Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Social Conditions – history – Serbia »
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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Social Conditions – history – Serbia"
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Maksimovic, Jovan. « Contribution of physicians from Vojvodina to establishing Health service in Serbia and founding and working of Medical Society of Serbia ». Medical review 61, no 3-4 (2008) : 191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0804191m.
Texte intégralRésumé :
It was in the middle of the J 8th century, when Serbia started the process of getting independent from the long-lasting period of the Turkish rule, that the necessity for the organized health care emerged. Despite the fact that it had not existed before, the process advanced rather quickly regarding the contemporary political, social and cultural conditions and the Medical Society of Serbia (MSS) was founded in Belgrade on the 22nd of April, 1872. Although it is known that the doctors from Vojvodina, which was an integral part of Austria of that time, contributed significantly to establishing both the civil and military medical service, this period of our medical history has neither been searched enough nor published in one piece. The author of this paper points out four characteristic activity segments through which the doctors from Vojvodina gave their contribution. An important role in health education and promotion of health culture in the still vassal Serbia was played by the doctors from Vojvodina and popular educators at the very beginnings of the health journalism in Serbian which reached Serbia from Austria. Somewhat later the doctors of Vojvodina went to Serbia to contribute to the establishment and promotion of the civil and military medical services and to take an active part in the Inaugural Meeting and the forthcoming activities of the Medical Society of Serbia. They were also among the initiators and first teachers at the Medical Faculty in Belgrade. This paper highlights and encircles a very important period of our national health culture history by analyzing thoroughly the four above mentioned segments of activities and their protagonists.
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Rasevic, Mirjana, et Katarina Sedlecki. « Gynecologists and the abortion issue in Serbia ». Stanovnistvo 45, no 1 (2007) : 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0701033r.
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Traditional inefficient contraception, incorporated to a large extent in the system of values, has become a natural part of sexual relations in Serbia and represents a rational preventive choice from the individual standpoint. However, when pregnancy is unwanted or cannot be accepted out of any reasons abortion is used as a resort. For this reason there is a long history of a large number of abortions in Serbia. Research findings in our country identify the following, as the most important factors for not accepting modern values in this sphere: traditional contraception and abortion have a firm social confirmation; there is a trans-generational transfer of psychological resistance towards the use of combined oral contraception pills and intrauterine devices; sexual education has never become a natural way of growing up in the family, nor is a constituent part of school programs and that distinct obstacles of various nature exist regarding contraception availability. A developed network of various types of family planning counseling is an important determinant of the accessibility of contraceptive means and methods. There are, however, numerous conditions which have to be fulfilled in order for the contraception counseling services to function properly. Among them, motivated personnel who acquired general and specific knowledge for work in this field are an especially important prerequisite. This theoretical assumption opens the question -whether gynecologists represent an important factor of slow transition of birth control in Serbia? We searched for the answer in the research analyses obtained through two in-depth surveys which either had to do with this theme or tried to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of gynecologists. The first research regarding the determination of the causes for a large number of abortions in our country, was directed towards women who decided on abortion. Gynecologists were the target group in the second research which was KAP type. The results of both researches clearly indicate that gynecologists generally observed, contribute to maintaining the abortion culture and slow transition of birth control from the use of traditional contraception to reliance on modern contraception means and methods in Serbia. Namely, a significant number of gynecologists in our country are at variance with the principals of modern family planning. Their knowledge, attitudes and practice relevant for individual contraceptive choices are insufficient, conservative and inadequate. Thus, there is a necessity for special education of doctors especially gynecologists, at all levels from the basic studies, through specialists ones, to special target courses, seminars, symposiums and conferences. Knowledge acquisition, as the basic element of consciousness can affect formation of standpoints, motivation, promote responsibility and create the requirement for promoting a different system of values and philosophy of living in the sphere of reproductive health.
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Milojević, Milica. « Re-conceptualization of the idea of neighborhood in post-socialist Belgrade ». SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 1, no 1 (2009) : 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj0901045m.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Understanding the concept of collective form is of particular interest for re-conceptualization of the idea of neighborhood in post-socialist Belgrade. After the experiences of the socialist community, Belgrade is facing the issue of social atomization and numerous manifestations of the culture of distrust. These conditions in which the duties towards the others are not recognized for the sake of one's own sustain Thomas Hobbes defines as an issue of the wrong reason. In the region of Serbia the problem of wrong reason has its own history. Its fragments are found in the modern urbanization of the cities in Serbia, at the neighborhood level - shaped by the tension between the power directives and the desire of the ordinary people. According to the principle of reciprocity, based on the criteria of functional orientation, attractiveness and connectivity of group form elements, considering the presence of the culture of distrust, the intention of this article is to initiate discussion on proposed terminology and to reveal the key points for transformation of the dwelling community concept into neighborhood concept.
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Martynova, Marina Yuryevna. « HUNGARIANS IN VOJVODINA : IDENTITY IN THE FOCUS OF DEMOGRAPHY, POLITICS AND CULTURE ». Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 16, no 3 (29 septembre 2022) : 528–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2022-16-3-528-540.
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The object of the author's study is Hungarians in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina of the Republic of Serbia at the present stage of history. The aim of the article is to identify the qualitative parameters of the maintenance and development of the identity of this ethnic group in the conditions of living outside the "parent" state. The study focuses on several thematic blocks as important indicators of the functioning of ethnicity in this sector of the population. It provides a demographic portrait of Vojvodina Hungarians, highlights legislative guarantees of ethnic minority rights and other forms of state support in the country of residence, and provides information on the social and political activity, as well as cultural, educational and awareness-raising activities of Hungarians in Serbia, primarily in Vojvodina. Particular attention is paid to the peculiarities of the autonomous structure of the province. The socio-anthropological analytical approach to the analysis of empirical material allows one to reach the level of theoretical generalization, to identify the role of state borders as a factor of influence not only on the civil identity, but also on the formation of cultural and everyday features of diaspora groups as a result of constant contacts with ethnically foreign neighbors. The author provides evidence of the high level of development of Serbia's legal framework in terms of maintaining cultural diversity in the country, creating a wide range of social and domestic conditions necessary to maintain and develop ethnic identity among national minorities, including Hungarians. At the same time, the data from the censuses of various years in Serbia show a gradual decrease in the number of Hungarians in recent decades. The negative trend is explained by their low fertility, as well as by the migratory mobility of the inhabitants of Vojvodina, for economic and other reasons, which are often not directly related to identity issues. Moreover, Hungarian identity becomes an additional resource in the choice of the most promising life strategies of the younger generation.
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Vukčević, Nemanja. « Geopolitical Aspect of Migration in the Post-Yugoslavian Chronotope : a Historical Sociology Approach ». Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series : Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2020, no 4 (12 janvier 2021) : 454–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2020-5-4-454-467.
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Migration processes are complex phenomena. They are consequences of international political movements and power redistribution, which makes it possible to study them in their geopolitical aspect. The article contains a detailed review of historical sociology, substantiated by geopolitical examples from Ancient Rome, Byzantium, Ottoman Empire, World Wars I and II, etc., against the post-Yugoslavian chronotope. The research was based on the methods of historical sociology, as well on the principle of unity of logic and history. The author drew analogies between the abovementioned historical events and the contemporary migration crisis in post-Yugoslavian countries in order to forecast its possible outcome and prevent a social collision. The paper focuses mostly on the case of the Republic of Serbia. Migration management should take into account that history repeats itself: if certain conditions always produce the same result, it is only logical to expect this result next time the same conditions occur. In sociology, this approach remains poorly represented, even though it can produce reliable and long-term solutions in migration management, unlike short-term and superficial ad hoc measures. Previous decisions have led to the ghettoization of migrants, which threatens to escalate into a social conflict. Therefore, achievements of historical sociology can offer a new approach to this problem.
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Ćorović, Dragana. « The Garden City concept : From theory to implementation : Case study : Professors' Colony in Belgrade ». SAJ - Serbian Architectural Journal 1, no 1 (2009) : 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/saj0901065q.
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This paper presents a part of the town-planning history of the capital of Serbia - Belgrade. The subject of the research* is the analysis of the application of Ebenezer Howard's Garden City Concept in Belgrade in the third decade of the twentieth century. Special attention was devoted to the urban discourse in the first decades of the last century. The narrower referential framework of this work focuses on investigating the urban growth and development of Belgrade in the first decades of the twentieth century. In Belgrade there are dwelling quarters that were created in the period between the World Wars as a direct consequence of the implementation of the Garden City Concept. One of the basic thesis of this work elaborates the modes of the genesis of one of them - the Professors' Colony, and seeks to distinguish specific applications of the Garden City Concept in relation to Belgrade's specific social conditions.
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Popović, Jovan P. « Normative Regulation : Significance, Place, Roles and Protection of Private Archival Material and Private Archives with a View on the Regulation in the Republic of Serbia and Montenegro ». Atlanti 28, no 1 (12 novembre 2018) : 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33700/2670-451x.28.1.167-178(2018).
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In addition to public-state archives, as a rule, there are private and special archives in each state. The laws regulate who their founder is, what conditions are necessary for the establishment and operation of the archives, what governing bodies are and what their competencies are. In the period of transition, in the countries of socialist organization, there was a real „boom“ for purchasing companies, when state and social ownership was transitioning into private. A large number of companies experienced bankruptcy and liquidation institutes. However, the achival material of these subjects remained normatively unprotected. In this paper, the author deals with short legal definitions and the history of the creation of private archives at the time and after transitional relations, on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, with a special emphasis on the legal arrangements in the states of Serbia and Montenegro, with the aim of regulating the laws and by-laws protection and use of this material as closely as possible.
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Iskenderov, Petr. « Idea of the Balkan Federation : past and present ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2021, no 05 (1 mai 2021) : 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202105statyi26.
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The article is devoted to the main aspects of the problem of creating of the Balkan Federation. The author pays particular attention to the views of Serbian Social Democrats. The author concludes that the idea mentioned-above is in demand in modern conditions.
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Iskenderov, Petr. « Economic aspects of the Balkan integration ». OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no 12-3 (1 décembre 2020) : 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202012statyi56.
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The article is devoted to the main aspects of the problem of economic integration in the Balkans. The main focus is on the idea of a Balkan Federation promoted by Serbian Social Democrats. The author concludes that such models are in demand in modern conditions.
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Hafsah Ayaz Qureshi et Amirah Sami. « قوموں کے عروج وزوال کے اسباب اور محرکات :اسلام کے تناظر میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ ». International Research Journal on Islamic Studies (IRJIS) 4, no 1 (1 janvier 2022) : 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.54262/irjis.04.01.u08.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The study of the Qur’ān, Sunnah and History reveals that nature holds the same conditions for the rising and fall of nations. The reasons or causes of downfall and rise which were applicable for Jews and Christians are endorsed for Ummah of Muhammad (S.A.W). The same principles are followed for believers and non-believers. The rules of the Qur’ān are till the Day of Judgment. In the present era, Muslims are in the worst condition; at the national and international levels. The collapse of Baghdad and the Ottoman Empire, Muslim’s condition in Palestine and Kashmir, the genocide of Muslims in Bosnia, Kosovo, Serbia, Burma or Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria, all show decline of Muslims. Muslims are not in power and authority. Muslim riots arose in India and Libya. Muslims are tested and tried. This article found the reasons for nations’ downfall and also brought forward the causes of the rising of nations. No doubt that many moral, social, economic, political, demographic, and historical factors are responsible for the decline of nations. This article analytically studies reasons for the deterioration and escalation of nations which are mentioned in Qur’ān, Sunnah and History and established a cause-and-effect relationship between the various historical events to propose a remedy for the malaise of Nation.
Thèses sur le sujet "Social Conditions – history – Serbia"
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Mikuš, Marek. « What reform ? : civil societies, state transformation and social antagonism in 'European Serbia' ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/788/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines a set of intentional transformations of the government of society and individuals in the globalising (‘Europeanising’) and neoliberalising Serbia in 2010–11. It asks two closely related kinds of question about these ‘reforms’ – first, what reform is really there, of what depth, and second, whose reform is it, in and against whose interests? This inquiry strives to identify some of the dominant transformational tendencies and resistances to these, and to relate these governmental projects and their actual achievements to the conflicted interests and identities in Serbian society that undergoes profound restructuring in the context of a prolonged economic decline and political crisis. Based on ethnographic engagements with various kinds of nongovernmental organisations, social movements and public institutions, the reforms are traced at the interface of the ‘state’ and ‘civil society’ so as to examine how their mutual relations are being reimagined and boundaries redrawn. Civil society is conceptualised, building on anthropological and Gramscian approaches, as a set of ideas and practices that continually reconstitute and mediate the relationships of ‘state,’ ‘society’ and ‘economy,’ and which reproduce as well as challenge domination by consent – cultural and ideological hegemony. While a particular liberal understanding of civil society has become hegemonic in Serbia, in social reality there is a plurality of ‘civil societies’ – scenes of associational practice that articulate diverse visions of a legitimate social order and perceive each other as antagonists rather than parts of a single harmonious civil society. The discourses and practices of three such scenes – liberal, nationalist and post-Yugoslav – and their relationships to the perspectives and interests of various social groups are examined in order to identify some of the key moments of social antagonism about reform in contemporary Serbia.
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Djerasimović, Sanja. « Formation of the civic education policy as a discursive project in post-2000 Serbia ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2a15894a-8189-44e5-a6b6-edcc14bf5c54.
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The introduction of civic education to Serbian primary and secondary schools in 2001 marked a beginning of an all-encompassing education reform that followed the country's 2000 'democratic revolution'. In the context of a socio-political shift from various authoritarian regimes, including the 1945-1990 state socialism and 1990-2000 nationalist authoritarianism, the policy set the tone for future changes that were designed to support democratisation of Serbia, and assist its return to Europe (Birzea, 1994). A part of the broader programme for democratisation of education and education for democracy in Serbia, the policy enabled various discursive elements constitutive of the desired post-2000 ideology to enter the national educational discourse. This thesis explored its formation. I approached the policy as a way to explore the beginning of Serbia's first proper post-communist reform, and analyse the actors and ideologies that had shaped it. I used Ball's notion of policy-as-discourse and conceptualised civic education policy as a part of a discursive project of creating a 'new Serbia'. Using elite interviews and documentary analysis, I explored its formation and development, its place in the wider reform, and its relation to religious education, (re)introduced at the same time. Combining the elements of Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, and elements of Bourdieu's social theory, I looked into the meaning and function of civic education as a part of the ideological construction of the future Serbia, as well as capital used to position Serbia favourably in the global field in the early days of its educational transition. Within the wider transition literature, I attempted to establish a comparison between Serbia's 'belated' post-communist transition, and educational changes happening across formerly communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe in early-to-mid 1990s. I also explored the applicability and usefulness of the recent theoretical developments in the transition literature that go against the conceptualisation of post-communist transitions as modernising projects, and argue instead for a focus on unique transformations that happen as a result of a meeting between globally dominant and desirable discursive elements and local contexts. I conclude that the discursive elements of the Serbian civic education policy were used as capital by Serbian policy actors to ensure their better positioning not only in the global, but also in the national field, as suggested by differences in the ideological construction of the policy discourse in different fields. This prompts a concern with the concept of various 'policyspeaks', as recently explored by Halász (2012) and Steiner-Khamsi (2014). I argue that as a part of a discursive project intended to construct post-2000 Serbia, civic education policy worked more towards eradicating the undesirable ideology of violent nationalist authoritarianism, than towards eradicating the ideology of communist authoritarianism. In this sense, the specificity of the context proved important for the shape and meaning of a post-communist reform and ideologies that it was designed to propagate. However, instead of rejecting modernist concepts of transition and democratisation, I advise a future focus on careful unpacking of their context-dependent ideological-discursive constructions.
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Roy, Sutanuka. « Economics of social, gender, and income inequalities ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3727/.
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The thesis contains three chapters. The first chapter reports on the first large-scale randomized field experiment involving legally-recognized minorities to examine the causal effects of providing performance-based financial incentives based on social or income disadvantage on high stakes university test scores. The results are that the average test scores of the whole cohort goes down by .14 standard deviations when financial incentives were provided by income disadvantage while there is no effect on the test scores when financial incentives were provided by social disadvantage or when financial incentives were provided to all students. The chapter provides evidence of academic non-cooperation when financial incentives are offered by income status and no evidence of such peer effects when prize incentives are given by social disadvantage. The second chapter, which is a joint work with Dr. H.F.Tam, studies the impact of matrimonial laws introduced by the British in British provinces in colonial India during 1800s and early 1900s. Exploiting quasi-random variations of districts that were former British Provinces within each post-independent Indian states, we find that females have 5% lower chances of marrying under the current legal age, and 1.6% higher chance of attending school at 10-16 years old in regions that were formerly British Provinces. Furthermore, using historical Census of India 1901-1931 on marriage status of population between 0-15 years at district level, the chapter estimates the impact of Child Marriage abolition Act (1931) on child marriages in colonial India. The third chapter uses a large-scale novel panel dataset (2005-14) on schools from the Indian state of Assam to test for the impact of violent conflict on female student’s enrolment ratios. We find that a doubling of average killings in a districtyear leads to a 13 per cent drop in girl’s enrolment rate with school fixed effects.
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Seibold, Arthur. « Essays on behavioral responses to social insurance and taxation ». Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3759/.
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This thesis contains three essays on behavioral responses to social insurance and taxation. The first chapter documents and analyzes an important and puzzling stylized fact about retirement behavior: the large concentration of job exits at specific ages. In Germany, almost 30% of workers retire precisely in the month when they reach one of three “statutory” retirement ages, although there is often no incentive or even a disincentive to retire at these thresholds. To study what can explain the concentration of retirements around statutory ages, I use novel administrative data covering the universe of German retirees, and I take advantage of unique variation in retirement incentives as well as in the location of statutory ages across individuals created by the German pension system. Measuring retirement bunching responses to 644 different discontinuities in pension benefit profiles, I first document that financial incentives alone fail to explain retirement patterns in the data. Second, I show that there is a direct effect of “presenting” a threshold as a statutory age, which is substantially larger than that of financial incentives. Further evidence on mechanisms suggests the framing of statutory ages as reference points for retirement as an explanation. A number of alternative channels including firm responses are also discussed but they do not seem to drive the results. The second chapter analyzes bunching responses around reference points and argues that bunching methods are naturally suited to quantify reference-dependent preferences. Using a standard labor supply model, the workhorse of the bunching literature, I first show that different types of reference dependence all have a key prediction in common: They imply sharp bunching of the outcome at the reference point. Observed bunching can be linked to underlying parameters, which motivates both structural and reduced-form estimation methods to implement an empirical bunching approach to reference dependence. Finally, I present two applications in the context of retirement decisions. First, I find significant bunching responses at a type of “pure” reference point, namely round retirement ages. Second, I complement the analysis from chapter 1 with structural estimation and find a quantitatively important role of reference dependence at statutory retirement ages. Counterfactual simulations highlight that shifting statutory ages via pension reforms can be an effective policy to increase actual retirement ages with a positive fiscal impact. The third chapter turns to a topic from the realm of taxation. Modern systems of firm taxation typically feature a combination of payroll, valued-added, and corporate income taxes. However, they often exist alongside special presumptive tax regimes targeted at small and medium enterprises (SME), such as a single turnover tax. This chapter uses novel administrative data from S ̃ao Paulo (Brazil), including data on inter-firm trade, to shed light on the effects of such dual tax systems on firm growth, market competition, and production decisions. First, we show that the firm size distribution is distorted by the eligibility threshold for the presumptive tax system. Second, ineligible (larger) firms are adversely affected by reductions in the tax and compliance burden for SME. Third, we study the relationship between tax systems and production choices. The presumptive tax mainly replaces a payroll tax and a value-added tax by a turnover tax in our context. Accordingly, we find that firms in the presumptive tax regime use relatively more labor input and source more of their intermediate input from other firms in the same regime. This leads to partial segmentation of the trade network between firms in the two systems. We show that heterogeneity in firm production choices drives part of these correlations, but there is also a causal effect of tax regimes on input choices.
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Browne, Phyllis. « Educational reforms in Barbados, 1966-1986 : social implications ». Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66015.
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Tait, Irvine Wallace. « Voluntarism and the state in British social welfare 1914-1939 ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1995. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5065/.
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The New Right's critique of the welfare state has generated considerable interest in the history of alternative forms of welfare provision. Recent work has focused upon the continued existence of voluntarism alongside the growth of twentieth century state welfare. In doing this, it has reacted against the tendency of post-war social welfare writing to concentrate exclusively on the statutory social services. This thesis, therefore, adds to a growing body of writing on inter-war voluntary social action. However, it differs from the work of others by focusing upon the interplay of voluntary and statutory sectors in the face of war, industrial unrest and mass unemployment: in other words the upheavals of the early twentieth century. The main body of the research not only deals with the part played by both sectors in the delivery of social services, but also places voluntarism in a wider social context by exploring its ideological response to working-class assertiveness. Indeed, the belief in a British national community with interests that transcended class or sectional divisions was a common feature in voluntarism's attitude towards the above challenges and their implications for social stability. Thus, by highlighting the class objectives of the middle-class volunteer, this thesis avoids treating voluntary groups as simply the deliverers of social services in partnership with the state. As middle-class organisations operating within civil society, the charities covered in the pages ahead are placed alongside the state and capital in the defence of the existing economic and social order. Differences may have existed amongst charities over the correct mix in the statutory-voluntary welfare mix, but, as this thesis seeks to prove, this should not blind us to voluntarism's commitment to an over riding class interest.
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Bulczak, Grzegorz. « Essays on social networks, participation, and outcomes in education ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/346631/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis explores the role of social networks in determining adolescents’ outcomes in schools. The thesis consists of three papers that seek to empirically test how characteristic of friendship networks and peers affect adolescents’ choices and performance in education. The main goal of the first paper is to estimate the effects of ego’s friends age diversity on academic performance. The findings provide evidence that having an age diversified friendship network results in significantly worse academic outcomes. Contrary to the previous research, no evidence is found that having a best friend of a different age, or a group of friends of average age that differs from an individual’s age is associated with worse outcomes in education. This paper addresses concerns about self-selection into networks and unobserved school level differences by using within-school variation and instrumental variable methods. The findings remain robust after the sample is limited to students with no criminal background and those that are in the expected grade for their given age. In the second paper a hypothesis that more interconnected networks (those with high density of friendships) positively impact on adolescents’ school performance due to more scope for norms and sanctions, is tested. The findings provide evidence that for an individual having a close network during high school results in significantly better academic outcomes. Individuals with friends that know each other are found to be more likely to go to college. This examination addresses concerns about self-selection into networks and unobserved school level differences. Instrumental variable approach is used to investigate the effects of closure on college attendance. The effects of closure on years of schooling are found to persist for both low and high quality networks. The findings remain robust for samples consisting of non-white and white individuals. The last paper takes a closer look at participation in extracurricular activities, a factor that is likely to influence network formation. In this chapter, the role of community composition in determining participation outcomes is examined. This investigation provides evidence suggesting that racial composition of communities affects adolescents’ participation in school extracurricular activities. The main contribution of this chapter is that problems related to sorting within communities and selection into schools, are carefully addressed.
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Haston, Catriona M. « A tale of two states : a comparative study of higher education reform and its effects on economic growth in East and West Germany 1945 - 1989 ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1780/.
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The hypothesis at the heart of this thesis is that long-term economic growth depends on the discovery and development of new ideas and technologies which enable innovation resulting in increased productivity. As technological innovation generally results from research processes instigated and performed by those with higher levels of education, it becomes important to analyse higher education as an economic actor as well as a symbolic institution of cultural and elite reproduction. The thesis compares the development of higher levels of human capital in East and West Germany over the period 1945 – 1990: states with two very different and competing myths of democratic legitimacy and radically opposed social, political and economic systems but both convinced that human capital development held the key to reconstruction and economic growth. In highlighting the imperatives for reform and outlining the main changes which took place in higher education within the strictures imposed by competing ideologies, the thesis assesses the effectiveness of human capital investment in terms of the success of the economic objectives identified by both countries. The thesis finds that the initial hypothesis is proven, albeit that its effectiveness was mitigated by a number of external economic shocks and internal social and political factors which, in the end, led to the demise of the East German regime.
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Dang, Thi Thu Hoai. « Poverty in Vietnam : the effects of shocks and sectoral growth patterns ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2659/.
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The thesis aims to examine the effects of adverse shocks and sectoral growth patterns on poverty. The issue of adverse shocks has recently drawn the attention of academics and policymakers alike, but evidence of the persistent impacts of different types of shocks on poverty is limited due to a lack of data; the significance of the impacts compared to other factors has also not been well studied. With the advantage of the unique data set for Vietnam, this thesis deals with the above issues and provides the most comprehensive study of the effects of shocks on poverty. Secondly, it is argued in the current literature that sectoral growth pattern matters for pro-poor growth. Current findings in the literature reveal a mixed picture regarding which industries contribute most to poverty reduction. It is stressed that a labour-intensive feature tends to make an industry more pro-poor. This study provides a wider and more consistent approach to explaining the mixed results in the literature, and compares different growth patterns in terms of poverty reduction. The issues have been examined in the context of Vietnam, a country successful in fighting poverty over the last decades. The two issues are investigated in three core chapters, in addition to the introduction and conclusion chapters. The first core chapter deals with the issue of adverse shocks by applying an econometric method. It confirms that four types of shocks, namely natural disaster, illness of a household member, crop failure and disease of livestock, generate a negative impact on poverty. The effect of natural disasters and health shocks can be persistent, lasting for more than three years and keeping people in persistent deprivation. The negative effect of shocks on poverty is significant enough to nullify the poverty-reduction achievements of other policies, such as the education policy. Government intervention in relieving the negative impact of shocks is necessary, and has helped Vietnam reduce its poverty headcount rate by up to 10%. The second and third core chapters study the effects of sectoral growth pattern on poverty and inequality by combining a Social Accounting Matrix multiplier decomposition technique and a Computable General Equilibrium micro-simulation modelling. The first approach is used in the second chapter, where it allows examination of the issue in the short term and identifies the factors that can affect the pro-poorness of the sectoral growth. The results show that some agricultural sectors, food processing and some non-financial services sectors contribute most to poverty reduction in Vietnam. The magnitude of the poverty reduction from sectoral growth depends on four features of the industry, namely labour-intensiveness, production linkage with the labour-intensive sector, the degree of sector interdependency, and the poverty sensitivity to income of the people who benefit from the growth of the sector. The growth rate of the sector itself also determines its contribution to poverty reduction. Sub-sectors of either agriculture, industry or service sectors can have these features; this explains the mixed findings in the literature. The second approach is applied in the third core chapter, which examines the issue in the medium and long term. The issues of inequality and spatial and ethnic poverty are also discussed in this chapter. The result confirms that more rapid growth of the sectors identified as the most pro-poor in the previous chapter is the most pro-poor long term sectoral growth pattern. Even the most pro-poor growth pattern generates a difference in spatial and ethnic poverty, and increases inequality. The thesis contributes to the improvement of the research methodology and a better understanding of the relationship between shocks, sectoral growth and poverty. The findings of the thesis provide policy implications for poverty reduction. There is an urgent need to improve the safety net system that helps people cope with adverse shocks. Promoting labour-intensive industry is not the only way to promote pro-poor growth. Industries that have a close production linkage with labour intensive industry have a strong interdependency with the rest of the economy, and the high poverty sensitivity of the people who benefit from the industry growth can also contribute largely to poverty reduction. As a result, the most pro-poor sector can be a sub-sector in the agriculture, industry or service sectors. This introduces more diversified and broader insights into the pro-poor sectoral growth pattern, which can widen policy choices for countries and be tailored to the country’s condition rather than narrowly advocating the development of the agricultural sectors.
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King, Anthony. « Managing without institutions : the role of communication networks in governing resource access and control ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36402/.
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The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the way groups or individuals tackle resource access and control problems does not always reflect identifiable institutional processes. This was tested through a case study of livelihoods and resource access problems of a Kenyan coastal community dependent on small scale fisheries. The structure of the study was based on the need to understand the context in which people live in order to interpret their behaviour. Each chapter sought to examine aspects of people's social and biophysical setting, paying particular attention to changes and causes of change. This involved a reconstruction of the community's historical relations with other groups in their area; socio-economic analysis of the livelihoods of different groups within the community; and social network analysis of people's actions in response to resource access and control problems. All groups within the community depended on a range of activities to provide food and income, but the role of fishing was dominant. Changes in local natural environments were shown to have led to a decrease in household productivity over the last five decades. This was attributed to colonialism, international development and cultural changes. This also led to increased effort in the sea, leading to overfishing. The overall socio-economic situation of the community was revealed as poor. Social network analysis showed that administrative and political actors were found to be more important than actors with a legal mandate to solve resource related problems. It was shown that formal institutions relating to natural resources stifled the process of problem resolution. Local people were found to use alternative processes, based on communication networks, to solve problems, thus supporting the hypothesis. The findings stress the importance of understanding local people's socio-economic and socio-political situation before developing resource management strategies. Resource managers could make use of social network analysis to identify and understand the roles of key people, groups and organisations.
Livres sur le sujet "Social Conditions – history – Serbia"
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Cvejić, Slobodan. Social and economic position of IDPs in Serbia. Belgrade : United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Serbia, 2008.
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Calic, Marie-Janine. Sozialgeschichte Serbiens, 1815-1941 : Der aufhaltsame Fortschritt während der Industrialisierung. München : R. Oldenbourg, 1994.
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Listhaug, Ola. Civic and uncivic values : Serbia in the post-Milošević era. Budapest : Central European University Press, 2011.
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Dragana, Dulić, dir. Civic and uncivic values in Serbia the post-Milošević era. Budapest : Central European University Press, 2011.
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Karanovich, Milenko. The development of education in Serbia and emergence of its intelligentsia (1838-1858). Boulder [Colo.] : East European Monographs, 1995.
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Nebojša, Jerković, dir. Kosovo and Metohija : An integral part of the Republic of Serbia and FR of Yugoslavia : documents and facts. Belgrade : Review of International Affairs, 1995.
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Politički život u Nišu u vreme vladavine Obrenovića (1878-1903). Kosovska Mitrovica : Filozofski fakultet, 2010.
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Gypsies, wars, and other instances of the wild : Civilisation and its discontents in a Serbian town. Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press, 1998.
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Radojka, Nikolić, et Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, dir. Socijalna slika i reforme u Srbiji : Istraživanje. Beograd : Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2002.
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Roman, Mulić, dir. Istorija srpske revolucije : Svedočanstva velikih savremenika : 1804-1813. Beograd : "Filip Višnjić", 2004.
Trouver le texte intégralChapitres de livres sur le sujet "Social Conditions – history – Serbia"
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Price, M. Philips. « Labour Conditions and Social Security ». Dans A History of Turkey, 196–205. London : Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003242802-21.
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Taylor, David. « Social and Economic Conditions in Britain 1793–1822 ». Dans Mastering Economic and Social History, 219–37. London : Macmillan Education UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19377-6_15.
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Hitti, Philip K. « Political Administration and Social Conditions Under the Umayvads ». Dans History of the Arabs, 224–39. London : Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-03982-8_20.
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Rutar, Sabine. « Employment of Labour in Wartime Serbia : Social History and the Politics of Amnesia ». Dans Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two, 44–69. London : Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230347816_3.
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Jopp, Tobias A., et Jochen Streb. « Social insurance and its consequences for workers' living conditions ». Dans An Economic History of the First German Unification, 217–35. London : Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003283430-16.
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Pantović, Ljiljana. « Baby (Not So) Friendly : Implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in Serbia ». Dans Global Maternal and Child Health, 17–35. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84514-8_2.
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AbstractThe WHO and UNICEF launched The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in 1991 with the goal of promoting breastfeeding. Four years later, this initiative was adopted in Serbia (then Yugoslavia). Although Serbia has officially been a part of the BFHI for over 26 years, less than 13% of children are currently exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life. Drawing on interviews, observations and document review, this chapter offers ethnographic insight into why the BFHI in Serbia has met with little success. I argue that the principles and practices of the initiative to promote breastfeeding have been both thinly learned and thinly applied by healthcare workers and therefore have had little positive impact on women’s empowerment to breastfeed or the rates of breastfeeding in the country. I show how the global Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative implemented in Serbia in the early 1990s and the national level policies which renewed it in 2018 were severely constrained by social, political and economic conditions that hindered the uptake of the program by frontline health workers – namely the devastating effects of the civil war and international sanctions in the 1990s, and the deleterious effects of IMF policies on the Serbian healthcare system since the 2000s. The pressure of time due to high workloads, and understaffed hospitals, in combination with unsustainable national funds for implementation may contribute to the reality of the thin implementation of BFHI.
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Sutterlütti, Simon, et Stefan Meretz. « The Individual and Society ». Dans Make Capitalism History, 109–40. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14645-9_5.
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AbstractIn this chapter, the authors’ own theoretical foundations are outlined. Their theory of the individual comes from Klaus Holzkamp’s Critical Psychology. For Critical Psychology, humans stand out from animals because they produce their own living conditions such as houses, infrastructure, language or state, racism and market, and therefore can change them. According to Critical Psychology, humans have both sensual-vital needs such as the pursuit of food or shelter, and productive needs to participate in the disposition of the societal conditions in order to secure the sources of need satisfaction. They understand society as a material, symbolic and social framework for action that has a certain degree of independence. Society is determined by forms of mediation via market, state planning, self-organisation and so on. This mediation can provide a logic of inclusion that promotes solidary and just action, or a logic of exclusion that prompts living at the expense of others to satisfy one’s own needs.
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Chiaromonte, William. « Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Italy ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 241–56. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_16.
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Abstract This chapter presents the main characteristics of the Italian social security system, on the one hand, and Italian migration history and key policy developments, on the other hand, in order to analyze the principal eligibility conditions for accessing social benefits (unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and guaranteed minimum resources) for national residents, non-national residents and non-resident nationals.
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Giacomucci, Scott. « Creating an Evidence Base for Social Work, Group Work, and Psychodrama ». Dans Social Work, Sociometry, and Psychodrama, 187–210. Singapore : Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6342-7_10.
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AbstractThis chapter is devoted to outlining the research literature of psychodrama and group therapy. Evidence-based practice trends and their impact on practice in the field of social work are described. Psychodrama is also framed within the research bases of the humanistic-experiential psychotherapies, creative arts therapies, and body- and movement-oriented therapies. While the quality and quantity of research available on the effectiveness of psychodrama are limited, current findings support its use to as a treatment for various mental health conditions. Shortcomings and critiques of research in psychodrama are included while indicating a need for higher quality psychodrama research studies. The research history of psychodrama’s founder, Jacob Moreno, is also described to provide insight on psychodrama’s historical relationship to research.
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Arrighi, Jean-Thomas, et Jean-Michel Lafleur. « Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for French Citizens Abroad ». Dans IMISCOE Research Series, 193–206. Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_11.
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Abstract While predominantly a country of immigration, France also counts with a sizeable population of citizens abroad of around three million individuals (4% of the domestic population). This chapter provides a general overview of France’s diaspora institutions, consular policies and social protection policies for citizens abroad. It describes in detail expatriates’ conditions of eligibility and access to welfare in the areas of unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and economic hardship. It shows that France, by European standards, has a comparatively strong level of engagement with its expatriates, particularly in the areas of electoral rights, culture and social protection. This must be understood in the light of France’s colonial history, its continued ambition to be a global actor, and its well-developed domestic welfare state that has increasingly become de-territorialised.
Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Social Conditions – history – Serbia"
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Bendayan, R., et RJ Dobson. « OP21 Cognitive performance and history of multiple health conditions in older adults ». Dans Society for Social Medicine and Population Health and International Epidemiology Association European Congress Annual Scientific Meeting 2019, Hosted by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and International Epidemiology Association (IEA), School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 4–6 September 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-ssmabstracts.21.
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Mitrović, Đorđe, Emilija Manić et Slobodan Ivanović. « BUSINESS CONDITIONS REGIONAL ANALYSIS WITH A REFERENCE TO POTENTIALS IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT : THE CASE OF SERBIA ». Dans Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe 2021 : ToSEE – Smart, Experience, Excellence & ToFEEL – Feelings, Excitement, Education, Leisure. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/tosee.06.33.
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Purpose – Tourism is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world, and many developing countries saw it as the chance of economic development accelerating. However, tourism potential is different among countries as well as within one country. The scope of this paper is to reveal the regional differences in business conditions considering tourism development in Serbia. Methodology – Instead of using a wide number of different individual indicators measuring regions’ tourism performances, it is more appropriate to use one composite indicator for depicting complex issues in regional tourism development - a composite index was developed using Data Envelopment Analysis. Data Envelopment Analysis is a sort of methodology that constructs an ‘efficiency frontier’ based on each region’s individual data using mathematical linear programming. It determines the best practice by measuring the relative position of each of the regions in terms of the value of the set of observed indicators. Such presentation of the existing region’s development in the tourism field and recommendations for possible improvement are clearer to the general public and non-scientific audience. The composite index is calculated as the weighted sum of the corresponding individual indicators, where the weights are endogenously determined by mathematical linear programming to obtain the maximum possible value. Findings – The results of DEA showed which parts of Serbia have the best business conditions for tourism development, considering the different factors (regional development index and subindexes). The results have been contrasted to chosen tourism statistics on the regional level, with a reference to the limitations during the research process. The proposed composite index is used to point the differences in regional business conditions which could be further influenced by government policies to tackle the specificities and needs of each separate region during tourism development. Contribution – DEA is a known methodology in regional development analysis, but it hasn’t been so much used in business conditions regional analysis before. Having different indicators which shaped business climate within one region, using DEA one tried to analyze the entrepreneurship possibilities with a spatial reference to the tourism development. This is an important contribution in the context of local economic and social development especially within poorly developed regions in Serbia
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Dimitrova, Svetoslava, et Sonya Spasova. « REGIONAL LIBRARIES AND REGIONAL HISTORY MUSEUMS IN BULGARIA IN THE CONDITIONS OF LOCKDOWN : SOCIAL NETWORK CASE STUDY ». Dans 13th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.1169.
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Marković, Velisav. « USLUGA HRANITELjSTVA I PRAVA HRANITELjA ». Dans XV Majsko savetovanje : Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.639m.
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Foster care is a form of providing social care to a child or an adult provided by a foster family or foster parent living under the conditions prescribed by law and is a form of protecting a child without parental care, as well as a child under parental care in cases where there is a need to the child to live in another family. In Serbia, the foster parent has the right to receive compensations for foster care, social security contributions, certain rights arising from the employment related to foster care and the right to subsidies for utility services. In this article, the author presents the rights in relation to foster care in Serbia, as well as comparative law solutions.
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Ivanic, Ivana, et Virginia Popovic. « INTERNET PUBLIC LIBRARY OF ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE - NEW WORLD FOR STUDENTS ». Dans eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-161.
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The aim of the paper is to present an advantage of using internet library for students who study Romanian language and literature in Serbia. In fact, due to the lack of new modern books in Romanian language in Serbia which would get interested students to read, professors at the Faculty of Philosophy, from Department of Romanian Language and Literature have made a list of websites and databases where students can read books. The research showed that students increasingly less use reading room and library at the Faculty. Necessary literature they try to found on the Internet. The research results showed that two main reasons contribute to this. The first reason is that students rarely use the library because they cannot take books with them home (library has one copy of the book), and the second reason is that library does not have the necessary books. Desiring to as much as possible students read and use professional literature, professors tried to make a list of Web sites and databases on which student can for free, at any time and from any computer read books in Romanian language about Romanian history, culture and literature. Depending on the specific library, a user may be able to access magazine articles, books, papers, images, sound files, and videos. Lists of Web sites are available to students on social networks, online consultations or in specially created group on Facebook. The teachers are aware of the impact and opportunities that the Internet provides, and therefore studying the Romanian language and literature in Serbia must be adapted to the requirements of students.
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Stanojević, Ana, Mimica Milošević, Dušan Milošević, Branko Aj Turnšek et Ljiljana Jevremović. « Developing Multi-Criteria Model for the Protection of Cultural Built Heritage in Serbia from the Aspect of Energy Recovery of the Buildings ». Dans 50th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition. SMEITS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24094/kghk.019.50.1.397.
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Contemporary society and modern living in urban areas strive for more sustainable environments, respecting the past, history and their remains. Intangible and tangible cultural heritage has become an important urban resource for city promotion as well as a trigger for economic and social city development. Built heritage, as part of cultural heritage, consists of various buildings from different epochs. Sustainable principles developed within the concept of smart, environmentally-friendly, and responsive cities requires energy optimization while minimizing energy amounts needed for systems of heating and cooling in buildings. Energy rehabilitation seems to become a strategically necessary and legally obligatory task in Serbia too. It means the implementation of various measures in term of the use of renewable energy resources and improvement of the thermal envelope of the already existing facilities. However, this type of interventions often reflects on the visual appearance of the building, changing its form, façade articulation and materialization. Respecting legally prescribed allowance, according to the degree of regime protection of cultural built heritage, the paper goal is to develop a model for the protection of the buildings in term of improvement of their energetic performances. The research aim is to identify the most optimal measures to be applied to increase energy efficiency depending on building's degree of protection, in Serbia, using multi-criteria decision-making methodology.
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Urdarević, Bojan. « Pružanje usluga na daljinu i od kuće za vreme vanrednog stanja ». Dans XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.107u.
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During the last decade there have been many phenomena related to the condition of employee. Without a doubt, the most intense impact on the determination of labour status has come by the so called telework or homework as a special form of flexible employment model. Even though Labour Law of Serbia regulates this kind of work in Art. 42, it does not define specific jobs which can be undertaken. Most frequently those jobs are related to the IT sector like server maintenance, administration of social networks, as well as, translation services, accountant services, etc. From the employer point of view, this model of employment has many benefits, usually related to cutbacks. On the other hand side, this kind of employment led to further flexibilization of working and employment conditions which weakened protective status of an employee. Since the Republic of Serbia recently introduced state of emergency there is a significant need to search for an alternative ways of work organization, not only in private, but also in public sector.
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Scharmen, Fred. « A Brief Pre-History of Houses Who Tweet ». Dans 105th ACSA Annual Meeting Paper Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.105.75.
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There are currently only a few houses who use social media. But with the increasing availability of inexpensive hardware, and prolific networked software, the number of houses who actively communicate online in one way or another is sure to grow. An examination of some tweeting house types from within the context of architecture history and theory reveals some models for how this social architecture might develop.This paper shows that tweeting houses raise concerns that are solidly within the set of questions traditionally addressed by architecture. The tweeting house’s existence depends on acts of translation between different media, some managed by a designer, some automated. The tweeting house actively presents social and tectonic affordances that offer opportunities for engagement, functional and otherwise. And finally, tweeting houses raise issues about the public, external representation of a set of private, internal conditions, some of them personal to the house’s occupants, some of them intended for broader reading. This paper will use examples from the history of architecture, adjacent design disciplines, computer science, science fiction, and hybrid example projects that partake of all of these fields, to show that while the house with a social media account is a unique and new techno-architectural possibility, it is not without history or precedent.
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Miladinović, Snežana, et Blanka Kačer. « Izvanbračna zajednica u nasljednom pravu – komparativna analiza ». Dans XVI Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/upk20.763m.
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The hereditary legal effect of an extramarital partnership is of exceptional and growing importance for the civil law sphere, but also for life in general. This legal institute is very complex, and even in one state different laws contain different definitions of the term extramarital partnership. Thereby, although on first sight it looks different, such approach has arguments which justify it. It is certainly important to note that, even in the case of similar social circumstances, the normative answer of the legislator is not necessarily identical. In this paper, the authors have made the comparative study of this legal institute and gave conclusions de lege lata and de lege ferenda. Despite the fact that data from several countries were used, the authors focused primarily on the three countries with similar recent history, one of which is the EU member (Republic of Croatia), and two of them are just applying for this status (Republic of Serbia, Republic of Montenegro).
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Palipane, Kelum, et Janet McGaw. « An Interdisciplinary Architectural Pedagogy for Social Relevance ». Dans 2019 ACSA Teachers Conference. ACSA Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.teach.2019.61.
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We live in a time of rapid geo-political change that is expected to accelerate rather than stabilise over the coming decades: More than half the world lives in urban areas, a figure expected to rise to 68% over the next 30 years. Cities are denser and more socially complex than ever before. Rural to urban internal migration continues, but a substantial driver of population transitions is a consequence of inter-national immigration, some of it forced. In fact, there are currently 65 million displaced people in the world; the largest figure in history. These increasingly complex conditions require architects to practice a new kind of critical consciousness about the socio-economic, environmental and demographic multiplicities in which they work. It’s no longer enough to concentrate on the conditions of a site defined by the lines of property ownership. Architects need to adopt a contextually relevant praxis that responds to the multiscalar effects of our changing social condition. To that end, we argue, the emerging generation of architects will need knowledge and methods – often inter-disciplinary – that enable them to read and represent these social complexities and address them through critical design responses. This paper presents a pedagogical approach for a foundational transdisciplinary design studio within a new generalist undergraduate degree in design in which this pedagogical challenge is addressed. It is a core subject in the pathway to professional a master’s degrees in architecture, landscape architecture and urban design.
Rapports d'organisations sur le sujet "Social Conditions – history – Serbia"
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Harris, Bernard. Anthropometric history and the measurement of wellbeing. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, juin 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.rev02.
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It has often been recognised that the average height of a population is influencedby the economic, social and environmental conditions in which it finds itself, andthis insight has inspired a generation of historians to use anthropometric data toinvestigate the health and wellbeing of past populations. This paper reviews someof the main developments in the field, and assesses the extent to which heightremains a viable measure of historical wellbeing. It explores a number of differentissues, including the nature of human growth; the impact of variations in diet andexposure to disease; the role of ethnicity; the relationships between height, mortalityand labour productivity; and the “social value” of human stature. It concludes that,despite certain caveats, height has retained its capacity to act as a “mirror” of theconditions of past societies, and of the wellbeing of their members.
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Demeuov, Аrman, Ordenbek Mazbayev, Gulbanu Aukenova, Ihor Kholoshyn et Iryna Varfolomyeyeva. Pedagogical possibilities of tourist and local history activities. EDP Sciences, juin 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4620.
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In the new socio-economic conditions in the education system, forms of organization of tourist and local history activities are developing, which are based on traditions, experience of extracurricular and extracurricular work, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the country. Life requires that the tasks facing educational institutions are resolved quickly and have not just any solution, but one that optimizes the pedagogical process. At the same time, these requirements come into conflict with the state of the education system, the limited ability of most parents to create conditions for the full development of the child. The tasks facing the education system can be implemented in tourism and local history activities. The main task is to create the necessary conditions for the comprehensive development of the child’s personality, his social adaptation in the process of participation in various types of tourist and local history activities. However, the school teacher is not ready to organize and conduct tourist and local history activities at school, as he is not professionally prepared for this activity. Questions of the organization, forms and methods of teacher training for the organization of tourist and local history activities are practically not reflected in the educational and methodological literature. There are no scientific studies that would allow us to effectively solve the pedagogical tasks of preparing the organizers of tourist and local history activities in the school.
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Bohuslavskyj, Oleh. UKRAINIAN-CANADIAN NEWSPAPER “NEW PATHWAY” : WINNIPEG PERIOD (1941-1977). Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, février 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2022.51.11391.
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The subject of the study is the ideological, financial, economic and socio-social conditions of the publishing house and the editorial board of the magazine “New Pathway” Winnipeg period 1941-1977. The main objectives is to determine the peculiarities of the conditions of publishing a Ukrainian magazine in exile, which provides for the systematization and introduction into scientific circulation of factual material on creative and material activities of the “New Pathway” and socio-political environment that influenced the information and ideological and business policy of the publication. The basis of the research methodology is axiological, cultural, systemic approaches; methods of historicism, analysis, synthesis, generalization were used. The study provides not only a description of the historical path of the publication in this period, but also the reasons for miscalculations and successes, both financial and economic and socio-political, which allowed not only to stay in the information field and market for more than ninety years, technical circumstances of its existence, the political struggle in the new wave of emigration after World War II, changes in demographic and linguistic situation among the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada. The reasons for the situational increase and decrease in the activity of the publication’s subscribers were identified; the mechanisms of expanding the readership, attracting new readers and authors are analyzed; confirmed that the efforts of editors and directors of the publishing house at the initial stage of the Winnipeg period created and strengthened the material and technical base of the publishing house, conducted advertising campaigns and direct work to attract new subscribers and readers; The significance of the study is that for the first time in Ukraine the information about the Winnipeg period of the Ukrainian-Canadian weekly “New Pathway”, its financial and financial problems and creative and editorial successes was analyzed and summarized, thus filling another page in the history of Ukrainian diaspora periodicals.
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Avis, William. Refugee and Mixed Migration Displacement from Afghanistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), août 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.002.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This rapid literature review summarises evidence and key lessons that exist regarding previous refugee and mixed migration displacement from Afghanistan to surrounding countries. The review identified a diverse literature that explored past refugee and mixed migration, with a range of quantitative and qualitative studies identified. A complex and fluid picture is presented with waves of mixed migration (both outflow and inflow) associated with key events including the: Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989); Afghan Civil War (1992–96); Taliban Rule (1996–2001); War in Afghanistan (2001–2021). A contextual picture emerges of Afghans having a long history of using mobility as a survival strategy or as social, economic and political insurance for improving livelihoods or to escape conflict and natural disasters. Whilst violence has been a principal driver of population movements among Afghans, it is not the only cause. Migration has also been associated with natural disasters (primarily drought) which is considered a particular issue across much of the country – this is associated primarily with internal displacement. Further to this, COVID-19 is impacting upon and prompting migration to and from Afghanistan. Data on refugee and mixed migration movement is diverse and at times contradictory given the fluidity and the blurring of boundaries between types of movements. Various estimates exist for numbers of Afghanistan refugees globally. It is also important to note that migratory flows are often fluid involving settlement in neighbouring countries, return to Afghanistan. In many countries, Afghani migrants and refugees face uncertain political situations and have, in recent years, been ‘coerced’ into returning to Afghanistan with much discussion of a ‘return bias’ being evident in official policies. The literature identified in this report (a mix of academic, humanitarian agency and NGO) is predominantly focused on Pakistan and Iran with a less established evidence base on the scale of Afghan refugee and migrant communities in other countries in the region. . Whilst conflict has been a primary driver of displacement, it has intersected with drought conditions and poor adherence to COVID-19 mitigation protocols. Past efforts to address displacement internationally have affirmed return as the primary objective in relation to durable solutions; practically, efforts promoted improved programming interventions towards creating conditions for sustainable return and achieving improved reintegration prospects for those already returned to Afghanistan.
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Afro-descendant Peoples’ Territories in Biodiversity Hotspots across Latin America and the Caribbean : Barriers to Inclusion in Conservation Policies. Rights and Resources Initiative, février 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/ftmk5991.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Afro-descendant Peoples are an integral part of the history and the economic, political, and social processes of nation-building and development in Latin America and the Caribbean. In fact, national censuses estimate that 21 percent of the region’s total population—just over 134 million people—are Afro-descendants. Yet, despite significant legislative progress at the international and national levels recognizing cultural and ethnic diversity and the rights of Afro-descendant Peoples, social and economic conditions are still drastically unequal and there are large information and recognition gaps that affect their rights. This study seeks to raise awareness of the territorial presence of Afro-descendant Peoples in 16 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean*. The aim is to progressively identify the presence, titled and untitled lands, and territories of Afro-descendant Peoples and to advocate for the recognition of their collective tenure rights. Although Afro-descendant Peoples in the region have been fighting for a place in international climate and conservation debates, not having defined boundaries for their ancestral lands has been an obstacle to adequately establishing how important their territories are for protecting biodiversity and dealing with complex challenges such as ecosystem degradation, loss of food systems, and other environmental problems. *The 16 countries studied are: Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.