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1
Ghorbani, Chenari Behnam. « Political Attitudes and Growth : An Empirical Analysis on OECD Countries ». Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-107052.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research is an empirical effort to uncover the causal effect of political attitudes on economic growth. The case of study is a sample of OECD countries. Using identification strategy borrowed from Cahuc (2010), the hypothesis of the effect of political attitudes on economic growth is tested in two cross-sectional and fixed effect regression analysis. The result of OLS regression in cross sectional analysis shows a positive significant correlation between inherited political attitudes and economic growth. This means that countries with more social tendencies towards Right (versus Left in political context) are associated with higher economic growth rates. The result of OLS regression in fixed-effect analysis does not show a significant correlation between political attitudes and growth. As a result of weak first-stage, the 2SLS regression cannot provide statistically acceptable conclusion about the causal effect in neither of cross-sectional and fixed-effect frameworks. Thus, the question of causal effect of political attitudes on growth remains open at the end. Moreover, a strong correlations between political attitudes of individuals and their characteristics like gender, age, income, religion and country is detected.
2
Harrison, Joseph. « Exploring educational attainment by immigrant background : An analysis of PISA data in six OECD countries ». Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-173207.
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Jeroslow, Phyllis Ina. « Lives in the Balance| A Comparative Study of Public Social Investments in Early Childhood Across OECD Countries ». Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10192554.
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Across the globe, the viability of welfare states depends on the success of policy adaptations to a post-industrial, internationalized economy and domestic demographic changes that encompass family formation, declines in fertility, and lifespan extensions of the elderly. One of the most important issues facing contemporary welfare states is the need to adjust social policy to the demise of the male breadwinner model in favor of the increased participation of women and mothers in the workforce. Whereas childrearing was traditionally the central occupation of stay-at-home mothers, their workforce participation has necessitated out-of-home care for children under the ages of five or six, before the start of primary school. Providing financial supports and investing in early childhood care and education are several policy instruments that can be used, not only to ease the burden of care faced by working mothers and their partners, but to promote the well-being and long-term economic productivity of their children as adults. In turn, the increased economic productivity of future generations can mitigate social risks and threats to the survival of the welfare state. Using a social investment approach based on human capital development in children, a set of indices is constructed to measure public investments in early childhood by ten member countries of the OECD from 2001 through 2011. The indices permit a theoretical exploration of patterns of expenditure and characteristics of policy design relative to their conformity to acknowledged types of welfare state regimes. The indices are also used to detect empirical changes in welfare state expenditures for early childhood investments pre- and post- the fiscal crisis of 2008. The study contributes to the literature of welfare state theory by situating investments in early childhood as a stage in the evolution of family policy; by creating a set of measures that characterizes public investments from a child-centered developmental perspective, one that is less prominent than work-family balance and gender equity viewpoints; and lastly, by combining expenditures and policy design components into a single measure.
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Last, David Murray. « Development and security : third world hostility towards OECD countries relating to patterns of economic, political and social development 1960 to 1979 ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261201.
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Johansen, Vegard. « Children and Distributive Justice between Generations : A Comparison of 16 European Countries ». Doctoral thesis, Trondheim : NTNU, 2009. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/599054042.pdf.
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BILGIN, IDIL. « The consequences of perceived discrimination on internalizing mental health outcomes for immigrant adolescents in OECD countries : A systematic literature review ». Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, CHILD, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-35972.
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In the last few decades the focus of immigration flows has been predominantly toward member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Immigration is a process full of challenges, and perceiving as being discriminated by host country natives is one of the biggest difficulties for the immigrants. This challenge is especially represented in immigrant adolescent population due to their higher sensitivity of perception of others. Thus, perceived discrimination characterized as being a significant negative consequence resulting internalizing mental health outcomes for immigrant adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study is to conduct a systematic literature review in order to identify and discuss the findings of the existing studies that focus on the consequences of perceived discrimination on internalizing mental health outcomes for immigrant adolescents in OECD countries. The systematic review included 16 studies for data extraction. The results showed that perceived discrimination has significant negative consequences on internalizing mental health outcomes for immigrant adolescents in OEDC countries resulting in higher levels of: depression, anxiety, psycho-somatization, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsession-compulsion symptoms. However, within this relationship, there are also moderating and mediating variables. Self-esteem, familism and cognitive appraisal of discriminatory events were characterized as mediators. Parental support, adherence to traditional family values, acculturation, transcultural identity, older age, higher socioeconomic status (SES), and ethnic identity were characterized as moderators. It is recommended that the negative consequences of perceived discrimination on internalizing mental health outcomes should be taken into consideration on societal levels and in mental health fields when planning interventions and therapies for immigrant adolescents. Additionally, further research in this field should be conducted in other OECD countries with different immigrant groups in order to increase the generalizability of the findings.
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Reiter, Sandra L. « The institutions of foreign direct investment in developing countries and social/economic outcomes : a justice perspective / ». Thesis, Connect to this title online ; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8708.
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Dawson, Rebecca. « Universal Jurisdiction and the Pursuit of Justice for Victims and Survivors of Genocide : A Social Network Analysis of OECD States and International Norm Diffusion ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413297.
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Universal Jurisdiction (UJ) emerged as a norm in international post-conflict justice after the Nuremberg Trials and is based on the principle that the nature of certain crimes is of greater importance than the nationality of the perpetrator, the location of the crime or any direct connection to the prosecuting state. This paper discusses the spread of UJ, which has been wide-ranging and consistent since the 1950s, and seeks answers to the question – why do some states adopt universal jurisdiction legislation while others do not? Through the novel use of Social Network Analysis (SNA) and application of diffusion theory (specifically emulation), the study tests the hypothesis that liberalist network ties influence a state’s willingness to adopt UJ legislation. This bivariate relationship is tested with a medium-n population of OECD states and the empirical results of the SNA reveal strong support for the hypothesis, findings that are determined to be statistically significant by the Pearson’s Chi-Square test. This study embodies an innovative methodological and theoretical approach to an important international post-conflict justice issue, and draws attention to the obstacles that often stand between victims and survivors of genocide and their day in court. N.B The design of the Social Network Analysis maps and details in some tables mean that this paper is most optimally viewed in colour.
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Caspary, Georg. « Institutional incoherence in development policy ? : the case of environmental and social safeguard systems in OECD-country public financing for large dams in developing countries ». Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007IEPP0025.
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On peut affirmer que les grands barrages sont les structures les plus controversées construites par l’être humain. Leur nature controversée provient en particulier de l’impact important qu’elles ont sur les communautés environnantes (1. 3 million de personnes ont dû être relogées pour la construction du barrage des Trois Gorges en Chine), et sur l’environnement (de nombreux grands barrages ont conduit à l’inondation de plusieurs centaines de kilomètres carrés de terre). Cette thèse ne traite néanmoins le cas des barrages qu’en tant qu’exemple d’un problème plus grand : l’incohérence des politiques. Etant donné qu’une grande partie des sommes considérables nécessaires à la construction des barrages dans les pays en voie de développement vient toujours des ressources publiques des pays membres de l’OCDE, cette thèse pose la question de savoir si les systèmes de sécurité sociaux et environnementaux sont appliqués avec le même degré de rigueur par tous les types d’institutions financières publiques (IFPs, acronyme de l’auteur), financées totalement ou en majorité par l’argent public des pays membres de l’OCDE. En d’autre termes, cette thèse n’utilise les barrages qu’en tant qu’illustration particulièrement dramatique de l’impact que les projets de grandes infrastructures peuvent avoir et par conséquent, comme un cas particulièrement parlant permettant de comparer la manière dont les institutions financières abordent un tel impact dans leur travailPublic Financial Institutions (PFIs, author’s acronym) provide vital public investment investment for developing countries, while acting as an important ‘catalyst’ for private investment. This in turn contributes to broader growth and poverty reduction goals. Lack of coherence in actions of these PFIs could hamper these objectives. This thesis hopes to contribute to the coherence debate by comparing the stringency of safeguards applied by two different types of public financing institutions (PFIs, author’s acronym) in the building of large dams in developing countries. These are multilateral PFIs on the one hand; and OECD-country bilateral PFIs, consisting of Export Credit Agencies and national development financing institutions, on the other hand. The thesis compares the safeguards stringency of these two types of PFI firstly at the institutional level, by comparing the safeguards in place in a range of PFIs of each type; and secondly at the project level, by comparing the application of safeguards in dam projects financed by a range of PFIs of each type. The thesis finds substantive evidence that multilateral PFIs have more stringent safeguard policies on dams in place than bilateral PFIs. The final part of the thesis thus attempts to provide explanations for this finding. It argues that the most important among these are the more highly developed co-ordination mechanisms among multilateral PFIs compared to bilateral PFIs; diverging interest group pressure on both types of PFIs; and the different mandates of multilateral versus bilateral PFIs. Key points for the research agenda following from this thesis include to develop concrete steps to remedy this polic
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Chand, Triveni. « Politics of Transitional Justice : Examining Arrests of Former Wartime Leaders as An Electoral Manipulation Strategy in Post-Conflict Countries ». Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för freds- och konfliktforskning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413097.
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The systematic variation in arrests of former wartime leaders (including political/military leaders and those with commanding positions from both sides of conflict among other high-level wartime actors) in post-conflict countries have rarely been recognized and studied. Building on past literature that interlinks transitional justice with domestic politics, this study argues that the variation in arrests of former wartime leaders can be explained by elections and electoral manipulation theory. Amid the costs and opportunities associated with elections in general, I argue that incumbents also opt for arrests of former wartime leaders as an electoral manipulation strategy to eliminate political opponents and consolidate power in the guise of justice and, at the same time, minimize the costs associated with electoral manipulation tools. Hence, I hypothesize the arrest of former wartime leaders likely to be during the election period (the pre-election period, election day, and immediate post-election period). All else equal, the statistical test does not support the hypothesis while the complementary evidence from post-conflict Nepal and Sri Lanka suggest that presence (or absence) of justice in post-conflict countries is largely shaped by domestic politics. Similarly, few arrests in Sri Lanka and Nepal offer mild support to the theoretical expectations while few other arrests in Sri Lanka suggest that some arrests during the hypothesized election period are coincidental. This further questions the explanatory power of the suggested theory and findings.
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Huikari, S. (Sanna). « Empirical studies on economics of suicides and divorces ». Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526219912.
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Abstract This thesis includes three separate empirical studies on economic demography and health economics. The first study explores the effect of alcohol consumption on divorce across 23 OECD countries during the period 1960–2010. We find strong evidence that alcohol consumption is a major socioeconomic factor which influences divorces in these countries. We find robust evidence on the relationship between alcohol consumption and divorce rates both in the short and long run. In addition, using worldwide survey data on values we explore whether the change in values with respect to marriage, and moral values can explain our findings. It is noteworthy, that alcohol consumption has a significant effect on divorces even after controlling for moral values. The second and third studies concentrate on the economics of suicide. In the second study, we explore the effects of unemployment on the well-being of the regional population with disaggregated suicide data across gender and age in Finland during 1991–2011. Our findings suggest that the increased job insecurity is associated with higher number of suicides than what is expected in good economic times. The effect is significant especially for the prime working-age (35–64 years old) male suicides. The second main contribution of this study is to relate the concept of social norm to unemployment. We show that in high unemployment areas the association between job loss and suicide mortality is not as severe as in low unemployment areas. An implication is that the burden of unemployment is reduced when it becomes socially more common and acceptable. The goal of the third study is to provide evidence on the effects of economic crises on suicides in 21 OECD countries over the period between 1970 and 2011. In conclusion, this study shows that over 60 000 suicides are attributable to the economic/financial crises since 1970. Two main findings emerged from the data. First, the impact of the most recent global financial crisis (2008) on suicides was not particularly stronger than that of the previous major economic/financial crises. Second, stock market crashes and banking crises are the most severe economic crises in terms of excess suicides when calculated on population-level dataTiivistelmä Tämä väitöskirja koostuu kolmesta empiirisestä tutkimuksesta. Tutkimukset keskittyvät väestötason kysymyksiin avioerojen määrään vaikuttavien sosioekonomisten tekijöiden, sekä makrotaloudellisten tekijöiden ja itsemurhien välisen yhteyden näkökulmasta. Ensimmäisessä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan alkoholin kulutuksen vaikutusta avioerojen määrään 23 OECD-maassa vuosina 1960–2010. Tutkimuksessa havaitaan alkoholin kulutuksen olevan yksi merkittävimmistä avioeroihin vaikuttavista sosioekonomisista tekijöistä sekä lyhyellä että pitkällä aikavälillä tarkasteltuna. Tutkimuksen mukaan alkoholin kulutuksella näyttäisi olevan vaikutusta avioerojen lukumäärään myös silloin, kun moraaliarvoissa tapahtuneet muutokset on huomioitu. Toinen ja kolmas tutkimus keskittyvät itsemurhien taloustieteeseen. Toisessa tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan työttömyyden vaikutuksia hyvinvointiin. Aineistona käytetään maakuntatason sukupuoli- ja ikäryhmäjaoteltua aineistoa itsemurhakuolleisuudesta Suomessa vuosina 1991–2011. Tutkimuksen mukaan kasvava epävarmuus työpaikan pysyvyydestä voi johtaa korkeampiin itsemurhalukuihin kuin mitä olisi odotettavissa parempina taloudellisina aikoina. Tämä tulos näyttäytyy erityisesti työikäisten miesten keskuudessa. Toinen tutkimuksen päätuloksista liittyy sosiaalisten normien näkymiseen siinä, miten työttömyys vaikuttaa itsemurhakuolleisuuteen. Tulokset osoittavat, että korkeamman työttömyyden alueilla työn menettämisen ja itsemurhakuolleisuuden välinen yhteys ei ole niin voimakas kuin matalamman työttömyyden alueilla. Sosiaalisten normien vaikutus näyttäisi suojaavan ihmisiä itsemurhakuolleisuudelta niissä tapauksissa, jolloin työttömyys on yleisempää. Kolmas tutkimus tarjoaa tietoa talouskriisien vaikutuksista itsemurhiin 21 OECD-maassa vuosina 1970–2011. Tutkimuksen mukaan yli 60 tuhannen itsemurhan voidaan katsoa olevan yhteydessä talouskriiseihin vuodesta 1970 lähtien. Löydökset osoittavat, etteivät viimeisimmän globaalin finassikriisin vaikutukset itsemurhakuolleisuuteen poikenneet merkittävästi aikaisempiin laajoihin kriiseihin verrattuna. Lisäksi pankki- ja osakemarkkinakriiseillä näyttäisi olevan muita talouskriisejä vakavammat vaikutukset itsemurhakuolleisuuteen väestötasolla tarkasteltuna
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Thornley, Marc. « How New Zealand's non-mortgage, individual and household debt has grown since the 1990's looking at the demographic factors behind the debt and how it compares to other OECD countries : a dissertation project submitted to AUT University in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Social Policy , 2008 / ». Click here to access this resource online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10292/670.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. « “Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry : The Case of Canada ». Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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CAPPELEN, Cornelius. « Responsibility, equality, and unemployment insurance ». Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14493.
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Defence Date: 12 February 2010Examining Board: Professor Christine Chwaszcza, (EUI, Supervisor); Professor Jaap Dronkers (EUI); Professor Stein Kuhnle (University of Bergen and Hertie School of Governance); Professor Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen (University of Copenhagen)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
It is a central political goal to secure involuntarily unemployed individuals the same opportunities as others to pursue their conception of a good life. This goal reflects an ambition to combine an egalitarian and a liberal intuition. The egalitarian intuition is that any inequality between individuals must be justified by appealing to differences in some responsibility factors. The liberal intuition is that redistribution only can be justified by appealing to differences in some non-responsibility factors. In this dissertation I analyze how a system of unemployment insurance should ideally be designed in order to respect both the egalitarian and the liberal intuitions. The dissertation asks how the different unemployment insurance instruments, such as the UI benefit level, the entitlement conditions, the eligibility criteria, and the distribution of the costs associated with UI should ideally be designed and combined given that the aim is to maximize conformity to both the egalitarian and the liberal intuitions. The dissertation also asks how the different OECD unemployment insurance schemes have combined the egalitarian and the liberal intuitions in the design of their respective unemployment policy instruments.
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Miskin, Sarah Jane Merl. « The OECD : ideas,institutions, and social justice ». Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/146423.
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Zambrano, Fabricio Javier Rivadeneira. « Analysis of OECD Countries Well-being through Statis Methodology ». Master's thesis, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/86085.
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Zambrano, Fabricio Javier Rivadeneira. « Analysis of OECD Countries Well-being through Statis Methodology ». Dissertação, 2016. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/86085.
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ALEXIADOU, Despina. « The politics of redistribution and price stability : party systems and economic policies in OECD ». Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5191.
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Defence date: 12 December 2005Examining Board: Professor William Roberts Clark (Univ. Michigan) (external co-Supervisor); Professor Adrienne Héritier (EUI); Professor Fiona McGillivray (NYU); Professor Martin Rhodes (EUI) (Supervisor)
First made available online 4 October 2016
Why have some countries been more successful than others in keeping price stability? This thesis answers this question by exploring the political determinants o f the policies of price stability on the basis o f the political cost they incur to the government It challenges the universality o f conventional approaches to the politics o f inflation such as the role of independent central banks or the role o f wage moderation. It argues that price stability cannot be understood without taking into account the political costs politicians face in different political and economic systems when deciding to deflate. Price stability is a public good that has to be financed by all the groups in the society. At the same time, it is a good with negative externalities; some groups benefit more than others (for example savers and financial intermediaries) while some other groups pay higher cost than others (lower income groups that face higher risks of getting unemployed). The political dilemma is resolved by compensating those who bear the highest cost, as long as they have the political voice. The political inclusiveness o f the political party system determines whether the interests o f the disaffected minority will be represented in the government and will be taken care of through higher social transfers. As a result, price stability is a function o f the party system and of the welfare state. The thesis provides empirical support from 18 OECD countries of the positive role o f social insurance on deflation. It also shows that proportional electoral systems and coalition governments redistribute more through higher social spending than less proportional systems and single party governments. As a consequence, more proportional political systems have enjoyed higher price stability and have been less subjected to monetary political business cycles than less proportional systems.
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Chuang, Ya-ju, et 莊雅如. « Empirical Analysis of Convergence Test for Social Welfare Expenditure in Taiwan and OECD Countries ». Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63661255636272754887.
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碩士逢甲大學
財稅所
94
There are more and more international capital movements, labor force flows and immigration following by the trend of globalization. In the face of such immigration, it is necessary to establish transnational cooperation social security system, which can guarantee transnational labor forces to have jobs and their families receive matching old age social security. Consequently, the trend of making social order by an international organization, such as EU or a global norm rises gradually, which is to develop a consistent society security policy by nations’ cooperation. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether the social welfare expenditure of various countries under globalization tends toward consistent, or still different and dependent on its own characteristic of social welfare system. The study analyzes the social welfare expenditure of Taiwan and the OECD 21counties from 1980 to 2001. By using cross-section, time-series and panel data models to examine the nations’ convergence of two indices, which are the ratio of social welfare expenditure to GDP and social welfare net benefit per head. The empirical results of the cross-section, models support that there are absolute and conditional convergence of the social welfare expenditure in Taiwan and the OECD countries, respectively. The panel data regressions also show the same relation, which implies low social welfare expenditure countries will convergence to long-term equilibrium faster than the high expenditure counties. However, the unit root tests show that only a few countries have tendencies to convergence in the long-run. And cointegration tests indicate that only the conservative country of the three different welfare regimes has the convergence tendency. For social welfare development process of Taiwan is generally called the corporatistism, and the empirical result shows that Taiwan tends toward the conservatism country. The Taiwan government can ponder over the direction of the social welfare policy in the future.
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Shim, Joyce YongHee. « Family leave policy and child health : Evidence from 19 OECD countries from 1969 to 2010 ». Thesis, 2013. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8CV4R2K.
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This study examines the effects of family leave policy on eight child health outcomes - five age specific child mortality rates (infant, perinatal, neonatal, post-neonatal, and child mortality rates), low birth weight, and immunization rates for measles and DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) across 19 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries from 1969 to 2010. In addition, this dissertation investigates the extent to which the effects of leave policy vary by period and across welfare regimes. This research contributes to the existing literature (Ruhm, 2000; Tanaka, 2005) by including one additional country, South Korea, a highly developed but considerably understudied country, and by incorporating data from 2001 to 2010. I use data on family leave policy from Ruhm (2000) and Tanaka (2005) and extend it using data from the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Health Organization (WHO), International Labour Organization (ILO), and World Bank. Additional data sources include the United States Social Security Administration (SSA), International Social Security Association (ISSA), and various government sources. I estimate the effects of family leave policy (specially, number of weeks provided) - considering both job protected paid leave and other leave (unpaid or non-job protected leave) - on child health using ordinary least squares (OLS) models. I control for other relevant variables including gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, health expenditures, healthcare coverage, dialysis patients, and fertility and female employment rates. I also include: (1) country fixed effects; (2) year fixed effects; and (3) country-time trend interactions. Missing values are imputed 20 times using the predictive mean matching method. The results suggest job protected paid leave significantly reduces infant mortality (deaths less than 1 year of age) and post-neonatal mortality (deaths between 1 month and 1 year of age). In particular, the largest effects of job protected paid leave are found in reducing post-neonatal mortality; the effects are robust throughout all model specifications. Comparing the effects of other leave (unpaid or non-job protected) and job protected paid leave, other leave has no significant effects on any of the outcome indicators. This suggests that parents do not respond to leave provided without adequate payment benefits or job protection, and mothers may return to work early. As a result, other leave does not have any significant effects on infant health. When investigating the effects of family leave policy by period with models estimated separately by two time periods, somewhat larger effects of job protected paid leave on post-neonatal mortality are found in the earlier period (1969-1989) compared to the later period (1990-2010); however, the difference in the policy effects between the two periods is not statistically significant. This difference may be explained by the fact that it was during the earlier period when most OECD countries provided leave for the first critical weeks and months after birth. In addition, when examining the effects of leave policy by welfare regime type with models estimated separately by regime type, larger effects of job protected paid leave on post-neonatal mortality are found in the Social Democratic and Conservative regimes than in the other regime types; however, the difference in the policy effects across regime types is not statistically significant. This difference may be explained partly by the fact that overall Social Democratic and Conservative welfare state countries provide more generous payment benefits for parents on leave. The concluding section discusses how these findings compare to previous research and explores future research and policy implications.
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Couto, Anabela Augusta da Silva. « Double principal components analysis : an application to the labour market in OECD countries ». Master's thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/116958.
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Couto, Anabela Augusta da Silva. « Double principal components analysis : an application to the labour market in OECD countries ». Dissertação, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/116958.
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Mahmood, Syed Saad. « An Index of Economic Security for Three South Asian and Seven OECD Countries : Methodological Issues ». Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/36228.
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Security about one's economic future is something that is valued by risk-averse individuals and its absence may decrease their economic well-being. Therefore, rich societies have social protection mechanisms in place to guard people against potential economic hazards. However, such mechanisms may be absent in poor countries where people are not only poorer but exposed to significant economic risks. Under this context, this paper inquires if there is a comparable way to measure an Index of Economic Security for a sample of three South Asian and seven OECD countries. We provide a theoretical framework to articulate why economic security is important in the measurement of well-being. We also discuss the human rights perspective on economic insecurity and its implications for measurement of economic security. After constructing a basic index, we conduct sensitivity analysis to determine how much impact methodological choices have on country performance.
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Netshikulwe, Matamela Juliet. « Determining, social assistance level in African and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries ». Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1484.
Texte intégralRésumé :
MCom (Economics)Department of Economics
The need to realise steady economic growth, measured in this research by Gross Domestic Product (GDP), has ignited a plethora of studies about the contributors of economic growth and their optimal levels. Government expenditure is one contributor to economic growth. From a theoretical standpoint, optimal government size is depicted by an inverted U-curve known as the Armey curve which is hypothesised between the relationship of government size and economic growth. Empirical literature provides evidence that optimal government size is between 20-30 percent a share of GDP. However, little has been done to investigate the optimal level of isolated components of government spending that maximizes economic growth. One component of government spending that has gained limelight over the past decade is that of social assistance. Defined as public expenditure spent as cash and food transfers to the poor, this research uses social assistance expenditure to assess its optimal level that maximizes growth. This is important because some policymakers are concerned about the ballooning budgets directed at social assistance, and argue that the scarce resources need to be transferred to other social services sectors such as health and education. Basing on the panel-data accessed from the World Bank, this research uses the quadratic equation model to determine the optimal level of social assistance for African and Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries covering the period 2009-15. The finding is that the optimal level of social assistance spending for African and OECD countries is 3.2 percent of GDP and 29.4 percent of GDP respectively. The study also finds that both African and OECD countries operate below the optimal levels and it is suggested that they need to increase social assistance spending in order to realize positive contributions to economic growth.
NRF
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LÖÖF, Robin. « Defending liberty and structural integrity : a social contractual analysis of criminal justice in the EU ». Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/13164.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 12 September 2008Examining Board: Professor Marise Cremona, (EUI, Supervisor); Professor Bruno De Witte, (EUI); Professor John Spencer, (University of Cambridge); Professor Judge Françoise Tulkens, (European Court of Human Rights, External Supervisor)
First made available online: 28 July 2021
The principles of the modern criminal law in Europe date back hundreds of years. As we shall see, the first coherent treatises of criminal justice laying down many of the principles to which we still adhere appeared in continental Europe during the mideighteenth century. Enlightenment philosophers, concerned with the relationship between the state and the citizen, between the collective and the individual, found criminal justice a natural area of study. Even before then, however, embryos of principles we today hold as fundamental can be found in charters, bills and constitutions limiting the power of medieval Kings over their subjects. If we then take the concept of the criminal law, the idea that the collective can and should exact punishment for violations of certain pre-determined rules, it dates back to the dawn of civilisation.
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RASNAČA, Zane. « First or one among equals ? : the CJEU and the construction of EU social policy ». Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/47927.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Defence date: 11 September 2017Examining Board: Prof. Claire Kilpatrick, EUI (Supervisor); Prof. Loïc Azoulai, Sciences Po Paris; Prof. Simon Deakin, University of Cambridge; Prof. Mark Dawson, Hertie School of Governance
Awarded the Mauro Cappelletti Prize for the best thesis comparative law 2018
The argument that the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is important in the development of European Union law has been present in legal and political science research for years. At the same time, some under-researched questions remain. Among those is the CJEU’s impact on the lawmaking process at the EU level and the way the development of EU law steers the case law in response. Further, the theoretical implications of any such 'horizontal' interaction remain under-explored, especially since the major theories in this area tend to see the Court’s relationship with the lawmakers (both the member states in their role as Treaty-makers and the EU legislature) in conflictual rather than complementary terms. This thesis analyses the role of the CJEU in constructing EU level social policy and proposes to conceptualise the relationship between the CJEU and lawmakers in a novel way. First, this thesis explores the interaction between the Court and the Union lawmakers, how this interaction operates in practice and whether there is an overlap between what the Court and Union lawmakers are occupied with. By using both large scale process tracing and a detailed case study method, I show that there is a remarkable (but not omnipresent) degree of interaction between the CJEU and the lawmakers at various levels. Second, I consider what my results mean for the constitutional understanding of the CJEU’s role and its relationship with the lawmakers. I argue in favour of adopting a modified version of the theory of constitutional dialogue in order to better accommodate the actual nature of the CJEU’s relationship with the lawmakers and in order to facilitate the interaction from the specific standpoint of the CJEU. In the last part of my thesis, I explore how this interaction could be turned into a conscious, coordinated process – the coordinated construction of EU social policy law.
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MCHUGH, Claire. « Positive action and race discrimination : new challenges for the European Court of Justice ». Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5470.
Texte intégral
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Tuppurainen, Anne Johanna. « Challenges faced by Muslim women : an evaluation of the writings of Leila Ahmed, Elizabeth Fernea, Fatima Mernissi and Amina Wadud ». Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/3951.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The subject and the scope of this study are the challenges faced by Muslim women in contemporary societies as presented by the four prominent authors: Leila Ahmed, Elizabeth Fernea, Fatima Mernissi and Amina Wadud. The methodology applied to the literary analysis is the feminist-qualitative research approach in religious studies with specific reference to Islamic feminist studies. Many Muslim women scholars criticise the study of Third World women as objects of study-cases who are rarely heeded as serious scholars. Misconceptions about Islam and Muslim women are common in Western society. Previous studies have not dealt with the issue satisfactorily and failed to provide a holistic picture. The challenges faced by Muslim women have been interpreted against a Western feminist framework, thus causing more harm than good. The resultant predicament is the subject of this study in which Muslim women’s own attitudes and responses to their present circumstances and future prospects are explored. How and why Muslim women are challenged? How do they envisage the resolution of these challenges? The purpose of this study is to provide a framework that can give an adequate account of challenges as seen by Muslim women and to evaluate strategies that can provide suitable solutions to these challenges.
Firstly, an objective Giele/Smock/Engineer framework was developed with reference to the most pressing challenges (articulated in well-documented definitions and descriptions) faced by Muslim women in contemporary societies. These key issues of women’s rights on political participation, education, work, family, and social participation were discussed and analysed in the light of this women-centred approach with specific reference to the writings of four prominent women authors: Leila Ahmed, Elizabeth Fernea, Fatima Mernissi and Amina Wadud. Each author has brought her own particular perspective and area of expertise into the discussion – sometimes arguing among with the other authors in a virtual ‘roundtable’ discussion; at times joining hands in mutual agreement.
Finally, Muslim women’s struggle against injustice was subjected to critical scrutiny with particular attention to common strategies and solutions that the four authors have used and developed in the light of the modern debate. It is in the latter discussion that the study reached its ultimate goal by determining how the challenges have been met. Moreover, Islamic feminism was assessed to determine how it related to and coped with social change and how effective it has been in seeking to assert rights of and find justice for women through historical, anthropological, socio-political and hermeneutical approach.Religious Studies
D. Th. (Religious Studies)
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Akbar, Muhammad Usman. « The Enhancement of Corporate Social Responsibilities in Pakistan ». Thesis, 2019. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/40438/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Corporate social responsibility is an approach used in corporations and enterprises where the rights of stakeholders are addressed. The main focus of a business is to make a profit and a major duty of corporate governance is to maximise the profit. A problem arises when an organization makes a profit only for its shareholders and does not care about responsibilities to its other stakeholders. This is one reason why the concept of CSR originated, to encourage companies to incorporate social and environmental concerns within their business activities. This should be a voluntary act of the companies, but few studies show that organizations in developing countries are less concerned about their stakeholders than businesses in developed countries which practice CSR. This is because of some external factors such as public pressures, social background and the legal requirements of those countries. This study compared the CSR rules and regulations and practices between Pakistan and Australia. It aimed to draw some conclusions and offer some suggestions that could enhance CSR practices in Pakistan.
This research is the first study of CSR regulations and CSR practices in Pakistan. A comparative legal research approach has been used. This research adopted a qualitative methodology. Two consecutive years of annual reports of ten companies in Australia and Pakistan have been considered and analysed with NVivo 12; then case law related to CSR has been compared and discussed to find the differences in the practices of corporate responsibilities in real life between Australian and Pakistani organizations.
The findings of this research showed that there are some similarities and differences in CSR practices by organizations in Australia and Pakistan. A dearth of CSR rules and regulations and a poor law enforcement system in Pakistan is the main reason that companies in this country are not practicing CSR. This study recommends that the government of Pakistan should give more attention to the importance of CSR practices by businesses and update the CSR rules, regulations and guidelines. Attention to some specific laws in this country, and consideration of CSR Acts in Australia, could assist in developing and ensuring the adoption of CSR practices in Pakistan.
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Duval, Isabelle. « L'émergence d'un principe de justice distributive en droit international économique : analyse de l'évolution du traitement spécial et différencié du GATT à l'OMC ». Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3525.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La libéralisation des échanges a fait augmenter les richesses, mais en réalité, elles se sont concentrées dans les pays développés. La question de la distribution plus équitable des richesses s'est rapidement posée. Le système GATT/OMC a joué un rôle décisif dans la libéralisation des échanges et dans l'articulation des rapports entre les pays développés et les pays en développement (PED). L'émergence et l'incarnation juridique dans le système GATT/OMC d'un principe de justice distributive passe par l'évolution du traitement spécial et différencié (TSD). Sous le GATT, le TSD s'est d'abord manifesté par l'article XVIII et la Partie IV du GATT de 1947, la Clause d'habilitation et le Système de préférences de 1971. Le TSD ainsi proposé appartenait essentiellement à la sof law et a échoué dans sa tentative d'intégrer les PED au système SCM. Sous l'OMC, le TSD a changé de paradigme et de mandat. Le TSD est passé d'un outil voué à mettre au développement des PED à un mécanisme employé à aider les PED à mettre en œuvre les nouvelles politiques de libéralisation découlant des accords de l'OMC. Les dispositions TSD seront alors dispersées dans l'ensemble des accords de l'OMC, mais sans jamais transcender la forme «soft law» qui les caractérisait sous le GATT. L'échec de la Conférence de Seattle, en 1999, engendrera le «Programme de Doha pour le développement», en 2001. La Déclaration de Doha était alors perçue comme l'incarnation de la transformation de l'OMC en organisation qui se préoccupe désormais de justice distributive. En observant de près le texte de la Déclaration de Doha et en analysant sa valeur juridique, on ne constate pas de progrès significatifs. Encore une fois, les mesures proposées le sont sous forme de déclarations d'intention et de promesses, voire d'engagement à négocier. Actuellement, le Cycle de Doha tarde à aboutir et tout nous porte à croire que l'avènement de l'OMC n'a pas concrétisé la volonté des PED d'une répartition plus équitable des richesses.Developed Countries are the main beneficiaries of Economic liberalism and reductions of tariffs. The GATT/WTO System played a key role in the global economic growth and in the re1ationship between Deve10ping Countries and Developed Countries. In the GATT/WOT System, the legal translation of Distributive Justice is represented by Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) in favour of Developing Countries. During the GATT (1947-1994), the most important SDT provisions were Article XVIII and Part IV of the 1947 GATT, the Enabling Clause and the Generalized Preferential System of 1971. Notwithstanding the GATT'S efforts, the STD was not efficient enough to he1p the situation of Developing Countries and was mostly considered as Soft Law. Under the WTO, the STD evolved and his mandate was modified. In fact, the STD became a tool to he1p Deve10ping Countries adopted the new WTO obligations, rather than being a tool for deve1opment. It is true that STD Measures during the Uruguay Round were spread through all of the Uruguay Round's Acts, but they never succeeded in coming out of the Soft Law stage. Following the Seattle Conference held in 1999, the WTO Members adopted the Doha Declaration and named the new Round of negotiation the «Doha Deve10pment Round». Initially, the Doha Declaration was perceived as a transformation of the WTO in a Distributive Organization. Rapidly, after studying the Round's Texts, it became obvious that, although the WTO had shown some openness towards Developing Countries' preoccupations and Distributive Justice, the Doha Declaration was in the direct continuity of the GATT. The SDT dispositions at Doha were still part of Soft Law and were mostly undertakings to negotiate in the future. At the present time, the Doha Program for Development is indefinite1y suspended. So far, the Doha Round did not meet the Deve10ping Countries' Expectations.
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Kadzomba, Sarah. « An exploration of the lived experiences of women accompanying their migrant spouses in South Africa ». Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26200.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Text in EnglishEarly migration across borders predominantly involved movement by males for work. While changing times have seen a considerable increase in the number of female migrants as principal migrants solely for independent employment, women still move as passive participants, who have to play an often obscure supporting role beside men. Through a qualitative, exploratory research design, this thesis explored the lived experiences of accompanying immigrants, particularly women from other African countries, accompanying their immigrant spouses in South Africa. Data collection was conducted through individual face-to-face unstructured in-depth interviews with eight female accompanying spouses. The data were thematically analysed and yielded seven overarching themes, namely: motivation to relocate and power dynamics; effects of migration; how accompanying immigrant status is experienced by the female accompanying spouse; challenges immigrants that hold accompanying spouse status face; meaning-making, adaptation; and strategies deployed to cope. These were discussed in terms of the construction of the ‘accompanying spouse status’ and how this powerful social discourse impacts women’s wellbeing. Participants reported education, socioeconomic factors and related life aspects were amongst the motivations for their relocation to South Africa, in addition to citing both positive and negative effects of their migration. From the study results, accompanying spouses recounted how they encountered various adversities, including how accompanying spouse status fundamentally reduces the holder to a dependent, whose being revolves around the principal migrant spouse. Notwithstanding participants’ struggles, the study results show how the participants have, through it all, learnt to live with their status, deployed methods of coping against all odds, and today still stand.
Psychology
Ph. D.(Psychology)