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Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Skeptical inference »

Auteur : Grafiati

Publié le 30 novembre 2024

Mis à jour le 31 juillet 2025

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Skeptical inference"

Walker, Mark. "Occam’s Razor, Dogmatism, Skepticism, and Skeptical Dogmatism." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 6, no. 1 (2016): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-05011168.

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Underdetermination arguments for skepticism maintain that our common sense view of the external world is no better, evidentially speaking, than some skeptical competitors. An important and well-known response by dogmatists, those who believe our commonsense view is justified, appeals to abduction or inference to the best explanation. The predominant version of this strategy, going back at least to Locke, invokes Occam’s razor: dogmatists claim the common sense view is simpler than any of its skeptical alternatives and so has more to recommend it, evidentially speaking. This dispute has oversha

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HENDRICKS, PERRY. "Skeptical Theism Proved." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 6, no. 2 (2020): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2019.45.

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AbstractSkeptical theism is a popular response to arguments from evil. Many hold that it undermines a key inference often used by such arguments. However, the case for skeptical theism is often kept at an intuitive level: no one has offered an explicit argument for the truth of skeptical theism. In this article, I aim to remedy this situation: I construct an explicit, rigorous argument for the truth of skeptical theism.

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De Cooman, Gert, Jasper De Bock, and Márcio Alves Diniz. "Coherent Predictive Inference under Exchangeability with Imprecise Probabilities." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 52 (January 10, 2015): 1–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4490.

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Coherent reasoning under uncertainty can be represented in a very general manner by coherent sets of desirable gambles. In a context that does not allow for indecision, this leads to an approach that is mathematically equivalent to working with coherent conditional probabilities. If we do allow for indecision, this leads to a more general foundation for coherent (imprecise-)probabilistic inference. In this framework, and for a given finite category set, coherent predictive inference under exchangeability can be represented using Bernstein coherent cones of multivariate polynomials on the simpl

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Firebaugh, Glenn. "Will Bayesian Inference Help? A Skeptical View." Sociological Methodology 25 (1995): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/271075.

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Beierle, Christoph, Christian Eichhorn, Gabriele Kern-Isberner, and Steven Kutsch. "Properties and interrelationships of skeptical, weakly skeptical, and credulous inference induced by classes of minimal models." Artificial Intelligence 297 (August 2021): 103489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2021.103489.

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Mills, Ethan. "Three Skepticisms in Cārvāka Epistemology: The Problem of Induction, Purandara’s Fallibilism, and Jayarāśi’s Skepticism about Philosophy." International Journal for the Study of Skepticism 12, no. 1 (2021): 46–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105700-bja10029.

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Abstract The classical Indian Cārvāka (“Materialist”) tradition contains three branches with regard to the means of knowledge (pramāṇas). First, the standard Cārvākas accept a single means of knowledge, perception, supporting this view with a critique of the reliability and coherence of inference (anumāna). Second, the “more educated” Cārvākas as well as Purandara endorse a form of inference limited to empirical matters. Third, radical skeptical Cārvākas like Jayarāśi attempt to undermine all accounts or technical definitions of the means of knowledge (even perception) in order to enjoy a life

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Beierle, Christoph, Christian Eichhorn, Gabriele Kern-Isberner, and Steven Kutsch. "Properties of skeptical c-inference for conditional knowledge bases and its realization as a constraint satisfaction problem." Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 83, no. 3-4 (2018): 247–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10472-017-9571-9.

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Komo, Christian, and Christoph Beierle. "Nonmonotonic reasoning from conditional knowledge bases with system W." Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence 90, no. 1 (2021): 107–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10472-021-09777-9.

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AbstractFor nonmonotonic reasoning in the context of a knowledge base $\mathcal {R}$ R containing conditionals of the form If A then usually B, system P provides generally accepted axioms. Inference solely based on system P, however, is inherently skeptical because it coincides with reasoning that takes all ranking models of $\mathcal {R}$ R into account. System Z uses only the unique minimal ranking model of $\mathcal {R}$ R , and c-inference, realized via a complex constraint satisfaction problem, takes all c-representations of $\mathcal {R}$ R into account. C-representations constitute the

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Blackwell, Matthew. "A Selection Bias Approach to Sensitivity Analysis for Causal Effects." Political Analysis 22, no. 2 (2014): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt006.

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The estimation of causal effects has a revered place in all fields of empirical political science, but a large volume of methodological and applied work ignores a fundamental fact: most people are skeptical of estimated causal effects. In particular, researchers are often worried about the assumption of no omitted variables or no unmeasured confounders. This article combines two approaches to sensitivity analysis to provide researchers with a tool to investigate how specific violations of no omitted variables alter their estimates. This approach can help researchers determine which narratives

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Maddox, Bryan. "On the Motivations of a Skeptic, and Her Practice." Peitho. Examina Antiqua 7, no. 1 (2016): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pea.2016.1.12.

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The aim of Pyrrhonism is deceptively simple: to achieve a state of ataraxia, of tranquility and relief from perturbation. But what is the extent of the ataraxia envisioned? Must the Skeptic admit a hard distinction between disturbances apparently related to belief and therefore subject to suspension of judgement, and extra-doxastic disturbances (e.g. everyday anxiety and frustration, or even hunger and fear) that are beyond the scope of the Skeptical method? In this paper I examine passages from Sextus’s Outlines of Pyrrhonism that indicate that such a distinction may not stand up to Skeptic

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Thèses sur le sujet "Skeptical inference"

Carranza, Alarcón Yonatan Carlos. "Distributionally robust, skeptical inferences in supervised classification using imprecise probabilities." Thesis, Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2567.

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Les décideurs sont souvent confrontés au défi de prendre des décisions précises, sans avoir aucune connaissance de la quantité d’incertitudes que celles-ci peuvent contenir, et en prenant le risque de commettre des erreurs dommageables, voire dramatiques. Dans de telles situations, où l’incertitude est plus élevée due à des informations imparfaites, il peut être plutôt utile de fournir des décisions prudentes, sous la forme d’un ensemble de solutions possibles, plus fiables. Ce travail se concentre donc sur la prise de décisions (ou inférences) sceptiques (ou prudentes) et robustes dans des pr

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Willot, Hénoïk. "Certified explanations of robust models." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COMP2812.

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Avec l'utilisation croissante des systèmes d'aide à la décision, automatisés ou semi-automatisés, en intelligence artificielle se crée le besoin de les rendre fiables et transparents pour un utilisateur final. Tandis que le rôle des méthodes d'explicabilité est généralement d'augmenter la transparence, la fiabilité peut être obtenue en fournissant des explications certifiées, dans le sens qu'elles sont garanties d'être vraies, et en considérant des modèles robustes qui peuvent s'abstenir quand l'information disponible est trop insuffisante, plutôt que de forcer une décision dans l'unique but d

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Livres sur le sujet "Skeptical inference"

McCain, Kevin, and Ted Poston, eds. Best Explanations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746904.001.0001.

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Explanatory reasoning is quite common. Not only are rigorous inferences to the best explanation used pervasively in the sciences, explanatory reasoning is virtually ubiquitous in everyday life. Despite its widespread use, inference to the best explanation is still in need of precise formulation, and it remains controversial. On the one hand, supporters of explanationism take inference to the best explanation to be a justifying form of inference—some even take all justification to be a matter of explanatory reasoning. On the other hand, critics object that inference to the best explanation is n

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Beebe, James R. Does Skepticism Presuppose Explanationism? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746904.003.0011.

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Explanationist (or abductivist) responses to skepticism maintain that our commonsense beliefs about the external world can be rationally preferred to skeptical hypotheses on the grounds that the former provide better explanations of our sensory experiences than the latter. This kind of response to radical skepticism has never enjoyed widespread acceptance in the epistemological community due to concerns about the epistemic merits of inference to the best explanation and appeals to the explanatory virtues. Against this tide of skepticism about explanationism, the chapter argues that traditional

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Stegenga, Jacob. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747048.003.0001.

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This chapter introduces the book, describes the key arguments of each chapter, and summarizes the master argument for medical nihilism. It offers a brief survey of prominent articulations of medical nihilism throughout history, and describes the contemporary evidence-based medicine movement, to set the stage for the skeptical arguments. The main arguments are based on an analysis of the concepts of disease and effectiveness, the malleability of methods in medical research, and widespread empirical findings which suggest that many medical interventions are barely effective. The chapter-level ar

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Millican, Peter. Hume’s Chief Argument. Edited by Paul Russell. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199742844.013.32.

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The common tendency to characterize Hume’s philosophy as simply “skeptical,” “naturalist,” “empiricist,” or “irreligious” is a mistake. Rather, his philosophy is best seen as responding to a number of specific issues that captured his attention in the 1730s, mostly involving causation and thus explaining his particular enthusiasm for applying the Copy Principle to that idea. Other enthusiasms that shaped Book 1 of the Treatise (e.g., for sensory atomism and a crude theory of relations and mental acts) later faded, but the “Chief Argument” around causation—and causal/inductive inference—remains

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Rinard, Susanna. External World Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746904.003.0013.

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The chapter presents three problems for IBE responses to skepticism. First, that the external world skeptic should also be a skeptic about the past. IBE responses that appeal to features of our experiences over time—such as their continuity or regularity—will be dialectically ineffective against such a skeptic, since they suspend judgment on propositions about their past experiences. Second, the chapter raises doubts about the claim that postulating external, mind-independent physical objects is the best way to explain our experiences. It is suggested that an idealist alternative may constitut

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Johnsen, Bredo. David Hume. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190662776.003.0005.

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In this chapter the author presents Hume’s “skeptical” argument for the conclusion that there is no rational link between our observational and memorial/observational knowledge of the world and our theories about it, and defends it at length against the objection that it fails to consider probabilistic connections between evidence and theory. The author also defends Hume’s claim that our most elementary inferences are not made by any process of reasoning, but by habit and custom, against the charge that it fails to solve the problem of the missing rational link. His critics have misunderstood

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Kornblith, Hilary. Scientific Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197609552.001.0001.

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This book provides an introduction to a scientifically informed approach to epistemological questions. Theories of knowledge are often motivated by the need to respond to skepticism. The skeptic presents an argument which seems to show that knowledge is impossible, and a theory of knowledge is called upon to show, contrary to the skeptic, how knowledge is indeed possible. Traditional epistemologies, however, do not draw on the sciences in providing their response to skepticism. The approach taken here, however, shows how an epistemology which is informed by the sciences offers an especially il

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Baggett, David. Moral Arguments (actually R1 to Rn). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842215.003.0016.

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This chapter quickly summarizes the contours of an abductive moral argument for God’s existence. The specific moral phenomenon in question here is moral duty or obligation, Plantinga’s preferred variant for this sort of argument, considering it to be the moral fact most resistant to naturalistic analysis. Noting the distinctive features of moral obligations without domesticating or watering them down enables one to see that the best explanation needs to be more robust than what naturalistic sources alone are likely to generate. The chapter gives two versions of the argument, the deductive vers

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Chapitres de livres sur le sujet "Skeptical inference"

Bochman, Alexander. "Skeptical Inference Relations." In A Logical Theory of Nonmonotonic Inference and Belief Change. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04560-2_7.

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Vahid, Hamid. "Argument from Inference to the Best Explanation (IBE)." In Epistemic Justification and the Skeptical Challenge. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230596214_10.

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Beierle, Christoph, and Steven Kutsch. "Regular and Sufficient Bounds of Finite Domain Constraints for Skeptical C-Inference." In Advances in Artificial Intelligence: From Theory to Practice. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60042-0_52.

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Beierle, Christoph, Christian Eichhorn, and Gabriele Kern-Isberner. "Skeptical Inference Based on C-Representations and Its Characterization as a Constraint Satisfaction Problem." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30024-5_4.

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Beierle Christoph, Eichhorn Christian, Kern-Isberner Gabriele, and Kutsch Steven. "Skeptical, Weakly Skeptical, and Credulous Inference Based on Preferred Ranking Functions." In Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-672-9-1149.

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While the axiomatic system P is an important standard for plausible nonmonotonic reasoning, inference relations obtained from system Z or from c-representations have been designed which go beyond system P. In this paper, we propose the new concept of weakly skeptical inference that properly extends the recently introduced skeptical c-inference, but avoids disadvantages of a too liberal credulous inference. We extend the concepts of skeptical, weakly skeptical, and credulous c-inference by taking preferred models obtained from different minimality criteria into account. We illustrate the useful

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Skyrms, Brian. "Evolution of Inference." In Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195131673.003.0009.

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Rousseau began his discussion of the origin of language with a paradox that echoes through modern philosophy of language. How can we explain the genesis of speech without presupposing speech, reference without presupposing reference, meaning without presupposing meaning? A version of this paradox forms the basis of Quine's attack on the logical empiricist doctrine that logic derives its warrant from conventions of meaning—that logical truths are true and logical inferences are valid by virtue of such conventions. Quine raised the general skeptical question of how conventions of language could

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Ali, Arden. "Manifestations of Virtue." In Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics Volume 10. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867944.003.0011.

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Few philosophers endorse a virtue theory of praiseworthiness. The widespread aversion to any virtue theory of moral worth rests chiefly on a skeptical argument that emphasizes the fact that praiseworthy acts can be performed by people who lack the relevant virtue. This chapter studies this skeptical argument closely. The response from virtue theorists has been to reject the premise of the argument by denying that someone can be fully praiseworthy for an act without possessing the relevant virtue. This chapter claims that this reply is unlikely to succeed. In its place, it argues that the skept

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De Pierris, Graciela. "Hume’s Skeptical Treatment of the Causal Inductive Inference." In Ideas, Evidence, and Method. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198716785.003.0005.

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Bergmann, Michael. "Inferential Anti-skepticism about Perception." In Radical Skepticism and Epistemic Intuition. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898487.003.0003.

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This chapter examines multiple kinds of deductive and nondeductive anti-skeptical arguments from our sensory experience to the likely truth of our perceptual beliefs based on that evidence and finds them all wanting. In the first two sections, it briefly considers deductive anti-skeptical arguments (of the theological and transcendental variety), inductive anti-skeptical arguments from past correlations of sensory experience with true perceptual beliefs based on it, and anti-skeptical arguments based on a priori knowledge of probabilistic principles saying that our sensory evidence for our per

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Brown, James L. D. "Conceptual Role Expressivism and Defective Concepts." In Oxford Studies in Metaethics, Volume 17. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865601.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 examines the general prospects for conceptual role expressivism, expressivist theories that embrace conceptual role semantics. It has two main aims. The first aim is to provide a general characterization of the view. The second aim is to raise a challenge for the general view. The challenge is to explain why normative concepts are not a species of defective concepts, where defective concepts are those that cannot meaningfully embed and participate in genuine inference. After rejecting existing attempts to answer the challenge, the chapter proposes an alternative solution. However, th

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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Skeptical inference"

Rudinger, Rachel, Vered Shwartz, Jena D. Hwang, et al. "Thinking Like a Skeptic: Defeasible Inference in Natural Language." In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.418.

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