Livres sur le sujet « Social evolution – Romania »

The result of research carried out in several European countries, this book analyses the phenomenon of the posting of workers from an international and interdisciplinary perspective, with a particular focus on working conditions, occupational safety and health (OSH), regulatory issues, offences and violations of posted workers’ rights. The first part of the book examines the origins and evolution of the posting of workers in Europe, also in terms of legislation; the second part presents various national case studies (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Romania, Slovenia, Switzerland, and labour mobility from Third Countries); the third part focuses on Italy, as the European crossroads of posted work. From this richly documented examination, the posting of workers emerges as a new frontier of the devaluation of labour, which exacerbates tendencies characteristic of the transformations of labour that have taken place in recent decades on a global scale, first and foremost precariousness and social dumping. Given its profound impact on the labour market and working conditions, the posting of workers therefore opens up new challenges for the protection of workers in both receiving and sending countries.

In aceasta lucrare privim educatia din mediul rural din perspectiva marketingului, o descompunem in elemente ale mixului de marketing si indreptam atentia cercetatorilor si factorilor de decizie catre complexitatea conditiilor in care se desfasoara invatamantul rural, incurajam reflectarea asupra unor actiuni sustenabile ca parte integranta a procesului de evolutie sociala intrucat o educatie incluziva si de calitate pentru toti, fara bariere de acces, disparitati, segregare scolara, reprezinta un element esential al dezvoltarii durabile. Scopul lucrarii este acela de a identifica masuri eficiente de imbunatatire a sistemului educational din mediul rural ce determina cresterea calitatii educatiei copiilor din acest mediu considerat defavorizat.

The subject of Chapter 3 is the six-century-long evolution of Pompeian street surfaces and the architectures that accompany them. These surfaces include streets made of beaten ash that once covered the entire city, the cobblestone surfaces found only at the gates, and the famous irregular blocks of lava used to pave Roman roads and streets alike. Uncommon surfaces and repair techniques, such as streets built atop piles of earthquake debris or the pouring of iron slag into deep ruts, are also discussed. Just as important to understanding this evolution as their functional characteristics, however, are the social forces that drove their adoption and their replacement.

This work presents current approaches and new avenues of enquiry into ancient sport and spectacle. It discusses historical perspectives, contest forms, contest-related texts, civic and social aspects, and use and meaning of the individual body. Greek and Roman topics are interwoven under each heading to simulate contest-like tensions and complementarities, juxtaposing, for example, violence in Greek athletics and in Roman gladiatorial events, Greek and Roman chariot events, architectural frameworks for contests and games in the two cultures, and contrasting views of religion, bodily regimens, and judicial classification related to both cultures. It examines the social contexts of games, namely the evolution of sport and spectacle diachronically and geographically across cultural and political boundaries, and how games are adapted to multiple contexts and multiple purposes, reinforcing, for example, social hierarchies, performing shared values, and playing out deep cultural tensions. The work also pays some attention to other directing forces in the ancient Mediterranean (e.g. Bronze Age Egypt and the Near East; Etruria; and early Christianity). The volume addresses important themes common to antiquity and modern society, such as issues of class, gender, health, and the popular culture of the modern Olympics, and gladiators in cinema. It presents contests and spectacles as venues of connection and as opportunities for the negotiation of status and the exchange of value, broadly for example how early panhellenic sanctuaries responded to economic stakeholders, and how groups and individuals in the later Roman empire forged social and political links through the circus events.

The chapter discusses the development of literature within its institutional and historical context, considering how patronage, a fledgling book market, and publishing conditions delineated the spaces of a literary field. The chapter looks at court literature and the ode as the definitive genre, examining its techniques and scope for variation. Literature began to flourish outside court, and the chapter traces the evolution of poetry into an amateur pastime. The discovery of poetic genius added to the delight afforded by poetry as a form of sociability. This innovation coincided with pre-Romantic trends and the nascent idea of national literature. The pleasure of literature extended into satirical journals and comedies that served as vehicles for social and political critique, at times even engaging the monarch in direct participation.

Rome is the only western society that autonomously grew a legal profession distinct from the political and religious power. Roman legal thought and the institutions that it generated have had and continue to have an enormous influence on legal thinking in the western world and beyond. This book investigates the economics of Roman legal institutions, their functions and their evolution. It brings together most of the scholars that have been active in this field in recent years from three interconnected perspectives: legal history, economic history and the economic analysis of law. The book has three purposes. The first goal is to demonstrate the existence of a fertile field of studies that has been overshadowed by discussions on the applicability of modern methods to the study of ancient societies. This book is an example of how this approach can be combined with due deference to the historical context. The second goal is to show that the inquiry is interesting both for students of history and for students of economics. The former will hopefully appreciate that the application of modern economic techniques sheds new light on the emergence and evolution of legal institutions in response to changes in the underlying economic activities that those institutions regulated. The latter are invited to consider a unique and relatively well-documented time series on economic, political, social and legal variables covering approximately 1000 years. The third goal is to provide an economic and historical analysis of the most salient legal institutions of the Roman world and to introduce the reader to a set of empirical and theoretical methods.

Rome is the only western society that autonomously grew a legal profession distinct from the political and religious power. Roman legal thought and the institutions that it generated have had and continue to have an enormous influence on legal thinking in the western world and beyond. This book investigates the economics of Roman legal institutions, their functions and their evolution. It brings together most of the scholars that have been active in this field in recent years from three interconnected perspectives: legal history, economic history, and the economic analysis of law. The book has three purposes. The first goal is to demonstrate the existence of a fertile field of studies that has been overshadowed by discussions on the applicability of modern methods to the study of ancient societies. This book is an example of how this approach can be combined with due deference to the historical context. The second goal is to show that the inquiry is interesting both for students of history and for students of economics. The former will hopefully appreciate that the application of modern economic techniques sheds new light on the emergence and evolution of legal institutions in response to changes in the underlying economic activities that those institutions regulated. The latter are invited to consider a unique and relatively well-documented time series on economic, political, social, and legal variables covering approximately one thousand years. The third goal is to provide an economic and historical analysis of the most salient legal institutions of the Roman world and to introduce the reader to a set of empirical and theoretical methods.

The social construction of gender in Britain during the Romantic era—in which males were consigned to the public sphere and females to the private sphere under the laws of couverture—produced an all-important difference between the writings of men and women, what we might call masculine as opposed to feminine Romanticism. Male writers tended to celebrate the development of an autonomous self, the divinity of the creative imagination, a political revolution leading to democratic freedom, and the elevation of poetry as the highest genre. Female writers, in contrast, embraced an ideology grounded in family politics; the equality of the sexes and races; the value of rationality, prudence, and self-discipline; a relational self; and the genre of the novel as the form best suited to represent the gradual evolution of the community over time. The Gothic novel offers a compelling example of the difference that gender can make.

The Traffic Systems of Pompeii is the first sustained examination of the evidence for a regulated circulation of wheeled traffic in the ancient world. The setting to this system is the six-hundred-year evolution of Pompeii’s street network, the focus of which telescopes from the city’s urban grid to the shape of the streets, the treatment of their surfaces, and finally the individual elements of construction—the curbstones, stepping stones, and guard stones—where the evidence for traffic was inscribed. Although ruts are the most evocative evidence of ancient traffic, it is the wearing patterns on the vertical faces of street features that permit the determination of the directions that ancient carts were traveling and undergird the argument for their systematic regulation. Distilled from over five hundred locations recording multiple categories of evidence, all wholly new to archaeology and unique to this research, this book reveals the basic rules of the road and at the same time opens larger historical questions. What does the existence of a traffic system mean for our understanding of ancient urbanism? What other social forces are uncovered in the search for it? To explore these questions, the traffic system at Pompeii is set in its broader contexts as one infrastructural and administrative artifact of the Roman empire, an epiphenomenon of a deeply urban culture.

This collective monograph is a comprehensive study of the causes, evolution and outcomes of complex processes in the contemporary history of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, and aims in particular to identify common and special characteristics in their socio-economic and political development. The authors base their work on documentary evidence; both published and unpublished archival materials reveal the specifics of the development of the political landscapes in these countries. They highlight models combining both European and nationally oriented (and even nationalist) components of the political spheres of particular countries; identify markers which allow the stage of completion (or incompletion) of the establishment of a new political system to be estimated; and present analyses of the processes of internal political struggle, which has often taken on ruthless forms. The analysis of regional and country-specific documentary materials illustrates that the gap in the development of the region with “old Europe” in general has not yet been overcome: in the post-Socialist period, the situation of the region being “ownerless” and “abandoned”, characteristic of the period between the two world wars, is reoccurring. The authors conclude that during the period from the late twentieth to the early twenty-first centuries, the region was quite clearly divided into two parts: Central (the Visegrad Four) and South-Eastern (the Balkans) Europe. The authors explore the prevailing trends in the political development of Hungary and Poland related to the leadership of nationally and religiously oriented parties; in the Czech Republic and Slovakia the pendulum-like change in power of the left and right-wing parties; and in Bulgaria and Romania the domestic political processes permanently in crisis. The authors pay special attention to the contradictory nature of the political evolution of the states that emerged in the space of the former Yugoslavia. For the first time, Greece and Turkey are included in the context of a regional-wide study. The contributors present optimal or resembling transformational models, which can serve as a prototype for shaping the political landscape of other countries in the world. The monograph substantiates the urgency of the new approach needed to study the history and current state of the region and its countries, taking into account the challenges of the time, which require strengthening national and state identity. The research also offered prognostic characteristics of transformational changes in the region, the Visegrad Four, and the Balkans.