Thèses sur le sujet « Società cubana »

The object of this thesis is to reach towards an understanding of Cuban society through a study of its detective fiction and more particularly contemporary Cuban society through the novels of the author and critic, Leonardo Padura Fuentes. The method has been to trace the development of Cuban detective writing and to read Padura Fuentes in the light of the work of twentieth century Western European literary critics and philosophers including Raymond Williams, Antonio Gramsci, Terry Eagleton, Roland Barthes, Jean Paul Sartre, Michel Foucault, Jean François Lyotard and Jean Baudrillard in order to gain a better understanding of the social and historical context from which this genre emerged. By concentrating on the literary texts, I have explored readings which lead out into an analysis of the broader philosophical, political and historical issues raised by the Cuban revolution. Since it deals primarily with modes of deviance and notions of legality and justice within the context of the modern state, detective fiction is particularly well suited to this type of investigation. The intention is to show how this is as valid in the Cuban context as it is in advanced capitalist societies where such research has already been carried out with some success. The thesis comprises an introduction, ten chapters and a conclusion. The chapters are divided into three sections. Chapters 1 to 3 attempt a broad theoretical, historical and socio-political analysis of the cultural reality within which the Cuban revolutionary detective genre emerged. Chapters 4 to 6 analyse the Cuban detective narrative from its inception in the early part of the twentieth century until the emergence of Leonardo Padura Fuentes as the foremost exponent of the genre in Cuba after 1991. Chapters 7- 10 concentrate upon the work of Leonardo Padura Fuentes, offering a reading of his detective tetralogy informed by the preceding discussion. The contribution made by the thesis to knowledge of the subject is to build upon the work of Seymour Menton and Amelia S. Simpson on the development of the Cuban detective novel and to provide analyses of the pre-Revolutionary Cuban detective narrative and the work of Leonardo Padura Fuentes for the first time in the English language. The thesis concludes that the study of this popular genre in Cuba is of crucial importance to the scholar who wishes to reach as full an understanding of the social dynamics within that society as possible. In particular, it proves that Cuban detective fiction provides a useful barometer of social change which records the shifts in the Cuban Zeitgeist that have taken place over the past century.

Dans le domaine des conquêtes obtenues par les femmes, la Révolution Cubaine depuis 1960, réalise des progrès remarquables. La Fédération des Femmes Cubaines (FMC), fondée en 1960, jouera un rôle essentiel en faveur de l’émancipation féminine, de l’insertion des femmes cubaines dans le monde du travail et de leur participation active à la construction de la nouvelle société socialiste. Cependant, ces progrès obtenus dans le cadre d’un processus idéologique et d’une volonté gouvernementale d’une participation forte des Cubaines dans la construction de la nouvelle société socialiste, cohabitent et se heurtent encore à des croyances propres à une culture machiste et patriarcale, laquelle aujourd'hui, à côté de la crise économique et des changements actuels que connaît le contexte cubain, montrent que la construction de la «nouvelle femme» n’est pas tout à fait aboutie et risque même de menacer les victoires obtenues par les Cubaines au sein de la société et en matière d’égalité des droits. L'analyse de la situation des Cubaines au XXIe siècle, leur rôle dans la construction « d’une société plus ouverte sur le monde » et la création de « nouvelles façons de penser le quotidien cubain » dans la lutte en faveur de l'équité du genre, nous permettra d’étudier les nouveaux défis sociétaux auxquels elles se sont confrontées et les solutions envisagées pour les résoudre
From the first years of the Cuban Revolution, the respect and the defense of the women's rights constituted a priority for the Cuban authorities. The Federation of Cuban Women (FMC), founded in 1960, will play an essential role in the feminine emancipation, the insertion of the Cuban women in the working world and their active participation in the construction of the new socialist society. Nevertheless, serious challenges remain that render the progress made fragile and liable to setbacks. The analysis of the situation of the Cuban Women of the 21st century, her role in the creation of a “society more opened for the world” and in the conception of “new ways of thinking the daily cuban life”, it will allow us to understand the new societal challenges that this arduous mission imposes them
Desde los primeros años de la Revolución Cubana, el respeto y la defensa de los derechos de la mujer constituyeron una prioridad para las autoridades cubanas. La Federación de Mujeres Cubanas (FMC), fundada en 1960, desempeñará un rol esencial a favor de la emancipación femenina, de la inserción de las cubanas en el mundo laboral y de su participación activa en la construcción de la nueva sociedad socialista. Sin embargo, después de una larga trayectoria de lucha en la que han conocido avances y retrocesos, las cubanas de hoy se enfrentan a una realidad plagada de preceptos, normas y comportamientos dictados por una cultura patriarcal que perdura y se manifiesta cada día más en la cotidianidad cubana. La misma, junto a la crisis económica y las transformaciones actuales por las que atraviesa el contexto cubano, hacen que la construcción de “la nueva mujer” continúe siendo una tarea pendiente para la Revolución. El análisis de la situación de las cubanas del siglo XXI, de su rol en la creación de una “sociedad más abierta al mundo” y en la formación de “nuevas formas de pensar la vida cotidiana cubana”, nos permitirá comprender los nuevos desafíos societales que esta ardua tarea les impone

Il est très délicat de parler " d'identité " cubaine sans la problématiser, la nuancer ou la circonstancier. Cuba est pourtant une île fouettée par des courants venus de tous les horizons, un creuset où se sont mêlées les cultures qui semblent définir son caractère propre. Le cas du théâtre est un exemple incontestable. Le théâtre cubain est un art plus ou moins sinistré à l'intérieur même de ses frontières. Mais après la révolution il commence à renaître. Le théâtre cubain a accompagné l'histoire de la révolution cubaine au milieu d'un siècle de grandes guerres et de mouvement de libération nationale. L'éclosion des années 1960 paraît ainsi être l'apogée de l'écriture dramatique cubaine, et la représentation dans le pays, de ce fait, le théâtre cubain rencontre une spécificité propre à l'intérieur et en dehors de l'île. Les dramaturges cubains représentent dans leurs œuvres la thématique cubaine dans et en dehors de l'île, intimement lié à la circonstance politique révolutionnaire et à ses conséquences dans la famille cubaine et l'individu. Tout ceci participe du " cubain ", autant d'exemples qui montrent la difficulté de parler d'un théâtre cubain. Il n'y pas qu'une seule façon de faire du cubain, car chaque auteur, chaque histoire est différente et implique différentes manières de percevoir " la cubania ", que ce soit dans l'aspect comique, tragique, réaliste, " absurdiste " ou politique, la spécificité de l'île est bien là.

Cette étude qui interroge l'ensemble des fictions policières de Leonardo Padura Fuentes propose une réflexion sur la place et la spécificité de l'écriture de cet auteur dans la tradition de la littérature policière cubaine. Cette réflexion identifie et met en lumière les liens qu'entretient la fiction policière de cet écrivain avec la réalité quotidienne, ainsi que l'ancrage de ces récits dans un référent identifiable, condition indispensable pour que ceux-ci assument le rôle traditionnel de peinture sociale du roman policier. Ce travail analyse comment, grâce au remaniement des canons du genre, à la rénovation de la tradition littéraire policière cubaine et aux liens tissés avec la réalité, Leonardo Padura Fuentes transcende le littéraire pour livrer, au-delà de ses fictions, une vision réaliste d'une société cubaine contemporaine en crise, proposant de la sorte une chronique sociale ainsi qu'un éclairage particulier et original sur l'histoire de Cuba des vingt dernières années
This study examines all of Leonardo Padura Fuentes' detective novels and offers a reflection on the place and the specificity of this author's writing within the tradition of Cuban enigma-crime literature. This dissertation identifies and highlights links that connect the police drama of this writer's novels with Cuban society's everyday reality, as well as arguing for the anchoring of these stories within an identifiable historical referent, a prerequisite for the traditional role of social investigative writing. This work analyses how, thanks to the redefinition of gender cannons, the renovation of the Cuban detective novel literary tradition and its links with reality, Leonardo Padura Fuentes transcends literature to deliver, beyond its drama, a realistic vision of a contemporary Cuban society in crisis, proposing a social chronicle as well as a particular and original focus on the history of the Cuba of the last twenty years

Les deux guerres cubaines d'Indépendance marquent deux tentatives de rupture avec la métropole espagnole et la constitution de Cuba comme Etat nation. Ce lent processus est présent et analysé dans la presse du temps, qui grâce au progrès technique de l'époque, connaît un formidable essor, devient un moyen privilégié d'information, de diffusion des idées et de la culture. La littérature, à travers la presse, reçoit de nombreuses influences étrangères, et s'affirme peu à peu comme littérature nationale. Elle participe au processus de construction identitaire de Cuba, et propose une lecture et une représentation de la société en prise avec les événements. Sur le plan politique, la presse véhicule le processus de formation identitaire, avec ses réticences, ses contradictions, et ses interrogations, dans une société qui connaît de nombreux clivages, dus à l'esclavage et à la présence d'une population de couleur, rejetée d'abord, puis considérée comme une alliée possible à la fin du siècle
The two cuban Independance wars are two attempts to separate with the Spanish metropole and with Cuba becoming a state nation. This slow process is present and analysed in the press of the time, which, due to the technical development occuring in this period, is growing rapidly, becoming a privileged information media, and a way to spread ideas and culture. The literature, found in the press, includes many influences from other countries, and soon becomes a national literature. It is involved in the building process of the Cuban identity and delivers a representation of the society directly related to the daily events. From a political point of view, press conveys the identity building process, with its reticences, its contradictions and its interrogations in a society exhibiting numerous divisions coming from slavery and the presence of coloured people, rejected in a first time, then knowing attempts of seduction near the end of the century

La situation de la femme est souvent mal perçue à travers le monde. Beaucoup d'entre elles sont opprimées même dans les pays les plus développés. Cela proviendrait essentiellement du machisme. Dans tous les pays, le manque d'éducation, l'appartenance à une religion et les fortes traditions ancestrales font des hommes de vrais machos. Ils ont du mal à faire la part des choses et traitent la femme comme une vulgaire domestique. Dans de nombreux pays, cette situation n'évolue pas et incite les femmes à se débrouiller par leurs propres moyens. Le féminisme les a aidées à lutter contre ces atrocités et à reprendre confiance en elles. Il a eu un fort impact sur la condition des femmes dans le monde et nous verrons ce qu'il leur a apporté. Beaucoup de femmes furent séduites par ce courant qui voulait redonner à la femme sa vraie valeur et sa position dans la société. Aujourd'hui, l'image de la femme est beaucoup mieux perçue.Mais ces dernières se heurtent toujours à de terribles inégalités, que ce soit dans le monde du travail, de la politique ou dans la vie de tous les jours. Aujourd'hui, la femme européenne étudie beaucoup plus et a accès à des postes beaucoup plus qualifiés, mais malgré tout, elle se heurte à de terribles inégalités en ce qui concerne le salaire, ou à un manque d'évolution dans leurs postes. Aujourd'hui, l'Europe affirme se ranger du côté de la cause des femmes, mais qu'en est-il réellement ? La femme latino-américaine a dû batailler ferme pour changer son image. Ce continent est réputé pour son machisme et naître femme est un combat quotidien. Mais qu'est-ce que le féminisme a apporté réellement sur ce continent où l'homme fait sa loi ? A Cuba, le féminisme existe depuis longtemps, mais le triomphe de la Révolution a changé beaucoup de choses en l'incorporant à la société. Nous verrons que tous ces changements ont bouleversé leur vie de famille et leurs conditions de vie.

Dans la litterature de voyage etrangere -europeenne et nord-americaine-, et dans la la litterature de fiction autochtone, on a successivement etudie les differentes images proposees de la population de couleur cubaine de la premiere moitie du xixe siecle. Confrontes aux donnees des historiens de l'epoque souvent utilisees, les apports de la premiere permettent de nuancer les informations officielles, mais aussi, a travers la description et l'evocation de la vie coloniale, d'apprehender les visees politiques de l'etranger a l'epoque. Souvenir de villegiature prive, ou compte-rendu de mission scientifique ou politique, la relation de voyage reste toujours critique, parce qu'elle donne la vision du temoin oculaire sensible aux defaillances du systeme colonial espagnol. En contrepoint, et sur la meme question, la litterature autochtone produite par une minorite de creoles eclaires apporte le point de vue interne. En se livrant d'abord a une cubanisation culturelle poussee (de 1837 a 1839), puis en sollicitant les modeles etrangers dans les domaines scientifique, technique et litteraire, les intellectuels cubains de l'epoque affichent une volonte farouche de consommer, effectivement et a des degres divers, le divorce d'avec la metropole. Dans le roman domestico-citadin, comme dans le roman rural, par l'interet qu'ils portent a la population de couleur, et par l'image qu'ils en donnent, -aussi bien dans leurs efforts pour favoriser l'accroissement de la population blanche, que dans leur evocation des horreurs de l'esclavage-, les ecrivains montrent l'emergence d'une pensee antiesclavagiste qui, issue de l'humanisme chretien traditionnel mais corrigee par les premieres convictions evolutionnistes, ne va pas sans nuances ni contradictions. Ainsi l'histoire culturelle cubaine de la premiere moitie du xixe siecle permet d'entrevoir comment le mouvement des idees qui, quelques annees plus tard, devait conduire a l'abolition de l'esclavage et a l'emancipation insulaire, a ete le fait des esprits les plus eclaires du moment
In foreign literature -european and north american- dealing with travel as in native fiction, the different images of the coloured population of cuba during the first half of the nineteenth century have been successively studied. When placed against the often quoted material from contemporary historians, the contribution made by the former allows us to qualify the official records, but also, through the description and the impressions of the colonial way of life, to isolate the various ambitions, not all of which were desinterested, for cuba at that time. Whether in the form of souvenirs of a private holiday or a report on a scientific or political expedition, such eye-witness accounts are invariably critical, stemming as they do from commentators particularly sensitive to the most glaring weaknesses of the spanish colonial system. To counterbalance this, and on the same subject, the native literature produced by a minority of enlightened creoles gives the inside view. First of all by letting themselves go towards an advanced form of cultural cubanization from 183740, then by turning to foreign models in scientific, technical and literary fields, the cuban intellectuals of that period marked their irrepressible desire, effectively and to varying degrees, to go through with their divorce from the metropolis. Writers of the domestic urban novel, as well as those of the rural one, show the emergence of an anti-slavery line of thought by their keen interest in the coloured population and the image it projects. This is evident as much from their efforts to encourage the growth of the white population as in their evocation of the horrors of slavery. The anti-slavery line of thought, thus sketched, stems from traditional christian humanism, but is corrected by the first evolu- tionist convictions, and is not without its contradictions and qualifications. Thus we can say that the cultural history of cuba, during the first half of the nineteenth century, allows us to grasp the evolution of ideas which, several years later, resulted in the abolition of slavery, and that the emancipation of the island was due to the most enlightened minds of t

Au début des années 1990, avec le décret de la « Période Spéciale », Cuba connaît une crise sans précédent qui remet en question, pour la première fois de son histoire, les fondements mêmes de la Révolution. La littérature cubaine, marquée matériellement par ce contexte, se fait l’écho des bouleversements survenus dans l’Ile. Ce dialogue qui s’instaure entre fiction et réalités sociales est au cœur de notre réflexion. A travers l’étude des nouvelles publiées depuis le début de cette période, nous avons essayé de saisir l’esprit d’une époque. Nous retraçons ainsi le destin littéraire de La Havane, en ces temps troublés, depuis les représentations de la destruction de la ville jusqu’aux images de sa dispersion. Ceux qui ont choisi d’écrire La Havane en crise s’exposent au chaos et au néant. La décadence physique et morale de la capitale et de ses habitants s’impose comme un thème artistique majeur. Face à une réalité en pleine décomposition, les écrivains cubains deviennent les artisans d’une possible restauration de la ville. Ils invoquent l’écriture pour sauver une Havane qui est entrée dans une phase accélérée de destruction. Métaphore d’une société et d’une nation en crise, la ville, détruite sur le plan matériel, se reconstruit, peu à peu, sur le plan littéraire
At the beginning of the 1990’s, with the “Special Period” decree, Cuba knows an unsurpassed crisis which questions, for the first time in its history, the foundations of the Revolution. The Cuban literature, marked materially by this context, echoes the turnovers that arose on the Island. This dialogue, established between fiction and social realities, is at the heart of our reflection. Throughout the study of the short stories published since the beginning of this period, we have attempted to seize the spirit of this era. In thus doing, we recount the literary destiny of Havana, in these flustered times, from the representations of the destruction of the city until the images of its dispersal. The authors who chose to write Havana in crisis run the risk of chaos and nonexistence. The physical and moral decline of the capital and of its people stands out as a major artistic subject. Facing a reality in full decomposition, the Cuban writers have become the artisans of the city’s possible restoration. They call upon writing to save Havana which has entered a hastened destructive stage. Metaphor of a society and of a nation in crisis, the city, destroyed on a material level, rises again, little by little, on a literary level

A travers Taïta Facundo, personnage de N. Guillén, se trouve ici retracé l'itinéraire géographique, chronologique et idéologique des Noirs esclaves partis d'Afrique pour Cuba, en passant par la péninsule ibérique. Pour faire ressortir le caractère singulièrement destructeur pour les uns, infamant pour les autres, de l'esclavage des Noirs entretenu par le déplacement de populations le plus important de l'histoire, nous dressons dans les détails le portrait des esclaves des plantations cubaines, en accordant une attention particulière aux législations destinées à réglementer leur vie. Ces tragédies (traite et esclavage) ainsi que leurs conséquences (racisme, injustice), sont les sujets principaux de ce travail qui se termine par une analyse de ces thèmes dans la poésie de Guillén. En oeuvrant à la réhabilitation des Noirs, le mulâtre cubain apparaît comme le poète de la synthèse, du métissage assumé, le bastion de la solidarité entre les descendants de Taïta Facundo et de Don Federico
The author of this dissertation takes Taïta Facundo, N. Guillén's main character, as the basis for an inquiry through the history and the human fight of the Black people enslaved by the colonists and driven from Africa to Spain and then to Cuba. She shows how destructive and humiliating this enslavement has been, by portraiting the everyday life of the people who were forced to work in the Cuban plantations and by detailing the legal measures ruling their situation. All the aspects of these historical tragedies (slave-trade and slavery), as well as its current consequences (racism, injustice) are analysed here in the most accurate way. Because he worked for Black people to be rehabilitated, the Cuban mulatto N. Guillén appears to be the poet of the synthesis, the stronghold of crossbreeding and solidarity between Taïta Facundo and Don Federico's descendants. Finally Guillén's poetry is described as a true mirror of history and a weapon for the conquest of freedom

This thesis (i) presents a critical analysis of the political allegory and dramatic elements employed by Antón Arrufat in Los siete contra Tebas in order to comment upon the conflict in Cuban society during and immediately after the Cuban revolution; and (ii) further analyzes that conflict using an anthropological approach in order to establish partial reintegration as an additional final phase in the rites of passage journey.

La question de la dissidence des intellectuels qui est aujourd'hui d'actualité s'est posée très tôt au moment ou le castrisme s'est transformée en révolution socialiste. Le tout premier cas qui à été soumis à l'opinion publique est celui de Héberto Padilla. Cet auteur à la fois poète et romancier qui à d'abord été reconnu par le régime. Le contexte de recherche du rétablissement de la démocratie à Cuba après la dictature de Fulgencio Batista et le projet culturel ont favorisé l'éloge de cette révolution comme en témoigne le recueil El Justo Tiempo Humano,en 1961. Au lendemain de l'affaire de la baie des cochons,la même année est revendiquée le socialisme comme idéologie de la révolution dont Fidel Castro est le meneur depuis 1953. La rupture s'amorçe et se traduit par le refus tout à la fois du socialisme dans la version de l'union soviétique,système connu de Héberto Padilla pour y avoir vécu etb de l'alignement de l'intellectuel sur le politique. Il s'est mis hors- jeu avec la publication de Fuera del Juego, tandis que l'affaire est portée dans les grandes capitales. Il portera une grande réflexion sur l'homme de culture à Cuba,en somme sur sa propre expérience. C'est l'époque ou le héros tire de ces heurs et malheurs et des difficultés que connait Cuba,une autre réflexion en profondeur grâce à son roman de le résistance,en mi jardin Pastan Los Heroes; il est la voix des gens sans voix. Le roman autobiographique la Mala Memoria fera la conclusion de son épreuve; ce n'est que vers la fin de sa vie que l'exil devient effectif avec la publication de son recueil à Fountain, A House of Stone
The question of intellectual dissidence will be set down when castroism will become a socialist revolution. The first case known concerned Heberto Padilla, both poet and novelist. His book can be considered as the better way to explain the transition from adhesion to dissidence. First he spoke highly of the cuban revolution by publishing his anthology, el justo tiempo humano. But he will refuse the abrupt change initiated by the soviet version of socialism in cuba. So, he will publish fuera del juego, a subversive book which can be considered as a mistrut of Fidel Castro fomrmula, nothing outside the revolution. Sent to jail, his case will be known in european countries. Afterwards,the poet will keep on having further thoughts on poet's tragedies as well as cuba's difficulties. His autobiographic novel la Mala Memora will be a king of conclusion of his greats hardships with the Castro's regime. His effective exile and the end of his life will be marked by his anthology of poems a Fountain, A House of Stone

This thesis explores the relationship between colonialism and the environment through a study of hurricanes in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Because hurricanes do not discriminate between international borders, they reveal much about the influences of political, economic, and social structures on vulnerability to hurricanes, hurricane preparation, and hurricane relief efforts. The Caribbean is a region that has been disproportionately impacted by hurricanes. It is also a region that has been wholly shaped by colonization. Prior to Christopher Columbus’ arrival in the Caribbean, natives on islands like Puerto Rico and Cuba built and structured their societies around hurricanes and other catastrophes. Different aspects of colonialism altered the relationship between Puerto Ricans and Cubans and their respective environments. Though Puerto Rico and Cuba share incredibly similar histories, competing trajectories have emerged on both islands as they have undergone processes of decolonization and independence. An examination of Cuban and Puerto Rican history prior to Hurricane Irma and Hurricane María in 2017 provides a deeper understanding of the divergent histories of both islands. Ultimately, this study demonstrates that the legacy of colonialism continues to impact the identities and security of Cuba and Puerto Rico today.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
PROGRAMA DE DOUTORADO SANDUÍCHE NO EXTERIOR
A presente tese propõe a análise da produção intelectual do cubano José Martí, com foco em seus estudos sobre a sociedade norte-americana do século XIX, observada durante o período de mais de uma década (1880-1895). As fontes que formam o cerne do objeto de investigação são o conjunto de crônicas publicadas em diferentes periódicos da América Hispânica, comumente chamados de Escenas Norteamericanas. A investigação da base filosófica que constituiu a visão de mundo do autor; sua interpretação acerca do significado da modernidade, a realização do exercício de perspectiva, propiciado pela experiência do exílio; o diálogo com as correntes históricas do pensamento social norte-americano, sobretudo o abolicionismo, o pensamento reformador, o debate da forma da vida religiosa em interação com a vida política, o anarquismo e o socialismo, nos permite valorizar a compreensão da história dos Estados Unidos por ele investigada, de um modo que destacou a importância da análise da vida espiritual para uma consideração correta da história e da cultura desta sociedade. Desse modo, a literatura, a filosofia, o pensamento social e político foram os elementos essenciais e indissociáveis de seu exercício de interpretação histórica.
The present thesis proposes the analysis of the intellectual production of the Cuban Jose Marti, focusing on his studies on the American society of the 19th century, observed during the period of more than a decade (1880-1895). The sources that form the core of the object of investigation are the set of chronicles published in different periodicals of Hispanic America, commonly called Escenas Norteamericanas. The investigation of the philosophical basis that constituted the world view of the author; his interpretation of the meaning of modernity, the realization of the exercise of perspective, propitiated by the experience of exile; the dialogue with the historical currents of American social thought, especially abolitionism, reformist thought, the debate of the form of religious life in interaction with political life, anarchism and socialism, allows us to value the understanding of the history of the United States by him investigated, in a way that emphasized the importance of the analysis of spiritual life for a correct consideration of the history and culture of this society. In this way, literature, philosophy, social and political thought were the essential and inseparable elements of his exercise of historical interpretation.

Entre le début des années cinquante et la fin des années soixante, nombre de réalisations symptomatiques des nouveaux cinémas latino-américains se trouvent influencées par le néoréalisme italien. Le cinéma cubain est généralement associé à ce phénomène, et les relations privilégiées entretenues avec le scénariste italien Cesare Zavattini participent pour beaucoup à confirmer cet état de fait. Pourtant, après 1959, de multiples contradictions viennent remettre en question cette filiation néoréaliste supposée et maintes fois réaffirmée. L’étude menée cherche ainsi à reconsidérer l’allégation de départ et à mesurer l’impact de la Révolution cubaine sur cette interrelation cinématographique
From the early fifties to the late sixties, a certain number of films, representing the new paths of latin-american cinema, were influenced by the italian neo-realism. Cuban cinema is usually perceived as a part of this phenomenon and, mainlyamongst other things, the privileged relations with the italian screenwriter Cesare Zavattini tend to confirm this statement. However, after 1959, many contradictions rise up and lead to question this so-called filiation, still many times re-affirmed. It is the aim of the present study to question the former statement and measure the impact of the Cuban Revolution on this cinematographic inter-relation

The status, roles, and interactions of three dominant African ethnic groups and their descendants in Cuba significantly influenced the island’s cubanidad (national identity): the Lucumís (Yoruba), the Congos (Bantú speakers from Central West Africa), and the Carabalís (from the region of Calabar). These three groups, enslaved on the island, coexisted, each group confronting obstacles that threatened their way of life and cultural identities. Through covert resistance, cultural appropriation, and accommodation, all three, but especially the Lucumís, laid deep roots in the nineteenth century that came to fruition in the twentieth. During the early 1900s, Cuba confronted numerous pressures, internal and external. Under the pretense of a quest for national identity and modernity, Afro-Cubans and African cultures and religion came under political, social, and intellectual attack. Race was an undeniable element in these conflicts. While all three groups were oppressed equally, only the Lucumís fought back, contesting accusations of backwardness, human sacrifice, cannibalism, and brujería (witchcraft), exaggerated by the sensationalistic media, often with the police’s and legal system’s complicity. Unlike the covert character of earlier epochs’ responses to oppression, in the twentieth century Lucumí resistance was overt and outspoken, publically refuting the accusations levied against African religions. Although these struggles had unintended consequences for the Lucumís, they gave birth to cubanidad’s African component. With the help of Fernando Ortiz, the Lucumí were situated at the pinnacle of a hierarchical pyramid, stratifying African religious complexes based on civilizational advancement, but at a costly price. Social ascent denigrated Lucumí religion to the status of folklore, depriving it of its status as a bona fide religious complex. To the present, Lucumí religious descendants, in Cuba and, after 1959, in many other areas of the world, are still contesting this contradiction in terms: an elevated downgrade.

This is a study of whether it is possible for the governmental form of democracy to be ap-plicable in states that have not had democracy as their governmental form earlier in their political history. In this thesis the concept of liberal democracy is the major theory used as well as the concepts of rule of law and civil society. After giving a description of the con-cepts the thesis continues with two chapters that respectively describe and explain the states of Belarus and Cuba. The two states are going to be used in the analysis at the end of this thesis.

The analysis includes several conditions to asses if democracy exists. These conditions are derived from the chapters on democracy and rule of law. In the analysis the states of Bela-rus and Cuba are analyzed based on the conditions derived from the chapters on democra-cy and rule of law. The results of the concluding discussion are that the probability for de-mocracy to survive in Cuba is higher than in Belarus because Cuba seems to be transition from an authoritarian form of regime to a form o f democracy. In contrast to Belarus, Cu-ba seems to be willing to open up from seclusion and isolation, as well as listen to its people than what the state of Belarus is willing to do.

This thesis examines cultivation in the lives of Sarah and Columbia Bennett between the years 1852 and 1874. The Bennett women's letters convey an intimate sense of the agro-economic preoccupations (and gardening pleasures) of these slave-owning white women, and the centrality of cultivation in mid-nineteenth-century rural Louisiana within a landscape of country stores, plantations, and people. As the lives of the Bennett women illustrate, white women's gardening knowledge and practice formed a cornerstone of central Louisiana society. The Bennett women's gardening knowledge and skill were primary components in the creation of a self-sustaining plantation household. By cultivating produce and other foodstuffs for consumption, the Bennett women made possible the family's participation in the lucrative market for cotton and other cash crops, a market that also tied their household to plantation economies elsewhere in the transatlantic world.

Les orichas sont des divinités d’origine africaine dont le culte est connu à Cuba sous le nom de Santería ou Regla de Ocha. A travers l’interprétation des œuvres de quatre artistes cubains, cette étude entend retracer la généalogie de l’image artistique de ces entités. Participant au mouvement des avant-gardes parisiennes, Wifredo Lam (1902-1982) est le premier artiste cubain à opérer une réappropriation artistique des orichas, conférant une forme de légitimité à une culture marginalisée dans la société postcoloniale. René Portocarrero (1912-1985) explore le syncrétisme qui a uni les orichas et les images catholiques des Saints et des Vierges et fabrique leur première image humaine. Ce n’est qu’avec Manuel Mendive (né en 1944) que les orichas sont imaginés comme des dieux noirs et deviennent des figures positives de la négritude dans l’art. Afin de remettre en question la supposée ancestralité des orichas, Santiago Rodríguez Olazábal (né en 1955) propose à partir des années 1990 des représentations de ces dieux en prise avec le monde contemporain. Cette généalogie des représentations des orichas permet d’interroger la place des cultures des afro-descendants dans les sociétés postcoloniales, les logiques de conservation du patrimoine afro-cubain et de mise en spectacle de celui-ci, ainsi que les formes d’articulation entre la création artistique d’une ancienne périphérie et le marché international de l’art. Elle propose également une réflexion sur les rapports entre la politique, l’art et la religion dans une période déterminante de l’histoire contemporaine de Cuba
Orichas are not only gods from a syncretic Cuban religion, but also Cuban popular culture characters becoming more and more famous abroad. This work intends to understand the invention of oricha artistic images while studying the artworks of four Cuban artists. Following the surrealist and cubist movement, Wifredo Lam (1902-1982) is the first artist to adopt orichas as a subject for his paintings. Through this choice he legitimates a culture that was marginalized in the postcolonial society until then. René Portocarrero (1912-1985) works on the syncretism between orichas and Catholic Saints and Virgins and builds their human representations. But it’s Manuel Mendive (born in 1944) who creates the figures of the black gods and turn them into positive characters of blackness in art. Santiago Rodríguez Olazábal (born in 1955) designs a new way of representing orichas according to contemporary art aesthetics. This genealogy of the orichas focuses on the Afro Cuban cultures role in postcolonial societies, their folklorisation and adaptation to spectacular shows, and the articulation between perpipherical artistic creation and the international art market. It also considers the links between politics, art and religion during a very relevant period of contemporary Cuban history

Ce travail propose une analyse des relations culturelles entre Cuba et les pays de la Caraïbe depuis 1959. En effet, l'avènement de la Révolution cubaine a signifié un bouleversement pour les espaces caribéen et latino-américain, et a conduit l'Ile à repenser ses liens, tout particulièrement culturels. Les facteurs des relations ou non relations seront ainsi analysés, mais nous nous concentrerons également sur les manifestations culturelles et réalisations concrètes qui en découlent, ainsi que sur les enjeux des liens basés sur la culture pour Cuba et l'aire caribéenne.

Esta tese é uma Análise Dialógica do Discurso (ADD), de perspectiva bakhtiniana, a cerca dos discursos sobre o trabalho, na obra Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas, de Machado de Assis, publicada em 1881. A investigação constitui-se como parte integrante do projeto de pesquisa “A formalização discursiva do universo do trabalho e da tecnologia em textos literários” e das discussões do grupo de pesquisa “Discurso sobre Tecnologia, Trabalho e Identidades Nacionais”, inserido na Linha de pesquisa Tecnologia e Trabalho, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia e Sociedade, da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, de viés interdisciplinar. Inicialmente apresentamos alguns discursos sobre o trabalho como atividade assalariada ou não, desde o século XIX: as vozes marxianas, de Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels e Paul Lafargue, seguidos de György Lukács, Herbert Marcuse, André Gorz, Richard Sennett, Christophe Dejours, Zigmund Baumann, Ricardo Antunes e Danièle Linhart, autores contemporâneos. A análise dialógica seguiu a linha teórica de Bakhtin e o Círculo: dialogicidade, alteridade, o signo ideológico, a intersubjetividade, o plurilinguismo, o gênero romanesco e a enunciação. Traçamos um perfil das relações de trabalho no Brasil oitocentista, dialogando sobre a História com autores como Boris Fausto, Sidney Chalhoub, Maria Sylvia C. França, Gilberto Freyre, Sergio B. de Holanda entre outros. Quanto ao horizonte social e cultural do autor fluminense, sua biografia e sua fortuna crítica, dialogaram críticos como Antonio Candido, Roberto Schwarz, entre outros. Objetivou-se trazer para análise, a partir da ideologia do cotidiano formalizada no romance, os diálogos, as contradições e os embates que ocorrem entre os discursos, como também perceber a positividade, a danação ou a negação do trabalho a partir da linguagem, na forma arquitetônica irônica do autor e nos elementos composicionais pertinentes ao romance, como as construções híbridas, a alternância de estilos e tons, a resposta antecipada, o riso reduzido e a sátira menipeia. A perspectiva metodológica da ADD conduziu a um corpus composto por três dimensões discursivas, que compõem a enunciação machadiana sobre o trabalho: o discurso do favor representado pela personagem Dona Plácida; o discurso da escravidão representado pela personagem Prudêncio e o discurso do trabalho imaterial ou do não-trabalho, representado pelas personagens Brás Cubas e Quincas Borba. Chegou-se às seguintes conclusões: a linguagem machadiana discursa veementemente sobre o trabalho no século XIX. Sua enunciação transita entre positivá-lo ou negativá-lo, reforçando a distinção entre trabalho material e trabalho imaterial. As atividades imateriais são vistas como positivas pela elite, porque, além de redundarem em não-trabalho, representam prestígio e ascensão. O escravo exercia a maior parte do trabalho e o agregado cumpria um papel de mediador, já que não pertencia a ninguém, mas precisava encontrar formas de sustentar-se. No discurso machadiano, o trabalho não é ontológico; ele é forma de sobrevivência, inclusive de um discurso, que mantém uma ordem social.
This thesis is a Dialogical Discourse Analysis (DDA), from Bakhtin’s perspective, about the discourses on work, in Machado de Assis’ work Posthumous Memories of Brás Cubas, published in 1881. The investigation was an integral part of the research project “The discursive formalization of the universe of work and technology in literary texts” and the discussions of the research group “Discourse on Technology, Work and National Identities”, inserted in the research line Technology and Work, of the Post-Graduate Program in Technology and Society, at the Federal University of Technology - Paraná, of an interdisciplinary bias. Initially we presented some discourses about work as an employed activity or not, since the nineteenth century: Marx’s voices, by Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Paul Lafargue, followed by György Lukács, Herbert Marcuse, André Gorz, Richard Sennett, Christophe Dejours, Zigmund Baumann, Ricardo Antunes and Danièle Linhart, contemporary authors. The dialogical analysis followed the theoretical line of Bakhtin and the Circle: dialogicity, alterity, ideological sign, intersubjetivity, plurilingualism, romanesque genre and enunciation. We drew a profile of labor relationships in nineteenth-century Brazil, discussing history with authors such as Boris Fausto, Sidney Chalhoub, Maria Sylvia C. França, Gilberto Freyre, Sergio B. de Holanda, among others. As for the social and cultural horizon of the author from Rio de Janeiro, his biography and his critical fortune, there were dialogues among critics such as Antonio Candido, Roberto Schwarz, among others. The objective was to bring for analysis, from the ideology of everyday life formalized in the novel, the dialogues, the contradictions and the clashes that occur among the discourses, as well as to perceive the positivity, the damnation or the denial of the work from the language, in the author’s ironic architectural form and in the compositional elements pertinent to the novel, such as hybrid constructions, alternating styles and tones, the early response, reduced laughter and the menipeaen satire. The methodological perspective of DDA led to a corpus composed by three discursive dimensions, is composed of Machado de Assis´s enunciation on work: the discourse of ‘favor’ represented by the character Dona Plácida; the discourse of ‘slavery’ represented by the character Prudêncio and the discourse of ‘immaterial work’ or ‘non-work’, represented by the characters Brás Cubas and Quincas Borba. The following conclusions were reached: Machado’s language vehemently discourses on work in the nineteenth century. Its enunciation transits between positivizing it or denying it, reinforcing the distinction between material work and immaterial work. The immaterial activities are seen as positive by the elite, because, besides being redundant in non-work, they represent prestige and ascension. The slave practiced most of the work and the aggregate played the role of mediator, since it belonged to no one, but he needed to find ways to support himself. In Machado’s discourse, work is not ontological; it is a form of survival, including a discourse, which maintains a social order.

Cette recherche vise à mettre en lumière comment, par une chaîne de performances, des individus effectuent une communication culturelle qui permet de tracer de façon dynamique les frontières entre groupes communautaires. La communauté se révèle alors ne pas être une réalité préexistante, s’imposant aux individus passifs, mais une construction performative dont l’identification s’effectue par la participation à la conga. Pour ce faire je mobiliserai une approche générative et processuelle et la notion de performance sera conçue, non pas comme une catégorie phénoménologique étanche mais comme une notion susceptible d’inclure plusieurs modes de participation (spectacle, jeu, théâtralisation, interactions quotidiennes) liés à différents registres d’attention exercés par l’individu dans l’action. Au sein de l’espace global de la ville de Santiago de Cuba, Los Hoyos est un « quartier » souvent cité par des individus comme leur lieu de résidence. La fréquence des contacts, l’importance des services réciproques, la dépendance interindividuelle liée aux risques de dénonciation, mais également l’intensité émotionnelle et le degré d'intimité des échanges, constituent un espace social aux mailles très serrées et habité par un sentiment revendiqué de communauté. La première partie de ce travail, le « Faire Monde », part à la recherche de cette communauté.Dans le chapitre 1 j’ai considéré le groupe Los Hoyos distinct dans le sens où il constitue une catégorie spécifique attribuée et identifiée par ses acteurs. Néanmoins cette catégorie ascriptive ne correspond à aucune zone administrative officielle liée à la planification socialiste. De plus, la circonscription de l’espace n’entre non seulement jamais en correspondance d’un individu à l’autre, mais présente également des variations d’une ampleur considérable. Los Hoyos est représenté (opérations de bornage) et figuré (sketch maps) comme un espace allant de 5 blocs sur 4 à 15 blocs sur 13 et associant d’1 à 7 zones de planification socialiste. Ni les réseaux collaboratifs, ni les liens de parenté, ni les représentations individuelles de l’espace ne permettent de reconstruire l’attachement à un ensemble territorial conçu comme identitaire. L'analyse fait apparaître à l'intérieur de Los Hoyos une pluralité d'ensembles qui sont en conflit de définition et simultanément les informateurs s'accordent pour reconnaître des totalités symboliques qui les unissent. Il ne s'agit pas alors d'endosser l'essentialisme spontané des informateurs qui s’inscrivent dans une communauté présentée comme une entité immuable, traditionnelle etc., mais réussir à rendre ces catégories opératoires pour l'analyse. Je n'ai alors pas envisagé le symbolisme sous l'angle de son contenu, mais pour la forme distinctive du style sur lequel il se construit. Style conçu comme la mise en relation spécifique par laquelle la conga construit une production symbolique dont le contenu est interprété comme particulier à la communauté de Los Hoyos. Cela fait apparaître deux relations cruciales :-Ces totalités se construisent par une mise en relation sous forme de renvois réciproques entre les domaines quartier et conga. La conga de los Hoyos, un ensemble de percussion musical dont le foyer se trouve à l’épicentre des représentations du quartier, constitue un paradigme significatif de l’organisation d’un répertoire symbolique signifiant pour le groupe. Les traits symboliques deviennent des véhicules autoréférentiels pour désigner un système de relations construit lors des performances. Le sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté de Los Hoyos se construit alors par la forme du contrepoint qui conjugue le sentiment unitaire et la variabilité individuelle. - La réalisation de plusieurs cartographies (sketch maps et développement spatiotemporel des performances) mises en relation, révèlent une correspondance directe entre les polarisations des représentations de l’espace communautaire et les parcours de la conga. Si les analyses
This research aims to highlight how, through a chain of performances, individuals perform a cultural communication which allows to dynamically draw the boundaries between community groups. Community reveals itself not be a pre-existing reality imposing liability on individuals, but a performative construction whose identification is achieved by the participation to the conga. I will mobilize a generative and processual approach, and the notion of performance will be considered, not as an hermetic phenomenological class, but as a notion which may include several modes of participation (shows, games, drama, dramatization, daily interactions) associated with different registers of attention mobilised by the individual in the action.Within the global space of the city of Santiago de Cuba, Los Hoyos is a "neighborhood" often cited by individuals as their place of residence. The frequency of contacts, the importance of reciprocal services, inter-dependence related to the risk of denunciation, but also the emotional intensity and intimacy of trade and interactions create a very tight social space, inhabited by a strong sense of community. The first part of this work, "Faire Monde" goes to the quest of this claimed community.In Chapter 1 I considered the group Los Hoyos distinct in the sense that it is a specific category assigned and identified by its actors. However, this ascriptive category does not match any official administrative area linked to socialist planning. In addition, the division of space not only doesn’t match from one individual to another, but also presents variations of considerable magnitude. Los Hoyos is represented ( operations de bornage ) and figurated (sketch maps) as a space that goes from 5 blocks over 4, to 15 blocks over 13, and associating 1 to 7 areas of socialist planning. Neither collaborative networks nor kinship ties, nor individual representations of space allow reconstructing the attachment claimed as a territorial identity. The analysis reveals inside of Los Hoyos a plurality of settings that are in conflict of definitions and simultaneously informants agreed to recognize symbolic totalities between them. It is not then to endorse the spontaneous essentialism of my informants who represent themselves into a community presented as an unchanging entity, traditional etc., but to succeed in making these categories operational for analysis. I did not consider the symbolism in terms of its content, but for the distinctive shape of the style on which it is built. Style must then be understood as the specific relationship setting on which the conga build a symbolic production which content is interpreted as particular to the community of Los Hoyos. This reveals two crucial relationships:-These totalities are constructed by linking in the form of cross-references the domains” neighbourhood” and “conga”. The Conga of los Hoyos, a group of musical percussion whose house is the epicentre of the representations of the neighbourhood, is a significant paradigm in organizing a symbolic repertory meaningful for the group. Symbolic features become self-referential vehicles to designate a system of relationships built during the performances. Sense of belonging to the community of Los Hoyos is then constructed by the form of the counterpoint which combines the sense of unity and the individual variability. - The realization of several maps (sketch maps and maps of the spatiotemporal development of performances), once juxtaposed, reveals a direct correlation between the polarizations of the representations of the community’s space and the conga’s journeys. If the analyze of networks of sociability, economic activity and representations of space highlighted a valuation of "side by side", it is the conga, then both emblem and vector of the community which seems to allow, by the performance, to be "linked to".Chapter 2 goes in search of the sense of group identity through specific relationships to

Il lavoro, sviluppando una riflessione a partire dal rapporto esistente tra pedagogia e processi di trasformazione in atto a livello globale e locale, cerca di leggere le problematiche educative di un paese in progressiva e veloce trasformazione, utilizzando differenti apporti disciplinari, tra cui l'antropologia, la sociologia, la psicologia. Nella prima parte l'autrice fornisce un ampio quadro teorico e metodologico con riferimento alla teoria della costruzione dei saperi sviluppata all'interno della Pedagogia Ludica. Nella seconda parte viene descritta la sperimentazione sul campo sviluppatasi all'interno di un progetto di sviluppo locale nel Municipio di Guanabacoa (La Habana-Cuba). L'autrice dunque presenta la sperimentazione di un progetto di sviluppo umano e problemi specifici di apprendimento utile per la costruzione di un modello di integrazione tra la cultura e l'educazione, educazione formale e non formale in contesti di marginalità socio-educativa.

Thesis (M.A.)--Florida State University, 2004.
Advisor: Dr. Matt D. Childs, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of History. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 13, 2005). Includes bibliographical references.

In an effort to expand the scholarship dealing with the topic of civil society in Cuba, this thesis deals with the question of Cuban civil society and its relationship with socially conscious underground musicians. It is argued that these musicians have established a tradition of political and social involvement on the island throughout the revolutionary period, and that they have been particularly effective and vocal during the years 1990-2010. The main theme has been analyzed through a Post-Marxist framework with the objective of taking into account not only the political and social value of the music, but also the aesthetics of it and its popularity among the Cuban population and particularly the youth of Cuba. Some of the artists featured in this thesis include hip hop duo Los Aldeanos, trovador Carlos Varela, and the rock band Buena Fé.

The point of departure of this presentation is the challenges facing Information Science and the information profession. It provides a strategy for how to understand and address information problems and a vision about the role of information professionals in the Knowledge Society. The basic assumption is that any question put to a library or information service can be viewed from different perspectives and that the ability to identify, evaluate and negotiate different perspectives is the way advanced information services differentiate themselves from more primitive kinds of information services. Although it is technological advanced that IR-systems can retrieve documents based on, for example, combinations of words, are such systems primitive in relation to what is needed when information is searched. Knowledge itself is organized socially according to the social division of labour in society (e.g. in disciplines and trades). It is also organized intellectually into theories. Although facts exist, it is the best strategy for information science to assume the principle of fallibilism and to consider all knowledge as provisory and principally open to revision and modification. â Informationâ should thus be understood as â knowledge claimsâ produced on the basis of certain preunderstandings and interests. Information services should therefore not just communicate fragmented claims, but should contribute to the mapping of the structures in which knowledge is organized and also provide contextual information needed for evaluating specific knowledge claims. Different perspectives on a given issue tend to develop their own languages, genres, documents, citation patterns, symbolic systems and cultural products. By considering such connections may a lot of indicators be used to identify different perspectives on a given topic. The basic tasks for libraries and information science is to help users conceptualize and search for knowledge claims based on the understanding that any given claim is always produced from a specific perspective, which are often connected with specific social interests and with specific epistemological assumptions.

Today’s highly globalized and mobile society can be characterized by constant interaction between dominant and minority groups in one space, where migrant communities manage multiple cultural and linguistic contexts, while remaining connected to their society of origin. While the field of transnationalism addresses both the behavioral (i.e., physical) and symbolic (i.e., emotional) ties to the origin community, the role that language plays in establishing and maintaining such transnational practices, and specifically symbolic transnationalism, is not well understood. Addressing this gap, the current project aims to investigate the interconnection between heritage language use and symbolic transnationalism through the analysis of 1.5 and 2^nd generation Cubans in Miami.

The Cuban community in the US, and more specifically, in Miami-Dade County, Florida, represents a relevant case for in-depth investigation. While this population is comparable to other Hispanic groups in the US on many levels (Duany, 2011), the long-standing political opposition between the U.S. and Cuba have largely limited behavioral transnational practices (e.g., visits to the country of origin, sending goods and remittances) of the Cuban population. This broad lack of behavioral transnationalism in the Miami Cuban community provides a unique opportunity to examine symbolic transnational practices, effectively isolating two concepts that are traditionally combined in the literature (Duff, 2015; Reynolds, 2006).

To investigate the relations between language use and symbolic transnationalism, a mixed methods study was conducted with 75 young adults of Cuban origin (1.5 and 2^nd generation), combining a quantitative questionnaire with face-to-face sociolinguistic interviews. Quantitatively, data analysis centered on the analysis of the degree of symbolic transnationalism and language use among 1.5 and 2^nd generation groups, as well as statistical correlations between sub-components of language use (history, proficiency, choice, and value) and symbolic transnationalism (ways of doing and ways of belonging). Qualitatively, a thematic analysis was conducted to distinguish the most prominent external factors in the process of symbolic transnationalism maintenance or development that surfaced in the discourse of the participants. Finally, discourse analysis was used to investigate how symbolic transnationalism was reflected in linguistic structures, such as deixis (i.e., terms indicating distance) and stance (i.e., expression of feelings, judgement, and appreciation).

The analysis of the data provides strong evidence for overarching links between the level of symbolic transnationalism and language, such that greater affiliation with the culture of origin is related to a greater use and importance of the heritage language. In addition, qualitative results show that the external factors of the family domain, the Miami environment and ethnic community, and the use of the Spanish language in Miami, are among the most important for the maintenance and development of symbolic transnationalism. Finally, discourse analysis revealed that both 1.5 and 2^nd generation groups use deictic and stance markers to express personal and metaphorical proximity, as well as affect and appreciation of the ethnic community, Cuba as a land, Cuba of the past, and Cuban culture. In contrast, they express temporal and spatial distance as well as markers of judgement with respect to Cuba of the present and its current politics.

This study systematically isolates the concept of symbolic transnationalism via a quantitative approach and investigates its connection with language. Their direct correlation, confirmed by the results, highlights symbolic transnationalism as a significant variable to consider in sociolinguistic research with migrant communities, and thus provides a solid theoretical base for bridging the disciplines of linguistics and transnationalism. Moreover, this work employs a structural linguistic approach (i.e., deixis and stance) to demonstrate how transnational ties may be represented through linguistic structures, and thus it provides new tools for understanding how minority communities express their transnational connections.

On a practical level, this work emphasizes the importance of the context and cross-cultural awareness in language pedagogy. For heritage language learners, it underlines the bi-directional relationship: language maintenance for sustaining transnational ties, as well as development of heritage culture appreciation for more effective heritage language development. Moreover, the findings with respect to the interconnection between symbolic transnationalism and heritage language use, emphasize the role of such aspects as sense of belonging, ethnic community, family history and attitudes towards the country of origin on the process of heritage language maintenance and self-identification with the country and culture of origin. Finally, the findings of this work may be applicable to second language students as well, emphasizing the importance of a context-based approach to language acquisition, which plays a significant role in developing productive cross-cultural communication.

The purpose of this essay is to put focus on sustainability and tourism in Cuba and to explore the phenomenon of "tourism apartheid” and its implications on human rights and sustainable development. This is done by studying prior research on the subject and secondary research sources as well as new material and data collected through qualitative and quantative methods. This study tries to contribute to the overall research material regarding sustainable tourism with focus on Cuba and its circumstances by adding and analyzing new material as well as exploring the strategic measures Cuba has taken before in the tourism sector and in what direction Cuba is moving right now. The second aim of the essay is to explore the research gap that I have found in the literature which is the link between tourist apartheid and the lack of sustainable tourism and development. This is done by research in secondary resourses and by semi-structured interviews and surveys in order to get peoples opinions about this matter. Furthermore I try to make a contribution to the existing research gap regarding alternative touristmodels that better meassure up to the sustainable development criteria. This is done by introducing an old concept ,but in new form. It is called ground level tourism and I clarify the purpose, the structure and how it is linked to sustainable development in the essay in a special section. This form of traveling is not new as a concept but it is new to Cuba because of the Cuban authorities wish to have control over the tourist market. This is explained and discussed in the essay together with the concept tourism apartheid and with a brief resumé of the history of tourism in Cuba. At the end the new research findings are presented and analysed. Finally the conclusions drawn from the research and the findings is presented before the appendix.