Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Sistemi grid connected »

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Articles de revues sur le sujet "Sistemi grid connected"

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Ramos-Paja, Andrés, Andrés Julián aavedra-Montes et Juan David Bastidas-Rodríguez. « Control en cuatro cuadrantes de un inversor de puente completo conectado a la red eléctrica ». Revista UIS Ingenierías 19, no 1 (1 janvier 2020) : 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18273/revuin.v19n1-2020012.

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Los sistemas de almacenamiento de energía (SAE) son elementos claves en las microrredes para garantizar la estabilidad en la magnitud de la tensión y la frecuencia. Los SAE se conectan a la microrred por medio de inversores bidireccionales cuya potencia compleja de salida pueda estar en cualquiera de los cuatro cuadrantes y es definida por un control de alto nivel. Este artículo presenta un sistema de control por histéresis para un inversor monofásico con filtro inductivo conectado a la red que permite obtener potencia compleja en cualquiera de los cuatro cuadrantes. El sistema de control está compuesto por un lazo interno de control de corriente por histéresis y un método para calcular la referencia de corriente a partir de las potencias activa y reactiva deseadas. La referencia de corriente puede estar adelantada o atrasada respecto a la tensión de la red, para operar en los cuatro cuadrantes, y puede tener diferentes valores de magnitud, para obtener diferentes valores de potencia aparente. El inversor y el sistema de control son implementados en el software PSIM para verificar su correcto funcionamiento. Los resultados muestran que es posible obtener diferentes valores de potencia aparente en cualquiera de los cuatro cuadrantes del plano complejo.
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Rivera-Martínez, Mario Arturo, Geovanni Hernández-Galvez, Omar Sarracino-Martínez, Luis Ixtlilco-Cortés, Alina Juantorena-Ugás, Ulises Ivan Batalla-Nolasco et David Becerra-García. « Análisis de sensibilidad de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados a la red eléctrica : Caso de estudio en Guerrero, México ». Ingeniería, investigación y tecnología 18, no 3 (1 juillet 2017) : 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/fi.25940732e.2017.18n3.026.

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Mohamed, Azah, Zetty Adibah Kamaruzzaman et Nor Azwan Mohamed Kamari. « Effect of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Generator on Dynamic Voltage Stability in Power System ». Jurnal Kejuruteraan 30, no 2 (1 septembre 2018) : 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2018-30(2)-20.

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Arifin Sinaga, Gordon, I. Made Mataram et Tjok Gede Indra Partha. « Analisis Pembangkit Listrik Sistem Hybrid Grid Connected Di Villa Peruna Saba, Gianyar – Bali ». Jurnal SPEKTRUM 6, no 2 (1 juin 2019) : 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2019.v06.i02.p01.

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Renewable energy is energy that comes from natural processes that will not be exhausted and sustainable if managed properly. In its use, to maintain the continuity of the availability of electrical energy maximally, it is necessary to combine several types of power plants that are connected to the grid or better known as hybrid grid connected power systems. This research took place at Villa Peruna Saba, Gianyar - Bali which uses a hybrid grid connected power system that combines photovoltaics and generators connected to the grid utilty in supplying electricity loads. The analysis is carried out on the characteristics of the average load, the contribution of each electric power source and the workings of the hybrid grid connected hybrid power plant system. From the analysis, it is known that the contribution of power derived from solar power plants is 561.27 kW or 22.41% in April 2018 and 510.72 kW or 20.71% in May 2018.
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Hemalatha, N., et Seyezhai Ramalingam. « MODIFIED CAPACITOR ASSISTED EXTENDED BOOST QUASI Z-SOURCE INVERTER FOR THE GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM ». IIUM Engineering Journal 20, no 1 (1 juin 2019) : 140–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v20i1.1042.

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A grid-tied, single stage, three phase, PV system provides higher efficiency than a two-stage PV system. This paper presents a three-phase, single stage, grid-connected PV system with MPPT and reactive power injection capability into the grid using modified capacitor assisted extended boost quasi Z-source inverter (MCAEB q-ZSI) as the grid-tied PV inverter. The adaptability of the inverter for irradiance changes and the boost factor control with its shoot-through duty ratio adjustment made it highly recommended for the grid system. The shoot-through control technique like maximum constant boost control with a third harmonic injection enhances the performance of the inverter by reducing the low order ripples and voltage stress. The fuzzy voltage controller is proposed with the capacitor linearization algorithm to regulate the DC-link voltage. The current approach uses a fuzzy controller to control the real and the reactive power injection into the grid. The performance evaluation of the fuzzy and PI grid controller is carried out for the constant irradiance condition and from the investigation, parameters like boost factor (B), the shoot-through duty ratio(Ds), real power (P), reactive power (Q), power factor and harmonics in the current injection are determined. A laboratory setup of the PV powered grid system is implemented, tested and validated with the simulation results. ABSTRAK: Dalam sistem fotovoltaik (PV) yang bersambung dengan satu peringkat, satu sistem elektronik kuasa yang mempunyai keuntungan dan kecekapan yang tinggi diperlukan untuk menginterupasi dengan utiliti tersebut. Dalam makalah ini, kapasitor yang diubah suai dibantu oleh pemacu kuadratik Z-source yang dilanjutkan (MCAEB q-ZSI) bertindak sebagai unit interfacing antara PV dan grid. Penyesuaian penyongsang untuk perubahan sinaran dan kawalan faktor rangsangan dengan pelarasan nisbah tugas menembak membuatnya sangat disyorkan untuk sistem grid. Teknik kawalan menembak seperti kawalan rangsangan berterusan maksimum dengan suntikan harmonik ketiga meningkatkan prestasi penyongsang dengan mengurangkan aruhan pesanan rendah dan tekanan voltan. Pendekatan semasa menggunakan pengawal kabur untuk mengawal suntikan kuasa sebenar dan reaktif ke grid. Penilaian prestasi pengawal grid fuzzy dan PI dilakukan untuk keadaan iradiasi malar dan dari penyiasatan, parameter seperti faktor rangsangan (B), nisbah tugas menembak (Ds), kuasa nyata (P), kuasa reaktif Q), faktor kuasa dan harmonik dalam suntikan semasa ditentukan.
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-, Herwandi. « Implementasi grid tie inverter pada pembangkit listrik tenaga surya on grid untuk golongan pelanggan rumah tangga masyarakat perkotaan ». JURNAL ELTEK 19, no 1 (29 avril 2021) : 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/eltek.v19i1.292.

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Terbatasnya energi fosil di Indonesia menyebabkan adanya pengembangan energi baru terbarukan. Energi terbarukan merupakan energi non-fosil yang berasal dari alam. Pemanfaatan energi surya bisa dilakukan dengan membangun Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS). Perencanaan PLTS menggunakan sistem on grid, sistem masih terkoneksi dengan jaringan PLN. Sistem dimanfaatkan sebagai backup untuk aliran listrik. Sistem akan bekerja secara otomatis ketika aliran listrik PLN terputus dengan memanfaatkan panel ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch). Pembangkit listrik tenaga surya sistem on grid ini cocok diterapkan di perumahan dengan memanfaatkan atap sebagai ruang untuk menyerap energi matahari. Sistem ini jika dipasang bersamaan dengan PLN akan mengurangi pengeluaran biaya listrik. Penerapan sistem atau prinsip kerja PLTS Grid Tie System ini dapat dijalankan dengan sistem kelistrikan PLN. Dalam sistem ini, jaringan listrik PLN berperan sebagai penyalur atau penghubung arus listrik yang berasal dari panel surya yang dialirkan pada beban. Dengan begitu pada siang hari, penggunaan listrik dapat memanfaatkan energi listrik dari sinar matahar dan pada malam hari karena tidak ada sinar matahari menyebabkan tidak ada produksi listrik dari solar panel, maka dapat tetap menggunakan arus listrik yang berasal dari PLN. Perencanaan dilakukan dengan pemilihan komponen PLTS, beban yang dibutuhkan 900Watt, lama waktu penyinaran efektif 10 jam/hari. kemudian melakukan perhitungan komponen PLTS, menentukan tata letak penempatan panel surya dan panel ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) yang digunakan untuk membackup apabila jaringan listrik PLN terputus. Dari hasil pengukuran arus, tegangan dan daya di dalam rumah pada jam 07.00 sampai dengan 17.00 pada waktu cuaca cerah, yaitu sebelum Grid Tie Inverter dihubungkan ke jala-jala dihasilkan daya rata-rata, P=606,105Watt dan setelah Grid Tie dihubungkan ke jala-jala, P=292,63 Watt. Jadi penghematan daya beban di rumah yang dihasilkan sebesar 52 % dalam satu hari. Limited fossil energy in Indonesia has led to the development of new and renewable energy. Renewable energy is non-fossil energy that comes from nature. Utilization of solar energy can be done by building a Solar Power Plant (PLTS). PLTS planning uses an on-grid system, the system is still connected to the PLN network. The system is used as a backup for electricity. The system will work automatically when the flow of PLN electricity is cut off by utilizing an ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) panel. This on-grid solar power plant system is suitable for residential use by utilizing the roof as a space to absorb solar energy. This system if installed together with PLN will reduce expenditure of electricity costs. The application of the system or the working principle of the PLTS Grid Tie System can be run with the PLN electrical system. In this system, the PLN electricity network acts as a distributor or connector for the electricity that comes from the solar panels that are flowed to the load. That way during the day, the use of electricity can take advantage of electrical energy from the sun and at night because there is no sunlight it causes no electricity production from solar panels, it can still use the electric current that comes from PLN. Planning is done by selecting the PLTS component, the load required is 900 Watt, the duration of effective irradiation is 10 hours / day. Then calculate the PLTS components, determine the layout of the placement of the solar panels and ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) panels which are used to back up when the PLN electricity network is interrupted. From the results of measuring currents, voltages and power in the house at 07.00 to 17.00 when the weather is clear, that is, before the Grid Tie Inverter is connected to the grid, the average power is generated, P = 606.105Watt and after the Grid Tie is connected to the grid mesh, P = 292.63 Watts. So, the resulting load power savings at home is 52% in one day
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Chandra, Aditya, Euis Ismayati, Syariffudien Zuhrie et Subuh Isnur Haryudo. « Simulasi Grid Connected PV Dengan Fungsi Kompensasi Daya Reaktif PV-Inverter Menggunakan Kontrol ANN ». INAJEEE Indonesian Journal of Electrical and Eletronics Engineering 2, no 1 (23 mai 2019) : 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/inajeee.v2n1.p22-28.

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Abstrak - Implementasi Energi Baru dan Terbarukan (EBT) tenaga surya di Indonesia sudah banyak berkembang. Dari penentuan tarif hingga stabilitas jaringan distribusi, masih banyak kekurangan – kekurangan dari sistim distribusi dengan menggunakan panel surya atau modul PV bila digunakan dalam skema penghasil tenaga listrik atau berperan sebagai Independent Power Producer (IPP)-Residensial. Salah satu kekurangan proses pembangkitan tenaga surya konvensional adalah tidak adanya fungsi kompensasi daya reaktif (Q) karena modul panel surya umumnya digunakan untuk memenuhi keperluan daya aktif (P) baik itu pada jaringan ataupun pada modul beban yang terhubung pada grid utama. Hal ini mengakibatkan rendahnya faktor daya pada beban sehingga sistem harus mengambil kebutuhan daya reaktif dari grid sehingga biaya operasional akan bertambah besar dan mengurangi faktor daya dari jaringan utama. Pada penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan ilustrasi terhadap implementasi sistem PV-Inverter menggunakan kendali Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Injeksi daya aktif dan reaktif pada grid akan diregulasi melalui inverter yang dikendalikan mengunakan ANN dengan referensi daya dari Photovoltaic.
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Bovolini Grigoletto, Felipe, et Humberto Pinheiro. « Flexible Arrangement Of Static Converters For Grid Connected Wind Energy Conversion Systems ». Eletrônica de Potência 18, no 4 (1 novembre 2013) : 1245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18618/rep.2013.4.12451256.

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SAODAH, SITI, et SRI UTAMI. « Perancangan Sistem Grid Tie Inverter pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya ». ELKOMIKA : Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & ; Teknik Elektronika 7, no 2 (24 mai 2019) : 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v7i2.339.

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ABSTRAKGrid Tie Inverter (GTI) merupakan inverter yang digunakan untuk mengubah energi yang dihasilkan panel surya berupa arus searah (DC) menjadi arus bolakbalik (AC). Keluaran dari GTI berupa bentuk gelombang sinusoidal yang masih belum ideal dan mempunyai nilai Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) di atas 3% serta nilai efisiensi belum mencapai 90%. Pengurangan nilai THD dan peningkatan efisiensi dapat dilakukan melalui proses kontrol switching pada inverter. Penelitian ini mengusulkan inverter dengan boost converter dua tahap, buck converter dua tahap, rangkaian switching control inverter, H-Bridge inverter dan rangkaian LC filter. Teknik switching dari inverter yang diusulkan terdiri dari kombinasi modulasi lebar pulsa sinusoida dan gelombang persegi. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian didapatkan nilai THD sebesar 4,97%. Terdapat selisih sebesar 1,97% dari nilai awal perancangan. Untuk efisiensi rata-rata inverter off-grid (tidak terkoneksi dengan PLN) sebesar 89,48% dan 79,4% untuk inverter on-grid (terkoneksi dengan PLN).Kata kunci: GTI, boost converter, buck converter, switching control,grid, THD. ABSTRACTGrid Tie Inverter (GTI) is an inverter used to convert energy resulted by solar panels in the form of direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The output of GTI is unideal sinusoidal and having Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) above 3% and efficiency below 90%. Reducing the THD value and increasing efficiency can be done through switching control process on inverters. This research proposed an inverter using two-stage boost converter, two-stage buck converter, an inverter switching control circuit, H-Bridge inverter and LC filter circuit. The switching technique of the proposed inverter system combined sinusoidal and square wave width modulation. The result showed THD of the proposed system is 4.97%, and still, there is a difference of 1.97% of the desired value. For average efficiency of off-grid systems (not connected with State Electricity Company/PLN) is 89.48% and 79.4% for on-grid systems (connected with PLN).Keywords: GTI, boost converter, buck converter, switching control,grid, THD
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Tambunan, William Dwianugrah, Karnoto Karnoto et Enda Wista Sinuraya. « ANALISIS POTENSI PENGGUNAAN SUMBER ENERGI LISTRIK DI RUMAH SAKIT MEDIKA DRAMAGA BOGOR ». Transient : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Elektro 10, no 3 (30 septembre 2021) : 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/transient.v10i3.413-418.

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Rumah Sakit Medika Dramaga Bogor terletak di Bogor, Jawa Barata. Lokasi yang terletak di bogor ini memilikiiiradiasi pencahayaan yang cukup besar, oleh karenanya hal ini dapat dimanfaatkan untuk membangun pembangkit listrik tenaga surya (PLTS). PLTS adalah sistem pembangkit yang memanfaatkan sinar matahari untuk dikonversi menjadi energi listrik menggunakan PV (photovilatic). HOMER adalah suatu perangkat lunak untuk pemodelan sistem pembangkit skala kecil untuk membantu mengevaluasiidesainidari jaringanitunggal (off-grid)iimaupuniijaringaniiyang terkoneksi dengan sistem (grid-connected). Pemodelan dalam HOMER memungkinkaniiuntukimembandingkanibanyakiopsiiidesainiyangiberbeda mengacu pada parameter teknis dan ekonomis. Dengan menggunakaniiHOMER dapat mengetahui konfigurasi sistem pembangkit yang berpotensi dan juga dapat mengetahui besar potensi energi terbaharukan di Rumah Sakit Medika Dramaga Bogor. Hasilnyaiidenganiimenggunakan HOMER diidapatikonfigurasiiyang paling tepat dipasang di Gedung Rumah Sakit Medika Dramaga yaitu photovoltaic (PV)-Grid secara On grid, dengan 272.400 kWh/tahun untuk daya yang dihasilkan oleh PV dan 566.871 kWh/tahun dayaiyangidisuplai oleh gridiuntuk memenuhiipermintaanibeban Rumah Sakit sebesar 822.337 kWh/tahun.
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Thèses sur le sujet "Sistemi grid connected"

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Lo, Franco Francesco. « Integrazione di sistemi di accumulo a batterie e impianti fotovoltaici di grande taglia per applicazioni grid-connected ». Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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In un impianto fotovoltaico connesso alla rete elettrica, l’ integrazione di un sistema di accumulo permette di raccogliere l’ energia dal solare nelle ore di minor richiesta di rete (di giorno), ed erogarla nei momenti di bassa produzione e di maggiore richiesta di rete (la sera). In collaborazione con ENGIE Eps, è sorta l’ esigenza di confrontare tre diverse tipologie di accoppiamento delle batterie in un impianto ibrido PV+Batteria connesso alla rete elettrica. La prima architettura è chiamata AC coupling poiché il BESS (Battery Energy Storage System) è connesso tramite opportuni convertitori, direttamente alla rete elettrica. La terza e la seconda architettura sono denominate DC Coupling poiché il BESS è collegato tramite un convertitore o senza, al lato DC dell’ impianto. Il confronto è stato realizzato analizzando i flussi di potenza dell’ impianto facendo riferimento a dati di produzione reali forniti da ENGIE Eps. Più in particolare, sono stati forniti i dati di produzione e di irraggiamento di un impianto reale di potenza massima pari a 285 MW, con storage di capacità pari a 275 MWh. La valutazione della potenza richiesta all’ impianto è stata ottenuta dall’analisi del segnale AGC relativo alla rete nella quale l’ impianto è inserito. Tale segnale `e stato generato a partire da dati di frequenza di rete forniti dall’ azienda. Dall’ analisi precedentemente descritta si è individuata l’ architettura migliore in termini di rendimento, che risulta essere la DC coupling con DC/DC sulla batteria. Nell’ ultima parte della tesi si è inoltre svolto su richiesta di ENGIE Eps, lo studio del controllo dei convertitori relativi all’ architettura in esame. La strategia di controllo individuata è descritta nel dettaglio in questo documento.
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PAREJO, MATOS ANTONIO. « Application of Intelligent Techniques for Optimal Management of Weakly Connected Microgrids ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1081257.

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La decarbonizzazione e la mitigazione del cambiamento climatico sono diventate una priorità per molti Paesi e governi. Uno dei principali strumenti per realizzare questi obiettivi è la crescita delle fonti di generazione rinnovabili nel sistema elettrico, ma la loro inclusione costituisce una grande sfida per il funzionamento della rete a causa della loro alta variabilità e il loro comportamento stocastico. In questo contesto, la gestione del sistema elettrico e delle microgrid può essere trattata come un problema di ottimizzazione in cui le risorse vengono fatte funzionare con l'obiettivo di minimizzare la funzione di costo. Questa funzione di costo e le restrizioni operative corrispondenti dipendono da ogni situazione specifica, ad esempio, da quali sono i requisiti di consumo di energia, quanto è debole la connessione con la rete elettrica e quanto sono critici i carichi da alimentare nella zona. In questo senso, nonostante la grande varietà di approcci di ottimizzazione, questi hanno in comune l'importanza di contare su un sistema di previsione di alta qualità per prevedere le incertezze della microgrid (o rete) da far funzionare. I principali approcci esistenti per prevedere le incertezze sono la previsione deterministica e stocastica (che in molti casi è anche chiamata probabilistica). Considerando l'importanza dei sistemi di previsione per eseguire l'ottimizzazione delle microgrid e, in generale, delle reti elettriche, questa tesi di dottorato si concentra sulla progettazione di un modello di lavoro di previsione orientato alla microgrid che include una vasta gamma di approcci di previsione, che rende possibile la sua integrazione con altre applicazioni, ad esempio, sistemi di ottimizzazione della gestione dell'energia. Questo modello di lavoro include diversi metodi deterministici e stocastici ed è in grado di gestire l'addestramento e la selezione dei modelli per eseguire la previsione secondo il tipo di rappresentazione dell'incertezza che è richiesto in ogni caso.
The decarbonization and the climate change mitigation have become a priority for many countries and governments. One of the main tools for accomplishing these objectives is the growth of renewable generation sources in the power system, but their inclusion constitutes a great challenge for the network operation due to their high variability and their stochastic behavior. In this context, the management of the power system and microgrids can be treated as optimization problems in which the resources are operated with the aim of minimizing the cost function. This cost function and the corresponding operative restrictions depend on each specific situation, for example, on which are the power consumption requirements, how weak is the connection with the power grid, and how critical are the loads to be fed in the zone. In this sense, despite the large variety of optimization approaches, these have in common the importance of counting on a high-quality forecasting system for predicting the uncertainties of the microgrid (or network) to operate. The main existing approaches for predicting the uncertainties are deterministic and stochastic (which in many cases is also called probabilistic) forecasting. Considering the importance of forecasting systems for performing the optimization of microgrids and, in general, power networks, this doctoral thesis is focused on the design of a microgrid-oriented forecasting framework that includes a wide range of forecasting approaches, which makes possible its integration with other applications, for example, energy management optimization systems. This framework includes several deterministic and stochastic methods and is able to handle the training and selection of the models for performing the forecast according to the type of uncertainty representation that is required in each case.
La descarbonización y la reducción del cambio climático se han convertido en una prioridad para muchos países y gobiernos. Una de las principales herramientas para lograr estos objetivos es aumentar el número de fuentes de generación renovables en el sistema eléctrico, pero su inclusión constituye un gran reto debido a su alta variabilidad y su comportamiento estocástico. En este contexto, la gestión del sistema eléctrico y de las microrredes puede tratarse como problemas de optimización en los que los recursos se operan con el objetivo de minimizar la función de coste. Esta función de coste y las correspondientes restricciones operativas dependen de cada situación concreta, por ejemplo, de cuáles sean las necesidades de consumo de energía, de lo débil que sea la conexión con la red eléctrica y de lo críticas que sean las cargas a alimentar en la zona. En este sentido, a pesar de la gran variedad de enfoques de optimización, éstos tienen en común la importancia de contar con un sistema de predicción de alta calidad para predecir las incertidumbres de la microrred (o red) a optimizar. Los principales enfoques existentes para predecir las incertidumbres son la predicción determinista y la estocástica (que en muchos casos también se denomina probabilística). Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de los sistemas de predicción para realizar la optimización de las microrredes y, en general, de las redes eléctricas, esta tesis doctoral se centra en el diseño de un marco de trabajo para predicción orientado a las microrredes que incluye diversos enfoques para realizar la predicción, lo que hace posible su integración con otras aplicaciones como, por ejemplo, sistemas de optimización de gestión energética. Este marco de trabajo incluye varios métodos deterministas y estocásticos y es capaz de gestionar el entrenamiento y la selección de los modelos para realizar la predicción según el tipo de representación de la incertidumbre que se requiera en cada caso.
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Destro, Nicola. « Ottimizzazione dei sistemi di accumulo dell'energia, con particolare attenzione agli impianti di pompaggio connessi alla rete ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424756.

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In the last years, the electrical production from not predictable renewable energy sources has been increased together with the electrical systems improvement to allow the integration into the network. The high exploitation of renewable energy sources in small and large systems involves the use of different storage technologies. In the first part of the thesis the services provided by the storage technologies are analysed. In particular, services like time shift and renewable energy integration fit well with high capacity plants, while services like the power quality fit well with small capacity plants. Are also analysed the most common energy storage systems highlighting types of application, costs and future developments. The deep analysis of renewable sources integration are carried out with optimization techniques and two stochastic algorithms have been developed and applied to the systems. The different energy systems analysed are both stand alone and grid connected. Initially the energy hub approach is applied because it well fit to the complex systems representation. This approach is applied to a large grid connected system that requires electricity and thermal energy throughout the year. The object of the analysis is to determine the optimal operation of the machines in order to minimize the annual costs. Systems investigations go on with the analysis of a small stand alone system that must meet two requirements of the user. The energy system is equipped with facilities for the exploitation of local energy sources combined with storage systems. The objective of the analysis is to determine the optimal management of the energy system to reduce the overall management cost. Systems investigations go on with the analysis of a large stand alone system that must meet multiple user requirements. The energy system is equipped with facilities for the exploitation of local energy sources combined with storage systems. The objective of the analysis is to determine the optimal size and management of the installed machines in order to minimize the overall costs of the system. Systems investigations analysis go on with analysis of storage systems connected to the grid, in particular compressed air systems and pumped storage hydro power plants. The compressed air system is analysed with a yearly simulation model trough two different usage scenarios: as an independent storage facility connected to the grid and as a facility working in coordination with a wind farm. The goals for the two usage scenarios is to maximize the yearly revenue of the storage system operating in the electricity market. Pumped storage hydro power plants were analysed with the collaboration of a Norwegian research institute. The investigations were focussed on three upgraded pumped storage hydro power plants operating in coordination with offshore wind turbines in the North Sea. Investigations have defined new operation strategies to smooth off the off shore wind power fluctuations in accordance with the environmental constraints on the reserves. The carried out investigations have verified the energy storage systems potential in order to provide their contribution in the integration of renewable sources in the short and long term, in applications on the user side and on the generation side. The main research directions pointed out are related to the improvement of the management strategy and the improvement of the components through integrated research programs.
Negli ultimi anni si è assistito ad una crescente produzione di energia da fonti rinnovabili intermittenti e alla necessità di un adeguamento dei sistemi elettrici per consentire una maggiore integrazione della produzione intermittente nella rete. L’elevato sfruttamento delle fonti energetiche rinnovabili nei sistemi di piccola e grande dimensione passa anche attraverso l’impiego di diverse tecnologie di accumulo. Nella prima parte della tesi sono analizzati i diversi servizi che possono offrire i sistemi di accumulo. In particolar modo, si ricordano servizi quali il time shift e l’integrazione di fonti rinnovabili che ben si adattano ad impianti di elevata capacità, oltre ai servizi come la qualità del servizio che si adattano ad impianti di piccola capacità. Sono inoltre analizzati i più comuni sistemi di accumulo dell’energia evidenziandone campi di applicazione, costi e sviluppi futuri. L’analisi approfondita della integrazione delle fonti rinnovabili nei sistemi deve essere condotta attraverso metodi di ottimizzazione e per questa ragione sono analizzati due algoritmi di tipo stocastico successivamente applicati allo studio dei sistemi. I diversi sistemi energetici analizzati sono di tipo sia non connesso che connesso alla rete elettrica. Inizialmente per studiare i sistemi è applicato il metodo degli energy hub che ben si presta a rappresentare sistemi complessi. Tale metodo è applicato ad un sistema di grandi dimensioni connesso alla rete che richiede energia elettrica e termica durante tutto l’anno. L’obiettivo dell’analisi è quello di determinare il funzionamento ottimale delle macchine al fine di ridurre i costi annuali. Le indagini continuano con l’analisi di un sistema di piccole dimensioni isolato dalla rete che deve soddisfare due richieste dell’utenza, è dotato di impianti per lo sfruttamento delle fonti energetiche locali abbinati ad accumuli. L’obiettivo dell’analisi è quello di determinare la gestione ottimale del sistema energetico per ridurre i costi di gestione del sistema. Le indagini proseguono con l’analisi di un sistema di grandi dimensioni isolato dalla rete che deve soddisfare molteplici richieste dell’utenza, è dotato di impianti per lo sfruttamento delle fonti energetiche locali abbinati a molteplici accumuli. L’obiettivo dell’analisi è quello di determinare la dimensione delle macchine installate e la gestione ottimale del stesse al fine di contenere i costi complessivi del sistema. L’analisi si sposta poi verso i sistemi di accumulo connessi alla rete elettrica, in particolar modo verso gli impianti ad aria compressa e agli impianti di pompaggio idroelettrico. Il sistema ad aria compressa è analizzato attraverso un modello di simulazione annuale in due scenari di utilizzo: come impianto di accumulo indipendente connesso alla rete elettrica e come impianto operante in coordinamento con un parco eolico. L’obiettivo per i due scenari di funzionamento è quello di massimizzare i guadagni dell’impianto di accumulo operante nel mercato elettrico. I sistemi di accumulo idroelettrici sono stati analizzati grazie ad una collaborazione presso un istituto di ricerca norvegese. Le indagini hanno riguardato tre impianti di pompaggio ripotenziati e operanti in coordinamento con sistemi eolici off-shore nel Mare del Nord. Le indagini hanno individuato nuove strategie di gestione degli impianti idroelettrici utili al livellamento della produzione eolica in abbinamento al rispetto dei vincoli ambientali sull’utilizzo delle riserve idroelettriche. Le analisi condotte hanno permesso di verificare come i sistemi di accumulo possano trovare applicazioni nella integrazione delle fonti rinnovabili nel breve e nel lungo termine, in applicazioni presso l’utente finale e presso la generazione. Le direzioni di ricerca principali puntano verso una maggiore indagine nelle tecniche dei gestione e maggiore ricerca sui singoli componenti attraverso programmi di ricerca sempre più integrati e completi.
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GuimarÃes, JÃssica Santos. « Wind energy conversion system connected to the grid ». Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16813.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema de conversÃo de energia eÃlica (WECS - Wind Energy Conversion System) com gerador sÃncrono de imà permanente (PMSG - Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator) operando com velocidade variÃvel. O circuito de processamento de energia à dividido em dois estÃgios. No estÃgio AC-DC, uma topologia boost bridgeless trifÃsica unidirecional absorve a energia fornecida pelo gerador e injeta no link DC. Neste conversor, a tÃcnica de autocontrole permite a extraÃÃo de corrente com baixa taxa de distorÃÃo harmÃnica (THD â Total Harmonic Distortion) e alto fator de potÃncia. AlÃm disso, um algoritmo de rastreamento do mÃximo ponto de potÃncia (MPPT - Maximum Power Point Tracking) determina a velocidade de rotaÃÃo do gerador que irà garantir o ponto adequado de operaÃÃo. Este modo de operaÃÃo à mantido enquanto a potÃncia disponÃvel for menor que a potÃncia nominal do conversor. Caso contrÃrio, o algoritmo de MPPT à desabilitado e uma malha de controle de potÃncia mecÃnica garante a condiÃÃo nominal de potÃncia. No estÃgio de conversÃo DC-AC, um inversor trifÃsico ponte completa, cujo controle à baseado na teoria das potÃncias instantÃneas, provà energia à rede elÃtrica cumprindo com as exigÃncias normativas. Uma anÃlise teÃrica completa à apresentada assim como os resultados de simulaÃÃo considerando o protÃtipo com a potÃncia nominal de 6 kW equivalente a turbina eÃlica utilizada. Resultados experimentais satisfatÃrios sÃo apresentados para uma potÃncia de 3 kW: o rendimento do sistema completo à superior a 90%; a corrente que circula no gerador apresenta THD de aproximadamente 2,6% e fator de potÃncia de 0,942; e a corrente injetada na rede elÃtrica possui THD de 1,639% e fator de potÃncia de 0,994.
This master thesis presents the development of a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) operating at variable speed. The energy processing circuit is divided into two stages. In the AC-DC stage, an unidirectional three-phase bridgeless boost topology absorbs the energy supplied by the generator and injects it into the DC link. In this converter, the self-control technique allows the current extraction with low THD and high power factor. Furthermore, a - Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) determines the rotational speed of the generator that will ensure the proper operating point. This mode of operation is maintained while the available power remains lower than the converter rated power. Otherwise, the MPPT algorithm is disabled and a mechanical power control loop ensures the rated power condition. On the DC-AC conversion stage, a three-phase full-bridge inverter, whose control is based on the theory of instantaneous power, provides energy to the grid complying with regulatory requirements. A complete theoretical analysis is presented as well as the simulation results considering the prototype with a rated power of 6 kW equivalent of wind turbine used. Satisfactory experimental results are shown to an output of 3 kW: the efficiency of the total system is above 90%; the current through the generator has a THD of about 2.6% with a power factor of 0.942; moreover, the current injected into the grid has a THD of about 1.639% and a power factor of 0.994.
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Graziani, Alessandro. « Methods and tools for the optimization of renewable technologies and hybrid energy systems. Metodi e strumenti per l'ottimizzazione di tecnologie rinnovabili e sistemi energetici ibridi ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423884.

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The United Nations (UN) project "Sustainable energy for all" sets three ambitious objectives to favor a sustainable development and to limit climate change: - Universal access to modern energy services. Electricity is currently not available for 1.3 billion people and the global energy demand is expected to grow of about 35% within 2040, due to the increasing world population and the expanding economies - Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency - Double the share of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the global energy mix In addition, according to the climate scenario assessed in the fifth assessment report (AR5) of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the prevention of undesirable climate effects requires a 40-70% reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, compared with 2010 levels, by mid-century, and to near-zero by the end of this century (IPCC, 2014). The achievement of such objectives requires and encourages the spread of RESs in the global energy mix, gradually replacing depleting and polluting energy sources based on fossil fuels, which still have the main incidence on the energy sector. RESs already play a major role in several countries, due to the technological development and the increasing market competitiveness, and the world renewable power capacity reached 22.1% in 2013, showing an increasing trend in 2014 (REN, 2014). However, supporting policies, robust investments from the private sector and efforts from the scientific community are still crucial to demonstrate the technical and economic sustainability and effectiveness of RESs, helping their large-scale diffusion. Starting from such a background, this Ph.D dissertation focuses on the study, design and development of methods and tools for the optimization and enhancement of renewable energy technologies and their effective integration with energy storage solutions and traditional energy sources powered by fossil fuels (hybrid energy systems). The analysis of the major literature and the different scenarios and perspectives of RESs in the national and international contexts have shown that their economic sustainability, and then their diffusion, is closely connected to a number of technical, economic/financial and geographical parameters. Such parameters are the input of the analytic models developed for the techno-economic design of photovoltaic (PV) plants and small wind turbines (SWTs) and applied to the economic feasibility study, through multi-scenario analysis, of such systems in some of the main European Union (EU) Countries. Among the obtained results, the self-consumption of the produced energy plays a crucial role in the economic viability of SWTs and PV plants and, particularly, after the partial or total cut of incentives and uncertainties related to supporting policies within the EU context. The study of the energy demand profile of a specific user and the adoption of battery energy storage (BES) systems have been identified as effective strategies to increase the energy self-consumption contribution. Such aspects have led to the development of an analytic model for the techno-economic design of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES), integrating a PV plant and a BES system (grid connected PV-BES HES). The economic profitability of the grid connected PV-BES HES, evaluated for a real case study, is comparable with PV plants without storage in case of a significant gap between the cost of energy purchased from the grid and the price of energy sold to the grid, but high BES system costs due to the initial investment and the maintenance activities and the eventual presence of incentives for the energy sold to the grid can make the investment not particularly attractive. Thus, the focus has shifted to the techno-economic analysis of off-grid HES to meet the energy demand of users in remote areas. In this context, BES systems have a significant role in the operation and management of the system, in addition to the storage of exceeding energy produced by the intermittent and variable RESs. The analysis has also been strengthened by an industrial application with the aim to configure, test and install two off-grid HESs to meet the energy demand of a remote village and a telecommunication system. In parallel, two experimental activities in the context of solar concentrating technology, a promising and not fully developed technology, have been carried out. The former activity deals with the design, development and field test of a Fresnel lens pilot-scale solar concentrating prototype for the PV energy distributed generation, through multi-junction solar cells, and the parallel low temperature heat recovery (micro-cogeneration CPV/T system). The latter activity deals with the development of a low cost thermal energy (TES) storage prototype for concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. TES systems show a great potential in the CSP plants profitability since they can overcome the intermittent nature of sunlight and increase the capacity factor of the solar thermal power plant. Concluding, the present Ph.D dissertation describes effective methods and tools for the optimization and enhancement of RESs. The obtained results, showing their critical issues and potential, aim to contribute to their diffusion and favor a sustainable development
Il progetto delle Nazioni Unite "Sustainable energy for all" ha fissato tre obiettivi ambiziosi per favorire uno sviluppo sostenibile e limitare l'impatto del cambiamento climatico: - Accesso universale a moderni servizi elettrici. Tali servizi sono attualmente indisponibili per circa 1.3 miliardi di persone ed è previsto un aumento del 40% della domanda globale di energia elettrica entro il 2040, a causa dell'incremento della popolazione mondiale e delle economie in crescita nei paesi in via di sviluppo - Raddoppio del tasso globale di miglioramento dell'efficienza energetica - Raddoppio del contributo di fonti di tipo rinnovabile nel mix energetico globale Inoltre, lo scenario climatico proposto nel "fifth assessment report (AR5)" redatto da "International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)" stabilisce la necessità di ridurre l'emissione di gas ad effetto serra del 40-70%, rispetto ai valori registrati nel 2010, entro il 2050 ed eliminarli in modo quasi definitivo entro la fine del secolo con lo scopo di evitare effetti climatici indesiderati. Il raggiungimento di tali obiettivi richiede e incoraggia la diffusione di fonti energetiche rinnovabili (FER) all'interno del mix energetico globale, rimpiazzando gradualmente le fonti di energia convenzionali basate su combustibili fossili, inquinanti e in via di esaurimento, che hanno ancora l'incidenza principale nel settore energetico. A seguito nel loro sviluppo tecnologico e la crescente competitività nel mercato, le FER rivestono già un ruolo fondamentale nel mix energetico di numerose Nazioni ricoprendo il 22.1% del fabbisogno globale di energia nel 2013 e mostrando un andamento in rialzo nel 2014 (REN, 2014). Tuttavia, sono ancora cruciali politiche di supporto, ingenti investimenti privati e contributi della comunità scientifica per dimostrare l'efficacia e la sostenibilità tecnica ed economica delle FER e favorire, quindi, una loro diffusione in larga scala. In questo contesto, la seguente tesi di dottorato è rivolta allo studio, progettazione e sviluppo di metodi e strumenti per l'ottimizzazione e la valorizzazione di tecnologie energetiche rinnovabili e la loro integrazione efficace con fonti di produzione di energia convenzionali alimentate da combustibili fossili e sistemi di accumulo di energia (Sistemi energetici di tipo ibrido). I contributi scientifici disponibili in letteratura e l'analisi dei diversi scenari e delle prospettive delle FER nei vari contesti nazionali ed internazionali hanno dimostrato che la loro sostenibilità economica, e quindi la loro diffusione, è strettamente legata ad una serie di parametri tecnici, economico / finanziari e geografici. Tali parametri sono stati impiegati come input in due modelli analitici sviluppati per la progettazione tecnico-economica di impianti fotovoltaici (FV) e micro turbine eoliche e applicati per lo studio della loro fattibilità economica, attraverso analisi multi-scenario, in alcuni dei maggiori Paesi Europei. I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato come l'autoconsumo dell'energia prodotta rivesta un ruolo fondamentale nella redditività economica dei citati impianti ed, in particolare, a seguito del taglio parziale o totale dei sistemi di incentivazione e l'incertezza attorno alle politiche di supporto all'interno del panorama Europeo. Lo studio specifico del profilo di domanda elettrica delle utenze e l'impiego di sistemi di accumulo di energia sono stati identificati come strategie efficaci al fine di incrementare la quota di autoconsumo. Tali considerazioni hanno portato allo sviluppo di un modello analitico utile alla progettazione tecnico-economica un sistema energetico ibrido connesso alla rete Nazionale integrante un impianto FV e un sistema di accumulo a batterie. La redditività del sistema, valutata su un caso reale, risulta comparabile a un impianto fotovoltaico privo di batterie in caso di un gap significativo tra il costo dell'energia elettrica acquistata dalla rete e il prezzo di vendita dell'energia elettrica ceduta in rete. Tuttavia, gli elevati costi dovuti all'acquisto iniziale e alle attività di manutenzione, e l'eventuale incentivazione sulla vendita dell'energia in rete, non rendono l'investimento particolarmente attrattivo per impianti connessi alla rete. L'attenzione si è quindi rivolta all'analisi tecnico-economica di sistemi energetici ibridi non connessi alla rete, comunemente definiti in isola o off-grid, per soddisfare il fabbisogno energetico di utenti in area remote e quindi prive di allaccio a una rete elettrica. In tali sistemi, i sistemi di accumulo a batterie, oltre alla capacità di accumulo dell'energia prodotta in eccesso variabili e intermittenti FER, hanno funzioni fondamentali nella gestione del sistema stesso. L'attività è stata anche rafforzata da un'applicazione industriale per la configurazione, test e installazione di due sistemi energetici ibridi in isola impiegati per soddisfare il fabbisogno energetico di un villaggio e di un sistema di telecomunicazione situati in aree remote. In parallelo, sono state svolte due attività sperimentali applicate alla promettente, ma non ancora completamente sviluppata a livello industriale, tecnologia solare a concentrazione. La prima attività riguarda la progettazione, sviluppo e test sperimentali di un prototipo in scala ridotta di concentratore solare a lenti di Fresnel per la produzione distribuita di energia elettrica, mediante l'uso di celle fotovoltaiche multi giunzione, ed energia termica a bassa temperatura, tramite un sistema di recupero termico. La seconda attività concerne lo sviluppo e test sperimentali di un prototipo di sistema di accumulo termico per impianti termodinamici alimentati da sistemi a concentrazione solare. Il sistema di accumulo consente di compensare la natura intermittente e variabile della fonte solare incrementando le ore di funzionamento dell'impianto termodinamico con i conseguenti benefici economici. Concludendo, la presente tesi di dottorato include la descrizione di metodi e strumenti per l'ottimizzazione e valorizzazione delle FER. I risultati evidenziano le criticità e potenzialità dei sistemi studiati con lo scopo di contribuire a una loro diffusione e favorire uno sviluppo sostenibile
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Neto, Aime Fleury de Carvalho Pinto. « Qualificação e etiquetagem de inversores para sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-28062012-174659/.

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Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a etiquetagem e qualificação de inversores para Sistemas Fotovoltaicos Conectados à Rede, com finalidade de servir de proposta de procedimento para inclusão no Regulamento de Avaliação de Conformidade de Equipamentos e Sistemas Fotovoltaicos do Programa Brasileiro de Etiquetagem. O procedimento desenvolvido avalia os inversores quanto à eficiência, qualidade de energia, proteções e informações operacionais e de instalação.
This work presents the development of a methodology for qualification and labeling of inverters for grid-connected photovoltaic systems, aiming serving as procedural proposal for inclusion in the Conformity Assessment Rules of Equipments and Photovoltaic Systems of the Brazilian Labeling Program. The developed procedure evaluates the inverters efficiency, power quality, protections and operational and installation information.
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Massi, Pavan Alessandro. « A hardware field simulator for photovoltaic materials applications ». Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2757.

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2006/2007
Il presente lavoro riguarda la descrizione di un simulatore di campo fotovoltaico (in seguito simulatore). Il simulatore è un convertitore elettronico di potenza che, alimentato dalla rete elettrica, riproduce la caratteristica tensione corrente di un campo fotovoltaico (insieme di moduli fotovoltaici connessi in serie e in parallelo) operante in condizioni climatiche di temperatura e irraggiamento arbitrarie. Il nuovo dispositivo verrà impiegato nell’ambito del laboratorio fotovoltaico cui fa riferimento l’impianto in via di realizzazione sul tetto dell’edificio che ospita il Dipartimento dei Materiali e delle Risorse Naturali dell’Università di Trieste. Il simulatore viene proposto come utile strumento per i progettisti di dispositivi solari funzionanti in sistemi fotovoltaici connessi in rete. In particolare, il simulatore permetterà di prevedere il funzionamento di nuovi moduli fotovoltaici operanti in condizioni di ombreggiamento arbitrario e inseriti in un sistema fotovoltaico reale. L’uso del simulatore sarà particolarmente efficace nel caso di simulazioni di tecnologie in film sottile come, ad esempio, il silicio amorfo, il tellururo di cadmio, ecc. Il simulatore sarà anche necessario per testare i componenti che fanno parte di un sistema fotovoltaico connesso in rete, con particolare riferimento ai sistemi di condizionamento della potenza (detti anche inverter). Tali sistemi, oltre a convertire la tensione continua prodotta dai moduli fotovoltaici in una tensione compatibile e sincronizzata con quella della rete, devono garantire istante per istante l’inseguimento del punto di massima potenza estraibile dal campo fotovoltaico cui sono connessi. Il lavoro è stato suddiviso in cinque capitoli. Il primo capitolo fornisce una breve descrizione dello stato dell’arte e di alcune aspetti economici relativi alla tecnologia fotovoltaica. Nel secondo capitolo vengono richiamati il modello classico di una cella solare e le definizioni riguardo le sue caratteristiche principali (punto di massima potenza, efficienza, fill factor, ecc.). Nello stesso capitolo un’overview sui materiali e sulle tecnologie utilizzate nella realizzazione dei dispositivi fotovoltaici divide, come suggerito da Martin Green, le celle solari in tre diverse generazioni: la prima comprende i dispositivi realizzati in silicio cristallino (mono e policrisallino), la seconda quelli in film sottile (in silicio amorfo, tellururo di cadmio CdTe, diseleniuro di rame e indio CIS, diseleniuro di rame, indio e gallio CIGS, diseleniuro di rame, indio, gallio e zolfo CIGSS) e le celle di Graetzel, e la terza le celle multigiunzione, a banda intermedia e quelle organiche. Nel capitolo tre viene fornita una descrizione dei componenti costituenti un sistema fotovoltaico connesso in rete e viene proposto un nuovo metodo per la determinazione delle caratteristiche corrente tensione e potenza tensione prodotte da dispositivi fotovoltaici. Il metodo risulta efficace in quanto non necessita di misure sperimentali da effetture sui diversi dispositivi. I dati forniti nei comuni data sheet che vengono forniti a corredo dei moduli fotovoltaici sono sufficienti a determinarne il comportamento al variare della temperatura di funzionamento e del livello di radiazione solare. L’efficienza di un sistema fotovoltaico (Balance Of the System, BOS) viene calcolata nel capitolo quattro. Particolare enfasi viene data all’effetto di mismatching che è tanto più importante quanto più è elevato il livello di ombreggiamento presente sul piano dei moduli fotovoltaici costituenti l’impianto. Infine, l’ultimo capitolo riguarda la descrizione del simulatore e delle sue applicazioni.
The subject of this work is a power electronic device, hereafter named photovoltaic field simulator, which converts the grid voltage into a current voltage characteristic. This characteristic replicates the behavior of a real photovoltaic field working in arbitrary conditions of irradiance and temperature. After building, the photovoltaic field simulator will be used in the photovoltaic laboratory which is connected to the experimental photovoltaic plant which will be installed on the roof top of the Materials and Natural Resources Department of Trieste University. The photovoltaic field simulator will be used for photovoltaic module parameters design with particular reference to its behavior when inserted in a photovoltaic field operating under shaded conditions. The use of the simulator will be particularly effective when simulating thin-film technologies as, for example, amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and etc. The photovoltaic field simulator will also be used for testing the components of grid connected photovoltaic systems with particular reference to the power conditioning units (also named inverters). These systems, which convert the direct current produced by the photovoltaic modules into a utility grade current (typically alternate and sinusoidal at a frequency of 50-60Hz), must extract maximum power from the photovoltaic field. The work is divided into five chapters. In the first a brief description of photovoltaic technology and its economic aspects is given. Chapter two is on classic solar cell modelling basics and on the definition of the parameters of photovoltaic technology (maximum power point, efficiency, fill factor, and etc.). In the same chapter a materials and technologies overview splits, as suggested by Martin Green, solar cells in three different generations: the first comprises crystalline silicon (mono and polycrystalline) devices, the second thin-film devices (amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride CdTe, copper indium diselenide CIS, copper indium gallium diselenide CIGS, copper indium gallium sulphur diselenide CIGSS), and the Graetzel cells, while the third multi-junction, intermediate band and organic photovoltaic devices. The third chapter briefly describes photovoltaic grid connected system components. In particular a new model for plotting photovoltaic current voltage and power voltage characteristics is provided. The method is original because only module data sheet parameters are used and experimental measurements are not needed in order to determine the photovoltaic modules behavior with reference to irradiance and working temperatures changes. In chapter four the Balance of a photovoltaic System (BOS) is calculated. In particular the importance of the mismatching effect of photovoltaic modules due to shaded conditions is shown. The last chapter is on simulator description and its applications.
XX Ciclo
1975
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Lanas, Montecinos Fernando José, et Estevez Guillermo Jiménez. « Design of a robust energy management system for a grid-connected microgrid providing services ». Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2019. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/172645.

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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Eléctrica
Se define una microrred como una agrupación de cargas y recursos energéticos distribuidos que funciona como un único sistema controlable, capaz de operar en paralelo o aislado de la red eléctrica. Las microrredes son proveedores de energía locales que pueden reducir los gastos de energía, reducir las emisiones, aumentar la confiabilidad y son alternativas de energización emergentes. El correcto uso de sus recursos energéticos disponible permite lograr una operación más eficiente en una microrred, por ejemplo; reducir sus costos, mejorar ingresos, alargar la vida útil de los equipos y limitar el impacto ambiental. Algunos de estos objetivos se contraponen y es por esto que es necesario compensarlos para obtener el mejor despacho energético. Por esta razón el uso de un sistema de gestión de energía para microrredes cobra gran importancia. En este trabajo se desarrollaron modelos matemáticos y luego se implementaron en una herramienta computacional para el despacho energético óptimo de microrredes, con énfasis en tres aspectos. Primero, los servicios complementarios que una microrred puede ofrecer: arbitraje de energía, reducción de emisiones, reducción de potencia punta, reserva de potencia en giro y ofertas de reducción de consumo. Segundo, un modelo de almacenamiento de baterías enfocado en seis fenómenos: envejecimiento cíclico y calendario, la ley de Peukert, la pérdida de capacidad, autodescargas y la limitación de carga/descarga. Tercero, se incluye un módulo maestro-esclavo para lidiar con la estocasticidad ante problemas intempestivos en la red, manteniendo así la confiabilidad de la microrred cuando se aísla, aun si esta ofrece servicios. Estos tres aspectos son integrados en un modelo de programación lineal entera mixta para el despacho óptimo de una microrred, minimizando los costos de operación y reinversión. En el presente trabajo, se simulan la operación de tres microrredes reales bajo diferentes escenarios cada uno. El primer caso es la microrred aislada de Huatacondo, el segundo es la microrred conectada de CIGRE y el tercero es la microrred conectada de la cárcel de Santa Rita. Los resultados obtenidos muestran reducción en los costos de hasta 4.3% en la microrred de Huatacondo, hasta 2.9% para CIGRE y hasta 7% para Santa Rita al considerar servicios y utilizando un modelo detallado de almacenamiento. En el caso de la microrred aislada de Huatacondo, la reducción se basó principalmente en la extensión de la vida útil del banco de baterías. Para las dos microrredes conectadas los servicios más atractivos fueron ofrecer sus capacidades flexibles no utilizadas a la red. Esto considera servicios como reducción de consumo, reducción de demanda punta o reserva en giro. Servicios enfocados en transferencia de altos volúmenes de energía, como el arbitraje de energía, no fueron atractivos dado el costo asociado al uso de equipos de almacenamiento.
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Schenkel, Gabriela. « Monitoramento e análise de um sistema fotovoltaico conectado à rede com uso de microinversor ». Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2015. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4909.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Os sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede tem como finalidade a conversão da energia solar em energia elétrica. No Brasil, recentemente foi dado o primeiro passo efetivo com a publicação pela ANEEL da Resolução Normativa n° 482. Esta resolução, publicada em 17 de abril de 2012, possibilita à um consumidor doméstico e comercial possuir um sistema de microgeração de energia (hidráulica, solar, eólica, biomassa ou cogeração qualificada) conectado à rede elétrica e fazer compensação de energia. Neste trabalho foi instalado em caráter experimental, no Laboratório de Energias Renováveis da Unisinos, um sistema fotovoltaico conectado à rede com uso de um modelo de microinversor, e buscou-se por meio desta instalação e do monitoramento, analisar o comportamento elétrico e energético do sistema. O sistema é composto por um módulo monocristalino LG255S1C de 255 Wp conectado a um microinversor ENPHASE M215 de 215 W. O período de monitoramento foi de 1° de agosto até 20 de dezembro de 2014. Uma central de aquisição de dados Agilent HP 34970A foi empregada para coletar dados de irradiância no plano do gerador fotovoltaico, corrente e tensão na entrada e saída do microinversor, temperatura de uma célula FV no centro do módulo fotovoltaico e temperatura no dissipador do microinversor. Também foi utilizado como medidor o analisador de energia Fluke 43B, que coleta os dados de potência ativa, potência reativa e potência aparente injetada na rede elétrica pelo sistema. Índices de qualidade de energia como a distorção harmônica total de corrente e fator de deslocamento também foram medidos. A eficiência média diária máxima, considerando a incerteza, medida no microinversor empregado foi de 95,18 % e é semelhante aos valores de eficiência média diária dos microinversores de primeira e segunda geração. O sistema fotovoltaico monitorado com o uso do microinversor atingiu o valor máximo de desempenho global de 0,93. A produção de energia máxima diária em corrente alternada foi de 1,49 kWh. Estima-se, levando em consideração este valor, que a produção mensal pode ser de até 44,7 kWh. Isto significa uma redução de 58 % no consumo de energia em uma residência, levando em consideração o custo de disponibilidade e o sistema instalado em uma residência com consumo médio mensal da região nordeste que é de 120 kWh.
Photovoltaic grid-connected systems aims the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. In Brazil, was recently given the first effective step with the publication by ANEEL Normative Resolution No. 482. This resolution published on 17 th April, 2012, enables domestic and commercial consumers have an energy microgeneration system (hydro, solar, wind, biomass or qualified cogeneration) connected to mains power and make compensation. In this work was mounted on an experimental character, in the Renewable Energy Laboratory of Unisinos, a photovoltaic grid-connected system that uses a microinverter model, and through this installation and monitoring, analyse the electrical and energetical behavior of the system. The system consists of a 255 Wp LG255S1C monocrystalline module, connected to a 215 W ENPHASE M215 microinverter. The monitoring period was 1 st August to 20 th December, 2014. A central acquisition of Agilent HP 34970A data was used to collect data irradiance in the plane of the PV array, current and voltage at the input and output of microinverter, temperature of a PV cell in the center of the PV module and the microinverter sink. It was also used as a measuring the energy analyzer Fluke 43B, which collects the data of active power, reactive power and apparent power injected into the grid by the system. Power quality indices as the total harmonic current distortion and displacement factor were also measured. The maximum daily average efficiency, considering the uncertainty, measured on the employed microinverter was 95.18 % and is similar than the daily average efficiency values of microinverters of first and second generation. The photovoltaic system monitored using the microinverter peaked overall performance of 0.93. The production maximum daily energy into alternating current was 1.49 kWh. It is estimated taking into account the value that the monthly production can achieved 44.7 kWh. This means a reduction of 58 % in the consumption of a residence considering the availability cost and that the system is installed in a residence with the northest comsumption whose the average monthly consumption is 120.00 kWh.
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Almeida, Marcelo Pinho. « Qualificação de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-28062012-102236/.

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Este trabalho propõe um procedimento para qualificar sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede, o qual possui dois focos principais: o comissionamento e a caracterização da produção de energia. Também resume alguns aspectos normativos relacionados aos sistemas fotovoltaicos, apresenta os principais parâmetros de desempenho utilizados para caracterizar um sistema fotovoltaico, propõe uma metodologia para calcular a energia injetada na rede, a qual incorpora modelos matemáticos e procedimentos de medição, tanto novos quanto convencionais, e aplica essa metodologia em um estudo de caso de um sistema fotovoltaico real.
This work proposes a procedure for qualifying grid-connected photovoltaic systems, which has two main focuses: the commissioning and the characterization of energy production. The work also summarizes some regulatory aspects related to photovoltaic systems, presents the main parameters used to characterize the performance of a photovoltaic system, proposes a methodology to calculate the energy injected into the grid, which incorporates both new and conventional mathematical models and measurement procedures, and applies this methodology to a case of study of a real photovoltaic system.
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Actes de conférences sur le sujet "Sistemi grid connected"

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E. G. Ogoulola, Christel, Angelo J. J. Rezek, Robson B. Gonzatti, Vinicius Z. Silva, Marcos L. Ramos, Elio C. Alfonso et Raynel D. Santos. « A New Bidirectional Three-phase Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) Grid-Connected Converter : Analysis and Simulation ». Dans Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos - SBSE2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2202.

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This paper deals with the theoretical development, analysis, and simulation of the new topology of three-phase NPC (Neural Point Clamped) converter. The proposed 6-kW three-phase converter is connected to a three-phase electrical network and due to its bidirectional characteristics can either send energy to the grid or receive it from the grid. The classic strategy of vectorial control at the DQ synchronous reference frame, along with a simple algorithm for Unit Vector Generation (UVG), have been employed to control the line currents in the grid and the DC-bus voltage, thus substituting the PLL (Phase Locked Loop). A PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) strategy is presented in the form of an analog circuit and used for switching the semiconductors in the converter. The obtained results were verified using Matlab/Simulink software. The proposed converter has five voltage levels at the output for each phase and proven more advantageous than the conventional NPC. In addition, it was obtained a better harmonic content in the grid currents because there is very low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) both when acting as a rectifier and as an inverter.
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A. Volpato, Álvaro, et Luís F. C. Alberto. « Grid-connected inverters per-unit Dynamic Phasor modelling, simulation and control ». Dans Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos - SBSE2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2346.

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Given the increasing penetration of photovoltaic and battery-powered systems in macro and microgrids, efficient and reliable modelling of the inverters for studying the stability of such systems is paramount. In the current academia standard, generic inverter models, which do not coherently represent inverter behavior nor consider inverter topology and filter, are used - undermining the presented results. This paper presents a thorough and comprehensive per-unit modelling of inverter systems based on a strong mathematical foundation. This modelling is compatible with Equivalent Phasor techniques, generally used for synchronous machines, which allow simulation and study of stability of mixed systems where both technologies are present.
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Nascente, Juliana M., Lúcia M. A. Drummond et Eduardo Uchoa. « Balanceamento de Carga em um algoritmo Branch-and-Bound para execução em Grades computacionais ». Dans Workshop em Sistemas Computacionais de Alto Desempenho. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wscad.2005.18982.

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This work introduces new techniques of load balance for a distributed branch-and-bound algorithm, applied to the Steiner Problem in Graphs (SPG), to be executed on computational Grids. Many Grids are composed of cluster of processors connected via highspeed links and the clusters, geographically distant, are connected through low-speed links, in a hierarchical fashion. In Grids, the processor performance may vary a lot during a certain period of time due to the fact that they are usually shared with several other applications. The proposed load balance algorithms have the following features: i) they do not employ the usual master-worker paradigm; ii) they consider the hierarchical structure of such Grids and the processors performance iii) they estimate the future load of processes. Several experiments were executed showing the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
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Man Kit Sio, João Paulo, et Romeu Reginatto. « Reactive power control of DFIG-based wind turbines for voltage support during faults ». Dans Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos - SBSE2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2182.

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The wind power penetration in the power system has already reached a considerate proportion. An important step in that path was the requirement of wind farms to provide Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capacity, remaining connected to the grid during faults. More recently, grid codes are also requiring wind turbines to inject reactive power during the fault event so as to contribute to grid voltage support. The purpose of this work is to analyze a reactive current injection strategy for DFIG-based wind turbines that acts on the reactive power control loop during faults. The results of the simulations show, the behavior of the voltage, active power, and the total current injected in the system for different connection characteristics. The reactive current injection strategy helps in the voltage level during the fault, and the effectiveness is better for connections to the transmission system level.
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Marques de Carvalho, Cleiton, Daniel Orlando G. Medina, José Calixto Lopes et Thales Sousa. « Computer Modeling and Analysis of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System Grid-Connected Using Homer Pro ». Dans Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos - SBSE2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2198.

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Renewable energy generation has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Among the most used sources in this context, Photovoltaic Solar and wind have presented the highest growth in recent years. Considering the new topologies and possibilities that arise with the evolution of technology, the Hybrid Renewable Energy System has been widely explored, being an excellent alternative in the new ways of generating energy in the future. Similarly, the traditional concept of centralized power systems has been replaced by distributed power generation levels. Thus, this work proposed to perform a technical and economic feasibility analysis in order to examine the possibility of an HRES composed by wind and solar sources, connected to the grid. For the development of the study, it was used a methodology based on computational modelling and simulation in HOMER Pro.
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R. F. B. de Souza, Victor, Luciano S. Barros et Flavio B. Costa. « Performance Comparison of 2L-VSC, 3L-NPC, and 3L-MMC Converter Topologies for Interfacing Grid-Connected Systems ». Dans Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos - SBSE2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2297.

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Nowadays, power converters play a fundamental role in the conditioning and processing of active and reactive power, and are directly related to power quality indexes. In this sense, new multi-level converter topologies have been integrated in order to provide higher power processing capacity with lower harmonic distortion, switch stress, heating, and losses. The use of these structures compared to conventional two-level converters is especially suitable for high power of the order of megawatt. Considering the relevance of this approach, this paper presents a comparative performance analysis among the conventional two-level topology (2L-VSC) and two multilevel topologies in a grid-connected system: neutral point clamped (NPC) and modular multilevel converter (MMC). Simulation test results present the impacts on voltages and currents for the switches and the whole system, as well as the evaluation of the total harmonic distortion (THD) in order to highlight the crucial points of each topology for this kind of application.
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Penha da Silva Júnior, Guilherme, Thiago Figueiredo do Nascimento et Luciano Sales Barros. « Comparison of Virtual Synchronous Generator Strategies for Control of Distributed Energy Sources and Power System Stability Improvement ». Dans Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Elétricos - SBSE2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/sbse.v1i1.2482.

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The high integration of distributed generation (DG) system based on renewable energy sources (RES) in the power system requires changes regarding the control mode of these sources with some urgency. Such changes seek to maintain the stability of the power systems. Thus, there is a demand for using control techniques on DGs/RESs that can mitigate the disturbances caused by low inertia and the lack of control over the dispatched powers. As a solution, one can use virtual synchronous generator (VSG) techniques making the voltage source inverter (VSI) control behave similarly to the traditional synchronous generator (SG). This paper presents a literature review and performance tests for the main VSG topologies used in DGs/RESs: ISE, VSYNC, VISMA and Synchronverter. The implementation of VSG in the DGs/RESs has made possible increase inertia in the grid and, additionally regulate the active and reactive powers separately and bidirectionally. So, it has been possible to meet power system requirements; being able to operation both grid-connected or island-mode, which is ideal for microgrids. The results obtained confirm the literature reports. It was observed that the Synchronverter topology presented advantages over the other VSG topologies.
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Duarte, Samuel N., Pedro M. Almeida et Pedro G. Barbosa. « Zero-sequence network voltage compensation by a three-phase four-wire grid-connected converter ». Dans 2018 Simposio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eletricos (SBSE) [VII Brazilian Electrical Systems Symposium (SBSE)]. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sbse.2018.8395607.

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Dobbin, Trevor V. do C., Ramon R. Costa, Glauco N. Taranto et Ana Beatriz M. Aguiar. « Reduced order DFIG model based on the singular perturbation method for grid connected wind turbines analysis ». Dans 2018 Simposio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eletricos (SBSE) [VII Brazilian Electrical Systems Symposium (SBSE)]. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sbse.2018.8395716.

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Souza, A. C., C. R. A. Junior, G. T. Silva et I. N. Santos. « Simulation and dynamic analysis of three-phase photovoltaic system connected on grid employing Matlab/Simulink software ». Dans 2018 Simposio Brasileiro de Sistemas Eletricos (SBSE) [VII Brazilian Electrical Systems Symposium (SBSE)]. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sbse.2018.8395746.

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