countries with 1,952 secondary students and 1,929 graduate students was also used. The results showed that female university students with a high level of subjective and objective knowledge on AW and who required more restrictive AW regulations gave support to include the concept in their educational programs. However, students who support medical experiments that use animals to improve human health were less likely to accept the inclusion of the AW in their educational curricula. Furthermore, students in Italy compared to those in Sweden were prone to support AW educational programs. Thirdly, in order to have a comparative view of a developing country compared to results in EU, Iranian citizens' and consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for animal welfare (AW) milk products were analyzed using the choice experiment. The results indicate that citizens are willing to pay the highest price for traditional AW milk but not for industrial and traditional milk without AW certification. Moreover, individuals in their role as consumers exhibit a higher WTP for all types of milk but with a marked preference for industrial AW than traditional. Citizen's women and those who rely on the Internet were more concerned with dairy cattle farms and were more likely to choose AW milk. Citizens below 55 years of age were more reluctant to pay a premium to choose industrial and traditional milk without AW certification. Furthermore, consumer women and those who do not have children show a higher preference for industrial AW milk with lower animal welfare standards. However, consumers who support using animals for sport and those who assign high credibility to the television as an information source were less likely to pay a premium for AW products. Our results highlighted that both consumers and citizens are demanding higher standards regarding animal welfare. Consumers by purchasing animal welfare-friendly products and citizens by adopting a holistic approach to society legislation to achieve a minimum standard of welfare conditions. Finally, our results highlight the importance of policymakers adopting reforms that are in accordance with societal preferences and concerns to create more effective and acceptable animal welfare policies.
Los sistemas de producción animal intensiva están comprometiendo los estándares actuales de bienestar animal. La creciente preocupación de las sociedades con respecto a cómo se crían los animales ha dado lugar a continuas reformas políticas y regulaciones que han prohibido ciertos métodos de cultivo intensivo. Sin embargo, estas preocupaciones sobre el bienestar animal pueden variar entre diferentes países y culturas. En muchos países desarrollados, los formuladores de políticas de la UE están identificando e implementando continuamente regulaciones más restrictivas impulsadas por cambios sociales que van más allá de los requisitos mínimos actuales de bienestar animal. Sin embargo, el bienestar animal también es una preocupación emergente en los países en desarrollo. En este contexto, los principales objetivos de esta tesis son tres: En primer lugar, analizar las actitudes de los consumidores y ciudadanos de la UE hacia normas más restrictivas sobre el bienestar de los animales (AW). La regresión del Modelo Logit (LM) se utilizó en ocho países europeos (España, Reino Unido, Polonia, Grecia, Lituania, Rumania, Italia y Suecia) en una muestra con una muestra de 3860 encuestados. Los resultados mostraron que los consumidores son más reacios a adoptar regulaciones más restrictivas que los encuestados en su papel de ciudadanos. Los encuestados de los países del norte de Europa (Polonia y Suecia) son más propensos a apoyar regulaciones de bienestar animal más restrictivas que los encuestados de los países del sur (España e Italia). Se descubrió que las mujeres estaban más preocupadas por el bienestar de los cerdos y las gallinas ponedoras, lo que da credibilidad a Internet como fuente de información y es más probable que apoye una legislación de bienestar animal más restrictiva. En segundo lugar, se analizaron las opiniones de los estudiantes hacia la inclusión de las asignaturas AW en su programa educativo. También se utilizó el modelo Logit (LM) de ocho países de la Unión Europea (UE). Los resultados mostraron que estudiantes universitarios con un alto nivel de conocimiento subjetivo y objetivo sobre AW y que requerían regulaciones de AW más restrictivas dieron apoyo para incluir el concepto en sus programas educativos. Sin embargo, los estudiantes que apoyan los experimentos médicos que utilizan animales para mejorar la salud humana tenían menos probabilidades de aceptar la inclusión del AW en sus planes de estudios educativos. Además, los estudiantes de Italia, en comparación con los de Suecia, eran propensos a apoyar los programas educativos de AW. En tercer lugar, para tener una visión comparativa de un país en desarrollo en comparación con los resultados de la UE, se analizó la disposición a pagar (DAP) de los ciudadanos y consumidores iraníes por productos lácteos de bienestar animal (AW) utilizando el experimento de elección. Los resultados indican que los ciudadanos están dispuestos a pagar el precio más alto por la leche AW tradicional, pero no por la leche industrial y tradicional sin certificación AW. Además, los individuos en su rol de consumidores exhiben una DAP más alta para todos los tipos de leche, pero con una marcada preferencia por la AW industrial que la tradicional. Las mujeres ciudadanas y las que dependen de Internet estaban más preocupadas por las granjas de ganado lechero y eran más propensas a elegir la leche AW. Además, las mujeres consumidoras y las que no tienen hijos muestran una mayor preferencia por la leche industrial AW con un estándar de bienestar animal más bajo. Sin embargo, los consumidores que apoyan el uso de animales para el deporte y aquellos que asignan una alta credibilidad a la televisión como fuente de información tenían menos probabilidades de pagar una prima por los productos AW. Nuestros resultados destacaron que tanto los consumidores como los ciudadanos exigen estándares más altos en materia de bienestar animal. Los consumidores compran productos respetuosos con el bienestar animal y los ciudadanos adoptan un enfoque holístico de la legislación de la sociedad para lograr un estándar mínimo de condiciones de bienestar. Finalmente, los resultados muestran que la enseñanza del concepto de AW en las universidades y programas escolares, principalmente en los países mediterráneos en las escuelas secundarias, es necesaria.
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Cruickshank, Neil Albert. « Power, civil society and contentious politics in post communist Europe / ». St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/559.

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NAGNI, ALESSIA. « Le strategie di integrazione di società-mercato europee : modelli teorici ed evidenze empiriche ». Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242609.

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Steiner, Stefanie. « Societas Privata Europaea Perspektiven einer neuen supranationalen Rechtsform ». Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2009. http://d-nb.info/995862249/04.

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Steiner, Emil. « European Defence-Industrial Integration and its Effect on European Integration ». Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23056.

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This study uses the English School theoretical perspective in investigating European Integration. The research aims to understand how the European Defence-Industrial integration affect the European integration. By mapping the European Defence industrial block's political intention, and coupling it with the increased strength the block has received through the defence-industrial integration, the paper is able to conclude that the defence-industrial integration has led to the creation of a more integrated European defence-industrial society, that pressures the integration process-structure towards more politics of integration and cooperation.

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Tsirogianni, Stavroula. « Social values in context : a study of the European knowledge society ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2066/.

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This thesis investigates how social values align with changing patterns of economic development, work and quality of life in the European knowledge society. Conceptually, the thesis draws upon Richard Florida's Theory of the Creative Class (2002) and Human Values Theory as developed by Shalom Schwartz (1992). The research combines different methodological approaches and is structured in three parts. The first study involves a secondary data analysis of the European Social Survey that includes Schwartz's value inventory and other value related items. It aims at mapping the values of Florida's three key occupational groups: knowledge, service and manufacturing workers. While manufacturing workers were found to be distinct from knowledge and service workers, the latter two categories were rather similar. In addition, a mixture of liberal and traditional values characterised knowledge workers' value systems. Little empirical support was found for Schwartz's circumplex structure of values. The second part of the thesis, using two split-ballot experiments and cognitive interviews, explores the role of context in the conceptualisation and study of values. Drawing on the concept of 'behavioural spheres' (Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, 1961), the operation of values in the familial, recreational and occupational sphere is examined. The findings show that many values demonstrated context specificity. In-depth interviews with Greek and British knowledge and service workers constitute the third and final study. I examine how workers' valuing processes delineate their creative endeavours to construct the meaning of work and good life, as embedded in the wider societal, economic, political and work contexts. Creativity focuses on how workers, create value meanings and enact values, combine different roles, make sense of their living and the world and deal with adversities. It was shown that the ability to transform work into a meaningful activity is not restricted to knowledge workers. The findings altogether did not corroborate Florida's proposal of an emerging creative class with distinct value orientations and Schwartz's model of a structure of universal values, captured in a set of binary oppositions. A range of challenges for policy making in the knowledge society is implied when authenticity rather than creativity - as defined by Florida- was found to delineate the European work ethos.

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Schoenemann, Andreas [Verfasser]. « Die Organisationsverfassung der Societas Privata Europaea (SPE) / Andreas Schoenemann ». Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & ; Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1107611016/34.

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Erkis, Gülsen. « Die Besteuerung der Europäischen (Aktien- )Gesellschaft - Societas Europaea (SE) / ». Hamburg : Kovač, 2006. http://www.verlagdrkovac.de/3-8300-2613-7.htm.

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Schmidt, Jessica. « "Deutsche" vs. "britische" Societas Europaea (SE) : Gründung, Verfassung, Kapitalstruktur / ». Jena JWV, Jenaer Wiss. Verl.-Ges, 2006. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2821258&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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Heyde, Christiane von der. « Die Beteiligung der Arbeitnehmer in der Societas Europaea (SE) / ». Hamburg : Kovač, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=016074177&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Insa, Ponce de León Fernando-Luis. « La implicación de los trabajadores en la "Societas Europaea" ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9678.

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El objeto de la presente Tesis Doctoral consiste en el análisis del régimen jurídico de implicación de los trabajadores en el seno de la Sociedad Anónima Europea (<>), contenido en la Directiva 2001/86/CE y en la Ley 31/2006, de 18 de octubre, norma que procede a la transposición de la citada Directiva al ordenamiento jurídico español.La Sociedad Europea (SE) aparece como un tipo jurídico societario novedoso, de Derecho Comunitario, con el que se pretende facilitar los problemas prácticos que conlleva la realización de operaciones transfronterizas de agrupación y concentración empresarial en el ámbito territorial de la Unión Europea. Se configura como una opción más, de carácter voluntario, que se viene a añadir a las distintas formas jurídicas de empresas contempladas en las legislaciones de cada Estado miembro de la UE. Ahora bien, para que una SE pueda ser finalmente registrada debe de existir obligatoriamente alguna forma de "implicación" de los trabajadores en la misma, siendo esta delicada cuestión la que constituye el objeto central y esencial de la investigación realizada. Para ello, la Tesis doctoral se estructura en tres grandes partes:- Una Parte Primera, dedicada a la temática general de la "participación de los trabajadores en la empresa", contexto general en el que se encuadra el específico tema de análisis en esta Tesis.- Una Parte Segunda, centrada ya en el estudio exhaustivo, detallado y sistemático, del régimen de implicación de los trabajadores en las concretas Sociedades Anónimas Europeas.- Por último, una Parte Tercera, de síntesis y conclusiones, que ofrece al lector las principales claves y reflexiones de señalado régimen jurídico de implicación de los trabajadores en esta nueva figura empresarial de Derecho Comunitario que supone la <>.
The object of the present Doctoral Thesis is the analysis of the legal regime with regard to the involvement of employees in the European Company (<>), as established in the Council Directive 2001/86/CE and Act 31/2006 of 18 October. This regulation concerns the implementation of the above-mentioned Directive in the Spanish legal system.The European Company (EC) is a new legal form of business organisation within the framework of European Community Law, which addresses practical problems related to cross-border operations of business groups and concentrations within the European Union. It is a voluntary option, along with the various legal forms of business organisation provided in accordance with the legislation of each EU Member State. However, the registration of an EC must include some degree of "employee involvement" in the company. This contentious issue constitutes the central and essential object of this research. The Doctoral Thesis is thus organised into three main parts:- The First Part deals with the general topic of "employee participation in the company", the specific subject of analysis in the context of the Thesis.- The Second Part is an exhaustive, detailed and systematic study of employee involvement in the European Company.- Finally, the Third Part concludes with the summary of the main ideas and thoughts concerning the legal regime of employee involvement in the <>, a new form of company within the framework of European Community Law.

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Maack, Nils [Verfasser]. « Rechtsschutz im Arbeitnehmerbeteiligungsverfahren der «deutschen» Societas Europaea / Nils Maack ». Frankfurt : Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1042418152/34.

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Thèses sur le sujet « Società europea »

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