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NUNES, FRANCIVALDO ALVES. « ACESSO ဠTERRA, PROPRIEDADE E AGRICULTURA EM NÚCLEOS COLONIAIS DA AMAZá”NIA OITOCENTISTA ». Outros Tempos : Pesquisa em Foco - História 14, no 23 (26 juin 2017) : 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18817/ot.v14i23.572.
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A proposta deste artigo é compreender como os agentes públicos concebiam a concessão de direitos de propriedade sobre a terra nas colônias agrácolas na Amazônia do século XIX. Mostraremos que a concessão do direito de utilização da terra, ou seja, a garantia legal da permanência de colonos nos seus direitos á utilização dos recursos fundiários estava condicionada á ocupação regular da terra e á agricultura. Apoiados nos relatórios e correspondências da administração provincial, destacaremos que as colônias eram representadas como espaços modelares em que se observa a polática governamental de institucionalização de direitos de propriedade sobre a terra, subordinada a uma disciplina do trabalho agrácola. Esta relação é representada como uma estratificação social, reconhecendo á partida aos colonos, o estatuto social de agricultores autônomos, detentores de propriedade individual, ainda que condicionada. Por último, identificamos exemplos de dificuldades de implantação, conflito e resistência a essa disciplina, representadas nos discursos oficiais. Palavras-chave: Colônias Agrácolas. Direitos de Propriedade. Amazônia do Século XIX.ACCESS TO THE LAND, PROPERTY AND AGRICULTURE IN COLONIAL NUCLEI OF THE AMAZON OF THE XIX CENTURYAbstract: The purpose of this article is the understanding of how public agents conceived the concession of property rights over land in agricultural colonies in the nineteenth century Amazon. It will be demonstrated that the granting of the right to use land, that is, the legal guarantee of the colonists' permanence in their rights to the use of the land resources was conditional on the regular occupation of land and agriculture. Based on reports and correspondence from the provincial administration, it will be pointed out that the colonies were represented as model spaces in which the governmental policy of institutionalizing property rights over land, subordinated to a discipline of agricultural work, were observed. This relationship is represented as a social stratification, recognizing to the colonists the social status of autonomous farmers, holders of individual property although conditioned. Finally, we identify examples of difficulties of implantation, conflict and resistance to this discipline, represented in official speeches. Keywords: Agricultural Colonies. Property Rights. Amazon of the XIX Century. ACCESO A LA TIERRA, PROPIEDAD Y AGRICULTURA EN NÚCLEOS COLONIALES DE LA AMAZONIA OCHOCENTISTAResumen: El propósito de este artáculo es entender cómo los funcionarios públicos vieron la concesión de los derechos de propiedad de la tierra en colonias agrácolas en la Amazonia del siglo XIX. Demostraremos que la concesión del derecho de uso de la tierra, es decir, la garantáa legal de la permanencia de colonos en sus derechos de uso de los recursos de la tierra estaba condicionada a la ocupación regular de la tierra y a la agricultura. Con base en los informes y correspondencias de la administración provincial, destacamos que las colonias eran representadas como zonas modelo donde se observa la polática gubernamental de institucionalización de derechos de propiedad sobre la tierra, sujeta a una disciplina del trabajo agrácola. Esta relación se representa como una estratificación social, reconociendo la partida a los colonos, el estatuto social de los agricultores autónomos, poseedores de propiedad individual, aunque condicionada. Por último, identificamos ejemplos de las dificultades de implantación, conflicto y resistencia a esta disciplina, representadas en los discursos oficiales.Palabras clave: Colonias Agrácolas. Derechos de Propiedad. Amazonia del siglo XIX.
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Fakhri, Michael. « Human Rights Principles for Trade ». AJIL Unbound 116 (2022) : 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.16.
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Most trade scholars treat agriculture as a commodity, and in a sense, agriculture workers and their technological replacements as commodities as well. From a food sovereignty perspective, however, agriculture is part of a food system and what is at stake in trade law is people's way of life. Peasants' and Indigenous peoples’ (and workers’) resistance against the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been an existential struggle. Most trade law scholars, with notable exceptions, have ignored social movements’ demands, including their call to end the WTO. By in effect disregarding the costs and violence of the existing trade system against food producers, trade scholarship makes social movements’ language and political demands less cognizable in international law. In this essay, I provide some context and language that may encourage trade law scholars to engage with the food sovereignty movement. I first explain what is at stake in trade law for the food sovereignty movements. I then briefly describe the underlying three pillars supporting the Agreement on Agriculture, and highlight the limits of trade law. I conclude by offering three principles—dignity, self-sufficiency, and solidarity—that could open trade law to wider perspectives. These principles blur the line between trade and the right to food in order to ensure that neither one is dominant nor an “other.”
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Fakhri, Michael. « Human Rights Principles for Trade ». AJIL Unbound 116 (2022) : 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2022.16.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Most trade scholars treat agriculture as a commodity, and in a sense, agriculture workers and their technological replacements as commodities as well. From a food sovereignty perspective, however, agriculture is part of a food system and what is at stake in trade law is people's way of life. Peasants' and Indigenous peoples’ (and workers’) resistance against the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been an existential struggle. Most trade law scholars, with notable exceptions, have ignored social movements’ demands, including their call to end the WTO. By in effect disregarding the costs and violence of the existing trade system against food producers, trade scholarship makes social movements’ language and political demands less cognizable in international law. In this essay, I provide some context and language that may encourage trade law scholars to engage with the food sovereignty movement. I first explain what is at stake in trade law for the food sovereignty movements. I then briefly describe the underlying three pillars supporting the Agreement on Agriculture, and highlight the limits of trade law. I conclude by offering three principles—dignity, self-sufficiency, and solidarity—that could open trade law to wider perspectives. These principles blur the line between trade and the right to food in order to ensure that neither one is dominant nor an “other.”
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Williams, Gwyn. « Cosmopolitanism and the French Anti-GM Movement ». Nature and Culture 3, no 1 (1 mars 2008) : 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/nc.2008.030108.
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This paper explores the rights-based cosmopolitanism of French anti-GM activists and their challenge to the neoliberal cosmopolitanism of the World Trade Organization and multinational corporations. Activists argue that genetic modification, patents, and WTO-brokered free trade agreements are the means by which multinationals deny people fundamental rights and seek to dominate global agriculture. Through forms of protest, which include cutting down field trials of genetically modified crops, activists resist this agenda of domination and champion the rights of farmers and nations to opt out of the global agricultural model promoted by biotechnology companies. In so doing, they defend the local. This defense, however, is based on a cosmopolitan discourse of fundamental rights and the common good. I argue that activists' cosmopolitan perspective does not transcend the local but is intimately related to a particular understanding of it.
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Hudečková, H., et M. Lošťák. « Social capital in the change of the Czech agriculture ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 7 (2 mars 2012) : 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5402-agricecon.
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The paper continues the debate over the nature and the role of social capital in the Czech agriculture. This issue is not marginal because social capital is also emphasized in the Czech SAPARD Plan. The paper develops the thoughts of J. Chloupková and C. Bjřrnskov published in this journal in their paper “Could social capital help Czech agriculture?” (No. 6 in 2002). Differing form mentioned authors, this paper coins dual nature of understanding social capital. This understanding forms the background of the concept of social capital in the works of French sociologist P. Bourdieu. Dual concept of social capital interconnects the most often use of understanding social capital as coined by such authors like R. Putnam or J. Coleman (social capital is understood as supra-personal collective element enabling the co-ordination of activities of free individuals with equal rights thus enabling the effective operation of certain system as a collective entity) with understanding of social capital related to social status of an individual which creates the hierarchies related to power thus enabling an individual to achieve his/her goals. Using empirical data and the case study, the paper outlines the application of dual understanding of social capital in the analysis of some processes in the Czech farming. Dual concept of social capital enables to explain some circumstances, which might be in the case of one-way orientation of understanding social capital presented in rather simplified way (e.g. if and what form of social capital was weak or destroyed in the Czech agriculture and which continues to exist). This fact is documented through the case study of the changes inside large-scale farms and outside these farms (in the field of their external relations). This study documents the presence of both forms (dual concept) of social capital. Similarly, the dual concept of social capital is used in the analysis of social structure of the Czech agriculture. It is done in the comparison with the model of agriculture in European Union and in the projections into the questions of the action of actors in agriculture.
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Chilwalo, Michelo. « Multinational Corporations : Corporate Social Responsibility versus Environmental Problems ». European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no 17 (29 juin 2016) : 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n17p241.
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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a subject of major concern and discussion in today’s world. The need for the local people to benefit from their resources is a noble gesture, which those involved in extracting their resources should uphold if poverty is to be addressed among millions affected by the scourge. This paper aimed to understand Multinational Corporation’s (MNCs) role in promoting CSRvis-à-visenvironmental problems arising from their operations in selected parts of the world. The study mainly generated and used qualitative data through desk review of literature on MNCs involved in agriculture, logging, pharmaceuticals and extractive industries such as minerals, gas and oil. The study revealed that hitherto, local people’s needs have remained unheededby MNCs, their rights are being violated and their environments have undergone irreparable damages. The realisation of all human rights: civil and political rights, social, economic and cultural rights, and the collective-developmental rights, the right to the clean environment, which every nation involved in any economic activity should achieve have been elusive in communities which are richly endowed with natural resources at the expense of profit maximisation by the MNCs in a bid to further enhance their economic might. This has resulted in massive suffering for the locals where MNCs operate or have abandoned their activities after depleting the resources without leaving any tangible infrastructure such as clinics, schools, roads, recreation facilities, and piped water.
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Anggrahita, Hayuning, et Guswandi Guswandi. « Keragaman Fungsi dan Bentuk Spasial Pertanian Kota (Studi Kasus : Pertanian Kota di Jakarta) ». Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 6, no 3 (31 décembre 2018) : 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.6.3.148-163.
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Urbanization in Jakarta encourages the conversion of agricultural land and other green open spaces into built-up areas. Agriculture sector is being marginalized and its contribution is only 0.1% of the economy of Jakarta. Previous studies showed that regardless of its fewer contribution, Jakarta's agriculture persistence takes place due to single to multiple functional transformations especially from staple food production to diverse functions such as environmental, cultural, property rights protection functions, etc. This study aims to identify agricultural multi-functionality in Jakarta. This research uses descriptive quantitative analysis method which is deepened with qualitative analysis through the interview and scientific photography technique to represent physical and social reality in the field. The results indicate that Jakarta’s agriculture is scattered due to urbanization pressure. In addition, Jakarta's agriculture is transformed through the creation of new urban values which demonstrate the ability of urban agriculture to survive.
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Soeparno, Koentjoro, et Budi Andayani. « Social and Climate Change : Impact on Human Behavior ». ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal 30, no 1 (25 octobre 2014) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v30i1.531.
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The nature of social change occurs at the center of human consciousness and based on a commitment, it cannot be reversed, rejected, or canceled (Vago, 2004). Therefore, there are economic and political orders as a result of conflict of ideologies within society. Historically, global social change is caused by the Industrial Revolution and Ideology and Gender Revolution. The invention of telegraph was the beginning of globalization, identified by the 4T revolution (Telecommunications, Transport, Tourism and Transparency). The revolution in agriculture, mining, manufacturing and industry results changes in lifestyle and exploitation of natural resources that can cause climate change. The second source of social change is the revolution of ideology and gender. When colonialism, slavery and deprivation of human rights occurred, the movement to struggle for human rights as its counterculture appeared, resulting in 1980 the pro-human right movement products. The sexual revolution in the 1960s in the USA demanded for equal rights between men and women. The 1975 UNFPA population convention held in Cairo have made an agreement to restrict population growth using contraception, resulting later-on the concept that sex is no longer for reproductive purpose but for recreation. People’s lifestyle has changed since then.
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Corcione, Elena. « Disconnecting agricultural workers’ exploitation from migration policies : a trend towards a business and human rights approach in the European Union ». European Law Open 1, no 3 (septembre 2022) : 699–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/elo.2022.37.
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AbstractSeasonal migrants’ exploitation in Europe, especially in agriculture, is often seen as having its origins in failure of migration or labour policies. Indeed, the virtual impossibility to enter a country as a regular non-European Union (EU) worker coupled with the needs of agricultural work, requiring low-skilled workforce and short time notice for recruitment, generates a perfect environment for exploitation and the related phenomenon of gangmastering. However, work exploitation in agriculture is nowadays a structural problem, requiring structural changes in the way food is produced and intended by the agri-food supply chain as a whole. Indeed, a truly preventative approach needs not only to protect seasonal migrants from human rights violations, but also to involve agribusiness in tackling the root causes of migrants’ exploitation. Building on international standards on business and human rights, the aim of this contribution is to propose a more holistic view of the phenomenon workers exploitation in agriculture. Recent European policies seem to have understood this need, calling enterprises and farmers to bear their responsibility by introducing an accountability discourse for the agribusiness and the food supply chain, either indirectly or directly. The new social conditionality clause in the Common Agricultural Policy, the Directive on Unfair Practices in Agriculture and the recent Commission proposal for a Directive on mandatory human rights due diligence should therefore be read in conjunction with major developments in international law that call for the responsibility of powerful private actors operating in agri-food sector.
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Sklar, Richard L. « Reds and Rights Zimbabwe’s Experiment ». Issue 14 (1985) : 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047160700505915.
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In this day and age, Marxism-Leninism is the leading and least parochial theory of social revolution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It strongly appeals to intellectuals who believe that capitalist imperialism in “neocolonial” forms perpetuates social injustice on a world scale; and that a “conscious minority’ ‘ or vanguard of the downtrodden should establish a “developmental dictatorship” dedicated to the pursuit of economic and social progress. Since the death of Mao Zedong and the subsequent repudiation of his economic theories in China, collectivism as an economic strategy has been reassessed and found wanting in other countries whose leaders are disposed to learn from China. For example, in the People’s Republic of the Congo, where collectivist methods, inspired by Marxism-Leninism have been discarded in favor of entrepreneurial methods, the minister of agriculture has said simply, “Marxism without revenue is Marxism without a future.”
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Sani, Suraya Abdul, Noor Dzuhaidah Osman, Erni Marlina Saari et Wan Abdul Rahman Wan Idrus. « A Review on Food Security Policy on Agriculture and Food in Sabah, Malaysia ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 1103, no 1 (1 novembre 2022) : 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1103/1/012023.
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Agriculture and food security are inextricably linked since agriculture is one of the sources of food security. The agriculture sector in Malaysia generates the most revenue for economic growth, apart from other sources, due to Malaysia’s vast areas of land and biodiversity. As such, the food security aims and objectives should be aligned with Malaysia’s agricultural policies, rules and regulations for economic growth and social development. This paper seeks to uncover Malaysia’s relevant and current agriculture and food security policies to identify meeting points to achieve food security goals and objectives in the future. This is also in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and in addition to maintaining the most fundamental human rights of the right to food. While there are many issues relating to agriculture, particularly concerning the advancement of science and technology, it is for the long-term benefits of food security for the population that local and indigenous people should embrace. This article adopts doctrinal method in analysing the policies by examining primary and secondary sources of laws and regulations and thus establishing common grounds for those two related areas of agriculture and food security. The findings show that while the Food Security Plan is still in the building up and perhaps future related-policies, the agriculture policies and rules and regulations should be further improved by taking an advantage of its available natural resources, only varies in line with the current commercial commodity agricultural trend, research and development. This is crucial not only to fulfil the sustainable development goals but also to improve Malaysian’s economy, standard of living, social development and their well-being. Thus, Malaysians will not go hungry due to its effective policies and rich biodiversity.
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Heydari, Bahareh, et Najmeh Razmkhah. « Intellectual Property Right of Transgenic Crops and Right to Work : Bioethical Challenges in Rural Communities ». Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 5, no 2 (22 juillet 2014) : 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i2.19619.
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Increasing importance of intellectual property rights (IPR) over the area of seed production, is radically transforming agricultural production relations. One major effect of this transformation is the exclusive control of biotech companies on process of transaction of GM crops. This new status, that is the part of a trend that was set in national and international documents to protect inventors, may have adverse impact on the right to work of poor and vulnerable farmers in developing countries. In the framework of international human rights, the right to work is the fundamental right of every one to have sustainable access to decent work that meets the needs and welfare of his livelihood. Rural communities enjoy this right similar to the urban communities. But, the main question, which is our major concern, is the relationship between IPR and the right to work with attention to articles of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural right and International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v5i2.19619 Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 2014 Vol.5 (2): 49-60.
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Sachs, Aaron. « Civil Rights in the Field : Carey McWilliams as a Public-Interest Historian and Social Ecologist ». Pacific Historical Review 73, no 2 (1 mai 2004) : 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3641600.
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This article argues that Carey McWilliams's primary emphasis in Factories in the Field was not on the scale of California agriculture, but on the basic civil rights of farm workers, especially free speech, free assembly, and collective bargaining. Only these civil liberties, McWilliams felt, could help equalize social relations and also improve environmental conditions in California agriculture. Furthermore, by interpreting the 1930s agitation on California farms as having deep roots in the past rather than simply being spurred by white refugees from the Dust Bowl, McWilliams launched a radical critique now recognizable in the writings of both New Western Historians and social ecologists.
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Hudcová, Eliška. « Social Work in Social Farming in the Concept of Empowerment ». European Countryside 14, no 3 (1 septembre 2022) : 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2022-0025.
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Abstract This article aims to present social farming from the perspective of social work; it, therefore, explores the added value of agriculture. More specifically, it adapts the concept of empowerment to the conditions of working with participants with disabilities on social farms. In general, the concept of empowerment is described as the acquisition and use of skills to meet one's own needs and gain control over one's own life. Further, the empowerment of groups and communities is understood as gaining rights and straightening the system. It is a systematic method of work used with people with health or social disadvantage, fragile groups and communities. Using participant observation protocols from the stays on different social farms gathered within the project led in four European countries, the form, benefits, and limits of the concept of empowerment are investigated in this alternative agricultural environment. The paper summarises that the process of empowerment on social farms takes several forms at the individual level. Still, when it comes to the acquisition of power by a group or community in conjunction with participation, the use of the concept is limited.
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Aistara, Guntra A. « Seeds of kin, kin of seeds : The commodification of organic seeds and social relations in Costa Rica and Latvia ». Ethnography 12, no 4 (25 novembre 2011) : 490–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138111400721.
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This article employs multi-sited ethnography as a tool to explore the relationships among farmer seed exchange practices, intellectual property rights legislation, and biodiversity. Specifically, it investigates these issues in the historically, ecologically and culturally diverse contexts of the Costa Rican and Latvian organic agriculture movements, as these small countries negotiate their places in the economic trading blocs of the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) and the European Union (EU), respectively. The juxtaposition of two such different cases reveals the micro-processes whereby the imposition of intellectual property rights on seeds replaces the centrality of social kin networks through which seeds are exchanged with bureaucratic transactions. This shift from exchanging seeds among kin to tracing the genetic lineage of seeds is part of a global process of commodification and control of seeds. Increasing efforts to “harmonize” intellectual property rights on seeds and plant varieties throughout the world will have profound impacts on food production, small farmer livelihoods and social networks, and agricultural biodiversity.
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Mbajiorgu, Grace. « Human Development and Food Sovereignty : A Step Closer to Achieving Food Security in South Africa’s Rural Households ». Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no 3 (14 octobre 2019) : 330–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619875757.
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Food security strategies are determined by the prevailing realities within households and communities. Therefore, it is not surprising that in South Africa agricultural transformation is an important food security strategy. This article examines the role of human development and food sovereignty in fostering conditions that enable rural households to enhance their food security capabilities. Using an in-depth analysis of literature, national, regional and international instruments, this article takes its departure from the fact that subsistence agriculture is an effective strategy for improving household food needs when implemented within the broader human rights framework of human development. The results reveal that agriculture has the potential to increase household food security if appropriate agricultural technologies and productive resources such as land are made accessible to households. Further, for agriculture to attain optimal efficiency as a food security strategy, policies on agrarian transformation should be implemented within broader social development programmes.
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Fortin, Elizabeth. « Reforming Land Rights : The World Bank and the Globalization of Agriculture ». Social & ; Legal Studies 14, no 2 (juin 2005) : 147–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663905051217.
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Kareemulla, K., Pandian Krishnan, S. Ravichandran, B. Ganesh Kumar, Sweety Sharma et Ramachandra Bhatta. « Spatiotemporal Analysis of Size and Equity in Ownership Dynamics of Agricultural Landholdings in India Vis-à-Vis the World ». Sustainability 13, no 18 (13 septembre 2021) : 10225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810225.
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The increasing threat to sustainable agriculture is a major concern of planners worldwide. Human population growth together with increasing food requirements and competition for land use is leading to land scarcity for agricultural purposes. Farm size influences the extent of the adoption of mechanization and modern methods of farm management practices, which in turn results in increased productivity, production efficiency and agricultural income. We studied changes in macroeconomic factors such as dependency on agriculture, growth of the sector, the pattern of landholdings and tenure rights across major agriculturally important countries, as well as the priority of agriculture for the national economy (i.e., the share of agriculture in the national income) and its relationship to changes in farm size. The data on the percentage of area under farming, population growth, size of the agricultural workforce and other social dimensions from 24 countries of different geographical sizes were analysed. We used parameters such as the extent of changes in cropland, family-owned land, the agricultural workforce and their productivity, number of holdings and their distribution, women-headed holdings and finally total and per capita agricultural income, and measured the changes over time and space. The published data from national and international sources were used to establish the relationship between farm size and farm efficiency measured through the selected parameters. The results clearly establish that the size of farm holdings had an inverse relationship with the population dependent on agriculture, share of agriculture in national income and tenure rights. Australia had the largest average agricultural landholding (3243 ha), while India and Bangladesh had the lowest (1.3 and 0.3 ha, respectively). The inequality in the distribution of farmland ownership was greater in developed countries than in developing countries. Female farmland ownership was less than 20% in most developing countries and the relationship between the number of farm households and farm outcomes was found to have weakened over time. India, a developing as well as an agriculturally important country, was subjected to detailed analysis to understand the spatiotemporal dynamics of the size, distribution and ownership patterns of agricultural landholding.
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Străteanu, Amalia-Gianina, et Mihai Liviu Enache. « The Influence of Environmental and Social Factors on Agricultural Biodiversity and Food Security ». Annals ”Valahia” University of Targoviste - Agriculture 11, no 2 (1 octobre 2017) : 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agr-2017-0022.
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Abstract In accordance with fundamental rights and freedoms, everyone has the right to social security (Article 22) and to a standard of living that ensures his/her health and well-being and that of his/her family, this being materialized, among other things, through access to food (Article 25). The importance of food security is recognized in the international response to climate change and reflected in the context of global security. Food security is the primary objective of every nation and entire human community. The global food crisis and food insecurity at worldwide level has a continuous ascend trend, poverty being one of the determining factors that creates optimal conditions for the emergence or maintenance of a conflict. Agricultural biodiversity expressed through sustainability and stability in direct relation to the quality of the environment and life in the context of sustainable development, provides bio-food resources, the basis of the economy of future generations. Food safety is guaranteed not only by the safe production of products, but also by taking into account the whole food chain, by approaching the “from farm to fork” concept, but also by looking at the traceability of “food from fork to farm”. Traceability of bioresources is necessary to ensure food security. To be sustainable, agriculture must be productive, profitable, environmentally friendly and to conserve resources. The sustainable development of agriculture can not avoid the criterion of efficiency; this must be seen in three-dimensional space - economic, ecological and social, but in most cases economic efficiency is based on the lack of ecological and social efficiency.
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Raghu, Pratik. « The Prism of Expanding Peasants’ Rights : A Critical Investigation of Diverse Frames Applied to La Vía Campesina’s Human Rights Engagements ». Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 17, no 3 (10 mai 2018) : 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341481.
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Abstract Since its foundation in 1993, La Vía Campesina has surged to the forefront of the global alter-globalization movement of movements, mobilizing human rights discourse to promote small-scale sustainable agriculture as a key component of social justice, equity, dignity, and autonomy everywhere. This literature review argues that food sovereignty—La Vía Campesina’s best known, rights-based innovation—inflects a range of other interrelated but distinct frames that variously foreground peasants’ rights, “peasantness,” land, cultural recognition, and collective emancipation, prefiguring an array of prospects for the expansion of human rights to peasants and other marginalized populations confronting the failures of capitalist globalization.
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Oktaviani, Nita Tri, Eko Priyo Purnomo, Lubna Salsabila et Aqil Teguh Fathani. « Bibliometric analysis of sustainable agriculture on human rights governance approach : concept of sustainability on human rights governance ». E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021) : 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130602008.
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This study aims to examine social justice and human rights from the government’s perspective to promote Sustainable Development as well as from an agricultural perspective. This research method is qualitative research with literature study. literature study is carried out to find out various distances or findings that have not been found in previous research as a comparison in conducting current research. The literature findings show that some of the main topics appear most frequently based on data from Scopus, vosviewer and Nvivo12 plus. The results of this study of Global Governance of Human Rights with a total of 78 documents, but it is not comparable to the reality on the ground; namely, there are still many cases of human rights, racism and conflicts between black and white groups. Second, Global Human Rights Governance has an important role in the methodology of human rights analysis. From the perspective of global governance, the concept of sustainability is correlated with the idea of human rights such as the emergence of development in rural communities’ agricultural land which causes changes in their livelihoods as farmers which affect the economy and the surrounding environment. In the concept of SDGs, justice is one of the concepts that is of concern to the government that must be developed through a governance approach
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Bhusal, Nirmal, et Tikal Karki. « AGRICULTURE RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND GENDER ISSUES ». Socio Economy And Policy Studies 2, no 1 (2022) : 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/seps.01.2022.25.28.
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Despite women being the backbone of agricultural development, they are typically wrongly characterized as economically inactive. Many gender issues and inequalities are still prevalent in our society, which are the true barriers to real agricultural development. The roles of woman in farming system research and extension (FSR/E) have not been included but they are the ultimate target of the approach. This paper aims to discuss different gender issues, analyse the role of gender in research and extension and compare different extension education approaches related to extension education. Different articles related to agriculture extension approaches, gender issues, and the role of rural women is peer-reviewed. There are different barriers like women’s daily workload, cultural and legal status, property rights, inherent right different relationship, social contact, bias in training centres, and lack of flow of information’s, etc. for gender-based research and extension system. Conventional research and extension system thought to female farmer related to the reproductive and domestic role that underestimates the productive role. Effective research and extension approaches should provide the proper space for women. Their role shouldn’t be bound only to reproductive and domestic work. Extension education approaches should focus on women as a central character of effective learning. Different training programs based on women’s needs and skill development should be organized and should ensure active participation of them.
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Nujeidat, Muhammad Sami. « Bedouin society in northern Israel, Jordan, Palestine, and Syria and its social, cultural and leadership systems ». Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences 10, no 9 (15 août 2022) : 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/gjahss.2013/vol10n93443.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper aims to identify the nature of the life of the Bedouin community in northern Israel and some of their customs and social behaviors, the Bedouin leadership systems, and the professions they undertake to secure their living requirements, most notably herding and agriculture. The Arab Bedouin of Israel and the Israeli-occupied West Bank have been subject to a series of human rights violations, including forced displacement, since the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948. They have been classified as a ‘security threat’ and branded as ‘squatters’ on state lands. Successive Israeli governments have sought to expropriate their land and concentrate them into townships. The Israeli authorities refuse to recognize them as an indigenous group and thereby withhold from them the full range of rights provided to indigenous people under international laws. Though forced displacements are not necessarily illegal, they are if they are arbitrary or discriminatory. Bedouin in Israel’s Negev desert live in some of the poorest conditions in Israel, deprived of basic rights, including the right to water, shelter and education. They live with the constant threat of eviction and home demolitions, under enormously stressful conditions that have a serious effect on their health and well-being.
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Mičurová, V. « Development of structure and exploitation of agriculture land fund in Latvia ». Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 4 (1 mars 2012) : 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5376-agricecon.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Agriculture is a sector in Latvia which plays an important role in the country’s economy and the same time performs a significant social, environmental and ethno-cultural function. Latvia has favourable conditions for the development of organic agriculture. The aim of land reform is to reorganise legal, social and economic relationships of land property and land use to facilitate the development of infrastructure, land protection and rational land use according to the interests of society. In Latvia, the land reform is practically carried out in three directions – restitution of real estate rights, privatisation of real property and compensation for previous real estate. At the moment, the main and urgent goal concerns strengthening of the results of land reform. It means that all the information on real estates (land and buildings), uses and area of lease obtained during the previous course of land reform must be reflected into the real property cadastre.
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Yan, Zhongcheng, Feng Wei, Xin Deng, Chuan Li, Qiang He et Yanbin Qi. « Feminization of Agriculture : Do Female Farmers Have Higher Expectations for the Value of Their Farmland?—Empirical Evidence from China ». Agriculture 12, no 1 (4 janvier 2022) : 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12010060.
Texte intégralRésumé :
An individual’s expectations for the value of farmland are a manifestation of his or her awareness of farmland rights and interests. Differences between male and female farmers in their use of farmland, employment, education, and rights protection may ultimately lead to differences in the evaluation of land value between the two groups. Clarifying such gender differences in the valuation of farmland and the reasons for them is of great significance for the formulation of policies and scientific research in areas such as the protection of rural women’s rights, nonagricultural employment, and land transfer. In the context of the global “feminization of agriculture”, we start with individuals’ psychological expectations for the value of farmland. We use data on farmland from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) and estimate an OLS regression model. The moderating effects model identifies the impact of gender differences on such expectations and the underlying mechanism. We find that (1) rural female farmers’ psychological expectations for the value of farmland are much lower than those of males due to their disadvantages in receiving information through policy publicization and their greater willingness to transfer into nonagricultural employment, and (2), according to the heterogeneity analysis, better educated female farmers and those living in areas with greater economic and social development expect farmland to be more valuable. These conclusions show that female farmers are currently less aware of their economic rights in rural China than male farmers, and that education, policy propaganda, and economic and social underdevelopment hinder their awareness of women’s rights. We propose policy suggestions to ensure women’s educational rights, promote the adjustment of the industrial structure and of policy propaganda, and balance regional economic and social development.
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Strapchuk, Svitlana. « SOCIAL COMPONENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES ». Economic Analysis, no 30(3) (2020) : 258–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.04.258.
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The relevance of business development in the long run is due to the need to raise awareness of stakeholders about social problems in agriculture. The aim of the study is to assess the achievement of indicators of the social pillar of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the macro level and to analyze the social performance of agricultural holdings, based on the case method, which will provide a better understanding of decision-making processes at the level of enterprises. The analysis of indicators of SDGs at the level of country and region allowed to obtain generalized information on the state and level of achievement of certain established goals for designing scenarios for the development of agricultural sector. Maintaining viable rural areas is one of the key strategic goals of agriculture. To achieve this, we need to understand the decision-making process related to the problems of social sustainability, to establish the interdependent impact of social, economic and environmental pillars and the relationship between SDGs. It has been established that most research on the assessment of social dimension suggests ensuring good working conditions, meeting the needs and guaranteeing the rights of employees, the availability of social guarantees, training opportunities, etc. However, the estimates are mainly limited to qualitative parameters, which makes it impossible to compare them with other indicators. One of the conceptual approaches, which is the basis for studying the experience of companies in the assessment of social indicators, is based on GRI standards and applies to companies that make non-financial statements. The analysis of agricultural market operators that involve two agricultural holdings, which have made non-financial statements for several years, has revealed qualitative and quantitative changes in the social dimension. As a result, we have made a conclusion about multilevel process of selecting the list of indicators, which is consistent with GRI standards. However, in each case it contributes to the disclosure of information on guaranteed compliance with legal requirements for labor, training and staff development, staffing, health and safety, including appropriate insurance, financing of employees' sports initiatives, opportunities to provide material assistance and remuneration to employees, etc.
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Alves, Lucas Bispo de Oliveira, et Hironori Kato. « Transportation and Land Property Rights : Economic Impacts on Agricultural Productivity ». Transportation Research Record : Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no 3 (24 mai 2018) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118775868.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper empirically investigates the relationship between the effectiveness of land property rights and the impacts of transportation on agricultural output. It is assumed that property rights are a pre-condition for the functioning of land markets. The hypothesis is that if land markets are functional then the impacts of transportation are higher because farmers can respond to improvements in transportation either by making productivity-enhancing investments or by engaging in efficient land transactions. An agricultural production function was estimated where both transportation and property rights were treated as constituents of total factor productivity, using panel data from 76 countries from 2007 to 2013. Ordinary least squares and two-stage least squares regressions revealed that, contrary to our expectations, the impacts of transportation are higher in countries with less effective property rights systems. Three possible explanations are raised. First, it is possible that better property rights are correlated with higher government intervention in agriculture, which negatively impacts productivity. Second, possibly larger benefits from improvements in property rights are to be made in the earlier stages of development. Third, it is possible that high productivity is associated with large farms because of economies of scale. Since they are more likely to be found in land-rich countries, which tend to have less effective property rights, the present paper raises concerns that land transactions triggered by transportation projects may lead to outcomes that are not Pareto-optimal, with possible consequences for social indicators such as rural poverty.
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Azizullah Sidiq. « Function of Mass Communication in the Social Development of Afghanistan ». Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 2, no 4 (30 juillet 2022) : 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.4.72.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Generally communication is one of the inseparable parts of every individual`s daily life. In terms of social development a prosperous society is mainly based on mass media which are defined as powerful tools for mass communication. Mass media contribute to various aspects of social developments in a society ranging from education, health, sports, agriculture, livelihood, freedom of speech, human rights, fight against corruption, and to public awareness. Mass media play a vital role in creating and shaping of public opinion and strengthening of the society. This study aims to review the key functions of mass media and its role in the social development of Afghanistan. Reviewed the literatures and Google Scholar was used to find out the recent studies. This study shows that Mass media itself emerged strongly and has played a vital role in the social development of Afghanistan especially public awareness, freedom of speech, sports, education, agriculture, and reconstruction.
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Lerman, Zvi. « Gender gaps in Central Asia : A reassessment[1] ». Central Asian Journal of Water Research 7, no 2 (30 décembre 2021) : 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29258/cajwr/2021-r1.v7-2/47-73.eng.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The article reviews the latest available statistical information on gender inequalities in labor markets and in access to financial institutions, social services, and education. After a general review of agricultural development, household food security and rural poverty, population structure, and labor outmigration in Central Asia, the article examines the women’s role in the labor market, including both formal and informal female employment, the feminization of agriculture in the region, gender gaps in education and wages, and constraints on women’s access to extension services and land ownership. It is observed that women’s asset ownership rights and their access to supply and product markets are constrained by social norms. The article concludes with some conclusions and policy recommendations. This reassessment is designed to strengthen the qualitative approaches of the gender literature with some quantitative approaches from agricultural and development economics.
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Kumar, Avinash, et Sambit Mallick. « Interests, Norms, Meanings : A Study of Rice Biotechnology in India ». Bulletin of Science, Technology & ; Society 40, no 3-4 (octobre 2020) : 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0270467621995700.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Agrarian environments have to be comprehended as being part of a biophysical and social environment that includes the urban and the nonurban, the arable and the nonarable, and other areas that are integrally linked to the world of agriculture and environment and their allied socioeconomic relations. This article examines the responses of rice biotechnologists located in selected Indian public agricultural institutes under the aegis of the State Agricultural University and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research on questions such as “How is GM (genetically modified) technology perceived by rice biotechnologists and under what limiting conditions is it being pursued in rice biotechnology research? Is there a consensus among rice biotechnologists over the application of GM technology? What are the complexities of the GM policy? and What are the implications of intellectual property rights on GM-based research and how scientists are responding to such institutional norms?”
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Borodina, Olena, et Ihor Prokopa. « Public interests and human rights under the agricultural land market turnover : an experience for Ukraine ». Ekonomika APK 321, no 7 (26 juillet 2021) : 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202107063.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The purpose of the article is to reveal the basic incentives and strategic directions of land reforms in the world, the character of domestic transformations in the field of land tenure and land use and the possibility of implementing world experience in Ukraine. Research methods. Methods used: abstract-logical (in covering land relations in terms of basic human rights and goals of land reforms, finalizing findings), logical-historical and comparative analysis (in assessing the consequences of different approaches to land reforms), strategic analysis (in assessing the intentions and results of land reform in Ukraine). Research results. The purpose of land as a public wealth in the implementation of UN directions on human rights in general and the rights of peasants and other people in rural areas is highlighted. Fundamentally different approaches (egalitarian and market) to land reforms, their social and economic essence, and the role for the development of national economies are revealed. The nature of transformations in land relations in Ukraine, the impact of state agricultural policy, tendencies of further development of the agricultural land market and the directions of the egalitarian principles implementation in the improving its’ mechanisms are assessed. Scientific novelty. The directions of strengthening state regulation of agricultural land market turnover in Ukraine under the basic human rights, rights of peasants and realizing public interests with elements of the egalitarian approach to land reforms are substantiated and their necessity is actualized. Practical significance. The research results implementation in improving the mechanisms of agricultural land market turnover in Ukraine will facilitate overcoming structural distortions in the agriculture, diversifying agricultural and rural development, reducing segregation in society in terms of quality of life. Refs.: 34.
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Pajewski, Tomasz. « FARM CONSOLIDATION AS AN EXAMPLE OF INTERNALIZING EXTERNALITIES IN AGRICULTURE ». Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no 4 (13 décembre 2020) : 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5821.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The paper deals with the issue of internalising external effects arising during agricultural production. An example was the account of an agritourism farm and a swine farm. Using the Edgeworth box concept, difficulties in establishing a market equilibrium without precisely established property rights are presented. The aim of the study was to indicate a possible solution to the problem of negative external effects. It was indicated that the internalization of unfavorable phenomena resulting from agricultural production may take place across farms. The rationality of such a solution was documented using the profit maximization functions of separate and post-merger farms. In a newly established entity, in order to maximize the benefits of pig production and the offered accommodation places, the factors increasing the emission of odor to the atmosphere should be limited to a socially acceptable level. The theoretical nature of the presented possibilities of limiting the adverse effects of agricultural production for society may take on real shape. The currently observed direction of changes in agriculture towards the creation of farms with an increasing area allows to suppose that a certain amount of negative externalities will be limited, and therefore the social costs of production will partially be reduced. It is difficult to indicate specific values, e.g. reduced social costs, but it is important that the direction of changes is socially desirable.
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Diptaningsari, Danarsi, et Edhi Martono. « Considering Ethics in Agricultural Experimental Research with Special Mention to Agricultural Biotechnology Research ». Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 25, no 1 (31 juillet 2021) : 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.57790.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Ethics in experimental research equals scientific integrity, a notion principle particularly stressing honesty while implementing discipline concepts on what is excellent and terrible. Some moral responsibility is defined through specifically agreed standards in doing experimental research. Ethics of experimental research in agriculture involves all activities done before, during, and after the study, consisting of personal, research, and social ethics. Ethical code and policy include, but are not limited to, honesty, objectivity, integrity, carefulness, openness, intellectual right recognition, confidentiality, responsible publication, social responsibility, competency, legality, and protecting research object/subject (plant, animal, human) from possible unfair manipulation. One development triggering the controversy of agriculture’s experimental ethics is the progress of agricultural biotechnology which resulted in genetic engineering products. Rules, regulations, and laws concerning the use and development of genetic engineering in agriculture to avoid adverse effects of these products, such as rising environmental hazards, increasing human health degradation, and unfair economic competition, should be considered and implemented.
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Li, Teng, Deyi Zhou, Amar Razzaq et Qing Wang. « Rethinking the Role of Grain Banks in China’s Agriculture ». Agriculture 11, no 1 (10 janvier 2021) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010049.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Grain banks are an organizational innovation and unique phenomenon in China that help reduce food losses and food security costs. It collects scattered food from the farming community into centralized storage and circulates it, thereby realizing asset mobilization and appreciation. This article first elaborates on the definition, function, and evolution of China’s grain banks through a literature review. Then, we used survey data of face-to-face interviews and field visits to a grain bank company in Hubei Province to analyze the economic rationale of grain bank development, including micro and macro conditions of grain bank development and its operating mechanisms. In addition, from the perspective of key stakeholders such as farmers, grain bank companies, and the government, we also studied the challenges of grain banks. We found that, in addition to providing many economic and social benefits in the form of food security and improved farmer income, grain banks still face many challenges in the new era. These include the ambiguity of property rights, lack of institutional structure, low efficiency of state-owned grain banks, and exploitation of loopholes by grain dealers. We propose to implement the supply-side reforms, clarify property rights, improve the supervision and management of grain banks, promote the privatization of grain banks, and take advantage of rural finance to realize the industrialization of the whole sector.
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Li, Teng, Deyi Zhou, Amar Razzaq et Qing Wang. « Rethinking the Role of Grain Banks in China’s Agriculture ». Agriculture 11, no 1 (10 janvier 2021) : 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010049.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Grain banks are an organizational innovation and unique phenomenon in China that help reduce food losses and food security costs. It collects scattered food from the farming community into centralized storage and circulates it, thereby realizing asset mobilization and appreciation. This article first elaborates on the definition, function, and evolution of China’s grain banks through a literature review. Then, we used survey data of face-to-face interviews and field visits to a grain bank company in Hubei Province to analyze the economic rationale of grain bank development, including micro and macro conditions of grain bank development and its operating mechanisms. In addition, from the perspective of key stakeholders such as farmers, grain bank companies, and the government, we also studied the challenges of grain banks. We found that, in addition to providing many economic and social benefits in the form of food security and improved farmer income, grain banks still face many challenges in the new era. These include the ambiguity of property rights, lack of institutional structure, low efficiency of state-owned grain banks, and exploitation of loopholes by grain dealers. We propose to implement the supply-side reforms, clarify property rights, improve the supervision and management of grain banks, promote the privatization of grain banks, and take advantage of rural finance to realize the industrialization of the whole sector.
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Ajl, Max. « A People’s Green New Deal : Obstacles and Prospects ». Agrarian South : Journal of Political Economy : A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, no 2 (15 juillet 2021) : 371–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22779760211030864.
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Within the past years, the Green New Deal (GND) became the common language for Northern climate politics, offering a seeming exit path from Northern social and ecological crises while erasing an older Northern climate discourse tied to Southern demands for climate reparations and rights to development. This Eurocentric GND has become the environmental program for an equally Eurocentric social democratic renewal. This article situates the GND in world-systemic shifts, and Northern reactions to such shifts. It situates the GND as one of three possible Eurocentric solutions to the climate crisis: a great elite transformation from above; a left-liberal “reformist” resolution; a social democratic resolution. It then elaborates a possible “People’s Green New Deal,” a revolutionary transformation focused on state sovereignty, climate debt, auto-centered development, and agriculture. Within each proposed resolution, it traces the role of the land, agriculture, and peasants.
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Schäfer, Winfried. « Idea and practice of inclusive farming ». Suomen Maataloustieteellisen Seuran Tiedote, no 33 (31 janvier 2016) : 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33354/smst.75248.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Inclusive farming (INCLUFAR) - Transfer of concepts, experiences, skills, and training tools for social farming and eco-social inclusion is an innovation transfer project within the Lifelong Learning Leonardo da Vinci funding scheme of the EU. The results were gathered during the project period from October 2013 until September 2015. Why INCLUFAR? First, Finland signed the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities and is presently adjusting the legislation accordingly. Second, the results of the public consultation on the review of the EU-policy on organic agriculture conducted by the directorate general for agriculture and rural development in 2013 shows that economic and social dimension have the highest priority. Third, social farming and green care enterprises put the multifunctionality demand of policy makers into practice. Because green care enterprises emerged in the past decade rapidly, there is a lack of qualified staff specialised on both agriculture and social work related professions. The results of the past EU funded green care projects SoFar, DIANA, MAIE, and others reflect this fact addressing development of appropriate VET curricula as a concern. INCLUFAR meets the need for appropriate curricula suitable for social farming and green care enterprises which link care for both, individuals with special needs and for nature in organic farms. IN-CLUFAR transferred a new on-farm developed curriculum and the gathered experiences with it to green care enterprises and to related institutions following the principal of inclusion. As a result better labour opportunities emerge, fostering rural economic development. Exploiting the specific agricultural work and life-setting may improve social welfare structure in rural areas. Outcomes of the project are: 1. The INCLUFAR handbook, providing background knowledge of and concepts for inclusive farming. 2. The INCLUFAR curriculum, available in all partner country languages. 3. An occupational profile to meet the practical steps implementing the INCLUFAR idea. The skills gathered in the partner countries through coaching team visits to Austria, Bulgaria, Esto-nia, Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, and Turkey contributed to improve the quality of work on farm as well as on the rural area and its different professions (farmers, gardeners, handicrafts, nurses, social workers, civil servants, students, scientists, decision makers of public authorities, etc.). The term inclusion, as a central concern in the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities was also applied to improve the cultural landscape and its biotopes. Thus, the project contributed to improve and support the training path aims of creating a greater awareness of social and ecological inclusion.1
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Hua, Junguo, Di Zhu et Yunfei Jia. « Research on the Policy Effect and Mechanism of Carbon Emission Trading on the Total Factor Productivity of Agricultural Enterprises ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no 13 (21 juin 2022) : 7581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137581.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Given the rural revitalization strategy in the new era, agricultural development is faced with the dual constraints of resources and the environment. Promoting the green development of agriculture is one of the important missions to solve major social issues in the new era. The implementation goal of the carbon emission trading system is to achieve a win-win situation between carbon emission reduction and green development. To evaluate the effectiveness of the carbon emission trading system on agricultural enterprises, this paper uses a double-difference model to analyze the policy effect and mechanism research path of the impact of the carbon emission trading system on the total factor productivity of agricultural enterprises. The results based on the panel data of listed agricultural companies from 2010 to 2020 show that (1) carbon emission trading rights have significantly improved the total factor productivity of agricultural enterprises; (2) green innovation in carbon emission trading rights have an impact on the total factor productivity of agricultural enterprises; and (3) heterogeneity analysis shows that the effect of carbon emission trading rights on the total factor productivity of agricultural enterprises mainly exists in large-scale, nonstate-owned, high-debt enterprises, enterprises in the eastern region, and enterprises with government subsidies. Therefore, in the future, China should continue to implement the current carbon emission trading rights system in air pollution control, and at the same time, it needs to be supplemented by government intervention and other means for long-term governance. In conclusion, the study provides a reference value for promoting the realization of the long-term goal of “low carbon” and “high quality” green development of agricultural economy and for making reasonable and effective behavioral decisions for the survival and development of enterprises.
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Khasyanov, Oleg Renatovich, et Lilia Nadipovna Galimova. « Erosion work ethic of the soviet peasantry in the postwar decades (on materials of the Ulyanovsk Region) ». Samara Journal of Science 5, no 1 (1 mars 2016) : 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20161209.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Modern problems in the agricultural sector are rooted in the fact that for decades the state agricultural policy was characterized by neglect of the interests of the main producer, non-economic coercion to labour, alienation from the land and produced goods, infringement of social rights of the peasantry which inevitably led to urbanization, population migration from villages. On the basis of the study of the scientific literature and archival documents which have been analysed for the first time, the complex process of destruction of the collective farmerss attitude to work in the public sector is explored. According to the author, the material difficulties of rural society in the war years led to the recovery in the agricultural society of previous forms of economic activity, namely the one-man operation in its stead. The victorious conclusion of the war led to the restoration of the pre-war state policy in the field of agriculture, but farmers continued to ignore social work. The author believes that public campaigns aimed at the restoration of collective farmerss labor discipline were unsuccessful because in the absence of material incentives the collective farmers were not ready for selfless labor in social production.
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Herlindah, Herlindah. « GOVERNMENT ROLE IN AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AS AGRARIAN RESOURCE ». Hang Tuah Law Journal 1, no 1 (20 juillet 2017) : 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/htlj.v1i1.7.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Agriculture is a one of land resources called agrarian which brings strategic functions and roles for Indonesia as agrarian country. It is identified as being strategic due to a great number of Indonesian people who rely their lives on agricultural sector. Thus, farms do not only have economic value but also social value, and even religious one. Besides, farms are also subjected for agricultural investment activities involving huge-capital companies through which a large-scale extensification of farms will increase over time. This paper focused on the state control over agrarian resources. Starting from farms as agrarian resources, the governance rights of land by a country is based on both UUPA and the exegesis of Constitutional Court. Findings showed that there were 4 (four) models of The state control over agrarian resources based on Article 2 UUPA. However, as Constitutional Court verdict Number 002/PUU-I/2003 testing toward the Law Number 22, 2001 on oil and gas toward the Constitution 1945 was established, the state control over farms could be broadly defined as public rights for all people of Indonesia over its agrarian resources.
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Aziz, Nurul Fathiah, Norshamliza Chamhuri et Peter J. Batt. « Barriers and Benefits Arising from the Adoption of Sustainable Certification for Smallholder Oil Palm Producers in Malaysia : A Systematic Review of Literature ». Sustainability 13, no 18 (7 septembre 2021) : 10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810009.
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Malaysia is the world’s second largest producer of palm oil, which, not unexpectedly, is one of the largest contributors to the country’s GDP. However, the Malaysian palm oil industry faces numerous issues, including a boycott for imports into the European Union (EU) on the basis that Malaysia does not allegedly practice good agriculture, fails to meet sustainability standards and exploits labor rights. To overcome the situation, the Government of Malaysia is strongly committed to implementing good agricultural practices that meet international sustainability standards through sustainable certification. To facilitate the adoption of sustainable certification by smallholder palm oil producers, through a comprehensive review of the literature, this study seeks to identify the social, environmental and economic benefits derived from sustainable certification.
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Zayats, L. K., et V. A. Samsonovich. « Stages of the development of agricultural production in the Republic of Belarus : to the 100th anniversary of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus ». Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 57, no 1 (15 février 2019) : 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2019-57-2-7-18.
Texte intégralRésumé :
There are several stages associated with fundamental changes in arrangement and production technologies for the development of agricultural production in the Republic of Belarus. Each of the stage was associated with achievements of scientific and technological progress and had important social and economic consequences. The paper dwells on the stages of agriculture development in the Republic of Belarus since 1919 to the present days. The basic transformations of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food as a body for state administration of agriculture are covered. It is shown that nowadays the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus performs absolutely greater part of functions in the field of state agriculture management, in particular: administration, economic regulation, legal regulation, state agricultural policy, state control. It is known that high level of agro-industrial complex development guarantees the food security of the state, therefore, political independence and sovereignty as well. Over the years of the sovereign existence, the Republic of Belarus has been able to restore and develop agriculture, ensuring the country’s food security, as well as become an important exporter of food and agricultural products. Thus, the achieved results of agricultural production confirm the right chosen course aimed at intensive methods of work based on achievements of science and technology.
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Robertson, G. Philip. « A Sustainable Agriculture ? » Daedalus 144, no 4 (septembre 2015) : 76–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00355.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The defining challenge of sustainable agriculture is the production of food and other agricultural products at an environmental cost that does not jeopardize the food security and general welfare of future generations. Feeding another three billion people in the face of climate change, biodiversity loss, and an environment already saturated with excess nitrogen and other reactive pollutants requires new approaches and new tools in the design and deployment of workable solutions. Solutions will be local but all will require an ecological systems approach that considers sustainable farming practices in the full context of ecosystems and landscapes. And their deployment will require an understanding of the social systems capable of building incentives that produce socially desired outcomes. Socioecological models for agriculture provide an opportunity to explore feedbacks, trade-offs, and synergies that can optimize and strengthen emerging connections between farming and society. With the right incentives, innovative research, and political will, a sustainable agriculture is within our reach.
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Austin, Gareth. « Cash Crops and Freedom : Export Agriculture and the Decline of Slavery in Colonial West Africa ». International Review of Social History 54, no 1 (avril 2009) : 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859009000017.
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SummaryThis article argues that the greatest economic and social transformations of the early colonial period in West Africa, the “cash-crop revolution”, and “the slow death of slavery” and debt bondage, had stronger and more varied causal connections than previously realized. The economic circumstances of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century West Africa delayed and diluted abolitionist measures. Indeed, the coercion of labour, through the exercise of property rights in people, contributed to the speed with which the cash-crop economies developed. Conversely, however, the scale and composition of cash-crop expansion did much to determine that the slave trade and pawning would be replaced by a consensual labour market. They also shaped the possibilities for peasant versus larger-scale organization of production, and the distribution of income by gender and between communities.
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Rubio Pérez, Laureano M. « Agua, regadío y conflicto social en la provincia de León durante la Edad Moderna ». Estudios humanísticos. Geografía, historia y arte, no 19 (9 février 2021) : 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/ehgha.v0i19.6751.
Texte intégralRésumé :
<span>The social struggle for water has marked the history of the villages of León, the provence of León being the provence with greater hydro resources. From the Midelle Ages to the s. XX León villages and their respective councils were in control of the water not only for human consumption but also for watering. Agriculture dependant on watering was developed during the Middle Ages, in the irrigated plain around the river Orbigo, which resulted in the construction of many dams and watering canals know as "zayas", "zequias" on "molderas". The defence of historical rights over water was one of the main commitments of the rural communities of León clown through its history.</span>
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Megre, M. « The conflict between agribusiness and indigenous peoples of Brazil ». Pathways to Peace and Security, no 1 (2021) : 162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2021-1-162-180.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The ongoing conflict between agribusiness and Brazilian indigenous peoples is one of the largest conflicts in contemporary Brazil. It combines territorial dispute with racial, ethnic, and environmental issues. On the one hand, as the Brazilian economy mainly relies on agriculture, agricultural business has consolidated power across the country, strongly supported by the government. On the other hand, indigenous communities have been fighting for decades to have their territory demarcated and to ensure their people‟s security and rights. Apart from unsettled issues between indigenous communities and agribusiness, confrontation is aggravated by social intolerance and the heritage of colonialism. Despite being one of the most violent and widespread conflicts in the country, it is often disregarded and silenced by the Brazilian media, and the Brazilian society is barely aware about it.
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Musikawong, Sudarat. « Understanding the gaps between the bilateral regularization of migration and workers’ rights : The case of agricultural migrant workers in Thailand ». Theoretical Inquiries in Law 23, no 2 (1 juillet 2022) : 289–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2022-0020.
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Abstract ASEAN agricultural workers represent one of the most vulnerable groups of workers regardless of citizenship. While bilateral agreements focus on general migration governance mechanisms, the specifics of agricultural workers’ rights and protections fall outside their scope. Due to the seasonal nature of cross-border agriculture, these are flexible precarious workers readily available to employers in the borderlands that often do not invest in worker health and social security. The Article reveals how foreign migrant agricultural workers with and without work permits continue to fall between the gaps of national labor protection laws, due to both legal structural exclusions as well as the particular vulnerabilities of being noncitizen workers in remote, unsafe workplaces. This Article documents some of the developments during 20172019 in migrant employment in export cash crops. The next challenge for the future is developing mechanisms for bilateralism to lower migration costs, with a commitment to genuinely safe migration, as well as the establishment of long-term equitable working conditions for all migrant workers. The major findings demonstrate how the two main reasons for the discrepancies between the BLA and labor protections have to do with the noninterventionist approach of ASEAN and a series of technical exclusions in Thailand’s labor law and regulation.
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Claridge, Jordan, et Spike Gibbs. « Waifs and Strays : Property Rights in Late Medieval England ». Journal of British Studies 61, no 1 (24 novembre 2021) : 50–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2021.125.
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AbstractThis article provides new insights into long-standing debates on lord-tenant relations in medieval England and how they were negotiated through the manorial court. We examine an institution, which we term the stray system, that facilitated cooperation between lords and tenants to manage stray livestock. Specifically, we argue that the stray system is a clear example of a public good. In this context, the system was a social benefit provided by lords to their tenants as a collective. In a world where most of the population was dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods, any potential damage to a crop would have been of real concern. However, in managing the threat of wandering livestock, the property rights of owners had to be clearly protected to avoid disputes over ownership. The manorial court's management of strays provided an institution to resolve these countervailing pressures. Ultimately, that system helped to protect a community's arable land—the most vital source of income for lords and tenants alike—while simultaneously assuring the property rights of those who had lost important capital assets in the form of livestock.
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Iyer, Deepa Kylasam. « Property Rights Through Social Movements : The Case of Plantations in Kerala, India ». Journal of Land and Rural Studies 7, no 2 (11 juin 2019) : 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321024919844423.
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Globally, increased investor interest in land is confronting various types of political mobilisations from communities at the grassroots level. This article examines the case study of a land occupation movement called Chengara struggle in the largest corporate plantation in southern India. The movement is led by the historically dispossessed scheduled caste and scheduled tribe communities. The objective of the study is to understand the type of institutional transformation of property rights that the movement is calibrating. Institutional theory is used to determine the nature and direction of transformation using the framework of economic and political transaction costs. The article concludes that the central demand of the struggle for individual title deed has higher private gains for right-holders, but has overall negative gains for agricultural productivity. The article concludes that productivity-oriented demands to restructure land-use rights within plantations might converge in the land struggles of the future.
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Nugraha, Achmad, Gunawan Prayitno, Rahmawati Rahmawati et Aidha Auliah. « Farmers' Social Capital in Supporting Sustainable Agriculture : The Case of Pujon Kidul Tourism Village, Indonesia ». Civil and Environmental Science 005, no 02 (3 octobre 2022) : 235–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2022.00502.12.
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Pujon Kidul Village is a village with the potential of the main agricultural sector which has been designated and developed into a Pujon Kidul Tourism Village. Tourism villages that are developed need support within the village itself to maintain sustainability. Tourist villages that do not pay attention to the sustainability aspect will threaten the social and economic conditions of the community, especially the farming community, who make up most rural communities. Therefore, it is necessary to support sustainable agriculture that can balance sustainable tourism. The most important capital that must be prepared to achieve sustainable agriculture is social capital from the farming community. Social capital is the main force to empower communities in development, this study examines how the conditions and factors are forming the social capital of the farming community of Pujon Kidul tourism village. This study's main data collection method used a questionnaire aimed at 221 respondents. Then the questionnaire results will be described and analyzed by CFA analysis. Overall, the social capital of the farming community is in good condition, and this is a potential that can be used in determining the right approach to the farming community of Pujon Kidul Tourism Village in supporting sustainable agriculture