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Articles de revues sur le sujet « Social change – Europe, Western »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 10 mars 2023

Mis à jour le 28 juillet 2024

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1

ALLAN, GRAHAM, SHEILA HAWKER, and GRAHAM CROW. "Family Diversity and Change in Britain and Western Europe." Journal of Family Issues 22, no. 7 (2001): 819–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251301022007002.

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Eley, Geoff. "Culture, Britain, and Europe." Journal of British Studies 31, no. 4 (1992): 390–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386016.

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We are in the midst of a remarkable moment of historical change, in which the very meaning of “Europe” — as economic region, political entity, cultural construct, object of study—is being called dramatically into question, and with it the meanings of the national cultures that provide its parts. While perceptions have been overwhelmed by the political transformations in the east since the autumn of 1989, profound changes have also been afoot in the west, with the legislation aimed at producing a single European market in 1992. Moreover, these dramatic events — the democratic revolutions against Stalinism in Eastern Europe, the expansion and strengthening of the European Community (EC) — have presupposed a larger context of accumulating change. The breakthrough to reform under Yuri Andropov and Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union, the Solidarity crisis in Poland, and the stealthful reorientations in Hungary have been matched by longer-run processes of change in Western Europe, resulting from the crisis of social democracy in its postwar Keynesian welfare-statist forms, capitalist restructuring, and the general trend toward transnational Western European economic integration.Taken as a whole, these developments in east and west make the years 1989-92 one of those few times when fundamental political and constitutional changes, in complex articulation with social and economic transformations, are occurring on a genuinely European-wide scale, making this one of the several great constitution-making periods of modern European history.

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Kamerman, Sheila B., and Alfred J. Kahn. "Single-parent, female-headed families in Western Europe: Social change and response." International Social Security Review 42, no. 1 (1989): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-246x.1989.tb00232.x.

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Bódi, Ferenc, and Ralitsa Savova. "Sociocultural Change in Hungary." International Journal of Social Quality 10, no. 2 (2020): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ijsq.2020.100205.

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Although Hungary joined the European Union in 2004, it seems that it has not yet been able to catch up with its Western European neighbors socioeconomically. The reasons for this are numerous, including the fact that this former historical region (Kingdom of Hungary), today the sovereign state of Hungary, has a specific sociocultural image and attitude formed by various historical events. And the nature of these events can explain why Hungary’s economic development and overarching political narrative differ so markedly from Western Europe. The aim of this article is to present the unique location of Hungary in the context of Central and Eastern Europe, and to address such factors as urbanization and industrialization, migration, population, politics, economic development, and social values crisis. We argue that these factors, including the European status quo that emerged after 1945, have influenced the existing sociopolitical, socioeconomic, and sociocultural differences between Hungary and Western European EU states.

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Priemus, Hugo, and Frans Dieleman. "Social rented housing: Recent changes in Western Europe — introduction." Housing Studies 12, no. 4 (1997): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673039708720907.

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Hoffmann, Stanley, and Dominik Geppert. "The Postwar Challenge: Cultural, Social, and Political Change in Western Europe, 1945-1958." Foreign Affairs 83, no. 6 (2004): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20034175.

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Maier, Wendy A. "The Postwar Challenge: Cultural, Social, and Political Change in Western Europe, 1945–1958." History: Reviews of New Books 32, no. 4 (2004): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.2004.10527427.

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Inglehart, Ronald, and Scott C. Flanagan. "Value Change in Industrial Societies." American Political Science Review 81, no. 4 (1987): 1289–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1962590.

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Ronald Inglehart has argued that, while most of the major political parties in Western countries tend to be aligned along a social class–based axis, support for new political movements and new political parties largely reflects the tension between materialist and postmaterialist goals and values. This has presented something of a dilemma to the traditional parties, and helps account for the decline of social-class voting. Scott Flanagan takes issue with Inglehart's interpretation in several particulars. Although their views converge in many respects, Flanagan urges conceptual reorientations and adumbrates a different interpretation of post–World War II political development in Europe and Japan.

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Heyets, Valeriy. "Social Quality in a Transitive Society." International Journal of Social Quality 9, no. 1 (2019): 32–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ijsq.2019.090103.

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Nearly 30 years of transformation of the sociopolitical and legal, socioeconomical and financial, sociocultural and welfare, and socioenvironmental dimensions in both Central and Eastern Europe, including Ukraine, has led to a change of the social quality of daily circumstances. On the one hand, the interconnection and reciprocity of these four relevant dimensions of societal life is the underlying cause of such changes, and on the other, the state as main actor of the sociopolitical and legal dimension is the initiator of those changes. Applying the social quality approach, I will reflect in this article on the consequences of these changes, especially in Ukraine. In comparison, the dominant Western interpretation of the “welfare state” will also be discussed.

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Michalak, Dorota. "A Comparative Analysis Of Initiatives And Adaptation Measures To Climate Change Undertaken In Poland And Western Europe." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 19, no. 4 (2016): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cer-2016-0032.

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Climate change is one of the greatest contemporary threats to our planet's environmental, social and economic well-being, accompanied by major changes in life support systems on Earth, where the far-reaching effects will be felt in the coming decades. The Earth's climate is warming rapidly due to emissions of greenhouse gases caused by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The Stern Report predicts that in the long term, climate change could cut global gross domestic product (GDP) by 5 to 20% or more each year if it is not brought under control by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this paper is to compare the degree of influence of climate change on the economies of Western Europe and comparing national strategies for adaptation to climate change in selected countries of Western Europe and Poland. The analysis of the main initiatives for adaptation to climate change in selected countries of Western Europe and Poland relate to key issues mentioned in the strategic documents of the European Commission. In the United Kingdom the main emphasis is on the reduction of greenhouse gases as a form of preventive action, rather than adaptation to climate change. All strategies recognize the importance of raising public awareness about the negative effects of climate change and the importance of preparing adaptation measures, and stress the need to support the critical and most sensitive sectors of the European economy – forestry, agriculture and fisheries. The Polish strategy of adaptation to climate change does not deviate from the strategy of these countries of Western Europe, but it must be emphasized that this is only a document listing recommendations on the scope of operations of adaptation to climate change. Its realization is a separate issue.

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Gerlich, Peter, Edgar Grande, and Wolfgang C. Müller. "Corporatism in Crisis: Stability and Change of Social Partnership in Austria." Political Studies 36, no. 2 (1988): 209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1988.tb00225.x.

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While recent developments in Western Europe provide numerous examples of the instability and decay of corporatist arrangements in the face of economic crisis, Austrian social partnership still exhibits remarkable stability. The article tries to explain this stability of corporatist politics in Austria. The Austrian case is also used to demonstrate some limitations of the academic literature on the breakdown of corporatism. However, stability in the Austrian case does not mean that nothing has changed. Changes have occurred within the existing institutional framework. Two main factors in the transformation of Austrian social partnership are pointed out, namely socio-cultural and political changes. Finally, some future perspectives of Austrian corporatism are outlined.

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Caplow, Theodore. "Beyond Coca Cola: Europe and the American Way." Tocqueville Review 18, no. 2 (1997): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ttr.18.2.157.

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In L'Europe des Européens (1997), Henri Mendras presents a magisterial account of recent social change in western Europe, which he describes in loving detail. Falling squarely in the Tocqucvillian tradition, this fine work clearly invites comparison between the Europe of the Europeans and the America of the Americans in their present conjuncture.

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Douglas, Cristina. "Ageing, ritual and social change: comparing the secular and religious in Eastern and Western Europe." Mortality 22, no. 1 (2016): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2016.1254171.

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Heimann, Mary. "Ageing, Ritual and Social Change: Comparing the Secular and Religious in Eastern and Western Europe." Social History 40, no. 2 (2015): 273–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03071022.2015.1013691.

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Waterman, Harvey. "Sins of the Children: Social Change, Democratic Politics, and the Successor Generation in Western Europe." Comparative Politics 20, no. 4 (1988): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/421936.

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Koopmans, Ruud. "New social movements and changes in political participation in Western Europe." West European Politics 19, no. 1 (1996): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402389608425119.

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Barnes, Robin B. "Varieties of Apocalyptic Experience in Reformation Europe." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 33, no. 2 (2002): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/00221950260208706.

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Recent studies have created an ever-fuller picture of Western apocalypticism in its various forms. Scholars have become more aware of the need to understand how apocalyptic conceptions have shaped and expressed group identities. In Reformation and early modern studies, one current challenge is to analyze end-time outlooks in relation to the formation of confessional cultures, and with regard to the broader social process of “confessionalization.” Differences in the character and intensity of apocalyptic expectancy among the major confessional cultures raise questions about their so-called “functional equivalence” so far as promoting social change was concerned.

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Meardi, Guglielmo. "Restructuring in an enlarged Europe: challenges and experiences." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 13, no. 2 (2007): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890701300208.

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This article presents historical and aggregate data on restructuring in central and eastern Europe, and some examples from multinationals in Poland and Hungary. It shows how the violent structural readjustment process of the 1990s has left important social, political and psychological legacies which affect current approaches to restructuring. The new EU Member States, faced with relocations both to the west (in capital-intensive industries) and further east (in low-skill labour-intensive industries), therefore need employee participation mechanisms, cross-border information and western solidarity to ensure the social acceptability of change.

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Paska, Imre. "Change of system in Hungary." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 127 (2009): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0927033p.

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The sociologists in Hungary have been treating the emerging social system as the new capitalism. This system is different in relation to the classical social systems of Western Europe. The transformation of the system was directed from above, in accordance with this we could speak on the reform-dictature of elites. There was no transition but drastic transformation led by political parties and their clients. This kind of transformation did not allow the deep articulation of the national interests and has made an illusion concerning the capitalism. Namely, the citizens of Hungary are convinced that there is only one type of capitalism, neoliberal capitalism. We are witnesses of dissatisfaction and protests in Hungary, and the EU and its interest-based coordination could be described as the hindrance concerning the irresponsible movements.

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Wood, Ian. "ENTRUSTING WESTERN EUROPE TO THE CHURCH, 400–750." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 23 (November 19, 2013): 37–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440113000030.

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ABSTRACTAlthough there had been substantial donations to the church in the course of the last two centuries of the Roman Empire, the amount of property transferred to the episcopal church and to monasteries in the following two and a half centuries would seem to have been immense. Probably rather more than 30 per cent of the Frankish kingdom was given to ecclesiastical institutions; although the Anglo-Saxon church was only established after 597, it also acquired huge amounts of land, as did the churches of Spain and Italy, although the extent conveyed in the two peninsulas is harder to estimate. The scale of endowments helps explain the occasional criticisms of the extent of church property, and also the secularisations and reallocation of church land, and indeed suggest that the transfer of property out of the control of the church in Francia and England in the eighth century may have been greater than is often assumed. The transfer of land should probably also be seen as something other than a simple change of ownership. Church property provided the economic basis for cult, for the maintenance of clergy, who were unquestionably numerous, and for the poor. In social and economic, as well as religious terms, this marked a major break with the Classical World.

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Stan, Ana-Maria. "From Scholarly to Social Emancipation: Reflections Regarding the Academic Peregrination of Romanian Women to Western Universities." Journal of Research in Higher Education 8, no. 1 (2024): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jrhe.2024.1.3.

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This research article questions and analyzes the impact of academic peregrination to Western European Universities upon the career paths of Romanian women, in the last part of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. It highlights various patterns regarding the ways the Romanian women who studied abroad subsequently chose to put into practice their hardearned knowledge. Based on a number of individual feminine biographies, it examines how these women forged careers in the Romanian educational and scientific world (with a particular interest on higher education institutions) or, as an alternative, how they became important figures in the charitable sector. For the most part, the Romanian female students trained in Western Europe between 1880 and 1945 had a significant contribution to the modernization of their country of origin. They equally influenced the gradual change of women’s social, economic and cultural status in Romania and in Europe, thus further bridging the gap between the eastern and the western states.

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Ebbinghaus, Bernhard. "The Siamese Twins: Citizenship Rights, Cleavage Formation, and Party-Union Relations in Western Europe." International Review of Social History 40, S3 (1995): 51–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000113604.

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Prophecies of doom for both working-class party and labor unions have gained popularity in the Western industrial democracies over the last two decades. The “old” Siamese twins, working-class party and labor unions, have a century-long history of their combined struggle to achieve political and industrial citizenship rights for the working class. Both forms of interest representation are seen as facing new challenges if not a crisis due to internal and external changes of both long-term and recent nature. However, despite these prophecies political parties and union movemehts have been differently affected and have responded in dissimilar ways across Western Europe. The Siamese twins, party and unions, as social institutions, their embeddedness in the social structure, and their linkages, were molded at an earlier time with long-term consequences. Hence, we cannot grasp today's political unionism, party-union relations and organized labor's capacity for change, if we do not understand the social and political conditions under which the organization of labor interests became institutionalized. An understanding of the origins and causes of union diversity helps us to view the variations in union responses to current challenges.

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Wenk, Matthias. "The Holy Spirit as Transforming Power Within a Society: Pneumatological Spirituality and Its Political/Social Relevance for Western Europe." Journal of Pentecostal Theology 11, no. 1 (2002): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096673690201100109.

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AbstractBoth British and American Black Pentecostals as well as Latin American ones have begun to to develop a social ethic based on a pneumatological perspective. Their liberating and empowering experience of the Spirit has provided them with new categories and options to institute social change. By contrast, Western European Pentecostals have been predominantly silent in this regard. This article argues that a pneumatological spirituality has socio-political relevance also for Western European Pentecostals. Both the experience of the Spirit, as reflected in Luke—Acts and 1 Cor. 12-14, as well as the history of Pentecostalism, underline this thesis. However, in order to recover this social/political dimension of their Spirit-experience, Western European Pentecostals need to recover the community and social dimension of the kingdom of God over against a Western individualistic, internalized and spiritualized definition thereof.

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Ford, Robert, and Will Jennings. "The Changing Cleavage Politics of Western Europe." Annual Review of Political Science 23, no. 1 (2020): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-052217-104957.

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How are the contours of Western European politics shifting? To what extent do these shifts reflect changes in the underlying social and economic structure of European polities? In this article, we reflect on insights from the classic literature on how cleavages structure party systems and consider how the emergence and persistence of new parties and new ideological conflicts are leading to both shifts of dividing lines of party competition and the fragmentation of party systems. While increasing attention has been given to the so-called second dimension of European electoral politics, we highlight the relatively limited focus on structural changes that are helping to drive this transformation. We identify some socio-demographic developments that are potentially generating new cleavages in Western European democracies: the expansion of higher education; mass migration and the growing ethnic diversity of electorates; the aging of societies and sharpening of generational divides; and increased geographical segregation of populations between prospering, globalized major cities and declining hinterlands.

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Bianchini, Stefano. "L'Europa orientale a venti anni dal 1989." PASSATO E PRESENTE, no. 78 (October 2009): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pass2009-078001.

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- Eastern Europe twenty years on looks retrospectively at the radical changes that have occurred in East-Central Europe since 1989. Despite the Cold War, cultural, economic and social exchanges and "métissages" had developed between the two parts of Europe. The communist collapse of 1989 offered a simultaneous opportunity of reforms and integration, given the interdependence between the "post-socialist transition" and the double process of the Eu enlargement and deepening. Nationalism however has emerged in opposition to integration (and globalization) in both Eastern and Western Europe, giving a new dimension to processes that increasingly have emphasized how Europe is no longer divided in an East-West dichotomy, but displays similar problems in dealing with diversity, social welfare, effective governance and mutual recognition.Key words: Post-socialist transition, European Union, métissage, Nationalism, Globalization.Parole chiave: transizione post-socialista, Unione europea, meticciato, nazionalismo, globalizzazione.

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Lowe, Philip D., and Wolfgang Rüdig. "Political Ecology and the Social Sciences – The State of the Art." British Journal of Political Science 16, no. 4 (1986): 513–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400004555.

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The ‘environment’ as a political issue has had a mixed history. Its sudden upsurge in the late 1960s was followed by many ups and downs. It has, however, continued to press itself on to the political agenda in various forms. Most recently, the rise of green parties in Western Europe has demonstrated that the environment is not one of many issues which come and go but has led to more fundamental political change.

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HOUSTON, R. A. "‘Lesser-used’ languages in historic Europe: models of change from the 16th to the 19th centuries." European Review 11, no. 3 (2003): 299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798703000309.

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This article charts and tries to explain the changing use of ‘minority’ languages in Europe between the end of the Middle Ages and the 19th century. This period saw the beginnings of a decline in the use of certain dialects and separate languages, notably Irish and Scottish Gaelic, although some tongues such as Catalan and Welsh remained widely used. The article develops some models of the relationship between language and its social, economic and political context. That relationship was mediated through the availability of printed literature; the political (including military) relations between areas where different languages or dialects were spoken; the nature and relative level of economic development (including urbanization); the policy of the providers of formal education and that of the church on religious instruction and worship; and, finally, local social structures and power relationships. The focus is principally on western Europe, but material is also drawn from Scandinavia and from eastern and central Europe.

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Noort, Robert Van De. "The context of Early Medieval barrows in western Europe." Antiquity 67, no. 254 (1993): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00045063.

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In the early Middle Ages there was a short period when prehistoric burial mounds were reused and new barrows constructed over much of western Europe. This is interpreted as an expression of opposition to the new Christian ideology, in a time of social changes in the distribution of power and property.

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Windle, Joel. "Review of Jørgensen, J. N., ed. (2003) Bilingualism and Social Change: Turkish Speakers in North Western Europe." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 1 (2006): 11.1–11.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0611.

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Windle, Joel. "Review of Jørgensen, J. N., Ed. (2003)Bilingualism and Social Change: Turkish Speakers in North Western Europe." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 1 (2006): 11.1–11.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.29.1.09win.

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Jamieson, Lynn, Fran Wasoff, and Roona Simpson. "Solo-Living, Demographic and Family Change: The Need to know more about men." Sociological Research Online 14, no. 2 (2009): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1888.

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Solo-living is analytically separate from ‘being single’ and merits separate study. In most Western countries more men are solo-living than women at ages conventionally associated with co-resident partners and children. Discussions of ‘demographic transition’ and change in personal life however typically place women in the vanguard, to the relative neglect of men. We draw on European Social Survey data and relevant qualitative research from Europe and North America demonstrating the need for further research.

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Baykara-Krumme, Helen. "Impacts of Migration on Marriage Arrangement: A Comparison of Turkish Families in Turkey and Western Europe." Journal of Family Issues 38, no. 15 (2015): 2150–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x15594205.

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This study addresses parental involvement in spousal choice and the impacts of migration. Individual and parental characteristics are analyzed as determinants of arranged versus couple-initiated marriages in Turkish families in Turkey and abroad. Analyses are based on the 2000 Families study “Migration Histories of Turks in Europe” and indicate a strong decline of arranged marriages over the past four decades. Arranged marriages are less frequent among migrants in Western Europe than among stayers in Turkey. The difference is largest for second-generation children. This pattern can only partly be explained by their higher educational attainment. Moreover, lower-educated parents are more involved in spousal choice, whereas parental religiosity does not make any difference. Parents strongly transmit their own marriage patterns to their children, but transmission is weaker in migration. Results suggest migration-specific intergenerational adaptation processes in times of general global social and cultural change.

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Stephenson, Ayshia Elizabeth. "A Co-Performance of Radical Change: Venus Hottentot, Slut Shaming, and Sexual Violence." Qualitative Inquiry 24, no. 3 (2017): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800417704466.

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Sara Baartman (“Venus Hottentot”) was a curvaceous South African teenager lured to Europe to perform for audiences in 1810—her genitals and brain posthumously dissected, pickled, and museumized. As researcher and playwright, reflexivity on my power is not enough. I use co-performance as theory and method to unravel my story with Baartman’s to share power and problematize how Western culture shames women for their sexuality. I call upon Anzaldúa and Brody to stand for gender ambiguity and freedom in the world, for binaries of sexual desire are unsustainable and sexual purity impossible because women are sexual beings.

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عبد الرزاق, احمد ابهاء. "Fascist Organizations and Their Infiltration into French Politics 1934-1936." Kufa Journal of Arts 1, no. 32 (2017): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2017/v1.i32.6049.

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The emergence of fascism in Europe coincided chronologically with the phase of severe economic and social crises that afflicted the Western world in the twenties of the twentieth century. Thanks to social and historical conditions, fascism emerged on the political scene as the only force qualified to get out of the crisis and save the existing social system, not change it. This is an important point, because fascist regimes did not eliminate the economic foundations of the existing system. Rather, most of what it did is that it changed the form of government from a Western democracy to a tyrannical, authoritarian dictatorship. Nevertheless, fascism is an exploitative system of government of a new type, because the fascists sought from the beginning to establish a harsh ruling apparatus that works on the principle of blind obedience. The Nazis practiced a method of total physical liquidation in order to eliminate their political opponents

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عبد الرزاق, احمد ابهاء. "Fascist Organizations and Their Infiltration into French Politics 1934-1936." Kufa Journal of Arts 1, no. 32 (2017): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36317/kaj/2017/v1.i32.6049.

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The emergence of fascism in Europe coincided chronologically with the phase of severe economic and social crises that afflicted the Western world in the twenties of the twentieth century. Thanks to social and historical conditions, fascism emerged on the political scene as the only force qualified to get out of the crisis and save the existing social system, not change it. This is an important point, because fascist regimes did not eliminate the economic foundations of the existing system. Rather, most of what it did is that it changed the form of government from a Western democracy to a tyrannical, authoritarian dictatorship. Nevertheless, fascism is an exploitative system of government of a new type, because the fascists sought from the beginning to establish a harsh ruling apparatus that works on the principle of blind obedience. The Nazis practiced a method of total physical liquidation in order to eliminate their political opponents

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Lillios, Katina T. "Practice, Process, and Social Change in Third Millennium BC Europe: A View from the Sizandro Valley, Portugal." European Journal of Archaeology 18, no. 2 (2015): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957114y.0000000069.

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This paper considers the shift from the practice of collective burials to individual (or double) burials in western Europe at the end of the Neolithic/Copper Age, around 2500–2000 BC, through the lens of a particular mortuary site—the artificial cave of Bolores (Torres Vedras, Portugal). It suggests that the practices involved in making and using collective burials played an important role in this transformation towards increasing social differentiation. It explores how a focus on materiality at different scales, both temporal and spatial, might contribute new insights into geographically widespread and relatively co-synchronous social change.

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Qerimi, Qerim. "Social welfare considerations in a rights-based approach to countering climate change: lessons for south-east Europe." SEER 25, no. 1 (2022): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-2869-2022-1-119.

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Social welfare is gaining prominence in the pursuit of global aspirations to fight climate change, one of the preeminent collective concerns of our time. A series of recent landmark judicial decisions in countries including Germany, France and the Netherlands testifies to the prevailing concerns as well as to the inadequacy of the existing measures adopted by states in order to attain realistic climate goals. In all these cases, such cardinal dimensions as the social consequences of climate change, social equality and overall social welfare were made the subject of court scrutiny. The underlying aim of this article is to explore and discern the role and importance of social welfare considerations in the emerging institutional discourse about countering climate change and meeting shared global climate ambitions. In this connection, it seeks to portray wider decision-making trends in western European countries which should, in turn, be interpreted as providing a guiding vision as well as indicators for measuring advances in climate change policies within the region of south-east Europe which has yet to feature in such court actions.

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Romanenko, Sergei. "THE BALKANS / SOUTH-EASTERN EUROPE: THE REGION OF MYSTERY AND MYSTERIES OF THE REGION." Urgent Problems of Europe, no. 2 (2021): 22–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/ape/2021.02.02.

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Based on the study of various types of sources and analysis of Russian and foreign literature, the author conceptually substantiates an approach to the study of the Balkan region / South-Eastern Europe. One of the main problems considered in the article is the change in the course of the history of the 19 th-21 st centuries the ratio of the concepts of «Balkans/South-Eastern Europe», «Eastern Europe», «Central-Eastern and South-Eastern Europe», «Western Balkans», «Western Balkan countries» and «European Western Balkans». The author characterizes various historical stages of the development of the region in the context of world wars and revolutions of the 20 th century, shows the specifics of political and ethnic processes, the internal political situation in each country and relations between the states of the region, the correlation between the processes of regionalization and globalization. With the disappearance of Eastern Europe in the form in which it existed in 1949-1991, after the anti-communist social and national revolutions in the former socialist countries of Europe in 1989-1992, an integral part of the process of national self-determination was the change in the regional self-identification of each people, society and state. If in the 2000 s, positive dynamics prevailed both in terms of internal political development, intraregional and global international relations, then in the 2010 s, the forward movement has stalled in terms of both the internal economic, social and political development of the states of the region, and the settlement of interethnic and interstate conflicts in the region against the background of a general aggravation of international relations. The article examines the role of regional identification and self-identification as elements of national self-awareness. The author also characterizes the challenges facing the countries of the region in the short, medium and long terms and indicates that the choice of the Balkans / South-Eastern Europe, despite the specificity caused by their historical fate, and all the difficulties of development and conflicts, has already been made: the Balkans (like Russia as well) is an integral part of Europe.

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Sergeev, S. A., A. V. Kuznetsova, and S. V. Kuzmina. "From “Storming Heaven” to Normalization: the New Radical Left Parties in Western Europe." Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia 105, no. 2 (2022): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2022-105-2-176-190.

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The article is devoted to studying the new radical left parties (NRLP) that either emerged or strengthened in Western Europe in the light of social protests against neoliberal policies and austerity measures. The mid2010s witnessed the peak of the electoral successes of the NRLP, when, after revisiting the mistakes of the past, the radical left challenged social democrats, who shifted to the right and thus freed up a niche in the political space. Despite the fact that the mass protests, which swept across Europe, created preconditions for strengthening the NRLP everywhere, not all such parties could claim significant electoral achievements. The purpose of the article is to identify the reasons why in some Western European countries the radical left managed to create effective political organizations, while in others they did not. The authors analyze SYRIZA (Greece), Podemos (Spain) and France Unbowed as examples of successful NRLP, which achieved the best results in the elections. However, only SYRIZA managed to become a senior partner in the government coalition. Podemos had to settle for the role of a junior partner, while the achievements of France Unbowed were even more modest. The conducted research allowed the authors to single out several factors that can explain the successful performance of the NLRP in the electoral field. According to their conclusion, the existence of a pluralist democracy is a necessary condition for the efficiency of the NRLP. In addition, the electoral successes of the radical left were prepared by a change in the social structure, which provided the NRLP with a social base — young educated professionals. However, a country’s party system, primarily the role and the weight of social democratic parties in a country’s political life, is a decisive factor that defines prospects for the NRLP.

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Bruchey, Stuart. "Economy and Society in an Earlier America." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 2 (1987): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700048075.

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I suggest here that change in a number of social variables, including values, vertical mobility, political and social power, technology and law, appear to be associated with economic growth or decline and that the study of economic history would be enriched by investigations of the nature and timing of those linkages. Illustrative models of the linkages are drawn for the early Middle Ages in Western Europe and for the colonial and antebellum periods of American history.

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Bailey, J. "Social Change in Western Europe. By Colin Crouch. Oxford University Press. 1999. 543 pp. Cloth, $70.00; paper, $32.00." Social Forces 79, no. 3 (2001): 1194–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0004.

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Bonoli, Giuliano, and Bruno Palier. "How do welfare states change? Institutions and their impact on the politics of welfare state reform in Western Europe." European Review 8, no. 3 (2000): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700004944.

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In the 1980s and 1990s West European welfare states were exposed to strong pressures to ‘renovate’, to retrench. However, the European social policy landscape today looks as varied as it did at any time during the 20th century. ‘New institutionalism’ seems particularly helpful to account for the divergent outcomes observed, and it explains the resistance of different structures to change through past commitments, the political weight of welfare constituencies and the inertia of institutional arrangements – in short, through ‘path dependency’. Welfare state institutions play a special role in framing the politics of social reform and can explain trajectories and forms of policy change. The institutional shape of the existing social policy landscape poses a significant constraint on the degree and the direction of change. This approach is applied to welfare state developments in the UK and France, comparing reforms of unemployment compensation, old-age pensions and health care. Both countries have developed welfare states, although with extremely different institutional features. Two institutional effects in particular emerge: schemes that mainly redistribute horizontally and protect the middle classes well are likely to be more resistant against cuts. Their support base is larger and more influential compared with schemes that are targeted on the poor or are so parsimonious as to be insignificant for most of the electorate. The contrast between the overall resistance of French social insurance against cuts and the withering away of its British counterpart is telling. In addition, the involvement of the social partners, and particularly of the labour movement in managing the schemes, seems to provide an obstacle for government sponsored retrenchment exercises.

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Krysztopa-Czupryńska, Barbara. "Grodno w XVIII wieku w relacjach podróżników z Europy Zachodniej." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 11, no. 1 (2020): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.5968.

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The article shows the transformation that Grodno underwent in the 18th century in the light of accounts of peregrinates from Western Europe. In the first half of the century, a provincial, uninteresting Lithuanian town reluctantly visited by Western European travelers, in the second half of the century gained significantly a power of attraction. To a large extent, the city owed its transformation to Lithuanian Court Treasurer Antoni Tyzenhauz, which the travelers emphasized unanimously. The change in the face of the city was also reflected in eighteenth-century Western European publications.

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Cornell, Vincent J. "Socioeconomic Dimensions of Reconquista and Jihad in Morocco: Portuguese Dukkala and the Sa ʿdid sus 1450–1557". International Journal of Middle East Studies 22, № 4 (1990): 379–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800034334.

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Among the results of recent scholarly interest in the “World-Systems” perspective has been a revival of the debate concerning the origins of capitalism and the modern world economy. Despite the fact that the World-Systems approach at times seems as Eurocentric as some of the theories it purports to oppose, since the origins and “core” developments of both mercantilism and capitalism are considered to have been uniquely rooted in the socioeconomic experience of early modern Europe, it nonetheless offers historians the promise of studying social structural and economic changes in non-Western societies without recourse to the value judgments and prejudices implicit in models of development that employ such terms as “traditional society,” “underdevelopment,” or “modernization.” By demonstrating that market and productive forces external to a particular regional economy and social system can intrude upon that system, dominate it, and eventually stimulate its transformation, thus creating wider changes in intrasocietal social relations, the World-Systems model has the potential of offering a conceptual point of departure of great value to students of social change in regions other than Europe during the early modern era.

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Casal Bértoa, Fernando, and José Rama. "Party decline or social transformation? Economic, institutional and sociological change and the rise of anti-political-establishment parties in Western Europe." European Political Science Review 12, no. 4 (2020): 503–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755773920000260.

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AbstractThe rise in support for anti-political-establishment parties (APEp), especially since the beginning of the 2008 Great Recession, has put democracy in peril. Some scholars have warned us about the negative implications the recent rise of APEp might have for the development of democracy in Western Europe. For that reason, it is important we begin to understand what generates APEp’s electoral success. Drawing on a new comparative dataset that examines all Western European democracies from 1849 until 2017, the current article attempts to provide an explanation. In particular, our analyses examine three alternative explanations put forward by the literature: economic, institutional, and sociological. Our results show that it is not economic performance but both institutional and sociological change which together can help to understand the current wave of support for APEp.

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Cox, R. H. "Creating Welfare States in Czechoslovakia and Hungary: Why Policymakers Borrow Ideas from the West." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 11, no. 3 (1993): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c110349.

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Political change in Eastern Europe meant that a policy reform was soon to follow. The initial expectation was that reform would stem from efforts to emulate the Western democratic countries, and that policymakers in Eastern Europe would borrow from the West. In this study it was found that in Czechoslovakia policymakers were attempting to borrow policies primarily from Britain and Sweden, whereas in Hungary the primary models were Germany and Austria. An explanation for this difference is that historical similarities in social-policy development structured the choice of countries, suggesting that historical trends have persisted despite the long period of Communist rule.

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Kratz, Fabian. "Socialism and the Modernization Hypothesis." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 57, no. 1 (2024): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cpcs.2024.2046013.

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In Europe, people from post-Soviet countries tend to hold more negative attitudes toward immigration than people from Western societies. This pattern is also evident in the former East and West Germany. In line with the modernization hypothesis, previous research shows that worldviews have become more liberal across generations in Western societies over the last century. This study examines whether such processes of liberalization have taken place at a different pace in Western societies and in post-Soviet societies. To this end, I assess whether changes in attitudes toward immigration across birth cohorts differ between residents of post-Soviet countries and inhabitants of other types of welfare states. Using data from the European Social Survey, the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, and the German General Social Survey, this study shows that the pattern of later-born cohorts holding more liberal attitudes toward immigration is less pronounced in post-Soviet states than in other types of welfare states. These findings have implications for research on attitude change over time and the long-term persistence of communist practices, behaviors, values, and norms.

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Mandel, Maud S. "One Nation Indivisible: Contemporary Western European Immigration Policies and the Politics of Multiculturalism." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 4, no. 1 (1995): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.4.1.89.

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Since World War II, policies with regard to immigrant populations have changed dramatically and repeatedly throughout Western Europe. From 1945 to 1955, Western European nations absorbed an enormous number of refugees uprooted during the war. Until the 1970s, governments did not limit migration, nor did they formulate comprehensive social policies toward these new immigrants. Indeed, from the mid-1950s until 1973, most Western European governments, interested in facilitating economic growth, allowed businesses and large corporations to seek cheap immigrant labor abroad. As Georges Tapinos points out, “For the short term, the conditions of the labor market [and] the rhythm of economic growth . . . determined the flux of migrations” (422). France, Britain, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands welcomed the generally young, single male migrants as a cheap labor force, treating them as guest workers. As a result, few governments instituted social policies to ease the workers’ transition to their new environments. Policies began to change in the 1960s when political leaders, intent on gaining control over the haphazard approach to immigration that had dominated the previous 20 years, slowly began to formulate educational measures and social policies aimed at integrating newcomers.

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de Bot, Kees. "Applied linguistics in Europe." AILA Review 17 (December 31, 2004): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.17.07bot.

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In this contribution developments in Applied Linguistics in Europe are linked to major social changes that have taken place over the last decades. These include: The decline of the USSR and the end of the cold war; The development of the EEC and the EU and fading of borders; The economic growth of Western Europe; Labor migration from the south to the north of Europe; The emergence of regionalism. All of these developments have shaped the role of languages in society and they have sparked research on linguistic aspects related to the languages in contact due to these developments.

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Ignatieva, Maria, Michael Hughes, Ashok Kumar Chaudhary, and Fahimeh Mofrad. "The Lawn as a Social and Cultural Phenomenon in Perth, Western Australia." Land 13, no. 2 (2024): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13020191.

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Lawns, introduced in Australia through English colonial heritage, dominate public spaces in cities, serving various ecosystem functions. Australian lawns consist of non-native grasses that differ from native original vegetation and require intensive management and maintenance. This study explores public perspectives on urban lawns in Perth, Western Australia, an area largely overlooked in ecological and social research in the context of Australia compared to Europe and North America. This paper presents empirical research on public perceptions of urban lawns and alternatives in Perth, Western Australia. The study explores social values and preferences regarding traditional lawns and new options, considering visual appearance, uses, and maintenance. Findings from an online questionnaire, involving 171 respondents, identified seven categories based on a content analysis of lawn definitions: flat area; ground covered by grass; maintained; non-native vegetation; open space; recreational space; and turf grass. The results revealed that respondents most value lawns for aesthetics, cooling and recreation (exercises, walking pets, as a transit area, passive recreation, and social gatherings). At the same time, participants demonstrated an environmental awareness of lawns and the necessity of revisiting the existing planning and maintenance routine based on irrigation and intensive mowing by considering several alternative solutions. While valuing new solutions such as Scaevola patches in dedicated areas and “weedy lawns”, participants still preferred alternatives closest in appearance to a conventional lawn (e.g., lawn grass with Dichondra and lawn grass with clover). The study emphasizes the need for a ‘blended model’ of urban lawns, combining durability with heat-resistant, biodiverse vegetation to address social values and environmental concerns.

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