Articles de revues : « Social justice – OECD countries »

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Kauder, Björn, et Niklas Potrafke. « Globalization and social justice in OECD countries ». Review of World Economics 151, n^o 2 (27 février 2015) : 353–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10290-015-0213-1.

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NOËL, ALAIN. « The Politics of Minimum Income Protection in OECD Countries ». Journal of Social Policy 48, n^o 2 (6 juin 2018) : 227–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279418000351.

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AbstractMinimum income protection (MIP) determines the disposable income a person obtains when she has no market or social insurance income, few assets and no family support. This last-recourse income, usually social assistance benefits plus associated transfers, constitutes a significant indicator of a country's commitment to social justice. Yet, we know little about the politics of MIP, in part because welfare state scholars have focused on more encompassing social insurance programmes, and in part because of a lack of good comparative data. This article takes the measure of MIP adequacy in 18 OECD countries for the 1990–2010 period, for single, able-to-work individuals, tracks its comparative evolution, and proposes an explanation of its determinants, with a times-series cross-sectional model. The main positive determinant of adequacy is a generous welfare state; the main negative force is the importance of the public debt. Overall, the politics of MIP appears consistent with that of the welfare state.

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Huh, Taewook, et Yun Young Kim. « Triangular Trajectory of Sustainable Development : Panel Analysis of the OECD Countries ». International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n^o 5 (1 mars 2021) : 2374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052374.

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This study analyzes how the three pillars of sustainable development (economic growth, social justice, and environmental protection) have influenced each other for the past twenty-six years (from 1987 to 2013). The relationship between the triangular pillar of SD can be characterized by “ecological modernization”, “eco-socialism”, and the traditional debate between growth and distribution. This paper examined the correlation analysis of the nine representative variables in the three categories, adopting the cases of twenty-six OECD countries. In particular, the panel analysis (PCSE models) was conducted to identify the seven independent determinants affecting both response (dependent) variables and environmental factors (“CO2 emissions” and “renewable electricity output”). In short, during the entire period, the findings reveal that all economic and social variables did not have a positive impact on reducing CO2 emissions. However, the variables of “employment in industry” and “social expenditure” are effected by the increase of renewable electricity output. Consequently, highlighting the detailed findings different for each set period (1987–2013, 1987–2002, and 2003–2013), this study suggests the implications of the analysis result in the light of the theories of ecological modernization and eco-socialism.

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TULAI, Oksana, et Andrii YAMELYNETS. « PERSONAL INCOME TAX : EXPERIENCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES ». WORLD OF FINANCE, n^o 1(58) (2019) : 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2019.01.076.

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Introduction. In the current conditions of the integration movement of Ukraine to the European Union and the reform of the institutions of state power, the issue of studying foreign experience of the system of taxation of individuals' incomes is actualized. The application of effective practices of other states will contribute to increasing the fiscal role of the personal income tax in Ukraine, reducing social inequality and increasing the welfare of the population. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to find out the features, trends and problems of the functioning of the personal income tax in foreign countries. Results. The article deals with the foreign experience of functioning of the system of personal income taxation. The role and role of PIT in the EU and OECD countries is shown. The proportional and progressive approach to taxation of this tax is considered, their key advantages and disadvantages are determined. An analogy has been made between the European states, the OECD member states and Ukraine. The objective necessity of establishing a non-taxable minimum or partial exemption of citizens' incomes from taxes in the context of support of low-income categories of the population and ensuring social justice is substantiated. Conclusions. It is concluded that in developed countries, the progressive system of taxation of the PIT along with the minimum non-taxable minimum is an effective tool for generating budget revenues and solving social inequalities in society. Instead, third-world states can not use this mechanism in a qualitative way due to significant tax compliance problems. They apply a proportional taxation system for PIT that minimizes tax evasion and international competitiveness.

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Gutiérrez-Ángel, Nieves, Jesús-Nicasio García-Sánchez, Isabel Mercader-Rubio, Judit García-Martín et Sonia Brito-Costa. « Digital Competence, Validation and Differential Patterns between Spanish and Portuguese Areas as Assessed from the Latest PISA Report as a Pathway to Sustainable Education and Social Concerns ». Sustainability 14, n^o 19 (6 octobre 2022) : 12721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912721.

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PISA reports aim both to analyze and describe the educational reality of each country and to assess different academic competences, including digital competence. In this paper, we are committed to the vision of digital literacy as an indispensable element of sustainable education and social concerns, which, together with the environment, the economy, social justice and human rights, form the basis of the concept of sustainability. From this point of view, it is considered that an improvement in digital competence has a positive impact on the use made of ICT and also on its link with sustainable development. The aim of this research is to comparatively analyze the results in terms of literacy itself, digital skills and digital resources and experiences according to the PISA 2018 report in four OECD countries: Spain, Portugal, Colombia and Brazil, specifically, two Latin countries (Brazil and Colombia) and two Hispanic countries (Spain and Portugal), and for the enjoyment in the use of digital devices between one country in each area (Brazil and Spain). The sample is composed of 54,323 participants (18,073 participants from Brazil and Colombia, Latin America, and 36,250 from Spain and Portugal, Iberian Peninsula), using as an instrument the surveys developed and implemented in the PISA 2018 dataset for the OECD sample, which is related to some aspect of digital skills. The main findings of this study confirm that the variables related to digital resources, digital literacy and digital skills are statistically significant in the four countries. Therefore, in view of this, we want to support the promotion of digital competence as a key element in the sustainable, educational and social development of a community. At a pedagogical level, this means that we are committed to different specific programs, innovative educational practices and the creation of resources that promote inclusion and educational quality, focusing on social concerns and the fit of each country and area for promoting sustainable education.

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GJERSØE, HEIDI MOEN. « Regulating Inflow or Outflow : A Comparison of the Work Capability Assessments in the UK and Norway ». Journal of Social Policy 45, n^o 1 (21 septembre 2015) : 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279415000471.

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AbstractIn the era of activation policies, several OECD countries have introduced work capability assessments to measure the employability of sick and disabled people. In essence, such assessments concern how sick and disabled people get access to incapacity benefits and services. This paper investigates how the Work Capability Assessment (WCA) is designed and implemented within the different institutional contexts of the UK and Norway. The paper concludes that introducing WCAs represents a challenge to the bureaucratic and legal models of administrative justice by emphasising a managerial model (in the UK) and a professional model (in Norway). In the UK, the WCA tool seems to be primarily aimed at reducing theinflowof new recipients, while in Norway it seeks to increase theoutflowof recipients. Consequently, the paper argues that the introduction of the WCAs as activation policy instruments has intensified the country-specific characteristics within which the instruments are implemented.

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Shroff, Farah, Jasmit S. Minhas et Christian Laugen. « Power of partnerships ». International Journal of Health Governance 24, n^o 4 (21 novembre 2019) : 284–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-06-2019-0045.

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Purpose Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are struggling to reduce maternal mortality rates, despite increased efforts by the United Nations through the implementation of their Millennium Development Goals program. Industrialized nations, such as Canada, have a collaborative role to play in raising the global maternal health standards. The purpose of this paper is to propose policy approaches for Canadians and other Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations who wish to assist in reducing maternal mortality rates. Design/methodology/approach Ten Canadian health experts with experience in global maternal health were interviewed. Using qualitative analytical methods, the authors coded and themed their responses and paired them with peer-reviewed literature in this area to establish a model for improving global maternal health and survival rates. Findings Findings from this study indicated that maternal health may be improved by establishing a collaborative approach between interdisciplinary teams of health professionals (e.g. midwives, family physicians, OB/GYNs and nurses), literacy teachers, agriculturalists and community development professionals (e.g. humanitarians with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds). From this, a conceptual approach was devised for elevating the standard of maternal health. This approach includes specifications by which maternal health may be improved, such as gender justice, women’s literacy, freedom from violence against women, food and water security and healthcare accessibility. This model is based on community health center (CHC) models that integrate upstream changes with downstream services may be utilized by Canada and other OECD nations in efforts to enhance maternal health at home and abroad. Research limitations/implications Maternal mortality may be reduced by the adoption of a CHC model, an approach well suited for all nations regardless of economic status. Establishing such a model in LMICs would ideally establish long-term relationships between countries, such as Canada and the LMICs, where teams from supporting nations would collaborate with local Ministries of Health, non-government organizations as well as traditional birth attendants and healthcare professionals to reduce maternal mortality. Practical implications All OECD Nations ought to donate 0.7 percent of their GDP toward international community development. These funds should break the tradition of “tied aid”, thereby removing profit motives, and genuinely contribute to the wellbeing of people in LMICs, particularly women, children and others who are vulnerable. The power of partnerships between people whose aims are genuinely focused on caring is truly transformative. Social implications Canada is not a driver of global maternal mortality reduction work but has a responsibility to work in partnership with countries or regions in a humble and supportive role. Applying a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach to reducing maternal mortality in the Global South includes adopting a CHC model: a community development approach to address social determinants of health and integrating various systems of evidence-informed healthcare with a commitment to social justice. Interdisciplinary teams would include literacy professionals, researchers, midwives, nurses, family physicians, OB/GYNs and community development professionals who specialize in anti-poverty work, mediation/dialogue and education campaigns that emphasize the value of all people regardless of their gender, ethnicity, religion and income. Diasporic Canadians are invaluable members of these teams due to their linguistic and cultural knowledge as well as their enthusiasm for working with their countries of origin. Establishment of long-term partnerships of 5–10 years between a Canadian team and a region or nation in the Global South that is dedicated to reducing maternal mortality and improving women’s health are valuable. Canada’s midwifery education programs are rated as world leaders so connecting midwives from Canada with those of the Global South will facilitate essential transfer of knowledge such as using birth plans and other evidence-based practices. Skilled attendants at the birth place will save women’s lives; in most cases, trained midwives are the most appropriate attendants. Video link to a primer about this paper by Dr Farah Shroff: https://maa.med.ubc.ca/videos-and-media/. Originality/value There are virtually no retrievable articles that document why OECD nations ought to work with nations in the LMICs to improve maternal health. This paper outlines the reasons why it is important and explains how to do it well.

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Peter, Idoko. « The New Public Management and the Public Sector Performance ». Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN : 2456-3544) 5, n^o 3 (31 mars 2019) : 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v5i3.9.

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The proliferation of reforms in public administration based on the principles and instruments of the New Public Management (NPM) have triggered protest from and collective action by many professional groups in various sectors (healthcare, education, justice, social work, research.) and raised questions about the future of professionals working in the public service, particularly as concerns their autonomy. This exploratory study indicates that public administration in the 21st century is undergoing dramatic change, especially in advanced economies, but also in many parts of the developing world such as Nigeria. Globalization and the pluralization of service provision are the driving forces behind these changes. Policy problems faced by governmentsare increasingly complex, wicked and global, rather than simple, linear, and national in focus. And yet the prevailing paradigms through which public sector reform are designed and implemented are relatively static and do not fully encompass the significance or implications of these wider changes. While public sector reforms in the developing world such as Nigeria are influenced by policy experiments and organizational practices originating in OECD countries, they tend to operate within the traditional public administration paradigm. Consequently, there is often a discrepancy between the thrust of public sector reform efforts in developing country contexts and wider shifts in the nature of governance and contemporary approaches to publicmanagement grounded in OECD experience. It was concluded therefore that Nigeria has embraced the concept of new public management from their western originator but its core principles and tenets are not strictly applied in the management of public sector administration. It was recommended among others that for us to achieve the tenets of new public management in Nigeria, the government need to be honest, transparent, probity and accountability in the political leadership management including the managers in the public sector organizations.

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Peter, Idoko. « The New Public Management and the Public Sector Performance ». Journal of Advance Research in Business Management and Accounting (ISSN : 2456-3544) 5, n^o 1 (31 janvier 2019) : o1—o8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnbma.v5i1.18.

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The proliferation of reforms in public administration based on the principles and instruments of the New Public Management (NPM) have triggered protest from and collective action by many professional groups in various sectors (healthcare, education, justice, social work, research.) and raised questions about the future of professionals working in the public service, particularly as concerns their autonomy. This exploratory study indicates that public administration in the 21st century is undergoing dramatic change, especially in advanced economies, but also in many parts of the developing world such as Nigeria. Globalization and the pluralization of service provision are the driving forces behind these changes. Policy problems faced by governmentsare increasingly complex, wicked and global, rather than simple, linear, and national in focus. And yet the prevailing paradigms through which public sector reform are designed and implemented are relatively static and do not fully encompass the significance or implications of these wider changes. While public sector reforms in the developing world such as Nigeria are influenced by policy experiments and organizational practices originating in OECD countries, they tend to operate within the traditional public administration paradigm. Consequently, there is often a discrepancy between the thrust of public sector reform efforts in developing country contexts and wider shifts in the nature of governance and contemporary approaches to public management grounded in OECD experience. It was concluded therefore that Nigeria has embraced the concept of new public management from their western originator but its core principles and tenets are not strictly applied in the management of public sector administration. It was recommended among others that for us to achieve the tenets of new public management in Nigeria, the government need to be honest, transparent, probity and accountability in the political leadership management including the managers in the public sector organizations.

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von Platten, Jenny, Karl de Fine Licht, Mikael Mangold et Kristina Mjörnell. « Renovating on Unequal Premises : A Normative Framework for a Just Renovation Wave in Swedish Multifamily Housing ». Energies 14, n^o 19 (23 septembre 2021) : 6054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196054.

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While the energy transition of the EU housing stock is now being intensified with the launch of the Renovation Wave, economic inequalities are increasing in many OECD countries, which has effects on housing-related inequalities and the demand of affordable housing. The Renovation Wave is thus an opportunity to improve housing quality for low-income households, but also entails risks for increased rents. In Sweden, the standard of housing is relatively high and energy poverty in multifamily housing is rare, meaning that there are limited social benefits to be achieved from extensive energy retrofitting; moreover, Sweden lacks a social housing sector, which limits protection of the worst-off residents. This paper thus explores whether the limited social benefits of the Renovation Wave weigh up against the risks that it entails for the worst-off in the Swedish context. This is done within a normative framework for just energy transitioning that is developed within the context of the Renovation Wave and increasing economic inequalities, consisting of four ordered principles: (1) The equal treatment principle; (2) The priority principle; (3) The efficiency principle; and (4) The principle of procedural fairness. Analysis showed that to be considered just according to our framework, the Swedish energy transition of housing should, in contradistinction to what is suggested in the Renovation Wave, limit the imposition of extensive energy retrofitting in low-income areas. Finally, having identified a mismatch between the most effective approaches in terms of energy savings and the most acceptable approaches in terms of social justice, we offer policy recommendations on how to bridge this mismatch in a Swedish context.

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Schnitzler, Lena, Aggie T. G. Paulus, Tracy E. Roberts, Silvia M. A. A. Evers et Louise J. Jackson. « Exploring the wider societal impacts of sexual health issues and interventions to build a framework for research and policy : a qualitative study based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts in OECD member countries ». BMJ Open 13, n^o 1 (janvier 2023) : e066663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066663.

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ObjectivesSexual health is a complex public health challenge and can generate wide-ranging health, social and economic impacts both within and beyond the health sector (ie, intersectoral costs and benefits). Methods are needed to capture these intersectoral impacts in economic studies to optimally inform policy/decision-making. The objectives of this study were (1) to explore the different intersectoral costs and benefits associated with sexual health issues and interventions, (2) to categorise these into sectors and (3) to develop a preliminary framework to better understand these impacts and to guide future research and policy.DesignA qualitative study based on in-depth semi-structured online interviews.SettingOECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) member countries.ParticipantsProfessionals with expertise in the field of sexual health including clinicians, medical practitioners, sexologists, researchers, professionals working for international governmental or non-governmental health (policy) organisations and professionals involved in implementation and/or evaluation of sexual health interventions/programmes.MethodsSampling of participants was undertaken purposively. We conducted in-depth semi-structured online interviews to allow for a systemic coverage of key topics and for new ideas to emerge. We applied a Framework approach for thematic data analysis.Results28 experts were interviewed. Six themes emerged from the interviews: (1) Interconnections to other areas of health (ie, reproductive health, mental health), (2) Relationships and family, (3) Productivity and labour, (4) Education, (5) Criminal justice/sexual violence, (6) Housing, addiction and other sectors. The findings confirm that sexual health is complex and can generate wide-ranging impacts on other areas of health and other non-health sectors of society.ConclusionThese different sectors need to be considered when evaluating interventions and making policy decisions. The preliminary framework can help guide future research and policy/decision-making. Future research could explore additional sectors not covered in this study and expand the preliminary framework.

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Gough, Ian, Jonathan Bradshaw, John Ditch, Tony Eardley et Peter Whiteford. « Social Assistance in Oecd Countries ». Journal of European Social Policy 7, n^o 1 (février 1997) : 17–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095892879700700102.

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Buss, James A., G. Paul Peterson et Kathryn A. Nantz. « A Comparison of Distributive Justice in Oecd Countries ». Review of Social Economy 47, n^o 1 (mars 1989) : 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00346768900000001.

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Causa, Orsetta, et Åsa Johansson. « Intergenerational Social Mobility in OECD Countries ». OECD Journal : Economic Studies 2010, n^o 1 (17 janvier 2011) : 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_studies-2010-5km33scz5rjj.

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Reday-Mulvey, Geneviève. « Gradual retirement in OECD countries ». Ageing International 22, n^o 2 (juin 1995) : 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02681091.

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Kaymaz, Volkan. « Determinants of Social Expenditures in OECD Countries ». Gazi Journal of Economics and Business 4, n^o 2 (1 juin 2018) : 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2018.4.2.005.

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Hove, Olav. « Social assistance in OECD countries : synthesis report. » Scandinavian Journal of Social Welfare 6, n^o 1 (janvier 1997) : 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.1997.tb00167.x.

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Balmori de la Miyar, Jose R. « Are OECD Countries in a Rule of Law Recession ? » Law and Development Review 14, n^o 2 (1 juin 2021) : 401–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2021-0041.

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Abstract This paper examines whether there is a rule of law recession among member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This formal inquiry is motivated by the recent findings of a democratic recession across several countries with a long tradition of democratic values. I conduct both quantitative and qualitative analyses using the rule of law index from the World Justice Project, as well as different government and academic reports. Results show that, by and large, there is no rule of law recession among OECD member countries. Findings indicate that 12 out of the 28 OECD member countries analyzed in this paper continue to expand their level of adherence to the rule of law during the period 2014–2020. In fact, just as many OECD member countries have stable scores in their respective rule of law index. In contrast, only Turkey, Hungary, Korea, and Poland exhibit a rule of law recession.

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d’Agostino, Giorgio, Luca Pieroni et Margherita Scarlato. « Social transfers and income inequality in OECD countries ». Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 52 (mars 2020) : 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2019.11.004.

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Breyer, Friedrich, et Ben Craig. « Voting on social security : Evidence from OECD countries ». European Journal of Political Economy 13, n^o 4 (décembre 1997) : 705–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0176-2680(97)00031-1.

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Bradley, David H., et John D. Stephens. « Employment Performance in OECD Countries ». Comparative Political Studies 40, n^o 12 (17 septembre 2007) : 1486–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414006292609.

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This article provides the first comprehensive test of the frequent, sharply differing market liberal and insitutionalist political economy recommendations for employment creation. The statistical analysis is a pooled time series for 17 advanced capitalist democracies from 1974 through 1999. Consistent with both neoliberal and institutionalist hypotheses, long-term unemployment replacement rates, social security taxes, and employment protection laws have negative effects on employment levels. Contrary to neoliberal hypotheses but consistent with institutionalist hypotheses, the authors find that short-term unemployment replacement rates, active labor market policy, and neocorporatist bargaining have positive effects on employment levels and that total taxes have no effect on employment levels.

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Diogo, Sara Margarida, et Teresa Carvalho. « Brothers in Arms ? How Neoliberalism Connects North and South Higher Education : Finland and Portugal in Perspective ». Social Sciences 11, n^o 5 (13 mai 2022) : 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050213.

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This paper puts in perspective the reforms of the Portuguese and Finnish higher education (HE) sectors in the light of the role intergovernmental organisations have—especially the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)—in influencing neoliberal public policies in these countries. On the year that the OECD celebrates its 62nd anniversary, (the OECD was founded with this name on 14 December 1960 by 20 countries, following the establishment of the former European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) in April 1948) and by comparing two different countries, this article analyses the extent to which the OECD has been and is an “imperial agent” in Portuguese and Finnish HE policies. By cross-comparing the OECD reports of both HE systems, the empirical data shows how the OECD proposes neoliberal reforms based on three main components of neoliberalism: market, management and performativity in different countries. Taking these proposals into account, Portugal and Finland undertook similar HE legislative reforms despite their geographical, historical, cultural and economic differences. The data reveal a convergence in HE policies in these countries, anticipating the reinforcement of neoliberal policies at the national level.

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Pezzini, Mario. « Rural Policy Lessons from OECD Countries ». International Regional Science Review 24, n^o 1 (janvier 2001) : 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016001701761013024.

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Hwanjoon Kim. « Recent Trends of Social Security Expenditures in OECD Countries ». Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies ll, n^o 39 (décembre 2008) : 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.16999/kasws.2008..39.167.

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Kangas, Olli, et Joakim Palme. « Does Social Policy Matter ? Poverty Cycles in Oecd Countries ». International Journal of Health Services 30, n^o 2 (avril 2000) : 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ncwb-35g3-ne2t-8vqr.

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Traditionally, poverty was linked to an individual's family phase. This article examines to what extent poverty cycles are still apparent in OECD countries. By combining data on social policy programs and data on income distribution, the authors compare trends between nations. The main question is, how successful have various sociopolitical solutions been in eliminating poverty? Here the focus is on family policy and pensions. Improvements in social policies have impacts on poverty cycles in all countries. In most countries poverty among the elderly has declined, and the young have replaced the old as the lowest income group. In many countries the poverty cycles have flattened out, and life phase is no longer as important as it used to be. Some differences between nations remain, however. High poverty rates among families continue to be an Anglo-American problem, and improvements in this area have been only marginal. Social policy provisions are important for explaining both cross-national variation in poverty and changes over time. The impact is clearest among pensioners. Family-related poverty is lowest in countries that have combined cash benefits with public child-care services that facilitate parents' participation in the labor market.

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Choi, Eunyoung, et Youngran Hong. « Poverty Rate and Social Expenditure of Major OECD Countries ». Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 9, n^o 4 (30 août 2018) : 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.9.4.36.

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Santos, Marcelo, et Marta Simões. « Globalisation, Welfare Models and Social Expenditure in OECD Countries ». Open Economies Review 32, n^o 5 (novembre 2021) : 1063–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11079-021-09646-2.

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Turner, John. « Social security pensionable ages in OECD countries : 1949-2035 ». International Social Security Review 60, n^o 1 (janvier 2007) : 81–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246x.2007.00261.x.

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Melnyk, Leonid, Hanna Sommer, Oleksandra Kubatko, Marcin Rabe et Svitlana Fedyna. « The economic and social drivers of renewable energy development in OECD countries ». Problems and Perspectives in Management 18, n^o 4 (9 novembre 2020) : 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(4).2020.04.

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There are continuous research and practical interest to combine different renewable sources within one Smart Grid network. The paper aims to estimate the influence of key economic and social drivers of renewable energy and Smart Grid promotion in OECD member countries. The random effect of the generalized least squares method was used to estimate the empirical model based on the World Bank, OECD, Heritage Foundation, and World Energy Council datasets for a panel of 36 OECD counties. For the empirical estimation, the dependent variables considered are energy renewable electricity output and energy trilemma index, taken as two proxies for Smart Grid development. The results suggest that an increase in GDP p. c. in national economies by 10,000 USD leads on average to a 3.9% decrease in renewable electricity output during 2001–2015. The richer the society, the less renewable energy sources were used for power generation in a group of OECD countries. The last is also supported by the fact that gross fixed capital formation treated as a percentage value of GDP is negatively correlated with structural changes in renewable energy output. The empirical conclusion is that during the study period, OECD countries were mainly oriented to economic growth, which was achieved by consuming non-renewable energy resources, and limited attention was paid to sustainability and Millennium Development Goals. The paper provides policy recommendations for Smart Grid development and points in the future research within OECD countries. AcknowledgmentsComments from the Editor and anonymous referees have been gratefully acknowledged. Leonid Melnyk gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0118U003578). Oleksandra Kubatko gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine (0119U100766) and National Research Foundation of Ukraine (2020.01/0135).

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Ngai, L. Rachel, et Christopher A. Pissarides. « Taxes, Social Subsidies, and the Allocation of Work Time ». American Economic Journal : Macroeconomics 3, n^o 4 (1 octobre 2011) : 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.3.4.1.

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We examine the allocation of hours of work across industrial sectors in OECD countries. We find large disparities across three sector groups, one that produces goods without home substitutes, and two others that have home substitutes but are treated differently by welfare policy. We attribute the disparities to the countries' tax and subsidy policies. High taxation substantially reduces hours in sectors that have close home substitutes but less so in other sectors. Subsidies increase hours in the subsidized sectors that have home substitutes. We compute these policy effects for 19 OECD countries. (JEL H24, H31, J22)

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Salas-Velasco, Manuel. « Competitiveness and production efficiency across OECD countries ». Competitiveness Review : An International Business Journal 29, n^o 2 (18 mars 2019) : 160–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cr-07-2017-0043.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper was to measure the efficiency of resource utilization across OECD countries aiming to verify that higher levels of competitiveness enhance the production capacity – the maximum possible output of an economy in a given period with the available resources.Design/methodology/approachThe author used a two-stage procedure to first estimate the cross-sectional efficiency scores of 18 OECD economies by data envelopment analysis, and then to assess the impact of contextual variables on efficiency running regressions in the second-stage analysis. In particular, in the second stage, the author examined the effects of competitiveness on the production efficiency of the countries, while controlling for other independent variables.FindingsThe results confirmed that the higher the level of competitiveness, innovation and sophistication factors predominantly, the higher the level of productive efficiency of the countries analyzed.Originality/valueThe paper is novel because it opens the black box of the aggregate process of production of the conversion of resources into a national product. From the social point of view, it is relevant to know if a country could produce more output with the same resources, such as labor and capital and, therefore, could increase per capita income and social welfare.

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Schneider, Friedrich, et Dominik H. Enste. « Shadow Economies : Size, Causes, and Consequences ». Journal of Economic Literature 38, n^o 1 (1 mars 2000) : 77–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.38.1.77.

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Using various methods, the size of the shadow economy in 76 developing, transition, and OECD countries is estimated. Average size varies from 12 percent of GDP for OECD countries, to 23 percent for transition countries and 39 percent for developing countries. Increasing taxation and social security contributions combined with rising state regulations are driving forces for the increase of the shadow economy, especially in OECD countries. According to some findings, corruption has a positive impact on the size of the shadow economy, and a growing shadow economy has a negative effect on official GDP growth.

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Ozawa, Martha, et Yung Soo Lee. « Generational inequity in social spending : The United States in comparative perspective ». International Social Work 56, n^o 2 (7 septembre 2011) : 162–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872811417475.

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This article examined generational inequity in social spending between the elderly and children using both country-level aggregate and household-level survey data. We calculated the allocation of social spending towards the elderly and children in 13 OECD countries based on OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX). We also presented the age-profile of social transfers for the same countries utilizing data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS). The results showed that the allocation of social spending in the United States was tilted toward the elderly compared to other countries. Policy implications for the United States are further discussed.

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Cefai, Carmel, Valeria Cavioni, Paul Bartolo, Celeste Simoes, Renata Miljevic-Ridicki, Dejana Bouilet, Tea Pavin Ivanec et al. « Social inclusion and social justice ». Journal for Multicultural Education 9, n^o 3 (10 août 2015) : 122–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jme-01-2015-0002.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the development of a resilience curriculum in early years and primary schools to enhance social inclusion, equity and social justice amongst European communities, particularly amongst disadvantaged and vulnerable ones, through quality education. It defines educational resilience in terms of academic, social and emotional growth in the face of life challenges; discusses the conceptual framework and key principles underpinning the curriculum; and presents the six major content areas of the curriculum. Finally, it presents the preliminary findings of a pilot project on the implementation of the curriculum in more than 200 classrooms in about 80 early and primary schools in six European countries. Design/methodology/approach – The curriculum was first drafted collaboratively amongst the six partners on the basis of the existing literature in the promotion of resilience in early years and primary schools, with a particular focus to European realities. Once it was internally reviewed, it was piloted in 200 early years and primary school classrooms in six European countries, with each of the six partners implementing one theme. Data collection included teacher reflective diaries, classroom checklists, semi-structured interviews with teachers and focus groups with students. Findings – The preliminary results from the pilot evaluation of the curriculum in 199 classrooms totalling 1,935 students across six countries indicate that both the teachers and the learners overwhelmingly found the curriculum highly enjoyable, useful, relevant and easy to use. They looked forward to the possibility of having the programme on a full-time basis as part of the general curriculum in the future. The teachers reported a positive moderate change in learners’ behaviour related to the theme implemented and argued that for the implementation to be effective, it needs to take place throughout the whole year. A number of modifications have been on the basis of the teachers’ and learners’ feedback. Originality/value – This is the first resilience curriculum for early years and primary schools in Europe. While it seeks to address the needs of vulnerable children such as Roma children, immigrant and refugee children and children with individual educational needs, it does so within an assets-based, developmental, inclusive and culturally responsive approach, thus avoiding potential labelling and stigmatising, while promoting positive development and growth. It puts the onus on the classroom teacher, in collaboration with parents and other stakeholders, in implementing the curriculum in the classroom.

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Gani, Azmat. « Measures of tolerance and economic prosperity ». International Journal of Social Economics 43, n^o 1 (31 décembre 2015) : 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2014-0077.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how a wide range of measures of tolerance, considered from social and institutional perspective relate to growth in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical framework is based on a growth regression equation with a specification that is common in the growth literature. The estimation includes the generalized least squares, fixed and random effects methods. The empirical analysis is based on cross-country data from a sample of countries from the OECD. Findings – The findings on social measures of tolerance provide strong support that OECD countries are tolerant toward migrants and women’s participation in economic activities and national policy making. The findings also provide evidence that political rights, civil liberties and rule of law as indicators of institutional tolerance, are strongly associated with growth. Practical implications – The findings presented here from OECD countries lead to the conclusion that tolerance matters for the prosperity of nations. The findings of this study have policy implications beyond the OECD countries and particularly relevant to the developing economies. Originality/value – This paper makes a new empirical contribution to the tolerance literature.

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Yu, Sam, C. M. Chau et K. M. Lee. « Using defamilisation typologies to study the Confucian welfare regime ». Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 31, n^o 1 (février 2015) : 74–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2014.992457.

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Since Esping-Andersen classified the 18 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries into the “three worlds of welfare capitalism” in 1990, the comparative studies of welfare have been dominated by the responses to this study. This paper focuses on two of these responses. The first response is concerned with the gender insensitivity of Esping-Andersen's way of categorizing the welfare regimes. The second response is concerned with the issue that the East Asian countries are under-represented in the 18 OECD countries. To make contributions to these responses, two analytical tasks are conducted. First, we build new defamilisation typologies covering both East Asian countries and OECD countries. Second, we demonstrate that the evidence generated from the typologies suggest that some of the indispensable conditions for the development of a Confucian welfare regime do not exist.

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Nedospasova, O. P., G. A. Barysheva et A. Yu Kaida. « Social externalities of educational investments : Experience of OECD member countries ». National Interests : Priorities and Security 15, n^o 4 (15 avril 2019) : 629–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.15.4.629.

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Devaux, M., et F. Sassi. « Social inequalities in obesity and overweight in 11 OECD countries ». European Journal of Public Health 23, n^o 3 (6 juin 2011) : 464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckr058.

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Kim, Taeyoung, et Hongkyun Kim. « Which country uses public social expenditure efficiently among OECD countries ? » Applied Economics Letters 24, n^o 10 (10 septembre 2016) : 677–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1221031.

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LYNCH, JULIA. « The Age-Orientation of Social Policy Regimes in OECD Countries ». Journal of Social Policy 30, n^o 3 (juillet 2001) : 411–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279401006365.

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This article presents a series of measures of the extent to which social policies in twenty-one OECD countries are oriented towards the support of elderly (over 65 or in formal retirement) and non-elderly (under 65 and not retired) population groups. Employing breakdowns by age in spending on social insurance, education and health, tax expenditures on welfare substituting goods, and housing policy outcomes, this article shows that countries tend to demonstrate a consistent age-orientation across a variety of policy areas and instruments. After correcting for the demographic structure of the population, Greece, Japan, Italy, Spain and the United States have the most elderly-oriented social policy regimes, while the Netherlands, Ireland, Canada and the Nordic countries have a more age-neutral repertoire of social policies. In identifying the age-orientation of social policy as a dimension of distributive politics that is not captured by other welfare state typologies, this article suggests the need to develop new accounts of the development of welfare states that include the dimension of age.

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정인영. « A Comparison of Social Assistance Packages in Nine OECD Countries ». Social Welfare Policy 36, n^o 1 (mars 2009) : 279–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.15855/swp.2009.36.1.279.

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Sreenivasan, Gopal. « International Justice and Health : A Proposal ». Ethics & ; International Affairs 16, n^o 2 (septembre 2002) : 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2002.tb00399.x.

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This paper discusses obligations of international distributive justice-specifically, obligations rich countries have to transfer resources to poor countries. It argues that the major seven OECD countries each have an obligation to transfer at least one percent of their GDP to developing countries.The strategy of the paper is to defend this position without having to resolve the many debates that attend questions of international distributive justice. In this respect, it belongs to the neglected category of nonideal theory. The key to the strategy is to show that a significant amount of good would be accomplished by a one percent transfer, despite the fact that one percent is quite a small amount.To make this showing, the paper takes health as a fundamental measure of individual well-being and examines the improvement in life expectancy that would likely result from devoting the one percent transfer to the major determinants of health. It adduces data indicating that substantial progress towards raising life expectancy in developing countries to the global average of 64.5 years can be expected from expenditures of $125 per capita, divided between health care, education, and basic nutrition and income support. A one percent transfer from the major seven is enough to cover expenditures on that scale for the poorest fifth of the world's population.

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Moten, Abdul Rashid. « Social Justice, Islamic State and Muslim Countries ». Cultura 10, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2013) : 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/cultura20131011.

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Kurniawati, Meta Ayu. « ICT infrastructure, innovation development and economic growth : a comparative evidence between two decades in OECD countries ». International Journal of Social Economics 48, n^o 1 (16 décembre 2020) : 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2020-0321.

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PurposeThe objective of this study is to examine the causal relationship between economic growth, information and communication technology (ICT) penetration and innovation development in OECD countries.Design/methodology/approachThis study incorporates data for 24 OECD countries from 2000 to 2018, which is divided into the earliest (2000–2009) and the latest (2010–2018) periods. The econometric methodologies of this study employ panel cointegration, estimation procedures and vector error-correction modelling to investigate the potential interconnections between ICT, innovation development and economic growth.FindingsThe results from the latest period illustrate that OECD countries have achieved positive and significant economic development from high ICT penetration, while results from the earliest period show that OECD countries were just beginning to enjoy the benefits of ICT penetration. Moreover, findings show that innovation development is highly significant in the latest period when promoting economic growth.Practical implicationsThe policy implications suggest that promoting ICT infrastructure establishment and expanding the innovation development may drive the process of economic development in OECD countries.Originality/valueThis study employs mobile and Internet penetration as the development of telecommunication which is in line with the enlargement of innovation to foster economic growth in OECD countries. Comparing the evidence from two decades provides significant value for policymakers and decision-makers regarding the advantages of technology expansion and innovation development to promote economic growth in recent conditions.

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Lee, Chien‐Chiang, et Sheng‐Tung Chen. « DO DEFENCE EXPENDITURES SPUR GDP ? A PANEL ANALYSIS FROM OECD AND NON‐OECD COUNTRIES ». Defence and Peace Economics 18, n^o 3 (juin 2007) : 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242690500452706.

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Castles, Francis G. « The European Social Policy Model : Progress since the Early 1980s ». European Journal of Social Security 3, n^o 4 (décembre 2002) : 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1015121627651.

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This article uses a simple statistical technique to examine whether there is a distinct European social policy model and whether such a model has consolidated during the 1980s and 1990s. In terms of total social expenditure and its major aggregates, it shows that Europe as a whole, and the countries presently constituting the EU, are somewhat more similar to each other than are the countries constituting a wider OECD grouping, but that this similarity is probably insufficient to warrant the label of European social policy model. In respect of individual programmes like pensions, health and unemployment benefits differences between Europe and the wider OECD are even less distinct. Over time, there is a general tendency for there to be greater coherence in total spending levels and in levels of expenditure on poverty alleviation and health care, but less coherence in respect of levels of social security spending. While the evidence for any kind of encompassing European social model is weak, the article does identify a Northern European grouping of countries, which, in several respects, manifests an expenditure profile quite distinct from OECD nations in general.

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Nayeri, Kamran. « Health care reform in the OECD countries ». Journal of Community Health 21, n^o 1 (février 1996) : 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01682765.

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Akhter, Waheed, Vasileios Pappas et Saad Ullah Khan. « Insurance demand in emerging Asian and OECD countries : a comparative perspective ». International Journal of Social Economics 47, n^o 3 (14 février 2020) : 350–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2019-0523.

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PurposeIn this paper, we aim to assess insurance demand across selected Asian and OECD countries during the period of the global financial crisis.Design/methodology/approachWe collected data from 55 emerging Asian and OECD countries during the period of the global financial crisis. Our methodology relies on panel regressions. Separate models are run for the Asia/OECD economies and a follow-up distinction between high/low-income regions is also made.FindingsWe find that global financial crisis affects negatively the general insurance demand particularly in high-income region. Higher dependency ratio in Asia tends to decrease insurance demand, whereas education in case of Asia positively influences insurance demand indicating that higher literacy rate can be helpful to capture the potential customers. Our results further reveal that life insurance is an important driver for insurance demand in OECD countries, whereas general insurance demand is higher in the Asian economies.Research limitations/implicationsA limitation of this study is that data sets employed do not differentiate between different life and general insurance products.Practical implicationsThis study is helpful for regulators, policymakers and insurance providers to evaluate, assess and monitor insurance demand in relevant countries.Originality/valueThis is one of the pioneering studies that have assessed insurance demand among emerging Asian and OECD countries during the period of the global financial crisis.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2019-0523

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Lim, Doo Hun, Shin-hee Jeong, Sangok Yoo et Min Hee Yoo. « Older workers’ education and earnings among OECD countries ». European Journal of Training and Development 42, n^o 3/4 (8 mai 2018) : 170–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-08-2017-0069.

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PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify to what extent individual-level factors (age, gender, participation in formal and non-formal education and levels of skills use at work) and country-level factors (social capital factors, national competitiveness and gross domestic product [GDP]) have contributed to older generations’ earnings in developed countries.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing the data from the Organizational Economic Co-operation and Development Skills Outlook 2013 survey, GDP and the World Economic Forum’s annual Global Competitiveness Report, this study adopted a multilevel path analysis method to measure cross-country-level effect of the study variables on older workers’ earnings.FindingsStudy results indicated that age, gender, non-formal education, use of influencing and task discretion skills at work at the individual level, and GDP, social trust, and higher education and training at the country level were identified as influential factors for older workers’ monthly earnings.Originality/valueWith more aging societies worldwide, the traditional view of the aging workforce has been affected by the desires and needs of the elderly. This study contributes to the literature by identifying what individual- and country-level factors should be considered for policymakers to improve the economic benefits of older generations living in developed countries.

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Beblavý, Miroslav, Anna-Elisabeth Thum et Marcela Veselkova. « Education and social protection policies in OECD countries : Social stratification and policy intervention ». Journal of European Social Policy 23, n^o 5 (décembre 2013) : 487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928713499174.

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