Articles de revues : « Small libraries – United States – Administration »

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Augenbraum, Harold. « NEW YORK’S OLDEST PUBLIC LIBRARIES ». RBM : A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 1, n^o 2 (1 septembre 2000) : 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rbm.1.2.188.

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In the nineteenth century, before the proliferation of tax‐supported libraries in the United States, the subscription library filled the reading needs of many people in the country. Now little known outside a small group of library historians and current members of these institutions, many subscription libraries flourished in the 1800s, but by the twentieth century most had disappeared, victims of lack of funds, lack of interest, or mismanagement. Called membership libraries today, only sixteen subscription libraries are left in the United States. They continue to provide services and care for historic collections, filling a need in various cultural and social . . .

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Yallapragada, RamMohan R., et Mohammad Bhuiyan. « Small Business Entrepreneurships In The United States ». Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 27, n^o 6 (27 octobre 2011) : 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v27i6.6470.

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A small business entrepreneur is defined as an individual who establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of profit and growth. Small businesses constitute an increasingly large proportion of businesses generally in the United States economy. They account for 39 per cent of the United States gross national product and create two out of every three new jobs in our economy. Seven important prerequisites are identified as being necessary for successfully operating a small business. These include adequate financing, qualified personnel, efficient operation and production, marketing and sales, customer service, information management and administration. One of the most significant contributors to failure of a small business relates to acquisition of adequate capital. Small Business Administration (SBA) was established by Federal Government in 1953 to provide low interest loans to small business borrowers that would not otherwise have access to credit. However, there is some criticism that these SBA programs unfairly benefit, not the small businesses, but the financial institutions that participate in the SBA loan programs. Another significant source of debt financing to small businesses is known as micro-financing, started as new wave in providing capital to small businesses by the Nobel Peace Prize winner, Muhammad Yunus, in Bangladesh.

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Kim, Younhee. « Capstone experiences in small MPA programs in the United States ». Teaching Public Administration 35, n^o 2 (28 novembre 2016) : 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144739416679874.

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A capstone experience, as an exit degree requirement, allows Master of Public Administration (MPA) students to build quasi-experimental practices by applying learned knowledge and skills throughout their curriculum in the United States. Accredited MPA programs have implemented their capstone courses differently to achieve required standards. Small programs have faced more challenges in organizational capacities than big programs. Although no consensus on standard capstone course components has been made, this study intends to discuss feasible capstone formats for small programs by reviewing the relatively small accredited MPA programs. The majority of the comparable programs have adopted the professional paper model with different course structures. In response to the program reviews and the pilot experience, three components are suggested to redesign a capstone course for small programs: faculty-directed; group-based; and project-focused. The capstone pilot experience has confirmed that ownership by the involvement of many faculty and external inputs in designing the course is critical to implement successful capstone experiences for small programs.

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Savitskaya, Tatiana E. « Partnership of Digital Libraries Hathi Trust Digital Library : the New Mode of Cooperation ». Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 67, n^o 1 (22 avril 2018) : 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2018-67-1-83-90.

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There is analysed the activities of digital libraries partnership Hathi Trust Digital Library (HTDL), arose in October 2008 in the United States as a collaborative repository of digital collections of library systems of 13 universities in the U.S. Middle West and digital collections of 11 universities in California (now numbering 124 libraries). In the United States — the leader of IT-technologies — has been accumulated the vast experience in the field of organization of electronic resources, carried out a large-scale reorganization of library industry, the results of which are not sufficiently covered in the domestic library science. For the first time, the Russian library community is invited to learn the specific experience of the formation and operation of the partnership of digital libraries HTDL, based on the principle of institutional cooperation and coordination of management solutions in the conservation and maintenance of electronic collections.The main tasks of the distributed data warehouse belonging to the partnership group of large research libraries are: providing access to the digital collection first of all for collective users, libraries — co-founders; preservation of intellectual heritage through reliable and accessible electronic representation, improvement of open technological infrastructure. The HTML concept is based on the conscious preservation of the specificity of research libraries, when the user is offered a body of special catalogued literature, and the ranking of search results is not influenced by the commercial interests. It is noted that HTDL is built on the basis of an extensive network of interlibrary entities in the United States with extensive cooperation in the field of administration, cataloguing, and storage of printed materials.There are considered the priority achievements of Hathi Trust Digital Library: development of the new models of interlibrary cooperation, efficient distributed management structure, transparent scheme of payment calculation of infrastructure maintenance. The dynamics of the development of this resource from the moment of formation to the present time is analysed.

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Stites, Michele L., Susan Sonnenschein, Yongxiang Chen, Kyoko Imai-Matsumura et Hatice Gürsoy. « Facilitating Preschool Children’s Mathematics Development in China, Japan, and the United States : Is the Classroom Library Considered ? » Education Sciences 11, n^o 12 (4 décembre 2021) : 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120792.

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The two studies examined in this paper compare the different mathematical opportunities provided in preschool classrooms in China, Japan, and the United States, with an emphasis on mathematical-themed books in classroom libraries. Study one presents the results of an online survey to examining the content of preschool classroom libraries in China (N = 134), Japan (N = 168), and the United States (N = 291). Study two presents data obtained from semi-structured interviews of teachers in China (N = 8), Japan (N = 8), and the United States (N = 8). The interviews examined teacher perceptions of how they teach mathematics, the importance of teaching mathematics, and the use of the classroom library as a venue for mathematics. Study one results indicated that teachers from all three countries encourage classroom library use; however, teachers from China reported more mathematics storybooks than their Japanese or United States counterparts. Study two results indicated that teachers from all three countries viewed mathematics as important and provided various mathematics learning opportunities to children throughout the school day. Chinese teachers reported providing the most mathematics learning opportunities using whole group instruction, mathematics centers, and free play. Japanese teachers reported few whole group forms of instruction other than circle time but reported providing opportunities for using mathematics during free play and other embedded activities. United States teachers indicated that mathematics learning occurred using whole group instruction and mathematics centers.

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Goodman, Aaron M., Kimberly A. Holden, Ah-Reum Jeong, Lisa Kim, Kerry D. Fitzgerald, Eyad Almasri, Graham McLennan et al. « Response to CAR-T Therapy Can be Monitored Using Genome-Wide Sequencing of Cell-Free DNA in Patients with DLBCL ». Blood 136, Supplement 1 (5 novembre 2020) : 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-141010.

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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, has a five-year survival rate of up to 70%; however, approximately half of patients will ultimately relapse and/or become refractory to therapy. In this clinical setting, autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. While these therapies show significant promise, methods that enable monitoring of therapeutic efficacy could be clinically useful. The use of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), also known as liquid biopsy, has been utilized as a noninvasive surrogate to tumor tissue for the identification of tumor-specific mutations and for monitoring treatment response across a number of cancer types. Here we present data that demonstrate the feasibility of using cfDNA to monitor response to CAR-T therapy in patients with refractory DLBCL. Whole blood was collected during conditioning chemotherapy prior to CAR-T administration, at the time of or shortly after administration, and throughout treatment for 12 patients. A total of 127 blood samples were collected and analyzed with a median of 10 samples (range 8-13) from each patient. For each sample, blood was separated using centrifugation to yield plasma and a buffy coat sample. Each plasma sample was subjected to cfDNA extraction using an automated, bead-based method. Extracted cfDNA was then converted to libraries for next generation sequencing and subsequently assayed with low-coverage (~0.4X) genome-wide sequencing. Copy number alteration (CNA) events were identified and characterized using analytical methods originally developed for noninvasive prenatal testing. To quantify the level of CNAs present in the plasma of cancer patients, we utilized the genomic instability number (GIN). The GIN is a metric intended to capture genome-wide autosomal deviation from empirically derived euploid dosage of the genome in circulation and is calculated as the absolute deviation of observed normalized sequencing read coverage from expected normalized read coverage summed across 50,034 autosomal segments. Cellular DNA from each buffy coat was also collected using a column-based extraction process and used as the template for quantification of the CAR-T construct utilized for the therapy. In this initial small cohort of 12 patients, the majority (8/12) were male and the median age was 52 years (range: 38-77). At the date of data censoring, four patients had an ongoing complete response, five had a complete or partial response but have since relapsed or are now deceased, one had a mixed response, and two had progressive disease. The GIN threshold (GIN = 170) has been utilized previously to identify patients with an aberrant CNA profile consistent with the presence of a tumor. When this threshold was applied, all 12 patients had an elevated GIN at the time of CAR-T administration. To determine whether a patient was progressing despite CAR-T therapy, the GIN values for each patient were evaluated throughout treatment (median=70 days; range=23-154 days). In all four patients with an ongoing complete response, the GIN value at the time point closest to the date of data censoring was below the threshold, suggesting the GIN was consistent with clinical response. Of the five patients that ultimately progressed after an initial PR or CR, four had evidence of progression based on the GIN. In one patient that had a mixed response but ultimately progressed, the progression could be observed using the GIN 66 days before clinical relapse was noted. Finally, two patients had no evidence of a clinical response; however, one of these patients had no detectable ctDNA after treatment and represented a second discordant result in this cohort. In addition to measuring cfDNA, the CAR construct was measured in the background of the total cellular DNA obtained from the buffy coat in those patients receiving Axi-Cel (n=11) using digital PCR. As expected, all 11 patients that received this CAR-T therapy showed no presence of the construct prior to CAR-T administration. After administration, the construct was detected in 4/11 baseline samples and all 11 patients showed the presence of the construct at some point during their treatment. Overall, these data describe a proof-of-concept for the use of multiple liquid biopsy technologies to monitor therapeutic response in DLBCL patients receiving CAR-T therapy. Disclosures Goodman: EUSA Pharma: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy. Holden:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment. Fitzgerald:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment. Almasri:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment. McLennan:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment. Eisenberg:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; OmniSeq: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Tzachanis:MS: Research Funding; EUSA Pharma: Consultancy; Fate: Research Funding; Genetech: Research Funding; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Incyte: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Kyowa Kirin: Consultancy; Magenta: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Jensen:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment; PetDx: Current equity holder in private company, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Kurzrock:Turning Point Therapeutics: Consultancy; Foundation Medicine: Research Funding; Sequenom: Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Medimmune: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; OmniSeq: Research Funding; Debiopharm: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; TopAlliance: Research Funding; Boehringer Ingelheim: Research Funding; CureMatch Inc: Current equity holder in private company, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; IDbyDNA: Current equity holder in private company; Roche: Consultancy; Actuate Therapeutics: Consultancy; Neomed: Consultancy; X Biotech: Consultancy; Guardant: Research Funding; Grifols: Research Funding; CureMetrix: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bicara Therapeutics, Inc.: Consultancy; TD2/Volastra: Consultancy; Konica Minolta: Research Funding; Merck Serono: Research Funding.

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Bamgbose, Oludayo John. « Access to Prison Law Libraries as a Precursor to Effective Administration of Justice in Nigeria : Lessons from the United States of America ». International Journal of Legal Information 46, n^o 2 (juillet 2018) : 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2018.24.

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A decade after the inauguration of the national working group on the reform of criminal justice administration in Nigeria by the then Attorney General of the Federation, Chief Akin Olujinmi, SAN, Nigeria was presented with a newly signed law—Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA), which was a direct response to the growing call for reforms that would address the plethora of problems confronting the administration of the criminal justice system in Nigeria. The 495-section law harmonized the existing two principal laws: the Criminal Procedure Act (CPA) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC), which hitherto governed the administration of criminal justice system across all Federal-owned Courts in Nigeria and the Courts within the Federal Capital Territory. Both CPA and CPC operated for many decades in Nigeria, but had many challenges, hence the urgency for the newcomer— ACJA.

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Arms, William Y. « How effectively can computers be used skilled tasks of professional librarianship ? » ETD - Educação Temática Digital 2, n^o 1 (8 janvier 2009) : 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/etd.v2i1.560.

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Libraries are expensive and research libraries are particularly expensive. Even in the United States, few people can afford good access to primary scientific, medical, legal and scholarly information. Members of major universities have excellent library services. So do people who work in teaching hospitals, or for drug companies or rich law firms. Others have access to information only through the tedious, inefficient system of interlibrary lending. In less affluent countries the situation is worse; even the best universities cannot afford good libraries. Must access to scientific and professional information always be expensive, or is it possible that digital libraries might change this sad situation? The costs of a conventional research library fall into three main categories: facilities (which include buildings), library materials and staff. In digital libraries, the facilities costs are small, since digital libraries avoid the need for expensive buildings. Digital libraries require computers and networks, but these are relatively inexpensive, and the costs to users are shared with other services, such as electronic mail and word processing...

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Moon, PF, HN Erb, JW Ludders, RD Gleed et PJ Pascoe. « Perioperative risk factors for puppies delivered by cesarean section in the United States and Canada ». Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 36, n^o 4 (1 juillet 2000) : 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-36-4-359.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate perioperative risk factors affecting neonatal survival after cesarean section. Data from 807 cesarean-derived litters (3,908 puppies) was submitted by 109 practices in the United States and Canada. Survival rates immediately, two hours, and seven days after delivery were 92% (n=3,127), 87% (n=2,951), and 80% (n=2,641), respectively, for puppies delivered by cesarean section (n=3,410) and were 86% (n=409), 83% (n=366), and 75% (n=283), respectively, for puppies born naturally (n=498). Maternal mortality rate was 1% (n=9). Of 776 surgeries, 453 (58%) were done on an emergency basis. The most common breed of dog was bulldog (n=138; 17%). The most common methods of inducing and maintaining anesthesia were administration of isoflurane for induction and maintenance (n=266; 34%) and administration of propofol for induction followed by administration of isoflurane for maintenance (n=237; 30%). A model of cesarean-derived puppies surviving to birth, between birth and two hours, and between two hours and seven days was designed to relate litter survival to perioperative factors. The following factors increased the likelihood of all puppies being alive: the surgery was not an emergency; the dam was not brachycephalic; there were four puppies or less in the litter; there were no naturally delivered or deformed puppies; all puppies breathed spontaneously at birth; at least one puppy vocalized spontaneously at birth; and neither methoxyflurane nor xylazine was used in the anesthetic protocol.

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Нормова, Ю., et Yu Normova. « Government Support for Small Businesses in the United States of America and China ». Scientific Research and Development. Economics 7, n^o 1 (4 mars 2019) : 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c598f3b175231.64128615.

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The article discusses the place and role of small businesses in the United States of America and China. The results of the study of the current level of development of the small business sector and its support in these countries, including statistical indicators of entrepreneurship development, are presented. The study is based on the analysis of support tools for small businesses. Key features of the small business system are highlighted. The state program supports it. The main directions and program activities focused on small business development are analyzed. Special attention is paid to monitoring the activities of the Small Business Administration, measures to support entrepreneurs, state financial assistance to small businesses, and sources of funding. Based on the analysis carried out, basic state programs and the territorial infrastructure of small business support were noted, and the high socio-economic orientation of small businesses was noted.

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Kaufmann, Jeffrey. « On Finding Madagascar Materials : The ELCA Region 3 Archives in Minnesota ». History in Africa 29 (2002) : 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172174.

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One problem facing any historical anthropologist or anthropological historian of Madagascar is locating sources that are scattered around the globe. A recent guidebook on African source materials in the United States makes important advances toward resolving this problem, notably for South African materials in the United States, but Madagascar is poorly represented there. Researchers of Madagascar can help each other connect the gaps between recognized research materials by sharing with colleagues what they have found at less well-known archives.In the United States there are numerous Malagasy archival resources that may not be evident from a quick search through RLIN, Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC), or Center for Research Libraries (CRL) databases. Small archives may fall outside the range of microfilm projects, such as the Cooperative Africana Microform Project (CAMP), and therefore remain off the researcher's radar screen. Yet quite good materials, such as those at the Luther Seminary in St. Paul, Minnesota, may be relatively nearby and welcoming to the researcher.

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Baker, Charles Richard. « What can Thomas Jefferson’s accounting records tell us about plantation management, slavery, and Enlightenment philosophy in colonial America ? » Accounting History 24, n^o 2 (15 mai 2018) : 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373218772589.

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Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States of America and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence of the American Colonies from Great Britain. Less well known is that he was a meticulous record keeper. He kept daily records of every receipt and expenditure that he made, no matter how small, for a period of over 60 years. Most of these records have survived and are located in various libraries throughout the United States. Two questions are raised in this article: first, what can Jefferson’s accounting records tell us about plantation management in colonial America? Second, what do these accounting records reveal about Jefferson’s perspectives on eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophy? This article investigates original archives in an effort to answer these questions.

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Pendse, Liladhar R. « Academic libraries and research in flux : Global conversations in times of COVID-19 ». College & ; Research Libraries News 82, n^o 1 (8 janvier 2021) : 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.82.1.36.

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In March 2020, Alameda County, where the University of California (UC)-Berkeley is located, issued a shelter in place order as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The UC-Berkeley Library was one of the first libraries in the United States to deal effectively with the new normal that was mandated by local, state, and federal public health officials, shifting to the virtual provision of its services such as instruction, research consultation, and accelerated e-resource acquisition. Library administration encouraged staff to think creatively, to not only provide our services to faculty, users, and students, but also to bridge the physical gap through virtual media to foster collaboration among the community of international librarians.

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Pendse, Liladhar R. « Academic libraries and research in flux : Global conversations in times of COVID-19 ». College & ; Research Libraries News 82, n^o 1 (8 janvier 2021) : 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crln.82.1.36.

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In March 2020, Alameda County, where the University of California (UC)-Berkeley is located, issued a shelter in place order as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The UC-Berkeley Library was one of the first libraries in the United States to deal effectively with the new normal that was mandated by local, state, and federal public health officials, shifting to the virtual provision of its services such as instruction, research consultation, and accelerated e-resource acquisition. Library administration encouraged staff to think creatively, to not only provide our services to faculty, users, and students, but also to bridge the physical gap through virtual media to foster collaboration among the community of international librarians.

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Lillebuen, Steve, et Lisa Shamchuk. « The New Civic Journalism ? An Examination of Canadian Public Libraries as Community News Sources During the 2019 and 2021 Federal Election ». Canadian Journal of Communication 48, n^o 2 (1 juin 2023) : 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjc.2022-0016.

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Background: This article examines to what extent Canadian public libraries participate in civic journalism at a time when news media coverage is declining in many communities. This pilot study was prompted by reports that public libraries in the United States were undertaking civic-minded journalism following the closure of community newspapers. Analysis: A content analysis of 64 Canadian public library websites found nearly a dozen examples of basic news reporting or civic-minded journalism initiatives (basic reporting, n = 8; civic, n = 3) published during the 2019 and 2021 federal election campaigns. This article also articulates and explains the shared goals and philosophy of the civic journalism movement and the mandate of public libraries. Conclusions and implications: While the numbers are small, this is the first empirical evidence of Canadian public library participation in journalism work, and the fact that it exists at all has significance. Whether or not public libraries in Canada continue to participate in civic-minded journalism warrants further attention.

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Zhang, Yu, Kashmir Singh, Ravneet Kaur et Wenping Qiu. « Association of a Novel DNA Virus with the Grapevine Vein-Clearing and Vine Decline Syndrome ». Phytopathology® 101, n^o 9 (septembre 2011) : 1081–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-11-0034.

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A severe vein-clearing and vine decline syndrome has emerged on grapevines (Vitis vinifera) and hybrid grape cultivars in the Midwest region of the United States. The typical symptoms are translucent vein-clearing on young leaves, short internodes and decline of vine vigor. Known viral pathogens of grapevines were not closely associated with the syndrome. To obtain a comprehensive profile of viruses in a diseased grapevine, small RNAs were enriched and two cDNA libraries were constructed from a symptomatic grapevine and a symptomless grapevine, respectively. Deep sequencing of the two cDNA libraries showed that the most abundant viral small RNAs align with the genomes of viruses in the genus Badnavirus, the family Caulimoviridae. Amplification of the viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction allowed the assembly of the whole genome sequence of a grapevine DNA virus, which shared the highest homology with the Badnavirus sequences. This is the first report of a DNA virus in grapevines. The new DNA virus is closely associated with the vein-clearing symptom, and thus has been given a provisional name Grapevine vein clearing virus (GVCV). GVCV was detected in six grapevine cultivars showing vein-clearing and vine decline syndrome in Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, suggesting its wide distribution in the Midwest region of the United States. Discovery of DNA viruses in grapevines merits further studies on their epidemics and economic impact on grape production worldwide.

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Reno, William. « The Clinton Administration and Africa : Private Corporate Dimension ». Issue : A Journal of Opinion 26, n^o 2 (1998) : 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004716070050290x.

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Prior to the start of the colonial era in Africa in the late 19th century, European states conducted relations with African rulers through a variety of means. Formal diplomatic exchanges characterized relations with polities that Europeans recognized as states, between European diplomats and officials of the Congo Kingdom of present-day Angola, Ethiopia, and Liberia, for example. Other African authorities occupied intermediate positions in Europeans’ views of international relations, either because these authorities ruled very small territories, defended no fixed borders, or appeared to outside eyes to be more akin to commercial entrepreneurs than rulers of states. Relations between Europe and these authorities left much more room for proxies and ancillary groups. Missionaries, explorers, and chartered companies commonly became proxies through which strong states in Europe pursued their relations with these African authorities. So too now, stronger states in global society increasingly contract out to private actors their relations toward Africa’s weakest states. Especially in the United States, but also in Great Britain and South Africa, officials show a growing propensity to use foreign firms, including military service companies, as proxies to exercise influence in small, very poor countries where strategic and economic interests are limited. This privatized foreign policy affects the worst-off parts of Africa—states like Angola, the Central African Republic, Liberia, Mozambique, and Sierra Leone—where formal state institutions have collapsed, often amidst long-term warfare and disorder.

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Appe, Susan, et Ayelet Oreg. « Lost and Found in Upstate New York : Exploring the Motivations of “Lost Boys” Refugees as Founders of International Nonprofit Organizations ». Administration & ; Society 52, n^o 8 (26 novembre 2019) : 1209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399719890311.

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This research examines engagement in diaspora philanthropy through the lens of Lost Boys of Sudan and their founding of small international nonprofit service organizations based in the United States. We seek to understand refugees’ motivations to take upon themselves leadership roles in their local United States communities and in the provision of goods and services to their homeland, South Sudan. By becoming founders of international service nonprofits, Lost Boys make meaning of their experiences and are able to motivate local support in their United States communities to give to distant communities in South Sudan.

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Leysen, Joan M., et Jeanne M. K. Boydston. « Job Satisfaction among Academic Cataloger Librarians ». College & ; Research Libraries 70, n^o 3 (1 mai 2009) : 273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/0700273.

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This article details the results of a May 2007 study of job satisfaction of cataloger librarians at ARL member libraries in the United States. Eighty-eight percent of the cataloger librarians studied were satisfied with their current job and the majority would make the same career choice again. Job facets that cataloger librarians found most important were the benefits package, relationships with coworkers, and opportunities to learn new skills. Catalogers wanted to be treated fairly, be consulted about issues directly related to their work, be informed about current activities in their department, have their opinions respected and considered, and have an administration that supports catalogers. Topics for future research are suggested.

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Clark, Sarah. « Book Review : Successful Campus Outreach for Academic Libraries : Building Community through Collaboration ». Reference & ; User Services Quarterly 59, n^o 1 (11 décembre 2019) : 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.59.1.7232.

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Outreach is an increasingly important responsibility for academic libraries, fulfilling the library’s own mission and supporting the wider institution’s goals around retention and student success. Unfortunately, it can be challenging to connect outreach initiatives to desired outcomes. Into this knowledge gap step Peggy Keeran and Carrie Forbes, who have edited a collection of outreach initiatives and strategies organized around four key elements of a successful outreach program: strategic vision and planning, program development and implementation, community outreach, and expanding outreach audiences. Individual chapter authors come from large and small universities in both public and private contexts, and present library outreach initiatives from the United States, Canada, and Indonesia.

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Grigorescu, Adriana, et Amalia-Elena Ion. « A Content Analysis on the Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the United States of America ». Tékhne 17, n^o 1 (31 décembre 2019) : 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tekhne-2019-0014.

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Abstract The present research was constructed with the idea of offering a detailed view on one of the most important legislative papers of the United States of America (USA), namely, the Small Business Act of 1953. The public policy sector in the USA is a rather complex area of research, and the qualitative study performed through the content analysis has been based on external factors within the Small Business Administration (SBA) for the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector in the USA, in terms of financial assistance, regulations and directives, as well as access to information, knowledge and know-how regarding the national and international markets. As a result, the article underlines important elements for both theory and practice. The content analysis performed on the SBA has suggested that, given the administration’s organisational chart and programmes of the American SBA, the latter pushes towards an impersonal connection between the administration and the SME sector through the existence of the business development centres created with the main purpose of assisting the SMEs in their activity.

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Hadwiger, Michael E., Cynthia D. Sommers, Daniel J. Mans, Vikram Patel et Michael T. Boyne. « Quality Assessment of U.S. Marketplace Vancomycin for Injection Products Using High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Potency Assays ». Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, n^o 6 (27 février 2012) : 2824–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00164-12.

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ABSTRACTIn response to a published concern about the potency and quality of generic vancomycin products, the United States Food and Drug Administration investigated a small sampling of the vancomycin products available in North America with regard to purity, content, and potency. To facilitate identification of impurities, a new liquid chromatography method was developed using high-resolution mass spectrometry in addition to diode array detection to characterize impurities in several commercial products. Furthermore, a microbiological assay was utilized to link the analytical profiles with anin vitropotency. All products tested met the quality specifications outlined in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) (vancomycin hydrochloride for injection monograph) for impurities and potency (USP, Vancomycin hydrochloride for injection. United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary, vol USP 34-NF 29, 2011).

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Silva, Rafaela, et Rosângela Caldas. « Hybrid libraries and the development of society ». RDBCI : Revista Digital de Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação 20, n^o 2022 (11 janvier 2022) : 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rdbci.v20i00.8671435/30675.

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Introduction: The distinctive and fundamental libraries’ properties are changed over time, and some of these changes reflected in the nomenclature used to refer to the characteristics of the libraries. This is the case of the traditional and hybrid libraries. This research defends the thesis that hybridity paradigm for libraries stagnated in the 1990s, however, the library management changed, because of their communities’ needs. Objective: It aimed to follow the sociocultural trajectory of the concept of hybrid library. Methodology: The study is qualitative, exploratory, and carried out a theoretical-epistemological and field research. It used the Multimodal Discourse Analysis as research method. The Bibliographic Research was used as a tool to collect data in specific and related Information Science databases. The Field Research was used as a tool to collect data in hybrid library environments placed in the State of Missouri, United States of America. Results: As partial results, was possible to identify that hybridity should be understood beyond its physical infrastructure, as a representative factor to develop communities. The concept of hybridity is inserted in the context of systemic organizations, presupposing an open environment action and administrative junctions, conjecturing micro and macro informational spaces.Conclusion: The hybridity promotes ways to use technology in favor of a collective intelligence, approaching knowledge networks, which can bring new perspectives to the libraries

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Caverley, Jonathan D. « The Myth of Military Myopia : Democracy, Small Wars, and Vietnam ». International Security 34, n^o 3 (janvier 2010) : 119–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2010.34.3.119.

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A capital- and firepower-intensive military doctrine is, in general, poorly suited for combating an insurgency. It is therefore puzzling that democracies, particularly the United States, tenaciously pursue such a suboptimal strategy over long periods of time and in successive conflicts. This tendency poses an empirical challenge to the argument that democracies tend to win the conflicts they enter. This apparently nonstrategic behavior results from a condition of moral hazard owing to the shifting of costs away from the average voter. The voter supports the use of a capital-intensive doctrine in conflicts where its effectiveness is low because the decreased likelihood of winning is out-weighed by the lower costs of fighting. This theory better explains the development of the United States' counterinsurgency strategy in Vietnam during Lyndon Johnson's administration compared to the dominant interpretation, which blames the U.S. military's myopic bureaucracy and culture for its counterproductive focus on firepower and conventional warfare.

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Bordonaro, Karen. « The Experience of International Students at Cross-Border University Libraries ». International Journal of Librarianship 2, n^o 2 (15 décembre 2017) : 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.23974/ijol.2017.vol2.2.20.

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This article describes the results of a small research study investigating international student library use and perceptions in a cross-border setting. The graduate degree program at the center of this study is a binational joint degree M.A. program in Canadian-American studies that takes place simultaneously at Brock University in Canada and at the State University of New York at Buffalo in the United States. The students’ library use was explored as were their perceptions of the two different university library systems. Results indicate that students in such joint degree programs do make use of cross-border university libraries and that they see benefits in doing so. This suggests that these library settings offer librarians a unique but viable way of working with international students, and that cross-border university libraries are worthy of both mention and further study in librarianship.

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Irvine, Betty Jo. « Dual Master’s degree in art librarianship, Indiana University, USA ». Art Libraries Journal 19, n^o 2 (1994) : 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200008749.

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In 1985 the dual master’s degree program in art librarianship was developed at Indiana University by the head of the Fine Arts Library, working with faculty members in the School of Fine Arts/Art History and the School of Library and Information Science. This program is designed to prepare students in the United States for professional library and information specialist positions in fine arts libraries and information centers. The student is offered a coordinated approach to achieving two masters degrees — one in art history and the other in library and information science — and must be admitted to both schools. For this program the course ‘Seminar in Art Librarianship’ was devised, covering topics such as administration, collection development, reference services, and visual resources management. Further requirements include a research bibliography course in art history and fieldwork experience in the Fine Arts and Slide libraries. This program seeks to meet the need for a marketable combination of subject–specific and library/information science education for art library and visual resources professionals.

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Rappé, Michael S., Marcelino T. Suzuki, Kevin L. Vergin et Stephen J. Giovannoni. « Phylogenetic Diversity of Ultraplankton Plastid Small-Subunit rRNA Genes Recovered in Environmental Nucleic Acid Samples from the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts of the United States ». Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, n^o 1 (1 janvier 1998) : 294–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.1.294-303.1998.

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ABSTRACT The scope of marine phytoplankton diversity is uncertain in many respects because, like bacteria, these organisms sometimes lack defining morphological characteristics and can be a challenge to grow in culture. Here, we report the recovery of phylogenetically diverse plastid small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene (rDNA) clones from natural plankton populations collected in the Pacific Ocean off the mouth of Yaquina Bay, Oreg. (OCS clones), and from the eastern continental shelf of the United States off Cape Hatteras, N.C. (OM clones). SSU rRNA gene clone libraries were prepared by amplifying rDNAs from nucleic acids isolated from plankton samples and cloning them into plasmid vectors. The PCR primers used for amplification reactions were designed to be specific for bacterial SSU rRNA genes; however, plastid genes have a common phylogenetic origin with bacteria and were common in both SSU rRNA gene clone libraries. A combination of restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses, nucleic acid sequencing, and taxon-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridizations revealed that 54 of the 116 OCS gene clones were of plastid origin. Collectively, clones from the OCS and OM libraries formed at least eight unique lineages within the plastid radiation, including gene lineages related to the classesBacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae,Prymnesiophyceae, Chrysophyceae, andPrasinophyceae; for a number of unique clones, no close phylogenetic neighbors could be identified with confidence. Only a group of two OCS rRNA gene clones showed close identity to the plastid SSU rRNA gene sequence of a cultured organism [Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay and Mohler; 99.8% similar]. The remaining clones could not be identified to the genus or species level. Although cryptic species are not as prevalent among phytoplankton as they are among their bacterial counterparts, this genetic survey nonetheless uncovered significant new information about phytoplankton diversity.

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Enns, Robert. « Capsule endoscopy : New Technology That is Here to Stay ». Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 18, n^o 9 (2004) : 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/714537.

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Capsule endoscopy (CE) has recently been approved as a new technique for the examination of the small intestine. Following approval by the Food and Drug Administration of the United States in August 2001, CE has quickly gained widespread acceptance as the new 'gold standard' for visualization of the small intestine. Food and Drug Administration approval was based on two clinical studies (1,2). The first (1) compared CE with push enteroscopy (PE) (the previous gold standard) in dogs who had nine to 13 beads (3 mm to 6 mm each) sewn into the small intestine. CE identified more beads (median of six) than PE (median of three), with 64% sensitivity compared with 37% sensitivity for PE. The authors concluded that this new method of assessing the small intestine was superior to PE.

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O, Balaji. « PHARMACOTHERAPY OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER : A SHORT REVIEW ». Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, n^o 3 (1 mars 2018) : 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.23253.

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Lung cancer is a global health problem with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the most common histopathological variant causing almost 28% deaths in the United States of America. Platinum compounds were the mainstay of treatment, and since past 10 years, various newer targeted therapies have come into play. Epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase mutations play a major role in the development of advanced disease. Hence, targeted therapies and immunotherapies will remain an integral part in the management of advanced disease. Hence, this review focuses on the newer drugs approved by Food and Drug Administration to treat NSCLC

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Robilliard, Gordon A., Marion Fischel, William H. Desvousges, Richard W. Dunford et Kristy Mathews. « EVALUATION OF COMPENSATION FORMULAE TO MEASURE NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES1 ». International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, n^o 1 (1 mars 1993) : 739–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-739.

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ABSTRACT Most of the oil spills in marine, estuarine, or freshwater environments of the United States are small (less than 1,000 gallons) and result in minimal injury to natural resources or little to no loss of services. However, federal, state, and Indian tribe trustees for natural resources are entitled under a variety of laws, including the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, to collect damages (money) from responsible parties to compensate for the foregone services and restoration of the services provided by the natural resources. Alaska, Washington, and Florida have developed a formula-based approach to calculating natural resource damages resulting from most spills; the federal National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and several other states are considering developing a compensation formula. The ideal compensation formula is a simplified assessment process that (a) can be applied rapidly, (b) requires relatively small transaction or assessment costs, (c) requires minimal site- and spill-specific data as inputs, (d) is based on generally accepted scientific and economic principles and methods, and (e) results in damage values acceptable to both the trustees and the responsible party. In theory, a compensation formula could be applied to most small oil spills in United States waters.

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Bayraktar, Mehmet Emre, Qingbin Cui, Makarand Hastak et Issam Minkarah. « An evaluation of warranty contracting in the United States of America ». Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 33, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2006) : 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-073.

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It is believed that warranty contracting would benefit state highway agencies by improving quality, saving money and time, and encouraging contractors' innovations. However, the challenges associated with warranties could be substantial, including higher costs, early failures, a reduction or even elimination of small contractors from the bidding process, and an increase in contract disputes and litigation. The actual impact of warranty provisions on state Department of Transportation (DOT) projects in the United States of America is still unclear because of limited industry experience. This paper provides a detailed discussion of warranty provisions and the benefits and problems associated with the subject matter. The advantages and disadvantages of warranty provisions are evaluated from the conflicting perspectives of state Departments of Transportation (DOTs), contractors, and surety companies. The future prospects of warranty provisions are established based on the findings of a recent study of warranty provisions and existing literature. Also, several options are proposed that have a strong potential to improve the application of warranties on DOT projects.Key words: warranties, highway construction, innovation, highway maintenance, contract administration, construction costs, construction inspection.

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Richards, Paul G., Douglas A. Anderson et David W. Simpson. « A survey of blasting activity in the United States ». Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82, n^o 3 (1 juin 1992) : 1416–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0820031416.

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Abstract Statistical information on chemical explosions is needed in seismology, to evaluate the practical difficulties in identifying this very common type of seismic source from other seismic sources such as small earthquakes and small nuclear explosions. We have obtained data on blasting activity from three different sources: (1) overview information from the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) on the total amount of chemical explosives used in the United States during 1987, with breakdowns into different explosive types, and usage by different states; (2) overview information from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) on the numbers of mines, of different types, in the United States; and (3) detailed information from a private company (Vibra-Tech Engineers, Inc.) on total shot size and size of charge per delay for 20,813 blasts carried out in 1987 at 532 locations. Our procedure has been to extrapolate the detailed information contained in the 1987 Vibra-Tech data for a limited number of states and thus to obtain estimates for the whole country on numbers of shots and their size distribution. The extrapolation is constrained by the data from USBM (numbers of shots, sizes) and the MSHA (locations). Blasting activity does not fluctuate greatly from year to year and 1987 was representative of current practice. We find that about 2.2 million metric tons of chemical explosive are used annually in the continental U.S., principally in mining for coal and metal ores. On a typical work day, there are roughly 30 explosions greater than 50 tons, including about one greater than 200 tons. There was one industrial explosion in 1987 at about 1400 tons. For shots between 1 ton and 100 tons, the cumulative distribution has a b-value near unity; that is, if N is the number of shots (per year) greater than or equal to W tons, N ∝ 10 − b log ⁡ W = W − b with b roughly equal to 1. This result is similar to the size distribution of earthquakes greater than magnitude mb, N ∝ 10 − b m b . Almost all chemical explosions above 1 ton are ripple-fired. The typical shot uses 20 to 50 separate delays.

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Trotman, Janina. « Women Teachers in Western Australian “Bush” Schools, 1900-1939 : Passive Victims of Oppressive Structures ? » History of Education Quarterly 46, n^o 2 (2006) : 248–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2006.tb00067.x.

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Demography, distance, and die expansion of settlements created problems for the State Department of Education in Western Australia and other Australian states in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Educational administration in Canada and parts of the United States faced similar issues with regard to the provision of schools. A common response was the establishment of one-teacher rural schools, frequently run by young, and sometimes unclassified, female teachers. In the United States locally elected school boards were the primary source of regulation, but in late nineteenth-century Western Australia such local boards had been stripped of their powers and were answerable to the newly established, highly centralized Education Department. Formal regulated teachers. The masculinized system of the Department and its inspectorate. All the same, however, the local community still exerted informal controls over the lives of teachers working and living in small settlements.

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Thomson, Kirsty. « Lack of Annual Reports Make it Difficult to Analyze Library Strategic Credibility ». Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 6, n^o 2 (24 juin 2011) : 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b80k8n.

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Objective – To investigate whether libraries achieve strategic credibility by assessing if strategic planning goals match the achievements described in annual reports. Design – Content analysis of annual reports and strategic plans from a sample of Association of Research Libraries (ARL). Setting – Academic libraries in Canada and the United States of America. Subjects – A random sample of 12 Canadian and 16 American academic libraries. All libraries were members of ARL. Methods – The researcher contacted the directors of 28 ARL libraries and asked for copies of their strategic plans and annual reports. She also visited the websites of libraries to obtain the reports. The contents of the strategic plans and annual reports were analyzed, and trends in the Canadian and American strategic plans were identified. Main Results – This study found that only 39% of ARL libraries produce annual reports, making it difficult to assess if libraries have strategic credibility, as their strategic plans cannot be assessed against annual reports. The strategic plans gathered in this study were analyzed and emerging themes were identified. These included physical library space (renovations, expansions or new buildings); offsite storage; assessment (both of the libraries’ services, and of information literacy training); development activities such as fundraising and marketing; and personnel issues. Cultural differences also were found in the strategic plans, with American libraries being more focused on trends such as digitization and institutional repositories, and Canadian libraries’ plans being more focused on users’ needs. Trends in annual reports were not reported due to the small number of annual reports in the sample. Conclusion – This study gives a snapshot of the trends in strategic plans of ARL members. It shows that many ARL members do not produce an annual report, and that it is therefore difficult to assess if their strategic plans are implemented successfully. The article hypothesizes that the communication of achievements may now be part of development and marketing efforts, rather than traditional annual reports.

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Kotok, Stephen, David S. Knight, Huriya Jabbar, Luis E. Rivera et Rodolfo Rincones. « On Becoming a District of Choice : Implications for Equity Along the United States–Mexico Border ». Educational Administration Quarterly 55, n^o 4 (9 janvier 2019) : 615–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x18821357.

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Purpose: Despite the popularity of open enrollment as a school choice mechanism, there is little research on how principals behave in a district-run competitive setting. This study adds to our understanding of how open enrollment policies affect the role of the principal as well as educational equity by examining the roles and behaviors of school principals in an unregulated marketplace of schools. Research Method: This study uses an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach. We first analyze school-level transfer data for school year 2014-2015 and demographic data in order to examine trends such as poverty concentration as well as to identify “winners,” “losers,” and “nonplayers” in the open enrollment marketplace. Since principals are heavily involved in recruitment, student screening, and selection of specialized programs, we interviewed 12 principals to better understand their role in the competitive settings. Findings: We find that some schools have emerged as “winners” in this marketplace, attracting large numbers of transfers without losing many students, while other principals and schools struggle to overcome a negative perception and find a market niche to attract students. Our quantitative analysis indicates a relatively small relationship between open enrollment and increased segregation in the district. District oversight seems to have prevented worsening segregation. However, many principals seek more control on the screening process raising equity concerns if formal regulations are not provided. Implications: These findings have implications for school and district leaders navigating open enrollment plans as a means to increase enrollments and encourage innovation while also maintaining equity.

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Bailey, Cristina, Richard Brody et Matias Sokolowski. « Fraudulent loans and the United States paycheck protection program ». Journal of Financial Crime 29, n^o 2 (25 octobre 2021) : 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-07-2021-0165.

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Purpose Despite lessons learned from prior disaster relief funding programs, billions of dollars in fraudulent loans were issued by the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA. The misuse of funds prevented business owners and their employees who are in true financial need from accessing program funds. The purpose of this paper is to identify techniques perpetrators used to obtain funds from the program illegally since its inception in March 2020 and concludes with suggestions on internal controls to reduce fraud occurrences in future relief packages. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyze 106 loan fraud cases reported by the US Department of Justice and compiled by the Project on Government Oversight to examine methods individuals used to illegally obtain funds from the program. The authors complement the data with lender characteristics from Call Reports and Business Insights. They further compare the fraud sample to the entire population of PPP loans, which is available on the US Small Business Administration website. The authors report descriptive statistics, correlations and multivariate regressions. Findings The authors find that most fraud cases falsify tax data to access program loans and inflate payroll numbers to obtain larger loan amounts. Applicants who sought large amounts applied using multiple companies and across multiple lenders, consistent with the use of multiple loans to avoid the scrutiny of a single large loan with a single lender. The authors find that cases with larger amounts relied on less regulated lenders, such as lending companies, rather than more regulated lenders. Originality/value The PPP is part of the largest ever US stimulus in which the private sector allocated funds. This study provides novel evidence of how fraudsters adapted to the program's rules to defraud the government.

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Levis, Mark. « Midostaurin approved for FLT3-mutated AML ». Blood 129, n^o 26 (29 juin 2017) : 3403–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2017-05-782292.

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Abstract Midostaurin was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of FLT3-mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This is the first drug to receive regulatory approval for AML in the United States since the year 2000. Midostaurin is a small-molecule kinase inhibitor with activity against the receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3, and its approval will hopefully mark the beginning of an era of targeted agents for the treatment of molecularly defined subtypes of AML.

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Greene, Nathaniel H., Rachel G. Greenberg, Sean M. O'Brien, Alex R. Kemper, Marie Lynn Miranda, Reese H. Clark et P. Brian Smith. « Variation in Gastrostomy Tube Placement in Premature Infants in the United States ». American Journal of Perinatology 36, n^o 12 (21 décembre 2018) : 1243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676591.

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Objective To describe the variation in surgical gastrostomy tube (SGT) placement in premature infants among neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in the United States. Study Design We identified 8,781 premature infants discharged from 114 NICUs in the Pediatrix Medical Group from 2010 to 2012. The outcome of interest was SGT placement prior to discharge home from an NICU. Unadjusted proportions and adjusted risk estimates were calculated to quantify variation observed among individual NICUs. Results SGT placement occurred in 360 of 8,781 (4.1%) of infants. Across NICUs, any gastrostomy tube placement ranged from none in 45 NICUs up to 19.6%. Adjusted risk estimates for factors associated with SGT placement included gestational age at birth (odds ratio [OR]: 0.7/week, 95% confidence interval[CI]: [0.65, 0.75]), small for gestational age status (OR: 2.78 [2.09, 3.71]), administration of antenatal steroids (OR: 0.69 [0.52, 0.92]), Hispanic ethnicity (OR: 0.54 [0.37, 0.78]), and higher 5-minute Apgar scores (7–10, OR: 0.54 [0.37, 0.79]). Conclusion Individual NICU center has a strong clinical effect on the probability of SGT placement relative to other medical factors. Future work is needed to understand the cause of this variation and the degree to which it represents over or under use of gastrostomy tubes.

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Brennan, John F. « The Radical Right, the National Municipal League Smear File, and the Controversy over Metropolitan Government in the United States during the Postwar Years ». Public Voices 13, n^o 1 (18 novembre 2016) : 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/pv.49.

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This paper reports on activities undertaken by the National Municipal League (NML) and the Public Administration Service (PAS) during the 1950’s and 1960’s to counter libelous and slanderous actions taken by grass roots activists in opposition to efforts to reform metropolitan governance across the United States. I utilize records from the NML archives—and give special attention to their “Smear File”—to chronicle and analyze the key events and actors. Specifically, I focus on the ideas of opponents of metropolitan government reform from the South and West in the United States including Jo Hindman, Dan Smoot, and Don Bell. These individuals used right-wing idea distribution vehicles including magazines, small-town newspapers, and subscription newsletters to disseminate their arguments and rally support for their cause. I also analyze the actions of their foes at the NML and PAS—namely those of Alfred Willoughby, Executive Director of the National Municipal League; H.G. Pope, President of the Public Administration Service;Richard S. Childs, former President of the National Municipal League; and Karl Detzer,Roving Editor for Reader’s Digest and contributing writer for the National Municipal Review, the academic and professional journal of the National Municipal League. This study adds to the literature explaining the lack of metropolitan governmental frameworks at the local level in the United States, which has been built on the work of Charles Tiebout, Vincent Ostrom, Robert Bish, Ronald Oakerson, and Roger Parks. Although this analysis is idiographic and historical in perspective, it does not necessarily challenge the core empirical results of the nomothetic modeling of these scholars.

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Storch, Richard Lee, et William Hills. « Computer-Aided Manufacturing in Small Shipyards : A U.S. and U.K. Comparative Study ». Journal of Ship Production 11, n^o 02 (1 mai 1995) : 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1995.11.2.81.

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Shipbuilders throughout the world are continuing to move toward computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems as a means of improving productivity, quality and competitiveness. Implementation of such systems provides unique challenges to all shipbuilders. One of the critical issues involves the choice of new versus existing computer systems (hardware and software), the pace of change, and the timing of implementation of new parts or totally new systems. These challenges and potential solutions are not only different for each shipyard, but are also significantly different for large and small shipyards. Surveys of current uses and needs of small shipyards in the United States and the United Kingdom were conducted to evaluate current systems and to make recommendations for potentially successful approaches to future implementation. The focus was on three major areas: design (design, drafting, engineering, and lofting); production management (planning, estimating, material control, scheduling, purchasing, production/cost control, and quality control); and administration (payroll, time charging, and billing). Based on this work, recommendations concerning systems for implementation and a framework for integration are presented.

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Liu, Peng. « On Some Legal Problems in Postal Administration ». Journal of Finance Research 4, n^o 1 (29 mai 2020) : 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jfr.v4i1.3244.

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With the development of e-commerce, the express delivery industry in China has developed rapidly. In the past, the express logistics service with postal service as the core has gradually developed into a competitive situation among many logistics companies, such as EMS, Shunfeng, and “Four Tong & One Da”(Shentong Express, Yuantong Express, Zhongtong Express, Best Express, Yunda Express). With the rapid development of China’s express industry, and the development of e-commerce, the number of online shopping has increased, express has become an important choice for small goods exchanges. As a new industry in China, express service industry greatly promotes the development of social economy. With the rapid development of express industry, China has surpassed the United States and become the largest express country in the world. The proportion of express industry in GDP has exceeded 1%, which is becoming one of the pillar industries in China. At the same time, the development of the industry is not standardized. Due to the difference of service standards and the lack of service quality, the number of consumer complaints is increasing.

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Asukwo, Ekanem Ekanem. « South Sudanese Crisis and Its Foreign Intervention, 2013-2021 ». South Asian Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, n^o 6 (3 décembre 2022) : 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjhss.2022.v04i06.006.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the dynamics of South Sudanese crisis from 2013 to 2021. Descriptive research design that anchored on the judgmental sampling technique was adopted. The secondary sources (books, journal articles, conference papers, internet materials and monographs) were sourced from Nigerian libraries and internet, subjected to content analysis, before qualitatively analyzed for the study. Findings revealed that political exclusion, proliferation of small arms and light weapons, corruption and weak institutions triggered grievances that led to December 2013 South Sudanese crisis. The crisis had impacted negatively on security, humanitarian needs, human rights, as well as economy. United Nations Mission in South Sudan, Inter Governmental Authority on Development, African Union Mission in South Sudan, United States, Canada, Uganda, Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia and Eritrea had intervened. Though these findings have deepened the understanding of Group theory, the fear of South Sudanese crisis reoccurring immediately after general election in 2024 is looming. The study the recommends, rotational presidency, devolution of power, mental disarmament and development assistance to avert the incoming crisis.

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Park, Jeongchan, et Sun Mie Park. « Investigation of Ionospheric Earthquake Precursors Using US-TEC Data during the Solar Maximum of 2013–2015 ». Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences 37, n^o 1 (mars 2020) : 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5140/jass.2020.37.1.61.

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Recent studies have suggested that detectable ionospheric disturbances precede earthquakes. In the present study, variations in the vertical total electron content (TEC) for eight earthquakes with magnitudes of M ≥ 5.5 in the western United States were investigated during the solar maximum of 2013–2015 using United States total electron content (US-TEC) data provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Analyses of 12 earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.0 ≤ M < 5.5 in the same region were also performed. The TEC variations were examined for 40 days, including the times when the earthquakes occurred. The results indicated a correlation between earthquakes with magnitudes of M ≥ 5.0 and ionospheric TEC anomalies. TEC anomalies occurred before 60% of the earthquakes. Additionally, they were more frequently observed for large earthquakes (75%, M ≥ 5.5) than for small earthquakes (50%, 5.5 > M ≥ 5.0). Anomalous increases in the TEC occurred 2–18 days before the earthquakes as an ionospheric precursor, whereas solar and geomagnetic activities were low or moderate.

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Pudłowski, Leszek. « Między administracyjną Scyllą i uczoną Charybdą. Urzędnik czy historyk — rozterki u narodzin profesjonalnej archiwistyki w Stanach Zjednoczonych ». Przegląd Archiwalno-Historyczny 9 (2022) : 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2391-890xpah.22.005.17217.

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W Stanach Zjednoczonych istniały dwa nurty archiwistyki. Klasyczny był związany z administracją, drugi zaś tworzyli aktywni obywatele pragnący utrwalić proces narodzin nowego państwa. Podwaliny oficjalnej administracji i biurokracji tworzył Charles Thomson, sekretarz pierwszego, zbuntowanego Kongresu Kontynentalnego w 1774 r. To on, pracując w parlamencie, ukształtował zalążki archiwum władz centralnych w 518 woluminach i dlatego słusznie jest nazywany ojcem chrzestnym amerykańskich archiwistów. Po zdobyciu niepodległości już na pierwszej sesji nowego Kongresu we wrześniu 1789 r. przyjęto Ustawę o zapewnieniu bezpiecznego przechowywania akt, dokumentacji i pieczęci Stanów Zjednoczonych, lecz przez cały wiek XIX nie zdołano stworzyć Archiwum Narodowego. Drugi nurt archiwistyki od zarania USA tworzyli pasjonaci historii, którzy gromadzili indywidualne kolekcje archiwaliów i druków ulotnych. Z czasem wyrastały z nich samodzielne, instytucjonalne biblioteki lub też zbiory te zasilały zasoby innych archiwów, bibliotek czy muzeów. Wśród najwybitniejszych kolekcjonerów warto wymienić Ebenezera Hazarda, Jareda Sparksa czy Lymana Copelanda Drapera. Z czasem także poszczególne stany zaczęły tworzyć instytucje o charakterze historyczno-archiwalnym, z których wyrastały historyczne ośrodki informacyjne i archiwa rządów stanowych. Archiwum Narodowe powołano dopiero w 1934 r. Zatrudniono w nim wielu historyków, którzy liczyli na pracę nad dziejami kraju, lecz zalew współczesnej dokumentacji sprawił, że dopiero po wielu latach żmudnych, biurokratycznych działań mogli podjąć współpracę z historykami. A toczący się wśród nich spór o to, gdzie przebiega granica między powołaniem archiwisty i historyka, pozostaje aktualny do dzisiaj. Between administrative Scylla and academic Charybdis: Clerk or historian — dilemmas in the early days of professional archival science in the United States In the United States, two main trends in archival science can be distinguished: traditional archival activities related to administration on the one hand, and on the other, active citizens who wanted to record the development of the new country. The foundation for the official administration and institutions was laid by Charles Thomson, the secretary of the first rebel Continental Congress in 1774. He worked in the parliament and laid the groundwork for the central authorities’ archive, encompassing 518 volumes. Thus, he is rightly referred to as the “godfather” of all American archivists. At the first session of the Congress after the USA had gained independence, in September 1789, it adopted the Act to provide for the safe-keeping of the Acts, Records and Seal of the United States. However, the authorities failed to establish the National Archives throughout the whole 19th century. The second trend in the history of American archival science was shaped by history lovers, with their individual collections and ephemera. With time, those grew into full-fledged, institutional libraries or were incorporated into the fonds of other archives, libraries, or museums. The most prominent collectors included Ebenezer Hazard, Jared Sparks, and Lyman Copeland Draper. Over time, individual states also started establishing historical and archival institutions, which grew to become centers of historical information or archival offices of state governments. The National Archives were only established in 1934, and employed many historians who hoped to work on the history of the country; however, the influx of contemporary documentation meant that only after many years of tedious, bureaucratic work could they start any actual historical cooperation. Meanwhile, the dispute regarding the line between the vocations of an archivist and a historian remains unresolved until today.

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Shen, Lisa. « Public Librarians Hold Critical and Evolving Role as Community Facilitators of Government Information ». Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 18, n^o 3 (24 septembre 2023) : 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip30381.

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A Review of: Zhu, X., Winberry, J., McBee, K., Cowell, E., & Headrick, J. S. (2022). Serving the community with trustworthy government information and data: What can we learn from the public librarians? Public Library Quarterly, 41(6), 574–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616846.2021.1994312 Objective – To understand public librarians’ experiences in addressing their communities’ government information and data needs. Design – Semi-structured interviews. Setting – 4 public county library systems in 2 southern states in the United States in early 2019, prior to onset of the COVID-19 pandemic Subjects – 31 public service librarians, recruited through a combination of theoretical and convenience sampling strategies. Methods – The researchers conducted individual interviews, ranging between 30 and 60 minutes, with each participant. Interview recordings were transcribed and processed through the qualitative data software NVivo, using a grounded theory approach with open inductive coding followed by thematic analysis. Main Results – Six major findings were identified through thematic coding, including variability and complexity of reference questions, diversity in patron demographics, need for advanced knowledge of the local community context, preparedness of librarians to provide reference consultation for government information, balance between information and interpretation, and trust issues related to government sources. Challenges related to digital literacy level was a shared factor across multiple themes, as patrons’ government information needs are increasingly impacted by their ability to access web, mobile, and computer technologies, navigate online resources, and interpret bureaucratic vocabulary. Some librarians also expressed their own eroding trust towards the validity of government sources, such as climate change information from the Environmental Protection Agency under the Trump administration. Conclusion – A majority of the findings were consistent with past literature, including the breadth and depth of varying government informational needs of public library patrons and the trust patrons have for their public libraries and librarians. Researchers also noted limited initiatives by public libraries to proactively educate patrons about open data or misinformation and recommended that libraries and library science educators better prepare current and future librarians for their role as government information mediators.

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Jed Lea, Henry. « Missiles and Miscalculation ». Korean Journal of Policy Studies 34, n^o 3 (31 décembre 2019) : 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps34306.

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Jeffrey Lewis’s new book is a story of academic and policy lament. The finer details of the North Korean nuclear crisis ? the things that should really matter to people concerned by the issue, and those people driving government responses ?are too often glossed over or simply never understood. The small circle of people who ‘are’ concerned tend to have very little sway. Jeffrey Lewis is one of those fringe people, and ‘The 2020 Commission Report on the North Korean Nuclear Attacks Against the United States: A Speculative Novel’ is his attempt to bundle academic substance into a more accessible, narrative format; a place where fundamental questions play out in a different light: “did America’s leaders have the opportunity to avert the greatest calamity in the history of our nation?”

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Schroeder, Sarah Bartlett. « Academic Libraries Report Minimal Standardization and Oversight of LibGuide Content ». Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 16, n^o 3 (15 septembre 2021) : 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/eblip29955.

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A Review of: Logan, J., & Spence, M. (2021). Content strategy in LibGuides: An exploratory study. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 47(1), Article 102282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2020.102282 Abstract Objective – To determine what strategies academic libraries use to govern creation and maintenance of their LibGuides. Design – Online survey questionnaire. Setting – A selection of academic libraries that use Springshare’s LibGuide system, mainly in the United States and Canada. Subjects – Academic libraries with administrator level access to LibGuides at 120 large and small, private and public schools. Methods – Researchers made their online questionnaire available on a Springshare lounge and recruited participants through electronic mailing lists. Respondents were self-selected participants. The survey consisted of 35 questions, including several about their institution’s size and type, the number of LibGuides available through their library, and how their guides are created and reviewed. There was space available for comments. The survey stated that the researchers’ goal is to complete an “environmental scan of content strategies” in LibGuides at academic institutions. Main Results – Of the 120 responding institutions, 88% are located in either the United States or Canada and 53% reported that they do have content guidelines for LibGuide authors. Content guidelines might include parameters for topics, target audiences, or purpose. Parameters for structural elements, including page design, content reuse policies, naming conventions, and navigation, were most commonly represented at those institutions that reported having guidelines. Seventy-seven percent of respondents reported that their LibGuides do not go through a formal review process prior to publication. Regarding LibGuide maintenance, 58% reported that LibGuides are reviewed as needed, while 27% indicated a more systematic approach. In most cases, the LibGuide reviewer is the author, though sometimes a LibGuide administrator may take on a review role. The most common considerations for LibGuide review are currency, accuracy, usage, and consistency. Of the responding institutions, 74% reported that they do not conduct any user testing of their guides. Two of the biggest barriers to introducing and maintaining LibGuide guidelines identified in the survey were lack of time and a sense of librarian ownership over content and workflow. The strong culture of academic freedom may make some librarians resistant to following institutional guidelines. Survey respondents noted that, where content guidelines are present, they tend to address “low hanging fruit” issues, such as page design and naming conventions, rather than more complex issues around tone and messaging. Conclusion – Content creators tend to have many competing priorities, so a workflow and guideline system might help librarians spend less time on their guides. Despite a large amount of research on LibGuide best practices regarding content strategy, few institutions seem to be taking systematic steps to implement them. Further research examining the experiences of LibGuide authors and administrators and on the effectiveness of content strategy practices is necessary.

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Kidalov, Max V., et Keith F. Snider. « US and European Public Procurement Policies for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SME) : A Comparative Perspective ». Business and Politics 13, n^o 4 (décembre 2011) : 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1469-3569.1367.

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This paper provides a comparative perspective of public procurement policies for small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in the United States and Europe. Public procurement is increasingly recognized as a strategic function of public administration because of the huge amount of resources it consumes, as well as the important policy objectives it seeks to promote, including SME-related objectives. Progress towards meeting SME procurement participation goals, however, remains elusive on both sides of the Atlantic. Policy makers and administrators have little comparative research upon which to draw regarding the effectiveness of various policy approaches, a shortcoming this paper seeks to address. An institutional perspective is adopted which helps explain similarities and differences in U.S. and European SME policies.

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Smith, Luren. « Artificial Intelligence Integrated Social Distancing Analyzer using Deep Neural Nets ». International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM) 16, n^o 09 (10 mai 2022) : 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v16i09.30161.

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Corona Virus Disease (COVID) has so far infected millions of individuals, claiming the lives of tens of thousands. Italy and the United States, two major international powers, are particularly hard hit, with millions of people dead per day. For nations like as India, France, Germany and Spain, Corona has wreaked havoc on the global economy. Throughout the globe, this devastation has been inflicted by this catastrophic virus. After the lockdown limitations have been relaxed, it is necessary to guarantee that social distance is practised at the locations since no treatment has been identified thus far. After the lockdown restrictions were relaxed in countries like India, where fewer instances were recorded, the nation saw an increase in cases. Implementation of social distancing systems is the topic of this study, which employs sophisticated libraries to keep track of the distance between people in real time and implement the system. Deploying deep learning and Raspberry Pi, we want to change the system of social distance by using a small number of sensors to acquire real-time data. Corona Virus Disease (COVID) has so far infected millions of individuals, claiming the lives of tens of thousands. Italy and the United States, two major international powers, are particularly hard hit, with millions of people dead per day. For nations like India, France, Germany, and Spain, Corona has wreaked havoc on the global economy. Throughout the globe, this devastation has been inflicted by this catastrophic virus. After the lockdown limitations have been relaxed, it is necessary to guarantee that social distance is practiced at the locations since no treatment has been identified thus far. After the lockdown restrictions were relaxed in countries like India, where fewer instances were recorded, the nation saw an increase in cases. Implementation of social distancing systems is the topic of this study, which employs sophisticated libraries to keep track of the distance between people in real-time and implement the system. Deploying deep learning and Raspberry Pi, we want to change the system of social distance by using a small number of sensors to acquire real-time data.

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Ahmed, Dr Emad, et Dr Medhat Alsafadi. « Small Business Owners’ Perception of Balanced Scorecard for Business Survival and Growth ». International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, n^o 10 (1 octobre 2021) : 14–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss10.3286.

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The United States Small Business Administration (SBA) defines Small Business Enterprises (SMEs) business establishments that are independently owned managed or operated. Small business organization indicates that some of them have found the Balanced Scorecard to be very significant in boosting general performance in two key perspectives: higher complexity and management capability and drives change and enhance rapid growth. However, in the recent past, there has been increased study on the adoption of BSC in small organizations. The objective of this study was to determine the how small business owners in the United States perceive the aspects of balance score card in regard to business survivability, growth and competitiveness. Hypotheses that were to be answered include H1: Small business owners’ perceive learning and growth as the most significant perspective for their business survival, growth, and competitiveness beside the financial perspective. H2: Small business owners’ perceive customers as the most significant perspective for business growth, survival, and competitiveness. H3: Small businesses owners perceive internal business processes as the most significant perspective for their business growth, survival, and competitiveness. The philosophy adopted is positivist with explanatory and descriptive strategies. The approach of the research is quantitative using ANOVA analysis. The 100 sample companies were selected from the Best 100 small business in the SBA website and survey questionnaire sent online to this selected companies. The result of the research indicated that the most significant Balanced Scorecard perspective is the customer. At the end of the research, it was deciphered that all initiatives that the small business listed in SBA undertake when applying the BSC, customer focus is always the guiding force. Therefore, it can be stated overly that there a significant positive perception of the Balanced Scorecard as a tool to enhance growth and survivability among small businesses.

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