Thèses sur le sujet « Social choice approch »
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1
Zwarthoed, Danielle. « Le choix collectif dans la philosophie politique contemporaine : des fondements philosophiques de la théorie du choix social à l’évaluation démocratique des capabilités d’Amartya Sen ». Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0027/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les fondements philosophiques de la théorie du choix social sont l’objet de cette thèse. La théorie du choix social est un champ de l’économie normative qui traite de l’agrégation des préférences individuelles. L’objectif de ce travail est d’analyser les postulations philosophiques de la théorie du choix social afin de comprendre dans quelle mesure celle-ci pourrait contribuer à une théorie de la justice sociale basée sur les capabilités d’Amartya Sen. Ce travail est par conséquent élaboré à partir de l’idée d’une « approche comparative » de la justice sociale, défendue par Amartya Sen, et que ce dernier oppose à l’ « approche transcendantale » de John Rawls. Nous tentons d’y préciser l’interprétation de la théorie du choix social requise pour spécifier l’approche par les capabilités, et en particulier l’évaluation et la construction d’un indice de capabilités et de fonctionnements. Ce travail de thèse défend l’hypothèse selon laquelle la tension apparente entre l’agrégation des préférences et l’approche par les capabilités est due à une interprétation étroite du cadre conceptuel de la théorie du choix social. En effet, l’approche par les capabilités est généralement comprise comme incompatible avec le préférentialisme de la théorie du choix social. Cela est dû à ce que l’approche par les capabilités s’est construite en partie comme une réponse au problème des préférences adaptatives. Cette thèse consiste donc à élargir le champ des interprétations de la théorie du choix social et de son cadre conceptuel, principalement de sa base d’information.La première partie de ce travail de recherche traite la question suivante : les préférences sont-elles déterminées par une source individuelle pouvant être pensée indépendamment de sa position sociale et économique ? Afin de montrer que ce n’est pas nécessairement le cas sur le plan logique, nous y analysons trois types de base informationnelle : les utilités cardinales, les préférences ordinales et les capabilités.L’objectif de la seconde partie est de déterminer ce que les préférences décrivent. Nous y analysons d’une part la nature de la préférence elle-même dans ce contexte. S’agit-il d’une décision déterminant une action, d’un désir, d’un état mental ou encore d’un jugement de valeur ? D’autre part, les différents critères éthiques de préférence sont étudiés, à savoir le plaisir hédoniste, la satisfaction des désirs et un critère de bien-être objectif. Cette exploration nous amène à défendre la conclusion suivante : la conception des préférences la plus en phase avec la structure formelle de la théorie du choix social est une conception comparative requérant d’excellentes conditions cognitives pour que les préférences puissent être considérées à proprement parler comme les véritables préférences de l’agent.La troisième partie revient à l’approche des capabilités. L’argumentation s’appuie sur les conclusions des deux parties précédentes afin de jeter les bases d’une théorie de la justice démocratique et non-idéale basée sur les capabilités d’Amartya Sen. Dans cette partie, nous montrons qu’une évaluation des capabilités indépendante des préférences tend à nier l’importance de la liberté et de la qualité d’agent dans l’approche par les capabilités. Nous défendons donc l’hypothèse selon laquelle les capabilités et les fonctionnements comme objets de préférence permettent de filtrer celles-ci afin de parer au problème des préférences adaptativesThis dissertation examines the philosophical foundations of social choice theory. Social choice theory is the area of normative economics which is concerned with the aggregation of individual preferences. The aim of this work is to investigate the philosophical assumptions of social choice theory in order to understand to what extent it can contribute to a theory of justice based on capabilities. Therefore, the dissertation is build up on Amartya Sen’s idea of a “comparative approach” of justice, as opposed to the Rawlsian “transcendental approach”. It is an attempt to precise which understanding of social choice theory is required to specify the capability approach, especially the evaluation and the indexing of capabilities. In this dissertation, we argue that the apparent tension between preference aggregation and capability approach is due to a narrow interpretation of social choice theory’s conceptual framework. Capability approach is generally conceived as non-compatible with the preferentalism of social choice theory: after all, capabilities are seen as a response to the recurring problem of adaptive preferences. This dissertation thus consists in widening the scope of interpretations of social choice theory framework. This research deals mainly with the informational basis of social choice theory.This dissertation is in three parts. The first part tackles the following problem: are preferences determined by an individual source that can be thought independently of its social and economic position? To answer these questions, three kinds of informational basis in social choice theory and normative economics are investigated: cardinal utilities, ordinal preferences and capabilities.The second part aims at defining what preferences do describe in this context. Firstly, the nature of preference itself is examined: can it be assimilated to choice? Or is it a mere evaluation? A desire? A mental state? This analysis points out the comparative structure of preferences. Secondly, the various ethical criteria of preference are investigated: hedonistic pleasure, desire satisfaction and objective well-being. We argue that preferences are better conceived as comparative evaluation and require actually excellent cognitive conditions to be truly the agent’s own real preferences.The third part goes back to capability approach. The argument relies on the previous results to build up a first account of a democratic non-ideal theory of justice based on capabilities. In this part, we show that a preference-independent capability evaluation turns out to dismiss the importance of freedom and agency in capability approach. Then we argue that capabilities and functionings as an object for preferences do provide a first filter against adaptive preferences
2
Gray, R. « A social perceptual approach to freight transport modal choice ». Thesis, Cranfield University, 1990. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8651.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research develops a conceptual model of freight modal
choice in which the basic unit of analysis is the socio-organisational
group.
Research into freight modal choice at the level of the firm
has tended to disregard the nature of human choice and to
assume that modal choice can be explained in terms of
technological phenomena or cost relationships. There is also
a tendency to equate the modal choice of organisational members
with the modal use of firms. The approach adopted in this work
is to accept that there are different interest groups within
shipper firms and that such groups may not necessarily form a
consensus of opinion about freight model choice. It is assumed
that different socia-organisational groups may form different
implicit theories about transport systems. Such an approach is
called the social perceptual approach.
The conceptual modal is converted into an operational model
and an empirical investigation is undertaken into the area of
modal choice between air freight transport end surface less
than full load freight transport from the United Kingdom
to Western Europe. In particular, the standpoint of shipping
managers (managers responsible for arranging international
freight transport in exporting companies) is examined
vis-a-vis certain normative approaches such as the through
transport concept.
3
Reed, Markum L. « An Empirical Approach to Social Networks ». OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/886.
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Social networks tend to shape our views about the world. Our study conducts an empirical analysis of social network dynamics using Twitter data. We ask whether social networks influence voting decisions, and determine whether or not people make consistent choices based on their tweets or what they believe. We collect Twitter data on a daily basis, with dynamic social network measurements before, during, and after the 2012 Presidential election. We identify how people should believe based on their ideological profiles. We use lexicographical analysis to check if ideological key words are present in a user's tweets, and if the overall sentiment on this issue is positive or negative. We utilize this data to determine how people should have chosen an outcome which may conflict with an individual's observed declaration of political ideology. We are able to determine what percentage of the population made a consistent choices based on their Tweets during the 2012 presidential election. Additionally, we examine the social network structure in Twitter and how it affects voting. We illustrate that an individual's political ideology is influenced by others in their network.\\ Consumer confidence is an economic indicator which measures the degree of optimism that consumers feel about the overall state of the economy as well as their personal financial situation. We will show that consumer sentiment can be measured via analysis of social networks. Specifically, we perform a lexicographic analysis of Twitter data over a three month period. After careful analysis, we find that not only does talk intensity of economic issues cause shifts in the daily stock market prices but has a significant negative affect.\\ The study of religion has enjoyed distinction and legitimacy within sociology, psychology, anthropology, and political science for many years. This paper concerns the extent to which economic opinion is embedded in structure of religious social relations. We hope to enhance the empirical study of homophily and the economics of behavior by showing how beliefs, norms, and values are affected by religion and, by extension, morals, and culture. We utilize a technique called cluster analysis to determine homophilic ties within a single attribute, religiosity. We see that religion affects economic attitudes and activities of individuals, groups, and societies. Further, religion influences how behavior and institutions are affected by social relations and in our case homophily. This influence is one of the classic questions of social theory.
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Sartorius, Christian. « An evolutionary approach to social welfare / ». London [u.a.] : Routledge, 2003. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0651/2003046901-d.html.
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Cheung, Sin Yi. « Meritocracy revisited : a disaggregated approach to the study of educational and occupational attainment in Britain ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389564.
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Fujimoto, Masaki. « Social Norms and Conventions as Coordination Devices of Behavior Choices among Agents : A Game Theoretical Approach ». Kyoto University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181296.
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Cavanna, Emilie. « Spatialisation des élites rurales médiévales et modernes dans le Bassin parisien : pour une approche archéogéographique des pratiques sociales de distinction ». Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H006.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cette thèse a pour objet d’étude le choix du lieu d’implantation des élites rurales médiévales et modernes. Elle s’inscrit d’une part, dans la tendance actuelle de réexamen des estimateurs archéologiques de niveau social et, d’autre part, dans le « tournant spatial » des SHS qui invite à prendre en compte la dimension spatiale des sociétés. L’espace est ici appréhendé comme un produit culturel et social, ce qui amène à analyser le choix du site comme un objet archéologique à part entière, révélateur de pratiques sociales. L’approche archéogéographique conduit à recomposer l’espace des élites à l’aide de critères décrivant toutes les dimensions socio-environnementales de l’interaction élite/espace (milieu, paysage, territoire). L’objectif de cette thèse repose en effet sur l’expérimentation d’une grille d’analyse (critères) et d’une méthodologie fondée sur des variations d’échelles de temps (temps long / court) et d’espace (site / réseau de sites). Deux fenêtres d’étude situées dans le Bassin parisien ont été ouvertes : une dans la vallée de Touques, au coeur du Pays d’Auge (Calvados), avec un corpus de sites (manoirs) datant des XVe-XIXe siècles et une seconde, autour d’un site archéologique fouillé (La « Ferme du Colombier ») daté du début du XVIe siècle, dans la plaine confluente de la Seine et l’Yonne (Seine-et-Marne). Les modélisations révèlent la spatialité des élites rurales – tout particulièrement celles des XVe-XVIe siècles – et permettent finalement de discuter des pratiques de distinction enregistrées dans le choix du site, dans un contexte historique marqué par un profond renouvellement des élitesThis PhD seeks to study the choice of location of medieval and modern rural elites. Fully in line with the current trend for reviewing archaeological estimators of social scale ; it also fits into the "spatial turn" of human and social sciences, inviting to take into account the spatial dimension of societies. Space, regarded as a cultural and social production, aims at analyzing the choice of location as a fully fledged archaeological object, revealing social practices.The archaeogeographical approach leads to reconstitute the space of elites with criteria describing all the social and environmental dimensions of interactions between space and elite (environment, landscape, territory). The purpose of the PhD relies on the experimentation of an evaluation grid and a methodology based on variations of time and space scales ( sites and networks of sites).Two observation windows located in the Paris Basin were picked: the first one, in the Touques Valley (Calvados), around a site corpus (manor houses) from the 15th-19th centuries, the second one around an archaeological site from the 16th century (La “Ferme du Colombier”) located in the confluent plain of the Seine and the Yonne rivers. Modelling reveals spatiality of rural elites, particularly those of the 15th-16th centuries, and eventually entitles to discuss the practices of social distinction recorded into the choice of location, in a historical context characterised by deep renewal process of elites
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Tinch, Yelena. « Public preferences towards future energy policy in the UK : a choice experiment approach ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17175.
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The key focus of this dissertation is to produce research upon energy and climate change issues in the UK in a policy relevant and theoretically sound way. It aims to inform industry and policy makers to allow politically palatable, successful and effective future energy and climate change policy to be developed by identifying the preferences of the public for different policy scenarios. The Choice Experiment method was employed throughout this dissertation as the consistent methodological approach allowed for greater comparability of the results in addition to allowing the method’s robustness and reliability to be tested. The first part of this research (Chapter 3) is concerned with investigating attitudes and willingness to pay for future generation portfolio of Scotland by investigating household preferences for various energy generating options, such as wind, nuclear and biomass compared to the current generation mix. We identified the Scottish public have positive and significant preference towards wind and nuclear power over the current energy mix. We also found heterogeneity in public preferences depending on where respondents live which is reflected in their preferences towards specific attributes. Presence of non-compensatory behaviour in our sample is another element which was investigated in this part. Chapters 4 and 5 contain analyses of two independent choice experiments which were run in parallel. They take a UK-wide approach and investigate public preferences for more general areas of future energy and climate change policy, such as: carbon reduction targets, focus on energy efficiency improvements and attitudes to micro-generation versus large scale renewable generation. In addition the preferences for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change are investigated. Micro-generation is not often considered by energy companies when it comes to planning their generation strategies and was therefore of particular relevance to this research. As such Chapter 6 identifies the importance that the public places on this particular energy option and how it compares with their preferences towards other key energy and climate change policies of the UK. To analyse reliability of the results and to contribute to the theoretical field of stated preference valuation, each of the experiments contained two overlapping attributes, i.e. increase in level of micro-generation and an increase in total cost to a household, comparison of which was also carried out in Chapter 6. Finally in Chapter 7 the results found in the sections described above are discussed with reference to the policy background in the UK and Scotland. Also issues with the research and areas for further study are identified.
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Theroude, Vincent. « Rules and Efficiency in collective choices : an experimental approach ». Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2043/document.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cette thèse contient trois essais sur la coopération, mesurée à travers les contributions dans le jeu du bien public.Dans le premier chapitre, je propose une revue de la littérature sur l’hétérogénéité dans les jeux de bienpublic linéaires. Je distingue deux types d’hétérogénéité : l’hétérogénéité en dotation et l’hétérogénéité en rendement du bien public (c’est-à-dire en MPCR). Malgré un conflit normatif exacerbé, les agents hétérogènes contribuent autant au bien public que des agents homogènes. Sont-ils en mesure d’utiliser des mécanismes pour atteindre l’efficience (une provision complète du bien public) ? Mes résultats sont nuancés. Les agents hétérogènes en dotation sont capables de "s’autogouverner" et d’atteindre l’efficiencetandis que les agents hétérogènes en MPCR ne parviennent pas parfaitement à surmonter le problème de la sous-provision du bien public.Dans le deuxième chapitre, co-écrit avec Adam Zylbersztejn, nous étudions les effets d’un risque environnemental sur la coopération. Nous appelons risque environnemental une situation dans laquelle le rendement du bien public est risqué au moment de la décision. Nous considérons, dans notre expérience, deux types de risque : un risque individuel (le MPCR est déterminé indépendamment pour chaque membre du groupe) et un risque collectif (le MPCR est le même pour chaque membre du groupe). Nous constatons que le risque n’affecte pas la coopération : les sujets ne contribuent pas différemment au bien public lorsque le MPCR est certain ou lorsqu’il est risqué.Dans le troisième chapitre, j’examine les effets d’un mécanisme fondé sur la compétition intragroupe pour financer des biens publics. Dans mon expérience, les agents sont en compétition pour obtenir un MPCR plus élevé. Le rang dans la compétition - et donc le MPCR - dépend de la façon dont la contribution d’une personne se classe au sein de son groupe. Je trouve que la compétition n’améliore la provision des biens publics que lorsqu’elle ne génère pas d’inégalités trop importantesThis thesis contains three essays on cooperation, observed through the contributions in the Public Good Game. In the first chapter, I survey the literature on heterogeneity in linear Public Good Games. I distinguish two kinds of heterogeneity: heterogeneity in endowment and heterogeneity in return from the public good (i.e. MPCR). Despite a normative conflict exacerbated, heterogeneous agents contribute as much as homogeneous agents to the public good. Are they able to use mechanisms to reach efficiency (i.e. a full provision of the public good)? I find mixed evidence. Agents heterogeneous in endowment are able to govern themselves and to reach efficiency while agents heterogeneous in MPCR do not perfectly overcome the underprovision problem.In the second chapter, co-written with Adam Zylbersztejn, we investigate the effects of environmental risk on cooperation. We call an environmental risk a situation in which the return of the public good is risky at the time of the decision. We consider, in our experiment, two kinds of risk: an individual one (i.e. the MPCR is determined independently for each group member) and a collective one (i.e. the MPCR is the same for each group member). We find that risk does not affect cooperation: subjects do not contribute to the public good differently when the MPCR is certain or when it is risky.In the third chapter, I investigate the effects of a mechanism based on within-group competition to provide public goods. In my experimental treatments, agents compete for a higher MPCR from the public good. The rank in the competition - and therefore the MPCR - depends on how one’s contribution ranks within the group. I find that competition improves public goods provision only when it does not generate too large inequalities
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Dessertenne, Patrick. « Caracterisation de certaines fonctions de choix social par une approche de type probabiliste ». Caen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994CAEN0557.
Texte intégralRésumé :
La plupart des tentatives effectuees en theorie du choix social pour agreger les preferences individuelles en une preference collective unique, sous certaines conditions naturelles imposees a priori conduisent de fait a une solution de type dictatorial. A partir de ce constat, on peut dresser tout d'abord une typologie des diverses procedures dictatoriales, puis recherche r des procedures optimales dans ce cadre, ou au moins acceptables au vu de certains criteres tels que la coherence, la democratie ou l'efficacite.
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Wong, King-shui Phylis. « Evaluating a staff development programme using an interpersonal-environment approach to facilitating self-determination of adults with intellectual disabilities in Hong Kong a pretest-posttest control group design / ». Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31541070.
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Teyssier, Sabrina Villeval Marie-Claire. « Modes de rémunération, sélection et préférences sociales approches théorique et expérimentale / ». Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/sdx/theses/lyon2/2008/teyssier_s.
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Tam, King Wa. « Labour, social and health outcomes of immigrants in Australia : effects of language proficiency using the IV approach ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/60256/1/King_Wa_Tam_Thesis.pdf.
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Language has been of interest to numerous economists since the late 20th century, with the majority of the studies focusing on its effects on immigrants’ labour market outcomes; earnings in particular. However, language is an endogenous variable, which along with its susceptibility to measurement error causes biases in ordinary-least-squares estimates. The instrumental variables method overcomes the shortcomings of ordinary least squares in modelling endogenous explanatory variables. In this dissertation, age at arrival combined with country of origin form an instrument creating a difference-in-difference scenario, to address the issue of endogeneity and attenuation error in language proficiency. The first half of the study aims to investigate the extent to which English speaking ability of immigrants improves their labour market outcomes and social assimilation in Australia, with the use of the 2006 Census. The findings have provided evidence that support the earlier studies. As expected, immigrants in Australia with better language proficiency are able to earn higher income, attain higher level of education, have higher probability of completing tertiary studies, and have more hours of work per week. Language proficiency also improves social integration, leading to higher probability of marriage to a native and higher probability of obtaining citizenship. The second half of the study further investigates whether language proficiency has similar effects on a migrant’s physical and mental wellbeing, health care access and lifestyle choices, with the use of three National Health Surveys. However, only limited evidence has been found with respect to the hypothesised causal relationship between language and health for Australian immigrants.
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Warda, Fatin. « La vie de couple : approche interculturelle et comparative entre les couples syriens, français et franco-syriens ». Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG031.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cette thèse de doctorat porte sur « La vie de couple : Étude comparative entre les couples syriens, français et franco-syriens ». Cette étude met en évidence l’importance d’une relation qui forme le coeur de la première cellule dans la société qui est la famille. C'est la première étude qui tente d’explorer ce sujet à fond. La thèse s'intéresse à l’analyse de la construction du couple dans deux sociétés et deux cultures (France-Syrie). Elle permet de mieux cerner le rôle de l’environnement social et familial dans la stabilité ou les difficultés que traversent parfois les couples. L’échantillon de la recherche est composé de 55 couples (110 sujets). Il est réparti en quatre groupes : 30 couples syriens vivant en Syrie, 13 couples syriens vivant en France, 7 couples franco-syriens vivant en France ainsi que 5 couples français vivant en France. Les outils de la recherche sont les entretiens semi-directifs, le questionnaire de l’entente conjugale et le T.A.T. Les résultats de cette étude sont que les variables étudiées démontrent une différence significative et importante entre les quatre groupes de l’échantillon de la recherche sauf pour deux variables : l’entente conjugale et les activités partagées dans le couple qui ne montrent pas de différence significative. En conclusion, cette étude contribue à déterminer les facteurs de la réussite du mariage, de convergence dans le couple, de la mésentente et les causes de tension et de conflit. Elle fournit des bases afin d’élaborer un programme de consultation visant à améliorer la relation au sein du coupleThis thesis focuses on « the life of couples: comparative study between Syrian couples, French and Franco-Syrian ». This study highlights relationship of the family which is considered as a crucial cell that builds society. This study is the first of its kind that attempts to explore this issue thoroughly. This thesis is interested in analyzing the structure of couples in two diffrent societies and two cultures in both Syria and France. This study focuses on the importance of the role of the family and social environment in either stability or instability cases and in the difficulties that couples are passing through sometimes. The research sample consists of 55 couples (110 sujets), which was divided into four groups as the following : 30 Syrian couples living in Syria, and 13 Syrian couples living in France, 7 Franco-Syrian couples living in France, and 5 French couples living in France. The reserch is based mainly on undirected interviews containing questions about couples life, marital understanding, and projective test TAT. Search results : The studied variables shows a quiet signifiant difference between the four groups in the sample, while there are two variables which are the marital understand and the joint activities between the couple that did not show any differences. In conclusion, this study helps in defining the marriage success factors in terms of matching and agreement between the couple and disagreement between them. Also defining the causes of tension and conflit and provides bases to develop a consultation program to improve the relationship between the couple
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Sánchez, Royo Begoña. « AN APPROACH TOWARDS HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS ». Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/12269.
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This thesis uses the case study of the Fallas festival in the city of Valencia (Spain), to
assess the value of intangible cultural heritage. Within this framework the thesis
explores a number of different issues: for example how social agents frame different
qualities and benefits of cultural heritage in order to describe the value and claims for
funding the arts. It finds that value assessment for claiming funds presents many
challenges such as: identifying the values of the heritage in question; describing them;
and ranking them according to their contribution to the public welfare. It examines the
methodological techniques for assessing heritage values and goes on to discuss a
number of tools that are, or could be, used for assessment.
The thesis also explores how public bodies legitimise cultural funding. It examines the
role of non-government arts organisations in supporting the arts. It proposes the
analysis of donor decisions through a multi-attribute technique where donors state their
importance to donor situations under specific conditions or attributes. Finally, it
describes how the stakeholder approach can be applied for searching new ways of
funding festivals. It also considers how intangible cultural heritage goods can be
assessed within the process of cost-benefit evaluation. It also analyses how public
bodies, as the principal supporters of culture, deal with the problem of valuing
intangibles on social investments.
The study uses the Fallas festival to test the research hypothesis. It uses a number of
economic and statistical techniques to evaluate the Fallas Festival, these include
Contingent Valuation, Choice Experiment and Descriptive and Multiatribute Statistics.
The statistical techniques reveal that historical benefits are intrinsically valuable in the
Fallas festival. The historical value that the members of the neighbourhood
associations place on the Fallas festival justify that local social agents should support
this festival.Sánchez Royo, B. (2011). AN APPROACH TOWARDS HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/12269
Palancia
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Wong, King-shui Phyllis, et 黃敬歲. « Evaluating a staff development programme using an interpersonal-environment approach to facilitating self-determination of adults withintellectual disabilities in Hong Kong : apretest-posttest control group design ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31541070.
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Andrada, Myrian. « Les effets du choix de l'école selon la nature du dispositif mis en oeuvre : une approche comparative en terme d'équité ». Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOL007.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A la suite des travaux ayant montré que les effets des dispositifs de choix de l’école pouvaient varier fortement selon la nature de ce dispositif, cette thèse analyse les implications découlant des régulations et de la mise en œuvre de formules précises de choix de l’école sur l’équité de la distribution du bien social éducation. Nous effectuons une évaluation systématique de quatre formules de choix de l’école (Londres, Amsterdam, Paris et Buenos Aires). D’une part, un modèle théorique des effets du choix sur l’équité est construit à partir d’une opérationnalisation des principes de justice libérale égalitariste en éducation et des recherches empiriques. D’autre part, une analyse des effets est effectuée. L’étude montre que le choix de l’école peut accroître certaines inégalités mais également que les réformes visant à élargir les possibilités de choix de l’école ne sont pas toutes condamnées à faire baisser l’égalité des chances ou à favoriser les classes sociales les plus favorisées, en incluant dans le système la liberté des parents comme valeur instrumentale et des mécanismes de compensation fondés sur l’allocation des ressources éducatives efficacesFollowing the studies that showed that the effects of school choice mechanisms could strongly vary according to the nature of these mechanisms, this doctoral thesis analyses the implications derived from the regulations and the implementation of school choice programs at the level of the redistribution of the social good education. We do a systematic empirical assessment of four school choice programs (London, Amsterdam, Paris and Buenos Aires) with the help of several methodological tools. On the one hand, a theoretical model of the effects of school choice on equity is built from liberal-egalitarian principles in education and empirical investigations. On the other hand, an analysis of effects is carried. The investigation shows that school choice is able to increase certain inequalities but that reforms aiming to enlarge school choice
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Zwarthoed, Danielle. « Le choix collectif dans la philosophie politique contemporaine : des fondements philosophiques de la théorie du choix social à l'évaluation démocratique des capabilités d'Amartya Sen ». Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993111.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les fondements philosophiques de la théorie du choix social sont l'objet de cette thèse. La théorie du choix social est un champ de l'économie normative qui traite de l'agrégation des préférences individuelles. L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser les postulations philosophiques de la théorie du choix social afin de comprendre dans quelle mesure celle-ci pourrait contribuer à une théorie de la justice sociale basée sur les capabilités d'Amartya Sen. Ce travail est par conséquent élaboré à partir de l'idée d'une " approche comparative " de la justice sociale, défendue par Amartya Sen, et que ce dernier oppose à l' " approche transcendantale " de John Rawls. Nous tentons d'y préciser l'interprétation de la théorie du choix social requise pour spécifier l'approche par les capabilités, et en particulier l'évaluation et la construction d'un indice de capabilités et de fonctionnements. Ce travail de thèse défend l'hypothèse selon laquelle la tension apparente entre l'agrégation des préférences et l'approche par les capabilités est due à une interprétation étroite du cadre conceptuel de la théorie du choix social. En effet, l'approche par les capabilités est généralement comprise comme incompatible avec le préférentialisme de la théorie du choix social. Cela est dû à ce que l'approche par les capabilités s'est construite en partie comme une réponse au problème des préférences adaptatives. Cette thèse consiste donc à élargir le champ des interprétations de la théorie du choix social et de son cadre conceptuel, principalement de sa base d'information.La première partie de ce travail de recherche traite la question suivante : les préférences sont-elles déterminées par une source individuelle pouvant être pensée indépendamment de sa position sociale et économique ? Afin de montrer que ce n'est pas nécessairement le cas sur le plan logique, nous y analysons trois types de base informationnelle : les utilités cardinales, les préférences ordinales et les capabilités.L'objectif de la seconde partie est de déterminer ce que les préférences décrivent. Nous y analysons d'une part la nature de la préférence elle-même dans ce contexte. S'agit-il d'une décision déterminant une action, d'un désir, d'un état mental ou encore d'un jugement de valeur ? D'autre part, les différents critères éthiques de préférence sont étudiés, à savoir le plaisir hédoniste, la satisfaction des désirs et un critère de bien-être objectif. Cette exploration nous amène à défendre la conclusion suivante : la conception des préférences la plus en phase avec la structure formelle de la théorie du choix social est une conception comparative requérant d'excellentes conditions cognitives pour que les préférences puissent être considérées à proprement parler comme les véritables préférences de l'agent.La troisième partie revient à l'approche des capabilités. L'argumentation s'appuie sur les conclusions des deux parties précédentes afin de jeter les bases d'une théorie de la justice démocratique et non-idéale basée sur les capabilités d'Amartya Sen. Dans cette partie, nous montrons qu'une évaluation des capabilités indépendante des préférences tend à nier l'importance de la liberté et de la qualité d'agent dans l'approche par les capabilités. Nous défendons donc l'hypothèse selon laquelle les capabilités et les fonctionnements comme objets de préférence permettent de filtrer celles-ci afin de parer au problème des préférences adaptatives.
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Farmer, Jean L. « Language choices of English L1 learners in a Western Cape high school ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2586.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Thesis (MPhil (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.This research focuses on the language repertoire, patterns of language use and language preferences of learners from Afrikaans homes, who are registered in the English first language classes in a particular Western Cape High School. Out interest is in how a profile of the linguistic resources of such learners and the context in which their linguistic identity develops may contribute to a perceived process of language shift in the bilingual/multilingual community where they learn and live. SCHOOL A is multi-racial and multi-lingual, with a large component of "coloured" learners living in a nearby predominantly-Afrikaans community. The thesis investigates the linguistic preferences and patterns of language choice and language use of the selected group of learners across various domains, notably at home, with relatives, at school, with peers and in their religious communities. Data from various sources is presented and discussed in detail to illustrate the variety of language skills of English L1 learners between the ages of 15 and 17 in Grades 10 and 11. This will give an impression of how multilingual a given section of the local high school population is. The profile tests whether home language or academic language has a greater influence on the later language choice of learners whose parents use Afrikaans as home language and who have English as LOLT, meaning that these learners possibly possess considerable skills in at least two languages. The data was collected by means of limited access to school records, questionnaires filled out by learners, interviews with a number of learners and a couple of parents of such learners. This gives a very good impression of which languages learners know, which they used most, which they prefer where the choice is between English/Afrikaans bilingualism, English only, Afrikaans only, or codemixed Afrikaans/English). The thesis reports on the linguistic repertoire and preferences, and also on reasons given by learners and parents for their selection of one or more of the various community languages in the different domains. Consideration is given to the possible accommodation of these learners as first language users of English which is largely a second language in the community, by other community members and institutions such as school and church. The critical interest of this thesis is to determine the nature and extent of perceived language shift in this selected community of learners at a particular Western Cape high school, and to consider whether such a shift is indicative of a more extensive process of marginalization of Afrikaans in a community that historically had a strong Afrikaans identity.
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Melendrez, Ruiz Juliana. « Understanding the low consumption of pulses among French non vegetarian consumers : combining direct and indirect approaches to identify barriers and opportunities ». Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK030.
Texte intégralRésumé :
L’objectif de cette thèse était de comprendre quels sont les barrières à la consommation de légumes secs chez les consommateurs français non végétariens, en combinant des méthodes directes, indirectes et implicites.Après avoir montré que les représentations sociales des consommateurs sont très différentes de celles des professionnels de la filière, nous avons exploré les représentations mentales, croyances et connaissances des légumes secs chez les consommateurs. Ceci a fait apparaitre que même si les participants de nos études avaient des connaissances sur les légumes secs, ils les choisissaient peu. De plus, ils associaient plutôt les legumes secs avec la viande, qui occupe pour eux la place centrale du repas. La difficulté de préparation des légumes secs semble être un frein majeur à leur consommation. Leur niveau de transformation est un autre facteur qui influence fortement les représentations mentales qu’en ont les consommateurs.Une étude en supermarché virtuel a montré que l’attention visuelle envers les légumes secs est différente de celle accordée à d’autres produits, et qu’elle est influencée par le rayon dans lequel ils sont présentés. Nous avons évalué l’influence de stratégies pour augmenter les choix des légumes secs dans un environnement de supermarché virtuel, par le moyen de « nudges » et de contextes évoqués qui soulignaient des motivations de choix différentes. Nous avons mis en évidence un choix plus élevé de légumes secs dans certains de ces contextes (ex: une motivation pour l’environnement tend à augmenter les choix de légumes secs). En revanche, la stratégie utilisant des « nudges » seuls n’a pas augmenté le choix des légumes secs. Mais, lorsqu’on combine ces deux stratégies, des modifications de choix chez certains participants sont observées.Une dernière étude a permis de comparer les représentations sociales des légumes secs pour les consommateurs français et espagnols dans un contexte cross-culturel, et a montré des éléments partagés dans les représentations de ces deux populations, et des éléments spécifiques à chaque culture et au niveau d’éducation des participants.L’ensemble de ces résultats nous a permis de proposer un certain nombre de recommandations destinées à l’industrie, aux autorités nationales et au monde de la recherche, pour contribuer à l’augmentation de la consommation de légumes secs en FranceThe objective of this thesis was to understand the barriers related to the consumption of pulses by French non-vegetarian consumers, by combining direct, indirect and implicit approaches.After showing that the social representations of consumers towards pulses are very different from those of professionals of the industry, we explored the mental representations, beliefs and knowledge about pulses among consumers. We showed that, even if the participants in our study had knowledge regarding pulses, they did not choose them frequently and associated them mostly with meat, which holds the central place of their meal. The difficulty of preparation of pulses seems to be a major obstacle to their consumption. Their level of transformation is another factor that has a strong influence on consumers’ mental representations.A study in a virtual supermarket showed that visual attention is different towards pulses and other food-groups and that the shelf in which pulses are presented influences the visual attention of consumers. We evaluated the influence of strategies to increase pulses choice in a virtual supermarket, using nudges and contexts that highlighted different buying motivations. We found a higher choice of pulses in some contexts. In particular, a motivation for the environment tends to increase the choice of pulses. Te strategy using nudges alone did not increase the choice of pulses. However, when these two strategies were combined, some participants modified their choices.A final study allowed us to compare the social representations of pulses for French and Spanish consumers in a cross-cultural context; it showed that some elements are shared in the representations of these two populations, while other elements are specific to a culture, and to the level of education of the participants.All these results enabled us to propose some recommendations for the industry, national authorities and the research, to help to promote pulses consumption in France
21
Nongaillard, Antoine. « An agent-based approach for distributed resource allocations ». Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00831365.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Resource allocation problems have been widely studied according to various scenarios in literature. In such problems, a set of resources must be allocated to a set of agents, according to their own preferences. Self-organization issues in telecommunication, scheduling problems or supply chain management problems can be modeled using resource allocation problems. Such problems are usually solved by means of centralized techniques, where an omniscient entity determines how to optimally allocate resources. However, these solving methods are not well-adapted for applications where privacy is required. Moreover, several assumptions made are not always plausible, which may prevent their use in practice, especially in the context of agent societies. For instance, dynamic applications require adaptive solving processes, which can handle the evolution of initial data. Such techniques never consider restricted communication possibilities whereas many applications are based on them. For instance, in peer-to-peer networks, a peer can only communicate with a small subset of the systems. In this thesis, we focus on distributed methods to solve resource allocation problems. Initial allocation evolves step by step thanks to local agent negotiations. We seek to provide agent behaviors leading negotiation processes to socially optimal allocations. In this work, resulting resource allocations can be viewed as emergent phenomena. We also identify parameters favoring the negotiation efficiency. We provide the negotiation settings to use when four different social welfare notions are considered. The original method proposed in this thesis is adaptive, anytime and can handle any restriction on agent communication possibilities.
22
Piombini, Arnaud. « Modélisation des choix d'itinéraires pédestres en milieu urbain : approche géographique et paysagère ». Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00167224.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Actuellement, la marche à pied suscite un regain d'intérêt comme mode de transport complémentaire. En effet, les décideurs locaux semblent vouloir atténuer le déséquilibre existant entre modes de déplacement au sein des agglomérations. En géographie, la mobilité se réfère à la pratique des échanges et des déplacements qu'effectuent les individus ou groupes d'individus ; cette mobilité est susceptible de révéler les propriétés des lieux et de participer à leur transformation. Parmi tous les modes de déplacement, la marche à pied implique un rapport privilégié entre les personnes et l'espace dans lequel elles évoluent. Le paysage visible, en tant qu'élément du cadre de vie pratiqué quotidiennement et perçu par le prisme de la perception, est donc un facteur pris en compte dans les choix de déplacement.Cette recherche a pour objectif d'analyser les choix d'itinéraires pédestres en fonction des paysages urbains. Deux enquêtes sont pour cela mises en œuvre sur les sites de Lille et Besançon. La première a donné lieu au recensement de plus de 500 trajets en marche à pied ; la seconde a permis de qualifier précisément les paysages urbains. En mettant en œuvre plusieurs types d'analyses géographiques en partie inspirées des travaux des économistes et des psychologues, les caractéristiques des déplacements pédestres sont mises en évidence. Des modèles de choix discrets sont ainsi utilisés et le travail proposé conduit à élaborer une méthode originale d'évaluation des paysages urbains perçus par les piétons.
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Škarda, Jakub. « CSR jako efektivnější nástroj v přístupu (nejen) k životnímu prostředí ». Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-110474.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Diploma thesis is aimed on theoretical analyse of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and shows how it works in real life. Results of my study case (Patagonia) illustrate, that if the firms deal with the CSR in appropriate way, it can help to improve economic situation of the firm, it can also find some solutions in environmental crisis and improve social life of communities as well. This voluntary, inexpensive and effective instrument is compared with actions of public sphere in environmental protection. I analysed risks and cost efficiency of Kyoto protocol and biofuels and my results are, that these public actions on supranational level are costly, sometimes even purposeless, ineffective and risky from the point of view of economic school Public Choice.
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Nefes, Ebrar. « “Among other things, that is what I choose to do” Understanding Migration Motivations of Highly Skilled Youth from Turkey by Looking at Capabilities and Aspirations ». Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för kultur och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166759.
Texte intégral
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Beltrame, Bruno. « O debate de Amartya Sen com Kenneth Arrow e John Rawls e a abordagem das capacidades ». Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9379.
Texte intégralRésumé :
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The aim of this dissertation is to inquire in what sense it is reasonable to locate in Kenneth Arrow s social choice theory and in John Rawls theory of justice the two main theoretical roots of Amartya Sen s capability approach. It will be argued that Arrow s social choice theory had the role of revealing the main deficiencies of the welfare economics theory. Thus, Arrow s analysis points the limitations to be fulfilled in order to arrive at satisfactory theory of social choice indicating, in this sense, the paths to be pursued. In the same manner, it is argued that Ralws theory of justice provided important elements that inspirated certain ethical positions present in Amartya Sen s thought, which appear in his approach to the problem of social choice. To conclude, the main features of the capability approach that can be directly associated with these two theoretical origins are exposed, and it is argued that Sen s theory simultaneously solves the deficiencies pointed by him in the theoretical structure of Arrow s social choice and embodies, even though in a modified way, elements of Rawls thought
O objetivo dessa dissertação é investigar em que sentido é pertinente localizar na teoria da escolha social de Kenneth Arrow e na teoria da justiça de John Rawls as duas principais raízes teóricas da abordagem das capacidades de Amartya Sen. Argumentar-se-á que a teoria da escolha social de Arrow cumpriu o papel de explicitar as deficiências da teoria econômica do bem-estar. Desse modo, as análises de Arrow apontam as limitações a serem superadas para se chegar a uma teoria satisfatória da escolha social indicando em certa medida rumos a serem seguidos. Da mesma maneira argumenta-se que a teoria da justiça de Rawls forneceu elementos importantes que inspiraram certos posicionamentos éticos evidentes no pensamento de Amartya Sen e que se refletem em suas análises da escolha social. Por fim são apresentadas as principais características da abordagem das capacidades que podem ser diretamente associados a estas duas origens teóricas, e será argumentado que a teoria de Sen ao mesmo tempo soluciona as deficiências apontadas por ele na estrutura teórica da escolha social de Arrow e incorpora, ainda que de forma modificada, elementos presentes no pensamento de Rawls
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David, Maia. « Economie des Approches Volontaires dans les Politiques Environnementales en Concurrence et Coopération Imparfaites ». Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000855.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Les approches volontaires (AV) constituent une forme de régulation environnementale qui s'est développée récemment et dans laquelle les entreprises s'engagent volontairement à améliorer leurs performances environnementales. Notre analyse intègre de manière inédite le rôle des structures de marché qui prévalent aussi bien du côté des industries polluantes que des industries de dépollution afin de comparer certaines AV aux autres instruments de politique environnementale. La thèse compare tout d'abord une AV inspirée d'une politique introduite au Danemark à une taxe dans un cadre de concurrence imparfaite entre les firmes polluantes. Elle compare ensuite la même forme d'AV à une taxe, un quota de pollution et une norme de procédé lorsque la dépollution est déléguée à une industrie imparfaitement concurrentielle. Enfin, l'étude d'une AV appliquée en France dans le domaine des déchets d'emballages ménagers permet de confronter le point de vue théorique et l'observation de la réalité.
27
Andrada, Myrian. « Les effets du choix de l'école selon la nature du dispositif mis en œuvre : une approche comparative en terme d'équité ». Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00538852.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cette thèse analyse les implications découlant des régulations et de la mise en œuvre d'une formule de choix de l'école au niveau de la redistribution du bien social éducation - liberté des parents de choisir les écoles pour leurs enfants, accroissement du contrôle des citoyens sur la manière dont les écoles éduquent, maximisation des options éducatives pour les enfants, égalisation des chances scolaires, satisfaction des préférences, éducation à la démocratie, à la tolérance et à l'autonomie des enfants. Dans ce but, nous effectuons une évaluation systématique de quatre formules de choix de l'école (Londres, Amsterdam, Paris et Buenos Aires) à l'aide d'un ensemble d'outils méthodologiques. D'une part, un modèle théorique des effets du choix sur l'équité est construit à partir des principes de justice égalitariste-libérale en éducation et des recherches empiriques. D'autre part, une description très détaillée de l'évolution des espaces scolaires est effectuée du point de vue de l'équité à partir d'un ensemble d'outils méthodologiques - typologie de dispositifs de choix, conceptualisation de système et de formule de choix, typologie de modes théoriques de distribution du bien social éducation. L'analyse montre que l'élargissement des possibilités de choix de l'école peut favoriser l'équité, en incluant, et la liberté de parents comme valeur instrumentale, et des mécanismes de compensation fondée sur l'allocation ressources éducatives efficaces. Cependant, les variations locales de la mise en œuvre d'une politique éducative et le manque de diversité, ou l'absence, d'écoles alternatives dans certaines régions ou zones démontrent qu'un modèle unique de formule de choix de l'école n'est pas valable
28
Bas, María. « Politique commerciale, gains de productivité et adoption des technologies : une approche de l'hétérogénéité des firmes ». Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0156.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Cette thèse propose une analyse à la fois théorique et empirique de la relation entre intégration commerciale, productivité des firmes et choix technologique. Le chapitre 1 présente les contributions du cadre théorique du commerce international axé sur l'hétérogénéité des firmes par rapport à la fois aux théories traditionnelles du commerce international et aux nouveaux résultats des travaux empiriques. Dans les chapitres 2 et 3, nous nous intéressons aux effets de l'ouverture commerciale sur la croissance de la productivité des firmes. Le chapitre 2 présente une étude théorique montrant l'impact de l'adoption des technologies étrangères sur les gains de productivité. Cette analyse est suivie d'une étude empirique exposée dans le chapitre 3. Nous estimons ici les conséquences des politiques commerciales orientées à l'exportation et à l'importation sur la productivité des firmes chiliennes. Pour finir, le chapitre 4 étudie la manière dont l'intégration commerciale agit sur les inégalités salariales. C'est ici le choix technologique qui affecte les inégalités. L'étude empirique dans le cas du Chili confirme l'hypothèse et les prédictions du modèleThis thesis proposes to carry out a theoretical and empirical analysis of the relationship between trade liberalization, firms' productivity and technological choice. The first chapter presents the main recent contributions of the new trade theory based on heterogeneous firms to the traditional trade theories and to the new empirical results based on firm level data. In Chapters 2 and 3, we study the effects of trade integration on the evolution of firms' productivity. Chapter 2 presents a theoretical study of the impact of foreign technology adoption on productivity gains. Then, in Chapter 3, we empirically estimate the effects of export and import oriented policies on the productivity of Chilean's firms. Finally, Chapter 4 studies the influence of trade integration on wage inequalities. Technological choice affects the growth of inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers. The main assumption and predictions of the model are confirmed by an empirical study of Chilean case
29
Hui-Ying, Chang, et 張慧英. « Application of Social Choice Mechanisms to Environmental Governance : An Experimental Approach ». Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13276294718976665424.
Texte intégralRésumé :
碩士國立臺北大學
不動產與城鄉環境學系
94
In Taiwan, the executive administrations for the governance of environmental and common property resources are responsible for making policies and supervising management activities. The implementation of the environmental policies influences the related rights and interests of the general public, but the administrative units often pay much attention to the technological aspects, ignoring public opinions and not being able to adopt the suggestions from the general public to examine and revise the policy contents. Under democratic politics, the formulation and implementation of policies should reflect public opinions in order to fulfill the democratic principle. Social choice mechanisms collectively make relevant decisions about provision of public goods, not only dealing with environmental issues, but also embedding public opinions in the resulting decisions preferred by the general public. The representative government with log-rolling institutions proposed by Haefele (1973 ) is a social choice mechanism to solve the environmental governance issues, and shows that a two-party system could, under the majority rule, result in decisions on environmental issues that would be identical to the decisions made if all individuals vote directly, taking advantage of vote-trading. The present research refers to the social choice mechanism that Haefele puts forward, and applies it to Taiwan’s environmental governance issues, investigating whether it is operationally feasible and whether the resulting decisions are consistent with Haefele’s theory through designing and conducting an experiment.
30
Cunha, Tiago Pedro Bernardo Salcedas da. « Portuguese football clubs´ merchandising products : a qualitative approach to guide supply chain strategy choice ». Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/123098.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In recent years the commercial activity has become increasingly important for Portuguese football clubs’ finances, having as one of its main drivers the sales of merchandising products. Therefore, a competent management of their Supply Chains should be a priority for clubs. This thesis proposes to guide these products’ Supply Chain strategy choice by conducting a qualitative assessment approach based on three global dimensions: Product, Demand and Supply characteristics. The merchandising products featured in the analysis are Match Shirts and Scarfs, for Big and Medium & Small Portuguese clubs. Data was collected by interviewing industry professionals and surveying consumers.
31
Morão, Margarida. « Students' choice of a master in management in Portugal : A means-end chain approach ». Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/15490.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In the increasingly competitive market of higher education introduced by the Bologna
Declaration, understanding the decision-making of master in management students is at
the center of institutional management and marketing efforts on its mission to attract
prospective students in a less costly, more efficient manner. The means-end chain
approach, applied to the choice of a Portuguese institution in which to pursue a master
in management, points to the position in rankings and to the non-specificity of the
program as the most important attributes. Additionally, results show that students with
distinct demographic, household, or background characteristics choose in significantly
different manners.
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Carvalho, Izaura Solipa Figueira Pires de. « Poverty and precarity in Portugal : a multidimensional approach ». Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19294.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This research assesses poverty levels in Portugal within a multidimensional approach,
over a period from 2008 to 2014. Further, it aims at inferring a causal
relationship between precarious jobs and the estimated multidimensional poverty
level. This research adds to the existing literature by applying a discrete choice
experiment in the construction of the poverty index, as well as by nding causality
between poverty and precarity. Empirical results suggest that, while multidimensional
poverty levels are higher than the European Union poverty statistics,
computed with relative income, precarity has a negative impact on the individual
s
wellbeing.
33
Gong, Rui. « A Process Tracing Approach to Understanding the Influence of Incidental Moods on Attention and Decision Strategies in Mixed-domain Risky Choice ». Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-vygd-pt71.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The affect and decision literature has established that incidental moods affect our decisions and choices. Yet few studies have gathered process data to examine the role of affect on the cognitive processes underlying decision-making. The primary purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the effects of induced moods on the process and outcomes of decisions under risk, using mixed-domain financial problems. In two empirical studies, an eye tracker was used to record decision-makers’ distribution of attention across specific aspects of the decision problems, and transitions in attention. Both studies tested for possible mood congruency effects and mood effects on depth of processing in the decision-making task.
In Study 1, viewing of short movie clips was used to induce either happy or sad mood in participants, who then made choices between pairs of mixed-domain options consisting of a probabilistic gain coupled with a probabilistic loss. Data were also gathered in a control condition, where participants were instructed to use an EV-calculation strategy, a prototypical integrative compensatory strategy. In Study 2, instead of movie clips, the mood induction task involved reading a sad or neutral news story. Inclusion of a neutral condition enabled inferences about the specific effect of the induced sad mood condition. Also, the decision task in Study 2 was modified in structure by always pairing a sure option with a mixed-domain risky option.
Study 1 results showed significant differences in choices and in attention transitions between the EV-instruction and the induced mood conditions, but no significant differences between the happy and sad induced mood conditions. Participants with induced moods showed relatively more evidence of heuristic strategy use, but analytic strategies remained the modal strategy in all conditions. Importantly, key types of attention transitions were shown to reliably predict the frequency of observed choices consistent with optimal (EV- maximizing) and heuristic strategies. Study 2 found significant effects of problem structure (domain) on choices and distribution of attention. Participants in general had longer fixations and showed more EV-maximizing choices for problem structure 2 (sure loss versus mixed risky option) than for problem structure 1 (sure gain versus mixed risky option) problems. Across both studies, however, the results did not demonstrate any effect of specific induced incidental mood on decision-making. Limitations of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
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Alves, Maria Luísa Araújo. « The impact of traveling and waiting times in health care emergency service choice : an econometric approach ». Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/23629.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This study aims at estimating the effect of traveling and waiting times on
patients’ choice of emergency care provider. In a model with no outside
option, patients choose to demand emergency care from one of two similar
hospitals. Using data from two Portuguese public hospitals, a conditional
logit model is estimated. Two measures of waiting times are considered: the
waiting time between admission and triage and the waiting time between
triage and the first medical observation. A negative, statistically significant,
impact of traveling time and waiting time between triage and the first medical
observation on the probability of choosing a given hospital is found. The
magnitude of the effect of waiting time, however, is close to zero. The
estimated marginal effect suggests that a supply-induced 30-minutes increase
in waiting time reduces, all else equal, the probability of choosing a given
hospital by 0.009 percentage points. An increase of the same magnitude in
traveling time reduces, all else equal, the probability of utilization by 5.841.
Although the data does not allow for the estimation of consumer surplus, and
given that the estimated effect captures only the impact of changes in waiting
times resulting from supply side decisions, it is plausible to admit their effect
on patient welfare would be small.Este estudo procura estimar o efeito do tempo de deslocação e de espera na escolha de serviços de urgência por parte dos pacientes. Num modelo sem uma outside option, os utentes escolhem entre dois serviços de urgência de dois hospitais semelhantes. Utilizando dados de dois hospitais públicos Portugueses, um modelo logit condicional é estimado. Duas medidas de tempo de espera são consideradas: o tempo de espera entre a admissão e triagem e o tempo de espera entre a triagem e a primeira observação. Os resultados sugerem a existência de um efeito negativo, estatisticamente significativo, dos tempos de deslocação e de espera entre a triagem e a primeira observação na probabilidade de um paciente escolher determinado hospital. No entanto, a magnitude do efeito dos tempos de espera é próximo de zero. O efeito marginal estimado de um aumento de 30 minutos induzido pelo lado da oferta na probabilidade de escolher um dado hospital é, tudo o resto constante, -0,009 pontos percentuais. Um aumento de igual magnitude no tempo de deslocação reduz, tudo o resto constante, aquela probabilidade em 5,481 pontos percentuais. Apesar de os dados não permitirem a estimação do excedente do consumidor, e dado que o efeito estimado captura apenas o impacto de variações nos tempos de espera causados por decisões de oferta, é razoável concluir que estas não tenham um impacto significativo no bem-estar dos pacientes no caso dos serviços de urgência.
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Ferdous, Nazneen. « A new estimation approach for modeling activity-travel behavior : applications of the composite marginal likelihood approach in modeling multidimensional choices ». Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4224.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The research in the field of travel demand modeling is driven by the need to understand individuals’ behavior in the context of travel-related decisions as accurately as possible. In this regard, the activity-based approach to modeling travel demand has received substantial attention in the past decade, both in the research arena as well as in practice. At the same time, recent efforts have been focused on more fully realizing the potential of activity-based models by explicitly recognizing the multi-dimensional nature of activity-travel decisions. However, as more behavioral elements/dimensions are added, the dimensionality of the model systems tends to explode, making the estimation of such models all but infeasible using traditional inference methods. As a result, analysts and practitioners often trade-off between recognizing attributes that will make a model behaviorally more representative (from a theoretical viewpoint) and being able to estimate/implement a model (from a practical viewpoint).
An alternative approach to deal with the estimation complications arising from multi-dimensional choice situations is the technique of composite marginal likelihood (CML). This is an estimation technique that is gaining substantial attention in the statistics field, though there has been relatively little coverage of this method in transportation and other fields. The CML approach is a conceptually and pedagogically simpler simulation-free procedure (relative to traditional approaches that employ simulation techniques), and has the advantage of reproducibility of the results. Under the usual regularity assumptions, the CML estimator is consistent, unbiased, and asymptotically normally distributed.
The discussion above indicates that the CML approach has the potential to contribute in the area of travel demand modeling in a significant way. For example, the approach can be used to develop conceptually and behaviorally more appealing models to examine individuals’ travel decisions in a joint framework. The overarching goal of the current research work is to demonstrate the applicability of the CML approach in the area of activity-travel demand modeling and to highlight the enhanced features of the choice models estimated using the CML approach. The goal of the dissertation is achieved in three steps as follows: (1) by evaluating the performance of the CML approach in multivariate situations, (2) by developing multidimensional choice models using the CML approach, and (3) by demonstrating applications of the multidimensional choice models developed in the current dissertation.text
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Van, der Westhuizen Petra Laura. « Control room agents : an information-theoretic approach ». Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2211.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this thesis, a particular class of agent is singled out for examination. In order to provide
a guiding metaphor, we speak of control room agents. Our focus is on rational decision-
making by such agents, where the circumstances obtaining are such that rationality is
bounded. Control room agents, whether human or non-human, need to reason and act
in a changing environment with only limited information available to them. Determining
the current state of the environment is a central concern for control room agents if they
are to reason and act sensibly. A control room agent cannot plan its actions without
having an internal representation (epistemic state) of its environment, and cannot make
rational decisions unless this representation, to some level of accuracy, reflects the state
of its environment. The focus of this thesis is on three aspects regarding the epistemic
functioning of a control room agent:
1. How should the epistemic state of a control room agent be represented in order to
facilitate logical analysis?
2. How should a control room agent change its epistemic state upon receiving new
information?
3. How should a control room agent combine available information from different
sources?
In describing the class of control room agents as first-order intentional systems hav-
ing both informational and motivational attitudes, an agent-oriented view is adopted.
The central construct used in the information-theoretic approach, which is qualitative in
nature, is the concept of a templated ordering.
Representing the epistemic state of a control room agent by a (special form of) tem-
plated ordering signals a departure from the many approaches in which only the beliefs
of an agent are represented. Templated orderings allow for the representation of both
knowledge and belief.
A control room agent changes its epistemic state according to a proposed epistemic
change algorithm, which allows the agent to select between two well-established forms of
belief change operations, namely, belief revision and belief update.
The combination of (possibly conflicting) information from different sources has re-
ceived a lot of attention in recent years. Using templated orderings for the semantic
representation of information, a new family of purely qualitative merging operations is
developed.School of Computing
Ph. D. (Computer Science)
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Hislop-Esterhuysen, Natalie. « Enkele faktore wat die beroepskeuse van eerstejaaronderwysstudente beïnvloed (Afrikaans) ». Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26600.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Since the beginning of 2000 the media have often referred to the decrease in the number of teachers in South Africa. In the light of the discrepancy between the supply and demand of teachers, I have explored some factors that possibly contribute to the career choice of teachers. I departed from a positivist as well as an interpretevist approach. The research included the implementation of a First-year Teacher Questionnaire. Some career development theories are discussed as the theoretical grounding for the career choice of first-year teaching students. First-year teaching students generally have a positive perception of teaching, based mainly on their belief that teaching offers ample opportunities for potential-facilitation, selffulfilment, self-discovery, as well as fringe benefits. It seems that where negative perceptions existed, they were based on observable hindrances and personal issues. My research complements the Social Cognitive Career Theory and confirms the concern for the fact that a relatively small percentage African language-speaking students, especially males, choose teaching as a field of studyDissertation (MEd (Educational Psychology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Educational Psychology
unrestricted
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Veiga, Maria do Rosário. « A transaction cost approach to the choice of oversight governance structures at the United Nations : The case of the inquiry committee into the oil-for-food programme scandal ». Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/8703.
Texte intégralRésumé :
A scandal of fraud and corruption in the management of the Oil-for-Food Programme for Iraq unfolded in early 2004 at the United Nations. The Secretary-General Annan, terminated the ongoing investigation of the scandal by the extant Office of Internal Oversight empowered by the General Assembly, and, with the endorsement of the Security Council, contracted out an Inquiry Committee to investigate the administration and management of the Programme. The lack of reasonable number of studies about internal audit in its natural settings (Lee, 2004), aggravated by the gaps found in the literature about the impact of pathological behavior in international organizations (Barnett and Finnemore, 1999), stress the research opportunity. A longitudinal historical narrative analytical case based research applying first time Williamson’s (1999) Transaction Cost Economics theory to explore “probity” and “independence” transactions’ attributes enhanced with the “virtues ethics” McCloskey’s (2006) framework, is developed to respond to the questions i) Has the inquiry worked? ii) Has Transaction Cost Economics’ discriminating alignment hypothesis been verified in the case of the Oil-for-Food scandal inquiry? The inquiry, which contains “sovereign” as well as “quasi-judiciary” transactions elements, and though lack the “authority of the sovereign” and the “independence” of the judiciary attributes, did not work. Transaction Cost Economics alignment hypothesis did not verify and “probity” hazards – “ethics” – cannot be relieved by governance structures, i.e., incentives. I argue that Transaction Cost Economics should be modified to include McCloskey’s “virtues ethics” behavioral dimension as a transaction costs’ reduction device and an explanatory framework for bureaucratic ethical failures.Um escândalo de fraude e corrupção na gestão do Oil-for-Food Programme para o Iraque eclodiu em 2004 nas Nações Unidas. O Secretário-Geral Annan terminou a investigação em curso dos Serviços de Supervisão e Inspeção Interna que atua com poderes delegados pela Assembleia Geral e, com o aval do Conselho de Segurança, contratou uma comissão de inquérito independente para investigar. Insuficiência de estudos sobre os contextos em que a auditoria interna funciona (Lee, 2004), agravada pelas lacunas encontradas na literatura sobre o impacto de comportamentos patológicos em organizações internacionais (Barnett e Finnemore, 1999) justificam a pesquisa. Um método investigação de estudo de caso longitudinal suportado por uma análise de narrativa histórica, aplicando pela primeira vez a teoria Económica do Custo de Transação de Williamson (1999) para explorar os atributos da “probidade” e da “independência” das transações, é desenvolvido para responder às perguntas: O inquérito resultou? Verificou-se a hipótese de alinhamento discriminante da teoria Económica do Custo de Transação no caso da contratação do inquérito externo? A investigação, com elementos das transações de auditoria e das judiciais, faltando-lhe, todavia, a autoridade soberana e a independência dos atributos judiciários, não resultou nem a hipótese de alinhamento da teoria Económica do Custo de Transação se verificou porque os riscos de probidade – ética – não podem ser mitigados através de incentivos de estruturas de governação. Defendo que a Economia dos Custos de Transação deve ser modificada para incluir a dimensão comportamental da ética das virtudes de McCloskey como um instrumento de redução de custos de transação e um quadro referencial explicativo para falhas de ética em organizações burocráticas.
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Kruss, Julie L. « "Country women are resilient but....” : family planning access in rural Victoria ». Thesis, 2012. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/21315/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Most women use family planning services during their reproductive lifetime, but many lack ready access to such services, particularly in a rural area. The aim of this study was to document and thus develop an understanding of the facilitators and barriers to accessing three types of family planning services (emergency contraception, termination of pregnancy, and options counselling) within a particular rural area of Victoria, Australia, and how these might affect women’s psychosocial health and their ability to make timely decisions about continuation of a pregnancy.
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Neethling, Ilze. « The relevance of pastoral counselling in South Africa : with reference to the South African Association for Pastoral Work ». Diss., 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1184.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In South Africa, no occupational or professional councils for pastoral work exist as yet. In order to support pastoral counsellors in their negotiations to obtain professional status in this country, the presumed limitations and ineffectiveness of present mental health systems in South Africa is examined. Pastoral counselling as a possible national health resource is explored with reference to primary health care, freedom of choice, consumer rights, cost-effectiveness, spirituality, social change and reconciliation and multi-cultural application.
Arguments are imbedded in relevant theory and supported by vignettes of suffering, survival, and redemption in spirituality. A postmodern, qualitative approach is used. Participants' narratives indicate that they have experienced healing through utilising their religion and spirituality. However, this study does not claim to provide conclusive proof that pastoral work is relevant in this country - it should be seen as part of a process which aims to develop pastoral counselling as a profession.Practical Theology
M. TH. (Pastoral Therapy)