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1
Vaughan, Jacqueline D. « Secretaries, statesmen and spies : the clerks of the Tudor Privy Council, c. 1540-c.1603 / ». Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/440.
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2
Whiteley, Joanna. « Lives and limbs : re-membering Robert Jones : a biography ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/1986.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This is a biography of Robert Jones, 1857-1933. He was a surgeon, and is credited with bringing orthopaedics from its quack past into its scientific present. This work explores Jones’ life and times, and examines whether he is entitled to the epithet ‘father of orthopaedics’. It looks at the history of bonesetting, the influences on Jones’ development and medical training, and some key moments in his career – notably his involvement in the building of the Manchester Ship Canal, the planning of Heswall Children’s Hospital, and the Great War. It argues that although there are other medical men who could have been credited with fathering orthopaedics, he is indeed the father – at least of orthopaedics in Britain, if not internationally. This version of Jones’ life begins with something of his biographer’s journey, before it explores what and who influenced Jones, and in turn what his legacy has been to the medical profession. The accompanying Critical Commentary explores whether or not it is possible to offer a definition of biography as a genre in the light of its history and purpose. It examines critical views, considers the mythology that grows up around historical figures, and also explains the rationale for the structure chosen for organising the material presented in this new biography of Robert Jones, Live and Limbs: Re-membering Robert Jones.
3
Li, Boting, et 李博婷. « Leonard Woolf : towards a literarybiography ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45697735.
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4
Karginoff, Simon P. « The parliamentary career of Michael Thomas Sadler, 1829-1833 ». Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1995. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1185.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis seeks to combine an historiographical reappraisal of Michael Thomas Sadler, 1780-1835, with an account of his political thought and actions during his parliamentary career, 1829-1833. Sadler was an Ultra-Tory, although he has also been called a Radical Tory. Central to Ultra-Tory philosophy was the defence of the Revolution Settlement, or Protestant Constitution. This thesis opens with an explanation as to why Sadler was chosen as a research subject. Section one gives a general background to Sadler. The thesis begins with a brief biographical sketch followed by a detailed historiographical assessment. Sadler’s basic philosophy is outlined and his opposition to Catholic emancipation and parliamentary reform is examined. The second section finds Sadler’s social and economic reforming activities the focus of attention. Although we move away from strictly constitutional issues the section explores Sadler’s concern for the downtrodden in England and Ireland. Indeed, for Sadler, the ‘aristocratic ideal’ – the need to look after the material well- being of British subjects – was as important as preserving the political framework of the Constitution. The question of a poor law for Ireland and factory legislation in England are two key areas under examination. Another chapter in the section examines Sadler’s attempts at reform on behalf of the agricultural labourers of Britain. The thesis concludes with a reappraisal of Sadler’s contribution to social reform in the early nineteenth century together with a reassessment of his position within the Tory party.
5
Strasdin, Kate. « Fashioning Alexandra : a sartorial biography of Queen Alexandra 1844-1925 ». Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366831/.
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In the second half of the 19th century, Alexandra Princess of Wales and later Queen Consort to her husband Edward VII became one of the most recognizable women of the period. Her image was circulated around the globe by the million and her every movement recorded daily in The Times. Despite her contemporary celebrity, she has become a lesser-known figure in modern history. With little in the way of political influence, Alexandra recognized that her ppearance in public was powerful. She used clothes throughout her life to both display and disguise herself. despite the centrality of dress in her life, no other study has ever examined her remaining items of clothing until now. This thesis considers in detail those garments that have survived from Queen Alexandra’s wardrobe, most of which, owing to their geographic spread, have never been studied before. This object-led approach allows an analysis of a life, which has been considered before in more traditional biographies. However, the close examination of the garments and of Alexandra’s approach to her clothing reveals aspects never before considered. It has also prompted the consideration of previously under researched areas such as royal laundry, the role of the dresser and the logistics of 19th century royal travel. As a multi-disciplinary project it has shed new light onto Alexandra’s life and dispelled certain apocryphal stories which only the material culture itself could reveal.
6
Akel, Regina. « The journals of Maria Graham (1785-1842) ». Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2585/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Maria Graham is known as a travel writer, but she also translated works from French and German into English, wrote on history, painting, stories for children, and kept personal journals. My thesis centres on her travel journals and memoirs, published and unpublished. Graham is one of the first female travel writers to acquire fame as a writer shortly after publication, or to provoke controversy; in the cases of Brazil and Chile she actually is the first woman to write about those emerging states. She is outstanding as well for the authority of her narrative voice, her disregard of restrictions imposed on women’s text during her time, her complex approach to gender issues and for the changes experienced by her narrating persona. She begins by constructing a well informed but detached observer who reports her visit to India and the first visit to Brazil in a cold and distant voice, but who later allows another voice to filter through her text, an event that turns the narrator into a mere shadow in parts of the journal on Chile. It is in this journal that Graham begins to build up a contradictory persona who can be superior, ironic, and scathing when describing other women, but who can portray herself as a helpless heroine in a traditional romance when her script so demands it. In the second visit to Brazil this complex narrator becomes warmly eulogising of the country and its ruler, but this attitude does not last. The position is reversed in the third journal, which has elements of a spy thriller at times. The last chapter concerns the journals written in and about Europe regardless of chronology; they illustrate one of the main postulates of the thesis: that Graham evolved as narrator from detached observer to heroine up to the journals written at the end of her life, which become explorations into the narrator’s inner self.
7
Dunster, Sandra. « Women of the Nottinghamshire elite, c. 1720-1820 ». Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12083/.
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This thesis explores the lives of women in a small group of families in the Nottinghamshire elite between 1720 and 1820. A close reading of family papers, gives access to the minutiae of female life and it is from these small details that the attitudes, activities and responsibilities of elite women are constructed. Drawing on the distinct historiographies of women and gender, and of the elite, the evidence produced by this sharply-focused approach is used to explore women's formal and informal roles, and the specific ways in which they were fulfilled, in the domestic, social, economic and political life of the elite. Consideration is first given to attitudes towards girls within the family and to how childhood experience contributed to the construction of elite womanhood. An assessment of the level of convergence between family and individual interests in the matter of marital choices is followed by an exploration of the weight of domestic responsibility experienced by women within the family, as wives, mothers and housekeepers. Attention turns to assessing the extent of female engagement with political, economic and social life, in the pursuit of personal and family interests. The narratives of women and their families illuminate how the female elite balanced the particular mix of subordination and privilege conferred upon them by gender and status. The range of activities in which they engaged and the multifaceted nature of that engagement demonstrate that throughout the eighteenth century women at all levels of the Nottinghamshire elite worked to support the ethos of elite pre-eminence in many small but cumulatively significant ways.
8
Lebreux, Marie-Pascale. « William Palmer of Magdalen College : an ecclesiastical Don Quixote ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ43900.pdf.
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9
Yates, Valerie (Valerie Ida). « Unusual Victorians : the personal and political unorthodoxy of Lord and Lady Amberley ». Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65530.
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10
Gobin, Anuradha. « Leaving a bittersweet taste : classifying, cultivating and consuming sugar in seventeenth and eighteenth century British West Indian visual culture ». Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112338.
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This thesis explores visual representations of British West Indian sugar in relation to the African slave trade practiced during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. During this time, sugar played a vital role to the lives of both European and non-Europeans as it was a source of great wealth for many and became transformed into one of the most demanded and widely consumed commodity. From the earliest days of British colonization, the cultivation and production of sugar in the Caribbean has been inextricably linked with the trade in African slaves to provide free labor for plantation owners and planters. This thesis considers how European artists visually represented sugar in its various forms---as an object for botanical study, as landscape and as consumable commodity---and in so doing, constructed specific ideas about the African slave body and the use of African slave labor that reflected personal and imperial agendas and ideologies.
11
Hill-Andrews, Oliver. « Interpreting science : JG Crowther and the making of interwar British culture ». Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61526/.
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This thesis examines the place of science in interwar British culture, and challenges central narratives about the shape of interwar British science. Informed by histories of the nineteenth century that critique a process of professionalization and popularization, I argue that characteristics of nineteenth century science persisted much longer than is commonly assumed. In particular, I show that the boundaries of the scientific community were still quite fluid, that interpreting science for a broad audience was crucial for the making of science (both in the public sphere and in the scientific community, at a time of specialization), and that there were attempts to overcome a supposed divide between the sciences and the arts (in cultural productions and personal relations). These arguments are made through an examination of the life and work of J.G. Crowther (1899-1983). Crowther's life has not yet received extended treatment from historians, but this neglect belies his contemporary importance. Drawing on his extensive archive (and those of his peers) and reviews, I advance the notion of Crowther as a ‘man in the middle' – he was someone who mediated between practising scientists and the public and between practising scientists of different specializations, positioned himself at the centre of the two cultures, and often found himself in the middle ground politically. As such, he exemplifies the state of the pre-Big Science culture of interwar Britain. Conceptually, I develop the term ‘interpreter' to refer to Crowther's role: this term overcomes many of the pitfalls of ‘popularizer', and shows Crowther in an active role, shaping and re-shaping the meanings of science in the public sphere for his own political and professional ends. It is hoped that, by thinking in terms of ‘interpretation', historians will be able to develop more sophisticated understandings of the place of science in twentieth century British culture.
12
DeYoung, Ursula. « The invention of the scientist : John Tyndall and the fight for scientific authority, 1850-1900 ». Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670013.
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13
Tompkins, Laura. « The uncrowned queen : Alice Perrers, Edward III and political crisis in fourteenth-century England, 1360-1377 ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4461.
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This thesis is a full political biography of Alice Perrers, the mistress of Edward III from the early 1360s until his death in June 1377 and mother to three of his children. It argues on the basis of the progression of her career that after the death of Edward's queen consort Philippa of Hainault in August 1369 Alice was able to extend the scope of her power and influence to the point that she became a ‘quasi' or ‘uncrowned' queen and, consequently, that her contribution to the political crisis of the 1370s can only be fully understood in terms of queenship. More generally, despite the recent increase on work on Alice, this study suggests that her life deserves a more thorough and nuanced appraisal than it has so far received. Various aspects of Alice's life are explored: her birth, family and first marriage; her early years as Edward III's mistress; the change in her status after Philippa of Hainault's death; her commercial activity as a moneylender and businesswoman; her accumulation of a landed estate and moveable goods; what happened to her in the Good Parliament; her trial in 1377; her marriage to William Wyndesore; and her life after Edward III's death. By examining Alice's career in this fashion it is shown that she took a leading role in the court party during the 1370s. Ultimately, by taking the original approach of applying ideas about queenship to a royal mistress this thesis demonstrates that Alice was perceived to have ‘inverted' or undermined the traditional role that the queen played in complementing and upholding the sovereignty and kingship of her husband, something that has implications for the wider study of not only mistresses, but also queens and queenship and even male favourites.
14
Preston, Amanda Lorraine. « Richard Charles Nicholas Branson : a psychobiographical study ». Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5543.
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Unique individuals are fascinating as we all want to be successful. There is thus a need to understand, unpack and share the psychological development and traits that allow some people to become sui generis, and to learn from them. Psychobiographical research is a qualitative approach that can be utilised to uncover the story of such an individual life, resulting in greater understanding of the psychological concepts underpinning the person. This form of study is invaluable, and involves applying psychological theory to lives completed or unfinished, enabling the development and testing of developmental theories. Richard Branson (1950-present), an entrepreneur, adventurer, philanthropist and family man is the single psychological subject chosen in this study. Branson was selected based on interest value, his uniqueness and the lack of a specifically academic and psychologically focused case study on his life. The primary aim was to explore and describe Branson’s personality development across his life, to date. This was achieved by applying both Maslow’s (1954, 1970) theory of optimal development and Adler’s (1929, 1956) Individual Psychology theory to provide a comprehensive idiographic interpretation of the development of Branson. To achieve this, the case study utilised the systematic and consistent collection, analysis and interpretation of life history materials, highlighting three areas of development, namely Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood. The theoretical frameworks were used to discern, transform and reconstruct his life into a coherent and illuminating narrative of his psychological movement through life. Alexander’s (1988; 1990) model of identifying salient themes was used to analyse data for analytical generalisation (Yin, 2009). The conceptual framework derived from the theoretical perspective was constructed to organize, integrate data, and guide the presentation and discussion of findings of the study in an integrative and comprehensive manner. The findings suggest both Maslow’s and Adler’s theories considered the biopsychosocial context in Branson’s personality development and, at least to some extent, supported concepts indicative of progression toward optimality through having met the needs of the ego actualisation of his self, toward transcending selfishness and attaining altruism and social interest. The study of Branson’s personality development has provided a positive demonstration of the value of Maslow’s (1970a) and Adler’s (1929, 1956) theories to understand the process of development. It has further highlighted the unique trajectory of an individual’s life, contextualized, as well as the possibility of being agents in our own lives and despite challenges, able to become our own idiosyncratic best. The study also highlights the need, at a macro level, for governments to assist those unable to satisfy basic needs such as food, shelter and safety, to set an imperative, to aid those who struggle if a country and its people are to be uplifted. In terms of Adlerian theory, the study highlights the importance of family and early experiences in supporting the earliest years of children to assist them to develop an identity that is healthy and socially useful. Finally, recommendations were made for future research utilising a psychobiographical research design to uncover, illuminate and reconstruct the lives of outstanding and interesting individuals.
15
Samuel, James Gribble. « The 'Radical Underworld' of the Mediterranean : William Eton, Malta, and the British Mediterranean Empire, 1770-1806 ». Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/20065.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In 1806, the British protectorate of Malta was engulfed in political scandal when accusations of ‘despotism’, ‘tyranny’ and ‘torture’, were made against the island’s Civil Commissioner, Sir Alexander Ball. This episode, alongside other contemporary colonial controversies, has recently attracted attention as a starting point for histories charting British attempts to construct a coherent imperial legal system across the first half of the nineteenth century. Rather than viewing the events at Malta in 1806 as the beginnings of a nineteenth-century story, this thesis however argues for the need to understand them as the culmination of a longer eighteenth-century saga. Applying a biographical lens, this thesis traces the Mediterranean career of William Eton, the minor colonial official who was chiefly responsible for the accusations made at Malta. As this thesis argues, ostensibly marginal figures such as Eton make particularly useful subjects for such an approach due to the fact that their life stories do not fit neatly into existing historical narratives, and thus cut across and connect supposedly distinct historical processes. Through Eton, this thesis connects the political scandal at Malta in 1806 to the intellectual and cultural circles of the North-German Enlightenment, to London networks of metropolitan political radicalism in the 1790s, as well as to the secret diplomacy, espionage, and foreign policy endeavours of the British and Russian empires in the Mediterranean in the late-eighteenth century. By piecing together the fragmentary traces of Eton’s transient career, with his diverse networks and multi-layered sociability, as well as his many endeavours to succeed, this thesis therefore provides a clear insight into just how interconnected British and Mediterranean trade was with diplomacy, politics, and the social and intellectual currents of European life during the ‘Age of Revolutions,’ as well as the lasting impacts these connections had on shaping British imperial governance at Malta.
16
Stewart, William Frederick. « 'Every inch a fighting man' : a new perspective on the military career of a controversial Canadian, Sir Richard Turner ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3389/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Ernest William Turner served Canada admirably in two wars and played an instrumental role in unifying veterans’ groups in the post-war period. His experience was unique in the Canadian Expeditionary Force; in that, it included senior command in both the combat and administrative aspects of the Canadian war effort. This thesis, based on new primary research and interpretations, revises the prevalent view of Turner. The thesis recasts five key criticisms of Turner and presents a more balanced and informed assessment of Turner. His appointments were not the result of his political affiliation but because of his courage and capability. Rather than an incompetent field commander, Turner developed from a middling combat general to an effective division commander by late 1916. His transfer to England was the result of the need for a proficient field commander to reform the administration. Turner proved to be an excellent administrator, a strong nationalist, and was crucially responsible for improvements in administration and training in England. Finally, the conflict with Sir Arthur Currie, the commander of the Canadian Corps, rather than being motivated by obstructionist jealousy was the outcome of competing institutional imperatives and Currie’s challenging personality.
17
Wan, Connie. « Samuel Lines and sons : rediscovering Birmingham's artistic dynasty 1794-1898 through works on paper at the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists : Volume 1, Text ; Volume 2, Catalogue ; Volume 3, Illustrations ». Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3645/.
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This thesis is the first academic study of nineteenth-century artist and drawing master Samuel Lines (1778-1863) and his five sons: Henry Harris Lines (1800-1889), William Rostill Lines (1802-1846), Samuel Rostill Lines (1804-1833), Edward Ashcroft Lines (1807-1875) and Frederick Thomas Lines (1809-1898). The thesis, with its catalogue, has been a result of a collaborative study focusing on a collection of works on paper by the sons of Samuel Lines, from the Permanent Collection of the Royal Birmingham Society of Artists (RBSA). Both the thesis and catalogue aim to re-instate the family’s position as one of Birmingham’s most prominent and distinguished artistic dynasties. The thesis is divided into three chapters and includes a complete and comprehensive catalogue of 56 works on paper by the Lines family in the RBSA Permanent Collection. The catalogue also includes discursive information on the family’s careers otherwise not mentioned in the main thesis itself. The first chapter explores the family’s role in the establishment of the Birmingham Society of Arts (later the RBSA). It also explores the influence of art institutions and industry on the production of the fine and manufactured arts in Birmingham during the nineteenth century. The second chapter discusses the Lines family’s landscape imagery, in relation to prevailing landscape aesthetics and the physically changing landscape of the Midlands. Henry Harris Lines is the main focus of the last chapter which reveals the extent of his skills as archaeologist, antiquarian and artist.
18
Peterson, Stephen. « Gladstone, religion, politics and America : perceptions in the press, 1868-1900 ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/17262.
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This thesis examines American perceptions of William Ewart Gladstone in the religious and secular press from 1868 to 1900. The scope of the study encompasses his role as a Christian apologist and his engagement in public affairs where religion and politics converged. The opinions of Americans are examined in the general categories of evangelicals, Roman Catholics, secular news organs and to a lesser extent Unitarians and agnostics. Gladstone’s reputation in the United States is followed through much of the latter half of the nineteenth century, beginning shortly after the close of the Civil War when Americans in the North held him in disrepute for his impolitic acknowledgement of Southern nationhood. This thesis demonstrates that American opinions of Gladstone were transformed as they increasingly perceived him to be a champion of Liberal reform and religious liberty and, especially for conservative evangelicals, a stalwart defender of Christian truth and civilisation against the rising tide of modern secularism. It also suggests that a pervasive anti-Catholicism inspired many in the United States to support Gladstone’s political causes. Finally, this study demonstrates that Americans projected their own values and myths on to the statesman. For many, he came to embody their progressive worldview with respect to the spread of religious and political liberty.
19
Heiberg, Jacobus Petrus. « Dr. A.L. Geyer as Suid-Afrika se hoë kommissaris in die Verenigde Koninkryk (1950-1954) ». Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52244.
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Dissertation (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Dr. A.L. Geyer's appointment in June 1950 as the Union's new High Commissioner to London was largely due to the political objectives of the then government. He was confronted by a number of related challenges, i.e. the furthering of the existing multifaceted South-African-British relations, the promotion of the apartheid policy and convincing the Union's critics as to the merits of the above policy. Geyer, a loyal Afrikaner and staunch republican, experienced soon after arrival that the policy of apartheid and the Union Government's insistence on the transfer of the High Commission territories were placing the existing diplomatic relations under considerable strain. To Geyer's frustration the Union Government failed to realise that the application of the apartheid policy 'was affecting South Africa's foreign relations detrimentally. The effect of the Union's domestic policies was therefore prohibiting any possibility of the transfer of the British-controlled neighbouring territories. Geyer was thus faced with maintaining a delicate balance between white-centred aspirations in South Africa, championing South Africa's interests overseas and his own evolving perspective that the application of the apartheid policy was not going to be acceptable to the outside world. Geyer was also well aware that the Cold War would contribute substantially to the constitutional liberation of the former British colonies in Africa, which in turn would affect the composition of the Commonwealth and South Africa's future membership. He therefore took Union politicians to task for actions that were geared to satisfy short-term party-political expectations, without taking into account both the national and international ramifications of such actions. Geyer did not differ fundamentally with the principles and objectives of apartheid; however, he was no stereotyped Afrikaner who simply supported apartheid without any questioning. In his public appearances he emphasised the historical, cultural and sociopolitical motivation for apartheid, the practical embodiment of the policy and the rights and role of the whites in South Africa. He portrayed apartheid as a political model that envisages equal, but separate development for all races that would ensure the peaceful co- existence of a multi-racial community. Geyer continuously emphasised that only visible and positive results emanating from the application of apartheid, would guarantee acceptance of the policy and also secure the future of the white population in South Africa. Geyer was therefore very critical of the government's inability to give meaningful content to the policy of apartheid. Geyer's biggest personal disappointment was the inability of his mentor and friend, Dr. D.F. Malan, to rise above the role of the party politician in becoming a competent Minister of Foreign Affairs and as Prime Minister, a statesman of international stature.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Politieke oogmerke het daartoe gelei dat die Unieregering vir dr. A.L. Geyer in Junie 1950 na Londen gestuur het as die Unie se nuwe Hoë Kommissaris. Hy is deur verwante uitdagings gekonfronteer, naamlik om die veelvlakkige Suid-Afrikaans-Britse betrekkinge uit te bou, om die apartheidsbeleid te bevorder en om die kritici van die Unieregering te oortuig dat daar geregverdigde meriete in die beleid is. Geyer, 'n lojale en republikeinsgesinde Afrikaner, het na sy aankoms ervaar dat die Unieregering se apartheidsbeleid en die volgehoue aandrang om die oordrag van die Hoë Kommissariaatgebiede, toenemende diplomatieke spanning tussen die lande veroorsaak het. Tot Geyer se frustrasie kon die Unieregering nie insien dat die toepassing van die apartheidsbeleid direkte invloed uitoefen op Suid-Afrika se buitelande betrekkinge nie, wat weer die oordrag van die Brits-beheerde gebiede onmoontlik gemaak het. Geyer moes gevolglik 'n delikate balans handhaaf tussen die blanksentriese verwagtinge in die Unie, die bevordering van Suid-Afrika se belange in die buiteland en sy groterwordende perspektief dat die toepassing van die apartheid nie vir die buitewêreld aanvaarbaar is nie. Geyer was ook terdeë daarvan bewus dat die Koue Oorlog, die grondwetlike ontvoogding van Brittanje se Afrika-kolonies sou verhaas, wat weer beduidende implikasies vir die samestelling van die Statebond en die Unie se voortgesette lidmaatskap ingehou het. Hy het Unie-politici dus gewaarsku teen optredes wat daarop toegespits was om korttermyn partypolitieke verwagtinge te bevredig, sonder om die nasionale en ook internasionale implikasies van die uitsprake te verreken. Geyer het geen fundamentele verskille met die beginsels en oogmerke van apartheid gehad nie, maar terselfdertyd was hy ook nie 'n stereotipe Afrikaner en naprater van apartheid nie. In sy optredes het hy deurentyd die historiese, kulturele en sosio-politieke beweegredes vir apartheid, die beliggaming van die beleid en die blanke se aanspraak op en rol in Suid-Afrika beklemtoon. Apartheid is voorgehou as 'n politieke model wat ten doel het om deur middel van gelykwaardige, maar afsonderlike ontwikkeling die ruimte te skep vir die vreedsame voortbestaan van 'n veelrassige gemeenskap. Geyer het groot erns daarvan gemaak om te beklemtoon dat die aanvaarding van die apartheidsbeleid en die blanke se voortbestaan in Suid-Afrika nou verbind word aan die positiewe en sigbare gevolge van die toepassing van apartheid. Geyer het dit dan ook nodig gevind om kritiek uit te spreek oor die regering se klaarblyklike onvermoë om daadwerklike inhoud aan positiewe apartheid te gee. Die grootste persoonlike teleurstelling wat Geyer egter beleef het, was sy ontnugtering dat sy mentor en vriend, dr. D.F. Malan, nie sy rol as partypolitikus kon ontgroei en ontwikkel in 'n bekwame minister van Buitelandse Sake en 'n Eerste Minister wat 'n staatsman van internasionale statuur is nie.
20
Waddell, Stephen Blair. « William Jay of Bath (1769-1853) ». Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/11927.
Texte intégralRésumé :
William Jay (1769-1853) was an Independent minister of the Argyle Chapel in Bath for sixty-two years. His career bridged the time between the Evangelical Revival of the eighteenth century and the formal Congregational denominationalism of the nineteenth century. Jay’s autobiography is used among historians for its first-hand accounts of other notable evangelical figures such as William Wilberforce (1759-1833), Hannah More (1745-1833) and John Newton (1725-1807). Too often his own influence has been overlooked, but at the time he was regarded as one of the foremost Dissenting preachers of his era. His ministry within a fashionable spa city increased the respectability of evangelical religion among the growing middle classes in Bath. This thesis examines the evangelicalism of William Jay in the context of his times. The scope of Jay’s life and popularity will be examined in six chapters. Following the introduction, chapter two will examine his direct impact through the Argyle Chapel upon Bath. Chapter three will review the early life of William Jay that was much neglected by his biographers. It will demonstrate the formation of his evangelicalism first introduced to him by Joanna Turner (1732-1784) and instilled in his training by Cornelius Winter (1742-1807). The social composition of the Argyle Chapel will be evaluated in the fourth chapter. Those that Jay attracted to the chapel not only promoted his cause to advance the gospel, but also increased the prestige of the minister and his place of worship. In chapter five, Jay’s preaching, which attracted celebrity and commoner alike, will be analyzed for form, style, content, delivery and the receptivity of his audience. Likewise, the spirituality of the man, which will be reviewed in chapter six, induced similar qualities to stimulate evangelical religion. Finally, the polity and ecclesiology of William Jay will be examined in the seventh chapter. The Argyle Chapel was under strong pastoral guidance for the vast majority of the minister’s service until Jay lost that influence shortly before his retirement in 1852. The biography will conclude with an appraisal of R.W. Dale’s (1829-1895) categorization of Jay and his chapel as representative of older evangelical religion and criticism of the early participants of the revival found in Dale’s sermon The Old Evangelicalism and the New (1889). William Jay promoted a religious perspective that exhorted the individual to dwell on the self yet sought to do so through a united Christian movement that crossed denominational barriers.
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Hodgson, John. « Class acts : the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth earls of Crawford and their manuscript collections ». Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/class-acts-the-twentyfifth-and-twentysixth-earls-of-crawford-and-their-manuscript-collections(3ed36c16-23f9-4b9c-85d5-21070eea9984).html.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Throughout Victoria's reign, Lord Lindsay and his son Ludovic, respectively twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth earls of Crawford, created one of the largest private libraries ever assembled in Britain. The Bibliotheca Lindesiana included some six thousand manuscripts, which Ludovic sold to Enriqueta Rylands in 1901 for £155,000. The principal problematic that I address in this thesis is: Why did the earls of Crawford invest vast amounts of financial and cultural capital in this endeavour? In other words, what factors - both structural and specific - led to the formation of the library, what purposes did it serve, and what roles did its manuscript components in particular perform? Other questions include: How - and how successfully - did Lindsay and Ludovic maintain physical and intellectual control over the rapidly growing library? How did they position themselves within networks of connoisseurship and collecting in Victorian Britain? How was the formation of the Oriental manuscript collections connected with Lindsay's interest in racial classification and with wider racial discourses? And how did the library reflect and reinforce Lindsay's identity as a gentleman-scholar? Previous studies of this and other manuscript collections have adhered to an antiquarian, bio-bibliographical model, focusing on the detailed matter and mechanisms of collecting, rather than exploring the socio-cultural and epistemological contexts of their development. This thesis, by contrast, constitutes the first extended application of cultural theory to a manuscript collection, or indeed to any private library, in the nineteenth century. I combine close archival work with Bourdieu's concepts of field, capital and habitus to reveal the complex structuration and signification of the library, and to investigate the imbrication between the earls' personal agency and wider forces operating upon the library. My examination of the Bibliotheca Lindesiana has uncovered several key issues and themes hitherto unexplored in this or any other major private library of the nineteenth century. First, I argue that the reasons for the library's development reside principally in various forms of classification, which preoccupied Lindsay and reflected wider societal trends and taxonomies: the classification of libraries and the ramification of knowledge; Lindsay's deployment of the library to corroborate his and his family's social and cultural distinction (i.e. social classification); and an interest in racial classification, which reflected Orientalist discourses associated with imperialism. Secondly, while the dispersal of aristocratic collections in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is a familiar trope, this study is the first to contextualize the decline of a private library within the struggle between the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie. Finally, this is the first examination of the impact of professionalization upon private as opposed to public libraries, revealing the tensions between amateur traditions and growing professionalism and specialization in the nineteenth century. I thus 'read' through the library some of the wider socio-economic and cultural issues operating in Victorian Britain and its empire.
22
Baker, Anastasia Christine. « Anna of Denmark : Expressions of Autonomy and Agency as a Royal Wife and Mother ». PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/713.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Anna of Denmark (12 December 1574 - 2 March 1619), the wife of King James VI/I of Scotland, England, and Ireland, was an intelligent and interesting woman who has, up until recently, been largely ignored by history. It has only been within the past two decades that any in-depth analysis of Anna has been done, and most of that analysis has focused on Anna's work with the Stuart court masque. The intent of this thesis has been to expand upon current scholarship regarding Anna, as well as to synthesize the various facets of Anna's life in order to put together a more comprehensive understanding of who Anna was and the various ways in which she expressed personal agency and autonomy as a queen consort as opposed to a queen regnant, and how she used the roles of royal wife and mother to further her own goals and interests. The work is divided into an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction offers a brief analysis of the primary and secondary sources, and details how these sources were used within the broader scope of the paper. This introductory section also examines Anna's early life in Denmark, her wedding, and her initial journey to Scotland. The second chapter focuses on Anna's relationships with her husband and children, and particularly how Anna established a niche for herself within first the Scottish, and later the English courts. By studying these relationships it is possible to study the ways in which Anna, as a queen consort, was able to create a court presence for herself. Chapter three analyzes Anna's relationships with other courtiers and, more specifically, what these relationships tell modern scholars about how Anna was able to exercise political influence and power both directly and indirectly. Anna's interactions with her courtiers illustrate how well she understood not only human nature, but the nature of court culture and politics. The fourth chapter presents an in-depth study of Anna's masquing career, and looks at how Anna used the court masque to not only establish a female presence on the stage, but also to fashion a public image for herself. Anna used the Stuart court masque in a way that no one had previously: she used it to express her social and political opinions, and through the court masque Anna was able to portray both who she was and how she wanted to be perceived. The final chapter covers Anna's final days and her lasting impact on English history. Anna of Denmark deserves to be brought out of the shadows of history, and this thesis has attempted to do just that. She was a bright, engaging young woman who, unfortunately, has largely been overshadowed by her husband and children. By studying Anna's various roles as wife, mother, friend, benefactor, and patron, it has been possible to bring forth a much more complete understanding of who this queen consort was and why she is important to a broader understanding of early modern English history.
23
Heywood, David. « British combatant writers of the Spanish civil war ». Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61706.
Texte intégral
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Morrison, Hazel Margaret Catherine. « Unearthing the 'clinical encounter' : Gartnavel Mental Hospital, 1921-1932 : exploring the intersection of scientific and social discourses which negotiated the boundaries of psychiatric diagnoses ». Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5766/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Charting the trans-Atlantic movement of ‘dynamic’ psychiatry from The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic, Baltimore, to Gartnavel Mental Hospital, Glasgow, this thesis throws light upon the resultant ‘dynamic’ case note records, produced in Gartnavel during the 1920s. By undertaking an in-depth, qualitative analysis of Gartnavel’s case note records and corresponding archival materials, I explore the polemical question, posed, amongst others, by Foucault, of how psychiatry achieves its distinct status as a science of the individual. Foucault, most notably in Discipline and Power, ascribes to the psychiatric profession the power to fashion individual patient histories into cases, cases which simultaneously emphasise the individuality of a patient, while condensing, i.e. ‘fixing’ their identities that they may be constituted ‘an object for a branch of knowledge and a hold for a branch of power’. This thesis, while recognising the validity of this argument, explores how the clinical practices and philosophical outlook of dynamic psychiatry in the early twentieth century enabled both patient and psychiatrist to negotiate the construction of the psychiatric case note record, and consequently of patients’ individual identities. D. K. Henderson, physician superintendent of Gartnavel between 1921 and 1932, was one of the first, if not the first psychiatrist fully to incorporate dynamic principles into the working practices of a British mental hospital. Initiating methods of case note taking and staff meeting consultation (now integral components of modern day psychiatric practice) he transported the teachings of his mentor, the Swiss émigré psychiatrist Adolf Meyer, to the everyday clinical practices of Gartnavel. The dissemination of dynamic psychiatry through Henderson’s published works and medical teachings is recognised as having integrally shaped the practices of Scottish psychiatry in the twentieth century. However, the significance of the unpublished case note records, produced under his superintendence of Gartnavel during the 1920s, as sources of historical enquiry has gone largely unrecognised. A near-unique archive of ‘dynamic’ case note records is used in this thesis to reveal, what Roy Porter termed, a ‘history from below’ of clinical practices and examinatory processes. For as Henderson employed stenographers and clinical clerks to record verbatim and semi verbatim the dialogues that passed between patients and psychiatrists within staff meetings and mental examinations, I, as Porter himself aspired to, take as the focus of my research a history of the ‘two-way encounters between doctors and patients’. By employing an interdisciplinary research method, one that incorporates Foucauldian, literary, critical medical humanities, as well as more traditional forms of medical history scholarship, I establish a history of dynamic psychiatry set within clinical encounters. Engaging with current debate, evolving primarily within the interdisciplinary sphere of the medical humanities, I argue these records reveal a history of medical humanism, one in which both patients and psychiatrists actively shaped the history of twentieth century Scottish psychiatry.
25
Du, Bon-Atmai Evelyn. « Competing Models of Hegemonic Masculinity in English Civil War Memoirs by Women ». Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc848084/.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This thesis examines the descriptions of Royalist and Parliamentarian masculinity in English Civil War memoirs by women through a close reading of three biographical memoirs written by Margaret Cavendish, duchess of Newcastle; Lady Ann Fanshawe; and Lucy Hutchinson. Descriptions of masculinity are evaluated through the lens of Raewyn Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity to understand the impact two competing models of masculinity had on the social and political culture of the period. The prevailing Parliamentarian hegemonic masculinity in English Civil War memoirs is traced to its origins before the English Civil War to demonstrate how hegemonic masculinity changes over time. The thesis argues that these memoirs provide evidence of two competing models of Royalist and Parliamentarian masculinities during the Civil War that date back to changes in the Puritan meaning of the phrase “man of merit”, which influenced the development of a Parliamentarian model of masculinity.
26
Lewis, Elizabeth Faith. « Peter Guthrie Tait : new insights into aspects of his life and work : and associated topics in the history of mathematics ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6330.
Texte intégralRésumé :
In this thesis I present new insights into aspects of Peter Guthrie Tait's life and work, derived principally from largely-unexplored primary source material: Tait's scrapbook, the Tait–Maxwell school-book and Tait's pocket notebook. By way of associated historical insights, I also come to discuss the innovative and far-reaching mathematics of the elusive Frenchman, C.-V. Mourey. P. G. Tait (1831–1901) F.R.S.E., Professor of Mathematics at the Queen's College, Belfast (1854–1860) and of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh (1860–1901), was one of the leading physicists and mathematicians in Europe in the nineteenth century. His expertise encompassed the breadth of physical science and mathematics. However, since the nineteenth century he has been unfortunately overlooked—overshadowed, perhaps, by the brilliance of his personal friends, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1805–1865) and William Thomson (1824–1907), later Lord Kelvin. Here I present the results of extensive research into the Tait family history. I explore the spiritual aspect of Tait's life in connection with The Unseen Universe (1875) which Tait co-authored with Balfour Stewart (1828–1887). I also reveal Tait's surprising involvement in statistics and give an account of his introduction to complex numbers, as a schoolboy at the Edinburgh Academy. A highlight of the thesis is a re-evaluation of C.-V. Mourey's 1828 work, La Vraie Théorie des quantités négatives et des quantités prétendues imaginaires, which I consider from the perspective of algebraic reform. The thesis also contains: (i) a transcription of an unpublished paper by Hamilton on the fundamental theorem of algebra which was inspired by Mourey and (ii) new biographical information on Mourey.
27
Vane, Robert. « Sir Thomas Erpingham, K.G. (1357-1428) : A Knight in the Service of the House of Lancaster ». Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/5014.
Texte intégral
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Keller, Carol Ann. « Pandit and pulpit : teaching the Victorians--Harriet and James Martineau ». 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/10614.
Texte intégral
29
« A pinoneer at crossroads of East and West : James Legge ». Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5887826.
Texte intégralRésumé :
by Wong Man Kong.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 182-195).
Abstract --- p.1
Acknowledgements --- p.3
Introduction --- p.5
Chapter PART ONE: --- BIOGRAPHICAL REMARKS
Chapter 1 --- THE MAKING OF A CHINESE MISSIONARY SCHOLAR --- p.10
Missionary Zeal --- p.10
James Legge's Family --- p.12
"William Milne, William Charles Milne and James Legge" --- p.14
James Legge's Choice for Career --- p.19
Procedure or Obstacle: Legge's application to the L.M.S --- p.24
Samuel Kidd and James Legge --- p.25
Legge's Marriage --- p.29
Was James Legge Extraordinary? --- p.30
Chapter 2 --- WORKING AS A MISSIONARY --- p.32
The Ultra-Ganges Mission --- p.32
James Legge's appointment at the College --- p.35
James Legge's Works and Vision for the Mission --- p.38
James Legge and Relocation of the College --- p.42
Missionaries' Perspectives on the Founding of Hong Kong --- p.46
James Legge's View of the Opening of China and the Opium War --- p.53
James Legge and Hong Kong Cadets --- p.58
James Legge and the Union Church --- p.61
Chapter PART TWO: --- THE USE OF EDUCATION
Chapter 3 --- JAMES LEGGE AND EDUCATION IN HONG KONG (1843-1873) --- p.66
Education in 19th Century England --- p.67
Education in the Early Colonial Period of Hong Kong --- p.70
Morrison School --- p.71
The Anglo-Chinese College in Hong Kong and James Legge --- p.75
James Legge And the Grant-in-Aid System --- p.85
James Legge's Appointment in Education Committee --- p.91
James Legge and Secular Education in Hong Kong --- p.93
James Legge and His Text Book Circle of Knowledge --- p.97
James Legge's Labour in Education: A Retrospect --- p.100
Chapter 4 --- JAMES LEGGE AND CHINESE STUDIES AT OXFORD --- p.106
The Establishment of the Chair of Chinese Professorship --- p.107
Analysis of Questions in the Davis Chinese Scholarship --- p.114
San Zi Jinq --- p.116
Emphasis on the Pre-Zhou and Zhou periods --- p.118
Emphasis on Translation --- p.119
Chapter PART THREE： --- THE USE OF TRANSLATION
Chapter 5. --- JAMES LEGGE AND TERM QUESTION --- p.123
Motivation of James Legge's Participation in Bible Translation --- p.124
James Legge's Position in the Controversy --- p.128
Confucianism in Relation to Christianity： A Manifesto of His View towards the Term Question --- p.133
Encounter of Confucianism and Christianity --- p.136
Chapter 6. --- JAMES LEGGE AND WANG TAO --- p.141
The Meeting of Legge and Wang --- p.142
Wang's Assistance to Legge's Translation --- p.146
Chapter 7. --- Conclusion --- p.156
Chapter Appendix One: --- Resolutions Made by the Board of Mission of the L.M.S. towards Her China Mission after the Opium War --- p.160
Chapter Appendix Two: --- An Examination Paper for the Cadets in Hong Kong --- p.162
Chapter Appendix Three: --- James Legge's Publications at Oxford University --- p.163
Chapter Appendix Four: --- Subscribers for the Chair of Chinese Professorship --- p.167
Chapter Appendix Five: --- Questions of Davis Scholarship --- p.169
Pictures --- p.177
Bibliography --- p.182
Glossary --- p.196
30
Michlová, Marie. « Hidalgo aneb životopis Johna Gibsona Lockharta ». Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-341302.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The thesis is about life and personality of John Gibson Lockhart (1794-1854), who was a notable Scottish literary critic and biographer. The first part of the thesis is a brief narrative of his life. The second part is dedicated to the history and manners of Lockhart's family, which was closely related to Sir Walter Scott. This family is compared with a typical family of the period. The third part is tracing Lockhart's influence over the Scottish national movement.
31
Kinsman, Jane. « The prints of David Hockney : their cultural, autobiographical and artistic contexts ». Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/155819.
Texte intégralRésumé :
David Hockney is a leading figure in contemporary printmaking. Since 1954 making prints has been an integral part of Hockney's art practice. It is a field of art in which he is truly gifted and, over five decades, he has created a significant body of prints. He has constantly pushed the boundaries of printmaking in terms of style, subject matter and technique. This is almost without parallel in recent art history. Printmaking has also provided Hockney with a diversion when other forms of his art, notably painting, were in a stylistic and iconographic cul de sac. The history of Hockney's involvement in making prints has formed a critical path in his overall artistic development in all its variety of forms. For much of his life as an artist, David Hockney has been freer, more experimental and less inhibited in his approach to creating art, when making prints than when painting. A successful career in painting often eluded him during much of his early career particularly after he adopted the use of acrylic paint and Hockney would often find himself in an artistic dead end in his painting style. In contrast, making prints often provided a way forward for Hockney. This modus operandi continued for much of his artistic life until his more recent embrace of digital processes in art using an iPhone or iPad. Hockney's development from an emerging artist to a mature and successful one lay in his constant searching for new ways of depiction, other than those belonging to new modernist canons. He was constantly posing pictorial problems and then trying to solve them. To this end, Hockney developed a hybrid art in his printmaking, one of wide ranging eclecticism. He then turned to naturalism, only to find he needed to explore further choices. As a mature artist Hockney achieved a fusion of the abstract and formal elements in his work and to tackle age-old issues - how to portray someone, how to depict a landscape and a season, a time of day and under certain weather conditions and how to indicate space and time in two-dimensional art form. For Hockney, printmaking has been an integral part of this search and discovery. Now entering the second decade of the 21st century, Hockney has finally achieved his ambition to become a landscape painter of consequence and now the focus for Hockney lies there. The significant purpose and role that prints played in his artistic career in the twentieth century have ceased to exist - at least for the present. -- provided by Candidate.
32
Human, Samantha. « Winston Churchill’s ‘Black Dog’ : a psychobiographical case study for depressive realism ». Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18837.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Text in EnglishThis qualitative psychobiographical study sets out to explore and describe the life of Sir Winston Churchill within the context of his lifelong experience with depression, his ‘Black Dog’. The aim of the research is to present a case for depressive realism with Churchill as the single case study. The reconstruction of Churchill’s life as a psychological narrative is contextualised within the theoretical framework of Alfred Adler’s Theory of Individual Psychology. Data was collated via biographical and life history material. Data was analysed by means of thematic analysis. Data trustworthiness and ethical considerations were adhered to. The findings of this study reveal that Churchill’s depression had positive gains of him striving to contribute to society, potentially demonstrating that depressive realism exists as a side-effect of depression. The significance of which, conceivably substantiates the idea that positive aspects of depression do exist, enabling a potentially more encouraging and constructive outlook for individuals suffering from depression.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)
33
Machková, Irena. « Politická kariéra vévody z Wellingtonu po roce 1815 ». Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-348603.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The main purpose of this thesis is to present the biography of Arthur Wellesley, the first duke of Wellington (1769-1852) with the connection to his political career in the top political offices primarily in the years 1815-1832. With the respect to the way how Wellington concerned to his political negotiations, this thesis also try to look at the duke's childhood and adolescence. Based on the chronological order the large area of the thesis especially attends to the British facts, which comes close to us through the Wellington's political activity. This work deals with the key political issues incidental to the duke's career, e.g. Bill of Pains and Penalties, Catholic Emancipation, or Parliamentary Reform. We can come to the conclusion that his key political attitudes which had a great impact on his decisions were "the service to the state and the King", "non-party feeling in political debates", and "the demand of a discipline", not only for himself, but for his colleagues and subordinates too. Key words: Arthur Wellesley, the duke of Wellington, biography, Great Britain, the 1st half of the 19th century, political history, correspondence
34
Sauer, Christof 1963. « Reaching the unreached Sudan Belt : Guinness, Kumm and the Sudan-Pioneer-Mission ». Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/891.
Texte intégralRésumé :
This missiological project seeks to study the role of the Guinnesses and Kumms in reaching the
Sudan Belt, particularly through the Sudan-Pionier-Mission (SPM) founded in 1900.
The term Sudan Belt referred to Africa between Senegal and Ethiopia, at that period one of the
largest areas unreached by Christian missionaries. Grattan Guinness (1835-1910) at that time was
the most influential promoter of faith missions for the Sudan. The only initiative based in
Germany was the SPM, founded by Guinness, his daughter Lucy (1865-1906), and her German husband
Karl Kumm (1874-1930). Kumm has undeservedly been forgotten, and his early biography as a
missionary and explorer in the deserts of Egypt is here brought to light again.
The early SPM had to struggle against opposition in Germany. Faith missions were
considered unnecessary, and missions to Muslims untimely by influential representatives of
classical missions. The SPM was seeking to reach the Sudan Belt via the Nile from Aswan. The most
promising figure for this venture was the Nubian Samuel Ali Hiseen (1863-1927), who accomplished a
scripture colportage tour through Nubia. Unfortunately, he was disregarded by the first German
missionary, Johannes Kupfemagel (1866-1937).
When the SPM failed to reach the Sudan Belt due to political restrictions, Kumm and the
SPM board were divided in their strategies. Kumm planned to pursue a new route via the Niger River,
seeking support in Great Britain rather independently. The SPM, holding on to Aswan, dismissed
Kumm, and began to decline until it made a new start in 1905, but for a long time remained a
local mission work in Upper Egypt. The Sudan United Mission however, founded by the Kumms in 1904,
did indeed reach the Sudan Belt.
An analysis of the SPM reveals its strengths and weaknesses. The SPM grew out of the Holiness
movement and shared the urgency, which made faith missions successful, but also was the SPM's
weakness, as it suffered from ill-preparedness. The SPM innovatively gathered together
single women from the nobility in a community of service for missions under its
chairman, Pastor Theodor Ziemendorff (1837-:1912).Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
D.Th. (Missiology)