Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Social Mobility. Social Capital. Life Chances »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Social Mobility. Social Capital. Life Chances"
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Lin, Mei-ling. « Educational Upward Mobility. Practices of Social Changes--Research on Social Mobility and Educational Inequality ». International Journal of Social Science Studies 8, no 3 (26 mars 2020) : 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v8i3.4789.
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Social class is defined by the possession of all forms of economic capital, cultural capital and social capital which together shape the kinds of experience and lifestyles. This process is dubbed symbolic violence by Pierre Bourdieu. Education is crucially linked to assets such as income, occupational position and social prestige. Educational upward mobility requires more than individual effort and intelligence, and sometimes different ingredients, such as specific social conditions. The different dimensions of inequality—income, poverty, social exclusion, education and social mobility—are interconnected. The paper has been inspired by Bourdieu’s work on symbolic domination and capitals, and lifestyles. The author identifies a persistence of inequalities among the students due to social reproduction mechanisms: family background and parents’ social situation have a substantial influence on the life chances. The empirical data of this study come from a survey in 2019. The paper ends with a summary of findings and conclusions.
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Hung, Jason, et Mark Ramsden. « The Application of Human Capital Theory and Educational Signalling Theory to Explain Parental Influences on the Chinese Population’s Social Mobility Opportunities ». Social Sciences 10, no 10 (28 septembre 2021) : 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100362.
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Existing studies argue life chances are, in part, vertically reproduced. Such a statement is applicable to the Chinese contexts as, but not limited to, parental hukou status, to some extent, determines the life chances their children receive. In this essay, the author would like to introduce human capital theory (HCT) and educational signalling theory (EST), and assess how the applications of each of these two models can enrich the understanding of vertical reproduction of individuals’ social mobility opportunities. The author would also present the limitations of each of these two models when addressing relevant Chinese contexts.
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Munk, Martin D. « Livschancer og social mobilitet - forskellige fødselsårganges vilkår ». Dansk Sociologi 14, no 4 (28 février 2006) : 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v14i4.278.
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Life chances and social mobility: different cohort conditions.
Social position still depends on social origin, gender and work experience. Cohorts born in the mid- 1960s are less advantaged than cohorts born in the mid- and late 1950s, when studied at the time the respective birth cohorts were 31 years old. Research indicates that younger cohorts have a lesser chance of obtaining social positions such as higher-grade professionals/managers than relatively older cohorts had, when education, gender and other background factors have been controlled for. In addition, the younger cohorts have an increased risk of ending up in unskilled occupational groups. This development can be explained in part by the change in labour market conditions, such as unemployment, and in part by educational inflation (educational expansion), which means that similar social positions will be increasingly over time occupied by individuals who have more education and credentials that are demanded by workplaces. Agents are positioned according to a state of distribution of the specific capital (e.g. educational capital). Generally, a highly educated population, under pressure, will influence strong families to invest more in their children’s education, in order to defend their position (a “defensive expenditure“). This social process of differentiation can be characterised as an unequal achievement society.
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Slobodenyuk, Ekaterina. « Wellbeing of Russian Professionals : Dynamics and Specificity ». Journal of Institutional Studies 13, no 4 (25 décembre 2021) : 040–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2021.13.4.040-058.
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The paper is devoted to the issue of Russian professionals' life changes in the 2010s and the role of human capital in these processes. Life changes are analyzed by identifying mobility cases within three social stratifications by income, presence of signs of privilege or deprivation, and subjectively perceived position in society. For these purposes, we use panel data of RLMS HSE research for 2014-2018 yy. Trajectories of mobility are revealed by using of «Group based trajectory modeling» method. The results show that life stability dominates over mobility. Professionals still have risks of chronic poverty and chronic deprivation, although these risks are rare for them. They also have chances of objectively measuring sustainable well-being by income and privilege criteria. However, even those who have stayed rich and privileged over the years do not feel that they occupy the highest positions in social structure. It is shown that human capital plays a high role in life chances on sustainable privilege and a high-income level. An obstacle on the path to wealth is the dependency burden. The highest risks of poverty characterize young and middle-aged professionals, while professionals who reach retirement age have the highest chances to be rich. Thus, it is a good strategy to continue labor activity in retirement age. It was revealed that parental education significantly increases chances to achieve privilege position in Russian society. These odds are heavily influenced by composite rents. It is also shown that one of the major factors that create unequal chances of gaining high position in society (both in terms of income and privilege) is settlement inequalities. Despite a quite prosperous life dynamics measured by objective indicators, every third professional feels chronically poor or felt a sharp impoverishment during these years. These subjective assessments are weakly correlated with the quality of human capital and observed in all age categories. We associate this phenomenon with two factors: 1) "negative stabilization" in the 2010s and 2) with the fact that chances for objective well-being are confined mainly to the structural factor of settlement inequality. The position of professionals is often contradictory. The groups of privileged and wealthy professionals have little overlap in composition. In modern Russia, wealth does not imply a privileged position in society and vice versa. The same is true for poverty and deprivation. Absolute well-being, i.e., stable occupation of the highest positions in all three structural positions, is practically unavailable to Russian professionals.
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Boros, Julianna, Péter Bogdán et Judit Durst. « Accumulating Roma cultural capital : First-in-family graduates and the role of educational talent support programs in Hungary in mitigating the price of social mobility ». Szociológiai szemle 31, no 3 (2021) : 74–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.51624/szocszemle.2021.3.4.
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Based on 165 in-depth, narrative life story interviews with first generation graduates, fieldwork with educational support initiatives and auto-ethnography, this article contributes to the literature on whether and how structural educational inequality can be compensated by talent support programs and whether and how these programs can mitigate the price of education-driven upward social mobility for those Roma and nonRoma Hungarians who come from socio-economically disadvantaged families. Upwardly mobile Roma who achieve social ascension through academic high achievement usually travel vast social distances that straddle class and ethnic context. Many of their mobility trajectories are accompanied by a set of challenges that are unique to college educated, racialized, underrepresented minorities. To overcome these challenges, and to compensate for the inequality of life chances that originate from their socially and economically disadvantaged family backgrounds and from an unequal and highly selective educational system, upwardly mobile minority students join educational support initiatives or organisations. This paper, drawing on the narratives of our research participants, argues that particular types of these initiatives or charitable foundations that deploy an ethnically targeted complex approach, can equip their beneficiaries with different types of capital. Amongst these, one of the most important is the Roma cultural capital. The newly gained capitals are necessary for the first-in-family Roma mentees to get through higher education and succeed in the labour market in the context of the specific challenges they face. These initiatives mitigate the price of social ascension the most. The paper uses a case study of Romaversitas to demonstrate its main findings.
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Sinyavskaya, Oksana, Anna Cherviakova et Elizaveta Gorvat. « Factors that Lead to Leaving the Labor Market at the Age of 45 and up in Russia : Role of Job Characteristics, Labor Mobility and Life-Long Learning ». Sociological Journal 28, no 2 (28 juin 2022) : 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2022.28.2.8986.
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. This paper is devoted to analyzing the impact of labor mobility and life-long learning on employment termination, as well as to revealing the work characteristics that keep individuals on the labor market. It contributes to the discussion about factors associated with a person leaving the labor market to become economically inactive in retirement. In foreign and domestic literature most of the research is devoted to studying how personal and familial characteristics, as well as human capital influence employment. The impact of employment characteristics, labor mobility and life-long learning on a person’s chances to maintain a job has not been sufficiently studied, and the studies that do exist often come to contradictory conclusions. The research is based on 10 annual waves of the “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS–HSE)” conducted from 2010 to 2019. Using the Cox regression with time-varying covariates, we obtained the hazard ratios of leaving the labor market for people at the age of 45 and older, for men and women. The results show that participation in life-long learning increases the chances of continuing to be employed by 19,1%, with that being more important for women. Labor mobility increases the risk of unemployment by more than 3,5 times for the target group, especially for men. The most common characteristics of employment in Russia — formal employment, full-time work, working in medium-sized or large enterprises — contribute to maintaining employment by 42, 19, 28–36%, respectively. Types of work outside of enterprises or organizations, as well as in private companies, accelerate the transition to unemployment.
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Van Hear, Nicholas. « Reconsidering Migration and Class ». International Migration Review 48, no 1_suppl (septembre 2014) : 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12139.
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While once a mainstay of social science, class has lately been eclipsed in much of migration studies by consideration of other forms of social difference, affinity, and allegiance such as ethnicity, gender, generation, and lately religion. This article puts the case for renewing attention on the part class plays in shaping migration – particularly who is able to move and to where. It argues that the form of migration and ultimately its outcomes are shaped by the resources that would-be migrants can muster and that in turn the capacity to mobilize such resources is largely determined by socio-economic background or class. Drawing on Bourdieu, class can be conceived in terms of the disposal of different forms of capital – economic, social, and cultural. Having access to combinations of such capital shapes the routes and channels migrants can follow, the destinations they can reach, and their life chances after migration. The article first reflects briefly on ideas of class in social science and sketches treatment of mobility in the migration literature, before considering the ways in which class, mobility, and immobility shape each other. The article concludes by considering the interplay between migration, class, and collective action among those who move and those who stay, against the background of broader currents of social change and transformation.
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Zhang, Fan, et Yuxiao Wu. « Living with grandparents : Multi-generational families and the academic performance of grandchildren in China ». Chinese Journal of Sociology 7, no 3 (juillet 2021) : 413–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x211028357.
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Previous studies on social stratification and intergenerational mobility have mostly focused on the effects of parents on their children’s socioeconomic status (SES) attainment, but less attention has been paid to the important role played by grandparents in the life chances of their grandchildren, and its underlying mechanism. By analyzing a national survey sample data of junior high school students in China, this study examines the influence factors of living with grandparents and their effect on the academic performance of adolescents, and the intermediate mechanism. The study finds that (a) three-generation cohabitation occurs when there is a functional need for the nuclear family, and children with lower SES, working mothers, or single-parent families are more likely to experience cohabitation between grandparents and grandchildren; (b) living with grandparents has significant positive effects on adolescents’ academic performance after controlling for other factors; (c) the effect of living with grandparents is moderated by the family’s SES and family structure, and students from lower-SES or single-parent families benefit more from living with grandparents; and (d) living with grandparents to a certain extent benefits grandchildren’s academic performance by enhancing family social capital investment. Households in which grandparents cohabit invest significantly more in the social capital of children than those who do not have grandparents cohabiting. The results of this study show that in modern society, family kinship networks still play a very important role in the status attainment and social mobility of individuals. Therefore, scholars should pay more attention to the important role of extended families in social stratification and mobility and its micro-mechanisms.
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Tikhonova, Natalia E. « “Negative Stabilization” and Factors of Population Welfare Dynamics in Post-Crisis Russia ». Sociological Journal 25, no 1 (2019) : 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2018.25.1.6278.
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Recent years have been characterized by a further drop in real incomes of Russians and the spread of pessimism among them regarding their material situation (after a short-term growth of optimistic expectations during the presidential campaign). The current situation in Russia in this area can be described as “negative stabilization”, because, although the decrease in the population’s incomes has stopped, they have stabilized at a lower level than prior to the crisis of 2014–2016. Groups which differ in the dynamics of their material situation starting from 2014 also differ in the specifics of their composition and positions in the system of monetary and especially non-monetary inequalities. The higher an individual’s place in the social hierarchy of life chances, the higher the likelihood of him being in an upward mobility group and the lower the chances of winding up in a group with downward mobility, and vice versa. For the evolution prospects of Russian society’s stratification model this means an increasing polarization of the mass strata of the population. However, so far these processes proceed at a moderate pace and affect the “top” rather than the “bottom” of these strata. The most significant factors determining Russians’ assessments of the dynamics of their material situation are their health, type of locus-control and planning horizon — personal characteristics that affect the ability of developing and implementing effective adaptation strategies. The high importance of personal factors for the dynamics of one’s material situation indicates the crisis nature of modern Russian society, since for crisis societies personal qualities of an individual are more important for the vector of his mobility than structural factors or human and social capital.
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Ildarhanova, C. I. « Rediscovery of Social Reality of the City and the Village : Methodological Novations of the Study of Life Space Dynamics ». MGIMO Review of International Relations, no 6(39) (28 décembre 2014) : 228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-6-39-228-235.
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The world sociological thought pays more attention to the dynamics of urban-rural relations within the modernization of the living space. Their achievements are highlighted in the paper. Social problems of rural society that is changing and is being changed under the influence of development of network relations with the city are suggested to be analyzed in the context of living space of a new quality that is forming in the modern world. Sociological vision of the concept is presented on the base of international urban-rural theoretical constructs, explaining formation of a new establishing space by specifics of social capital, influence of living environment on space configuration, and historical retrospective of rural society institualization under the conditions of globalization and development of network relations. The difference between concepts 'living environment' and 'living space' is explained in the broader context of the second one. Unlike subjects it includes actors with their various ties like internet, new types of mobility of people, goods and capitals towards the city that go far and far outside local of inhabiting and are not restricted just by subjective world of place of inhabiting. Social space localization in definite living environment, according to the author's viewpoint, possesses important social and cultural value. Living space analysis is structured by differentiation of social groups based on social and cultural causality. The author brings value and cultural basis of changes in social actions of citizens of a modern village and traces the role of social and cultural environment on development of network processes in a rural territory. It is underlined how demographic resources of a rural society lead to the lost of relations that are formed on a community type rather than on a society type. Processes of urbanization of a rural area and rurbanization of the society are given in an axiological perspective. Three dimensions of sustainability of urban-rural relations are described: including economic, social and environmental spheres. The author supposes that evaluation of social capital of each of spatial communities study of social norms, values and behavioral standards will promote prognosis of the potential of modern rural-urban space as a base for institualization of new urban-rural relations. Attention has been drawn to the necessity to develop new urban-rural dichotomy and oppose not rural/urban spaces but areas, both urban and rural, that change and are being changed under the influence of introspection.
Thèses sur le sujet "Social Mobility. Social Capital. Life Chances"
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De, Felice Raffaella. « Rethinking Social Mobility through Life Chances : a Problem of Trust ? » Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/201029.
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Discussing Social Mobility: Squaring the Circle. Looking Behind Mobility: Life Chances. Rethinking Life Chances Through Trust. Exploring the Relationship between Trust and Life Chances: a European Cross-Country Analysis.
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Robson, Karen L. « Human, social and cultural capital : expressions of social postition and determinants of life chances ». Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410520.
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Sullivan, Louise. « A comparative study of social mobility, exploring changes in the salience of class and merit in determining individuals' life chances ». Thesis, University of Surrey, 2006. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843325/.
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This thesis is a comparative study of social mobility, describing and explaining the movement of individuals across the occupational class structure. The 1958 National Child Development Study and 1970 British Cohort Study are used, and research contributes new knowledge to the field in two important ways: Firstly, missing data is imputed to correct for observed nonresponse bias; and secondly, a latent growth modelling framework is employed to capture inter and intragenerational mobility within a single model. The upgrading of the occupational class structure has benefited respondents from both cohorts and absolute intergenerational mobility rates increased between the two Study periods. By contrast, relative mobility rates contracted and class background became more important in securing respondents an advantaged occupational class destination. This contraction in social fluidity was matched by a decline in the value of education between the two periods. Educational attainment became less important in predicting service class destination, raising questions about the future provision of appropriate employment for the burgeoning number of graduates. Latent growth models confirm that respondents from both cohorts have on average enjoyed upward mobility across the life course. Meritocratic and cultural capital variables are used to explain model variance and their significance demonstrates that lifetime mobility involves a mixture of meritocratic and non-meritocratic factors. Latent class growth analysis recognises that the population is not homogeneous and identifies subpopulations whose members share distinctly different mobility trajectories. The upwardly mobile latent classes identified are associated with higher scores on the meritocratic variables evidencing meritocratic recruitment. For the middle class stable and working class stable latent classes the result is more ambiguous; merit or lack of it, is associated with class stability but so too is cultural capital. The identification of two downwardly mobile trajectories calls into question the meritocratic assumption that able individuals seek out class locations commensurate with their merit.
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El-Sherif, Lucy. « Experiences of Rural Students with Schooling in Community Schools in Egypt ». Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/42618.
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This study examined the schooling experiences of eleven graduates from the rural south of Egypt with primary community schools in Assiut. The study used individual interviews and focus groups to examine how community school graduates understood their experiences. The community schools were found to have removed previous obstacles of distance and cost. The quality of education that the students received allowed them to flourish in education rather than falter, and that was largely influenced by the quality of their relationship with their teachers. The students learned academic skills, as well as attitudes and dispositions that serve as cultural capital. They have more opportunities than before, yet also face significant challenges as they transition to the public system. The model of community schooling is also facing significant challenges as differences with the public schooling systems are exerting tension on the community school model to converge.
Livres sur le sujet "Social Mobility. Social Capital. Life Chances"
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Stefan, Svallfors, dir. Analyzing inequality : Life chances and social mobility in comparative perspective. Stanford, Calif : Stanford University Press, 2005.
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Cultural capital, identity, and social mobility : The life course of working-class university graduates. New York : Routledge, 2012.
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The minds of marginalized black men : Making sense of mobility, opportunity, and future life chances. Princeton, N.J : Princeton University Press, 2004.
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What money can't buy : Family income and children's life chances. Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press, 1997.
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Svallfors, Stefan. Analyzing Inequality : Life Chances and Social Mobility in Comparative Perspective (Studies in Social Inequality). Stanford University Press, 2005.
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Svallfors, Stefan. Analyzing Inequality : Life Chances and Social Mobility in Comparative Perspective (Studies in Social Inequality). Stanford University Press, 2005.
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Migration And Social Mobility : The Life Chances of Britain's Minority Ethnic Communities. Policy Press, 2006.
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Young, Alford A., et Young Alford A. Jr. Minds of Marginalized Black Men : Making Sense of Mobility, Opportunity, and Future Life Chances. Princeton University Press, 2011.
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Conley, Dalton. The Starting Gate : Birth Weight and Life Chances. University of California Press, 2003.
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Conley, Dalton, Kate W. Strully et Neil G. Bennett. The Starting Gate : Birth Weight and Life Chances. University of California Press, 2003.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Social Mobility. Social Capital. Life Chances"
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Obono, Oka, et Koblowe Obono. « Ajala Travel : Mobility and Connections as Forms of Social Capital in Nigerian Society ». Dans The Social Life of Connectivity in Africa, 227–41. New York : Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137278029_12.
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Rogers, Carol. « Inclusion or Exclusion : UK Education Policy and Roma Pupils ». Dans Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People, 3–17. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_1.
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AbstractEducation is widely recognised as a key factor in improving social mobility and improving life chances. Therefore, this is fundamental to UK education policy which aims to improve outcomes for all children, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds. As a result of expansion of the European Union over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of Central and Eastern European Roma families settling the United Kingdom. Together with indigenous Gypsies and Travellers, Roma families remain some of the most marginalised and disadvantaged families in the UK, with Gypsy and Roma children having the poorest educational outcomes of all pupil groups. An inclusive educational philosophy underpins the UK educational system, however, there is a tension between current austerity measures and outcome driven education policy and the principles of inclusive practice. Whilst there are examples of good practice and inclusive educational experiences for Roma children, some barriers and exclusions are also evident.
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Kopliku, Bresena, et Erka Çaro. « Adapting to the New Normality : The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Seasonal Migration from Albania ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 57–75. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23996-0_4.
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AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic created economic turmoil and impacted various areas of life all over the world. One of the major socio-political aspects of this global crisis consisted of border closures and lockdowns imposed by governments. Migrant workers have been one of the most affected groups, because they are over-represented in vulnerable occupations and among workers with short-term labour contracts; hence, they are among the first to be laid off. Dependent for 30 years now on the financial capital coming from diverse types of migration – seasonal migration, circular mobility and remittances from international migration – the economy of Albania was negatively impacted by the consequences of these changes. Many migrant workers had to return to their country of origin and face the precarious situation from which they had already left. A lot of seasonal and circular migrant workers were trapped and could not emigrate. Outward mobility shrank or was postponed because of travel bans. The more significant consequences were experienced by seasonal migrants who are used to generating incomes through temporary work and who were unable to continue doing so due to being stuck in Albania. The fall in remittances during this period was partially caused by the strong impact that the crisis had on emigrant workers, be they temporary or permanent: the measures that prohibited many economic activities in the host countries; the difficulties of transferring money; as well as a significant portion of remittances normally making their way to Albania through informal channels.
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Erlinghagen, Marcel, Andreas Ette, Norbert F. Schneider et Nils Witte. « Between Origin and Destination : German Migrants and the Individual Consequences of Their Global Lives ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 3–20. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_1.
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AbstractDuring the twentieth century, international migration was mainly understood as immigration into economically highly developed welfare states. This has changed over the course of recent decades because these countries are meanwhile also understood as important sources of international mobility. Whereas international mobility experiences have potentially far-reaching consequences for social inequalities and life chances, migration studies have only little experience in analysing international migration from those economically highly developed welfare states. This introduction frames the chapters in this volume that contribute to fill this gap by examining the individual consequences of global lives not only as a question of migrants’ integration into receiving societies (destination). Rather, the consequences of international mobility are also studied by comparing migrants with the non-mobile population of the country of origin (origin) and as results of specific trajectories (migration) in individual life courses during the migration process (Destination-Origin-Migration Approach). The introduction also provides an overview of how this approach is utilised by the different chapters of the book, all based on the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS), which provides a comprehensive empirical basis for studying the consequences of international migration along four dimensions of the life course: employment and social mobility, partner and family, wellbeing and health, as well as friends and social integration.
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Tomaszewski, Wojtek, Francisco Perales, Ning Xiang et Matthias Kubler. « Differences in Higher Education Access, Participation and Outcomes by Socioeconomic Background : A Life Course Perspective ». Dans Family Dynamics over the Life Course, 133–55. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12224-8_7.
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AbstractThe intergenerational transmission of socio-economic status is driven to a significant extent through parents with higher socio-economic status providing advantages to their children as they move through the education system. At the same time, attainment of higher education credentials constitutes an important pathway for upwards social mobility among individuals from low socio-economic family backgrounds. Given the critical importance of higher education for socio-economic outcomes of children, this chapter focuses on young people’s journeys into and out of university. Drawing on the life course approach and opportunity pluralism theory, we present a conceptual model of the university student life cycle that splits individuals’ higher education trajectories into three distinct stages: access, participation and post-participation. Using this model as a guiding framework, we present a body of recent Australian evidence on differences in pathways through the higher education system among individuals from low and high socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds. In doing so, we pay attention to factors such as family material circumstances, students’ school experiences and post-school plans, and parental education and expectations—all of which constitute important barriers to access, participation and successful transitions out of higher education for low SES students. Overall, our results indicate that socio-economic background plays a significant role in shaping outcomes at various points of individual’s educational trajectories. This is manifested by lower chances amongst low-SES individuals to access and participate in higher education, and to find satisfying and secure employment post-graduation. Our findings bear important implications for educational and social policy.
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Randhahn, Annette, Joana Leitão, Erzsébet Foldesi, Jörg Dubbert, Alexandra Pinto, Carolin Zachäus et Peter Moertl. « Automated Vehicles Empowering Mobility of Vulnerable Groups - and the Pathway to Achieve This ». Dans Towards User-Centric Transport in Europe 3, 22–41. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26155-8_2.
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AbstractMany people in Europe still have limited access to transportation modes overall. Socio-economic constrains as well as cognitive, sensory and physical impairments affect everyday life of these citizens, posing challenges to access mobility services.Technologies for vehicle automation have advanced greatly in recent decades and it is expected to become part of vehicle fleets in the foreseeable future. Yet, the implementation and use of automated and autonomous vehicles (here jointly referred to as AVs) entails chances but also hurdles regarding accessibility and inclusivity of vulnerable groups. This concerns both the use of the vehicle by humans as well as the interaction between humans and vehicles as participants in road traffic.In this chapter, these aspects shall be presented by identifying opportunities and risks as part of our mobility system, starting from a narrowing down of the vulnerable social groups we are looking at. Subsequently, we present the benefits that co-creation and universal design can have in overcoming or, in the best case, avoiding these obstacles. Even though the authors are aware that no detailed recommendations for action can be given within this framework, at least suggestions for solutions are outlined.
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Vaandrager, Lenneke, et Lynne Kennedy. « The Application of Salutogenesis in Communities and Neighborhoods ». Dans The Handbook of Salutogenesis, 349–59. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79515-3_33.
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AbstractCommunities and neighborhoods have reemerged as important settings for health promotion; they are particularly effective for encouraging social processes which may shape our life-chances and lead to improved health and well-being; consequently, as Scriven and Hodgins, (2012) note, of all the settings (cities, schools, workplaces, universities, etc.), communities are the least well defined. Indeed, within the health literature, they are frequently referred to in terms of place, identity, social entity, or collective action.This chapter on communities and neighborhoods distinguishes between settings as a place (natural and built environment), identity (sense of community), social entity (cohesion, social capital), and collective action (reactive-resilience; proactive-community action) – all meaningful categories of generalized resistance resources (GRRs). Such clearly defined GRR categories would allow the study of their relative importance for developing the sense of coherence (SOC) and a newer concept – setting-specific SOC.
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Ette, Andreas, et Nils Witte. « Brain Drain or Brain Circulation ? Economic and Non-Economic Factors Driving the International Migration of German Citizens ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 65–83. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_4.
Texte intégralRésumé :
AbstractInternational movements by people from economically highly developed welfare states are a puzzle for the classic canon of migration theories, which generally focus on flows from less to more developed regions. Based on a simple theoretical framework linking largely disparate literatures on international and internal migration as well as the field of global work experience, this chapter provides an analysis of the emigration and remigration decisions of German citizens. Whereas the five theoretical dimensions-expected financial returns, job satisfaction, social capital, mobility capital, and employment in transnational professions-already explain much of the variance in the emigration decisions, the theoretical and empirical understanding of remigration decision-making processes remains a challenge. Contributing to recent debates about a brain drain from economically highly developed countries, this chapter provides evidence that the international migration of German citizens is best understood as brain circulation. Temporary migration dominates these international movements and emigrants are similar to remigrants along many theoretical dimensions. Although some indications for a potential loss of human capital caused by international migration do exist, they remain insignificant in light of Germany’s overall volume of international migration. Political debates about flows of people from highly developed countries should focus less on potential losses of human capital for national economies and more on the economic and non-economic returns international migration offers for individual life courses.
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Kruse, Tina P. « The Social Opportunity Gap ». Dans Making Change, 78–84. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190849795.003.0010.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This chapter reviews principles and examples of social capital, as well as linking the theory into the model of youth social entrepreneurship. Like other forms of capital, an unequal distribution of social capital is associated with other gaps and with reduced chances for change in the future. In fact, social capital is tied closely to social mobility, the central American belief that one’s birth status is not a predetermination of wealth. Not only is there a yawning gap in the social capital of youth from high-income versus low-income households in America, but low-income youth of color also are disproportionately less likely to be able to participate in upward social mobility. This chapter connects social capital, collective hope, and youth social entrepreneurship.
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Faist, Thomas. « Social Rights and Social Standards in Cross-Border Migration ». Dans The Transnationalized Social Question, 99–133. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199249015.003.0004.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Examining social protection in the context of migration is particularly important because it links the disparate, fragmented social spaces of unequal life chances and social protection across the world. We need to analyse how social protection has been organized across borders with special consideration of migrants and their dependents. This includes a description of the assemblages of social protection, encompassing programmes by the state and civil society organizations, but also social protection in kinship groups. It also concerns the issue of how to conceptualize social protection with respect to human rights. Most importantly, an understanding of the current status of cross-border social protection has to address the elements of global governance and existing transnational social standards in the realm of migration. While these norms mostly concern soft law, they are important elements in the political struggles around rights for both migrant labour and workers affected by the mobility of capital.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Social Mobility. Social Capital. Life Chances"
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Costa, Fabiene Cristina Carvalho, et Carlos David Nassi. « Urban mobility, socioeconomic and urban transport variables in metropolitan areas in three continents ». Dans CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3763.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Transportation is the soul of urban cities. Find sustainable ways to keep people moving in our cities is more important than ever. Historically, cities have developed in different ways. Each has its own personality and complexity. But in all cases, transport and mobility have played a key role in city life. Due to the relevance of mobility this article tries to establish the relationship between some variables. The method was developed by collecting, analyzing and comparing data on metropolitan regions in North America, South America, Europe and Oceania through a mathematical model. From each selected location the following data were gathered: population, area (km²), demographic density (inhab/km²), socio-economic aspects (annual GDP per capita), transport system (subway extension), number of trips per person per day and modal split (% non-motorized, % public transport and % private transport). In this study we analyze some variables that influence the number of trips per person per day. Understanding the associations between all the variables that influence the number of trips per person per day contributes the planners to determine whether changes are needed to improve in the transport system in the metropolitan region.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3763
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Ortolani, Chiara. « Morfologia urbana, trasporti, energia : indicatori di impatto ». Dans International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Roma : Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7910.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La mobilità svolge un ruolo vitale per il mercato interno, per l’occupazione e, più in generale per
la qualità della vita dei cittadini. Rivolgendo l'attenzione al contesto mondiale, europeo e
nazionale si vede come sia divenuta una necessità sempre crescente: la mobilità media per
persona in Europa, misurata in passeggeri-chilometro per abitante, è aumentata del 7% tra il
2000 e il 2008 e si prevede che nel 2050 i passeggeri-km nell’Europa OECD saranno il doppio
rispetto al 2000. Per ciò che riguarda il trasporto merci la domanda ha continuato a crescere
oltre il PIL negli ultimi dieci anni (EC, 2011).
L’attuale modello di trasporto è basato però sull'uso dei combustibili fossili e sul predominio del
trasporto su strada, sia per le merci che per i passeggeri (EC, 2011) e inoltre una larga parte
della mobilità oggi esistente potrebbe essere evitata (McLellan & Marshall, 1998). Di
conseguenza, tale modello è responsabile del 23% dell’energia consumata in Europa. Circa i
tre quarti dipendono dal trasporto su strada (IPCC, 2007) e il consumo energetico, in questo
settore, si stima che aumenterà circa dell’80% entro il 2030.
In conseguenza del fatto che l’energia consumata in questo settore proviene per il 96% dal
petrolio e dai suoi derivati (IPCC, 2007; EC, 2011) questo stesso è responsabile di elevate
emissioni di CO2 e altre sostanze clima-alteranti, dell'aumento della temperatura e di rilevanti
problemi di salute nelle popolazioni esposte (U.S. EPA, 2010). La forte dipendenza dal petrolio
potrebbe inoltre portare a conseguenze severe sulle possibilità di approvvigionamento di merci
e spostamento dei cittadini, sulla sicurezza economica e la competitività globale ed europea nei
decenni futuri (EC, 2011; U.S. Joint Forces Command, 2010). La maggior parte degli
spostamenti sono interni alle aree urbane e, per il settore dei trasporti, queste sono le aree che
influiscono di più sui cambiamenti climatici e sui consumi energetici globali.
La città può essere assimilata ad un organismo (Samaniego & Moses, 2008) e gli spostamenti
che si compiono in essa, affinché siano efficaci, devono avvenire attraverso una rete che
rappresenti una configurazione ordinata di relazioni -o connettività- (Capra, 1996) che implica
una certa forma, una struttura definita (con il rispettivo schema) e uno o più processi specifici
(Samaniego & Moses, 2008). Le caratteristiche che osserviamo oggi negli organismi sono il
risultato di milioni di anni di evoluzione verso l’ottimizzazione delle strutture: minimizzazione
dell’energia spesa per la distribuzione delle risorse e massimizzazione del rendimento.
Tendono quindi a minimizzare il loro grado di entropia. Per arrivare ad una configurazione del
tessuto connettivo urbano che possa minimizzare il suo grado di entropia è necessario innanzi
tutto individuare un insieme di indicatori sulla base dei quali sia possibile caratterizzare lo
spazio stesso e che rendano possibili analisi dinamiche della morfologia urbana. In quest’ottica,
questo contributo si pone quindi come obiettivo quello di individuare un primo set di indicatori
significativi derivati dal confronto tra le caratteristiche delle reti vascolari di un organismo e il
tessuto connettivo urbano. The mobility plays a very important role for the internal market, employment and, more
generally, the citizens’s life quality that takes great advantages from an effective and
sustainable transport system. In the last twenty years, mobility has become an ever increasing
necessity: the average mobility per capita in Europe, measured in passenger-kilometres per
capita, is increased by 7% between 2000 and 2008 and it is expected that in 2050 the
passenger-km OECD Europe will double compared to 2000. Furthermore demand for resources and food is continued to grow well beyond the GDP over the past decade (EC, 2011),
enhancing thus the freight.
The current transport model that responds to this mobility demand, which also includes a large
part of trips that could be avoided (McLellan & Marshall, 1998), is based on the dominance of
road transport and use of fossil fuels (EC, 2011), both for freight and transport of passengers.
As a conseguence this transport model is accountable for 23% of energy consumed in Europe,
and about three quarters of which depends on road transport (IPCC, 2007) It is estimated that
energy consumption in this sector will increase by around 80% for 2030.
In this sector, the energy consumed originates of 96% from oil and its products (IPCC, 2007;
EC, 2011; Lerch, 2011). Therefore, the transport sector is responsible for high emissions of
CO2 and other climate-altering gases, for the temperature increase and for significant health
problems in population directly exposed to oil-derived pollutants(U.S. EPA, 2010). The strong
dependence on oil may also have important consequences on the resource supply and mobility
of citizens for the next decades (EC, 2011; U.S. Joint Forces Command, 2010). The majority of
trips are internal to the urban areas that are affected by this congestion, local air pollution, road
accidents and social harms. Finally, urban trips have a major influence on climate change and
energy consumption at the global level.
Samaniego & Moses (2008) show the similarities existing between cities and organisms. Urban
trips are effective if are done through a network representing an ordered configuration of
relationships -connectivity-(Capra, 1996) which implies a particular shape, definite structure and
one or more specific processes. The characteristics that are observed in organisms today are
the result of millions of years of evolution that led to optimized structures that tend to minimize
the energy cost for resource allocation thus maximizing their productivity. Therefore, the
organisms tend to minimize their degree of entropy. To arrive at a configuration of urban
connective tissue that can minimize its level of entropy is first necessary to identify a set of
indicators on the basis of which it is possible to characterize the space and make possible
dynamic analysis of urban morphology. In this context, the aim of this contribution is to identify a
first set of meaningful indicators derived from a comparison of the characteristics of the vascular
networks of an organism with the urban connective tissue.
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Calvo Poyo, Francisco Javier, Ramón Ferri García et Javier Fernández Medina. « Investment in public transport projects in cities : What do citizens think about it ? » Dans CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia : Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3240.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In recent years, important public transport infrastructures projects have been carried out in Andalusia (Spain), some of them having an important impact on life in the metropolitan areas. Nevertheless, no studies have been done to know the citizens’ opinion concerning these projects. This article presents an analysis about the citizens’ perception on this matter, based on a 2015 survey with a sample of 1,200 individuals living in the Andalusian capital cities. Citizens’ perceptions about public transport infrastructures are analyzed, based on citizens’ mobility preferences, on their opinion about transport infrastructures’ social impact and about their adequation to the city they live in. Results indicate that people living in cities which already have underground have a larger preference for underground means of transport than those who live in cities that only have transit on surface. In addition, it is proved that light rail is the most unpopular transport mode among citizens.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3240
4
Marinescu, Roxana. « USING NEW MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGIES IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE EDUCATION FOR PLURILINGUAL COMMUNICATION AND DEMOCRATIC CITIZENSHIP ». Dans eLSE 2013. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-13-267.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This paper focuses on outlining some effects that the use of new media and technologies in foreign language education has on both plurilingual communication and on democratic citizenship. At the moment in the European Union there are 27 member states and 23 officially acknowledged languages. With increasingly mobile European citizens and a growing number of immigrants from non-European countries, Europe faces the challenge of providing equal opportunities to all citizens and, at the same time, ensuring that their linguistic and cultural heritage will be preserved. This paper starts from the necessity stated in some European documents that the European citizen should learn at least two foreign languages, English being in practice one of those, for better or worse. Also foreign language education is viewed in connection with citizenship rights and intercultural communication, for a European citizen fully equipped for flexible work contexts in a time of increased mobility. With 'language rights' viewed as part of 'human rights' and with Europe a multilingual area, the plurilingual European citizens should be able to make effective use of all their educational strategies in order to enhance their chances in social and economic life. European educational policies should thus take into consideration the inclusion of new media and technologies in formal education, as well as the impact they have on the informal education of European citizens, and should evaluate the extent to which the use of these e-tools affects language learning in the context of multilingualism. This paper also briefly presents an overview of the results of a small scale survey conducted within the Bucharest University of Economic Studies among first-year students by means of a questionnaire and informal discussions. The survey focuses on how they use the new media in formal and informal language learning, especially English language learning.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Social Mobility. Social Capital. Life Chances"
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Araujo,, María Caridad, et Karen Macours. Education, Income and Mobility : Experimental Impacts of Childhood Exposure to Progresa after 20 Years. Inter-American Development Bank, décembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003808.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 1997, the Mexican government designed the conditional cash transfer program Progresa, which became the worldwide model of a new approach to social programs, simultaneously targeting human capital accumulation and poverty reduction. A large literature has documented the short and medium-term impacts of the Mexican program and its successors in other countries. Using Progresas experimental evaluation design originally rolled out in 1997-2000, and a tracking survey conducted 20 years later, this paper studies the differential long-term impacts of exposure to Progresa. We focus on two cohorts of children: i) those that during the period of differential exposure were in-utero or in the first years of life, and ii) those who during the period of differential exposure were transitioning from primary to secondary school. Results for the early childhood cohort, 18-20-year-old at endline, shows that differential exposure to Progresa during the early years led to positive impacts on educational attainment and labor income expectations. This constitutes unique long-term evidence on the returns of an at-scale intervention on investments in human capital during the first 1000 days of life. Results for the school cohort - in their early 30s at endline - show that the short-term impacts of differential exposure to Progresa on schooling were sustained in the long-run and manifested themselves in larger labor incomes, more geographical mobility including through international migration, and later family formation.