Articles de revues sur le sujet « Siege of Istanbul »

The siege of Medina (1916-1919) is one of the more significant events in the Near Eastern theatre in World War I. Fakhri Paşa (Fahrettin Türkkan, 1868-1948), the legendary figure of the siege, resisted several demands of the Sharif of Mecca, Husayn ibn ʿAli, and the British to surrender and even ignored orders from Istanbul to hand over the city but was eventually forced to surrender. The events in Medina have not gone unnoticed by historiography, although a full appreciation has still to be given. Eye witness reports by officers of the Ottoman garrison in Medina have constituted the basis for the narrative of the siege of Medina. British documents have added to our knowledge. Other sources used are the partially unpublished papers of Fakhri Paşa and German material.

In the article the fragments of the chronicle «Tarikh-i Mehmed Geray» of the Crimean historian Dervish Mehmed bin Mubarek Geray Chingizi, the content of which covers the description of the foreign policy of Peter the Great in the south at the end of the XVII century, are examined. The copy of the work has been preserved in the Austrian National Library. The material for analysis is the publication in Turkish of the master’s work of Ughur Demir «Tarikh-i Mehmed Giray» (assessment – transliteration of the text)» (consultant: Prof. Dr. Nejdet Oztürk, Istanbul, 163 pages). The translation from the Ottoman into Russian is carried out by R. Abduzhemilev. In the introductory part of the article, the source is described: the author’s personality, writing period, marking and volume of the manuscript, text script, and versatility of the contents. The works of the orientalists, where the chronicle is presented in the scientific-research context, are noted. The author focuses on the military campaigns during the reign of Peter I in the south at the end of the XVIIth century (the siege of the fortresses of Or, Dogan and Azak). The events described in the text: the struggle for the Or fortress, the refusal of Khan el-Haj Selim Geray to participate in the Ottoman campaign, the direction of the tsar’s troops from the north, the readiness of the troops of the Crimean Khanate to repel the siege, the negotiations of the parties, the siege of the Dogan fortress, the Azov fortress, an offensive from the sea, the defense of the strategic positions of the Crimean Khanate and Ottoman Empire.

The article examines the mass riots of the population of RightBank Ukraine and the Zaporizhia Cossacks against Hetman Petro Doroshenko and his supporters. They were accompanied by the Ottoman Empire intervening in the events. After the Porta forced Crimea to abandon the support of the rebels in the summer of 1669, they were defeated, and a change of leader took place in their camp: instead of P. Sukhoveenko, who was supported by the Crimean Tatars, an Uman colonel M. Khanenko was elected hetman. He and his allies were besieged by Doroshenko in Uman, but without enough support from the Tatars, the right-bank hetman was forced to make peace with his opponents and lift the siege at the end of August 1669. Moreover, Crimea again, contrary to orders from Istanbul, provided assistance to Doroshenko’s opponents, who in October besieged him in Stebliv. Only the new intervention of the Porta, which sent significant forces of the Belgorod Horde to help Doroshenko and once again forbade Crimea to provide assistance to Khanenko, allowed the supporters of the Right-Bank hetman to lift the siege and inflict a decisive defeat on the enemy. Khanenko fled to Zaporizhia, and many cities and towns of the Right Bank were occupied by the Belgorod Tatars. The sources testify a particular depth and acuteness of the domestic political crisis in the Ukrainian society of the Right Bank, and also show that in the end the victory was won by the side (Doroshenko) that managed to gain more powerful external support.

Ziya Şakir is a well-known author for his works published in newspapers and magazines. The author, known as Ziya Şakir during the Ottoman period, took the surname “Soko” with the Surname Law enacted during the Republican period. He also used nicknames such as Z. Melek, Hüseyin Servet, Bahtiyar, M. Ziya, Emekligil, Hamid Nuri, Abdülmüheymin. In his works, in which he included historical realities, he met with people who witnessed events other than memoirs or documents, and assumed the duty of “oral historiography” by recording the memories described verbally. Avar Oğlu that is published in Yarım Ay magazine in 1935 is one of author’s works where he brought a historical truth together with fiction. The work, which deals with the Avars that were the first Turks sieging Istanbul, has a narrative style that prioritizes Turkish tradition and morality over other nations. The work, which includes taboos, Shamanist beliefs, rowing bone fortune telling, which is one of the types of fortune telling, and beliefs that numbers are sacred, brings together the values transferred from the past to the present with the reader. In this study, it was investigated how the author, who started from a historical reality and emphasized the importance of the Avars on the stage of history, conveyed Turkish customs and beliefs in Avar Oğlu. As a result of the examination, it was determined that Ziya Şakir used the spiritual values that built bridges between generations to highlight the character traits of the Turks. Keywords: Ziya Şakir, Avars, siege of İstanbul, Turkish beliefs, history.

The Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878 was one of the most important events that marked the last century of the Ottoman Empire. In this war, the armies of both sides faced each other on the Balkan and Caucasian fronts, and the Balkan Front was the war’s center of gravity. Having crossed the Danube, the Russian army quickly advanced south and captured the Shipka pass. Thus, the road to Istanbul was opened for the Russians. In the same days, the Vidin Corps under the command of Osman Pasha came to Pleven and took positions in the city. Before descending to the south of the Balkan Mountains, the Russians decided to capture Pleven and attacked the city three times. In Pleven, the Ottoman forces repelled these attacks and stopped the Russian operation for five months. In this way, they prevented a defeat that would come much earlier for the Ottoman Empire. Osman Pasha halted the Russian army by defending Pleven for five months. In this way, he allowed the Ottoman Commander-in-Chief to change the war’s fate. The Ottoman command, however, could not be able to use this opportunity. Finally, the supplies in the city were exhausted and there was no possibility of defense. Osman Pasha decided to break the siege with a breaktrough operation, but was wounded and had to surrender. Shortly after the fall of Pleven, the Russian armies came to Istanbul and the war ended. Despite the defeat, the defense of Pleven had a great impact and was appreciated all over the world.

Karaköy Camisi, İstanbul Beyoğlu’nda Karaköy Meydanı’nda Ziraat Bankası binasının kuzeyindeki yapı adasının batı ucunda konumlanmaktaydı. Sokak kotunda iki katlı dükkânların üzerinde yükselen merkezi mekânlı, küçük ölçekli bir semt camisiydi. Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa Vakfı’na bağlı olarak ilk defa on yedinci yüzyılda inşa edilen cami on dokuzuncu yüzyıl sonlarında harap olup kullanılamaz hale gelince Sultan II. Abdülhamid (h.d. 1876-1909) tarafından yeniden yaptırılmasına karar verildi. Sultan, bu iş için 1893’te İstanbul’a gelen ve saray mimarı olarak kentte geçirdiği on beş senede İstanbul mimarlık üretimine önemli katkılarda bulunan İtalyan mimar Raimondo D’Aronco’yu görevlendirdi. Esasında Karaköy Camisi için hazırlanmış ve Udine arşivinde saklanan üç farklı proje önerisi1 daha vardır. D’Aronconun projesi bu öneriler arasından seçilmiştir. 1903-1909 yıllarında Art Nouveau üslubuyla inşa edilen cami güçlü bir plastik etkiye sahipti. Meydana doğru öne çıkan bir konumda bulunduğundan kullanımda olduğu yıllarda çekilen pek çok Karaköy fotoğrafında görülebilmektedir. İstanbul’da 1956-1960 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilen imar faaliyetlerinden Karaköy Camisi de etkilendi. Karaköy Meydanı’nı genişletme gerekçesiyle 1958’de caminin Kınalıada’da yeniden inşa edilmek üzere taşınmasına karar verildi. Bu maksatla sökülen cami parçaları kayboldu ve yeniden yapım gerçekleştirilmedi. Yıkımının üzerinden elli iki yıl geçtikten sonra İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi’nin 2010’da onayladığı Koruma Amaçlı Uygulama İmar Planına göre Karaköy Camisi’nin rekonstrüksiyonunu öngören yasal düzenlemeler yapıldı.Mimarlık tarihinde önemli bir yapı olmasına karşın Karaköy Camisi’nin bir monografisi yoktur. Bu çalışma günümüzde ulaşılan tarihsel belgelere dayanarak bu önemli yapının tarihçesini sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Bebek semtinin simge yapılarından Bebek Camisi, 1725’te Bebek köyü kurulurken kırma çatılı, L plan şemalı bir köy camisi niteliğinde inşa edilmiştir. 1913 yılında ise bu cami yıkılarak yerine farklı bir plan şemasıyla, kubbeli, kâgir, revaklı, dikdörtgen planlı yeni bir cami, Mimar Kemalettin Bey tarafından tasarlanarak inşa edilmiş olup bu cami günümüzde de varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Boğaziçi’nin önemli kültür varlıklarından Bebek Camisi’nin inşasından günümüze geçirdiği değişimi gözler önüne sermektir. Bu kapsamda, Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Arşivi belgeleri, eski fotoğraf, gravür ve haritalar, Vakıflar 1. Bölge Müdürlüğü Arşivi’nde yer alan, caminin geçmiş dönem onarımlarına ilişkin dosyalar ve günümüz fotoğrafları kullanılmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, günümüzde ayakta olan Bebek Camisi’nin 1960 yılı onarımında, o dönemde yapılan pek çok eski eser onarımında görüldüğü gibi, çimento esaslı malzemeler ile onarıldığı, özgün alçı revzenlerin sökülerek çimento ile yenilendiği, sıvalarda ve harçlarda çimento kullanıldığı, bu sebeple ve deniz kenarında konumlanması sebebiyle tuz kristallenmesi (çiçeklenme) probleminin yapının genelinde görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra plan şemasında yapılan değişiklikler de caminin özgünlükten uzaklaşmasına sebep olmuştur. 2019-2022 restorasyonuyla yapının planı özgün haline getirilmiş, olumsuz tuz etkisi ve diğer problemler giderilerek cami onarılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, bir Cumhuriyet dönemi yapısı olan Bebek Camisi ile sembolize edilmekte olan Bebek semtinin tarihinin aslında çok daha eskiye dayanmakta olduğu ve günümüzde görülen Bebek Camisi’nin yerinde 18. yüzyılda, kırma çatılı bir caminin olduğu gözler önüne serilmek istenmiştir. Hangi döneme ait olursa olsun kentin geçmişinde yeri olan kültür varlıkları korunmalı, özüne uygun malzeme ve tekniklere restore edilerek gelecek kuşaklara aktarılmalıdır.

Bebek semtinin simge yapılarından Bebek Camisi, 1725’te Bebek köyü kurulurken kırma çatılı, L plan şemalı bir köy camisi niteliğinde inşa edilmiştir. 1913 yılında ise bu cami yıkılarak yerine farklı bir plan şemasıyla, kubbeli, kâgir, revaklı, dikdörtgen planlı yeni bir cami, Mimar Kemalettin Bey tarafından tasarlanarak inşa edilmiş olup bu cami günümüzde de varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Boğaziçi’nin önemli kültür varlıklarından Bebek Camisi’nin inşasından günümüze geçirdiği değişimi gözler önüne sermektir. Bu kapsamda, Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Arşivi belgeleri, eski fotoğraf, gravür ve haritalar, Vakıflar 1. Bölge Müdürlüğü Arşivi’nde yer alan, caminin geçmiş dönem onarımlarına ilişkin dosyalar ve günümüz fotoğrafları kullanılmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, günümüzde ayakta olan Bebek Camisi’nin 1960 yılı onarımında, o dönemde yapılan pek çok eski eser onarımında görüldüğü gibi, çimento esaslı malzemeler ile onarıldığı, özgün alçı revzenlerin sökülerek çimento ile yenilendiği, sıvalarda ve harçlarda çimento kullanıldığı, bu sebeple ve deniz kenarında konumlanması sebebiyle tuz kristallenmesi (çiçeklenme) probleminin yapının genelinde görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra plan şemasında yapılan değişiklikler de caminin özgünlükten uzaklaşmasına sebep olmuştur. 2019-2022 restorasyonuyla yapının planı özgün haline getirilmiş, olumsuz tuz etkisi ve diğer problemler giderilerek cami onarılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, bir Cumhuriyet dönemi yapısı olan Bebek Camisi ile sembolize edilmekte olan Bebek semtinin tarihinin aslında çok daha eskiye dayanmakta olduğu ve günümüzde görülen Bebek Camisi’nin yerinde 18. yüzyılda, kırma çatılı bir caminin olduğu gözler önüne serilmek istenmiştir. Hangi döneme ait olursa olsun kentin geçmişinde yeri olan kültür varlıkları korunmalı, özüne uygun malzeme ve tekniklere restore edilerek gelecek kuşaklara aktarılmalıdır.

Learning outcomes The key learning from this case study include the following: first, there are various leadership types that leaders can exhibit, such as servant leadership and transformational leadership, and an individual’s leadership style can be evaluated by analysing his/her traits and behaviours. Second, decision-making is much more critical for leaders than for anyone else, and there are different approaches, such as rational and intuitive decision-making, that leaders can apply when making a decision. Third, in male-dominated work environments such as the sports sector, female executives should carefully weigh the risks and opportunities of leadership positions while being promoted. Case overview/synopsis The UPS Sports and Culture Club was founded in 2003 by Haluk Ündeğer in Zeytinburnu district, one of the most dangerous neighbourhoods in Istanbul that had a bad reputation for being high on crime and drugs. The club’s main goal was to train children from disadvantaged groups to develop a career in sports. Shortly after the club’s founding, Semra Demirer, a physical education teacher who had devoted her life to children’s physical, cultural and personal development, crossed paths with the UPS Club. In 2004, Demirer started to work at the UPS Sports and Culture Club as the general coordinator. She played an important role in the growth and development of many children over the years and helped raise very talented athletes such as Simge Aköz. In 2020, on the heels of financial and administrative difficulties, the club was at the risk of being shut down. Hence, Demirer grappled with the decision of whether to share this information with the employees and players in the club. She deeply considered how she could overcome the conflict between transparency and confidentiality she was experiencing. Complexity academic level The case study is suitable for undergraduate students. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 6: Human Resource Management.

The quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is escalating at an alarming rate with every passing year alongside the modernization of our economy. Unfortunately, the majority of this waste remains uncollected or ends up in open dumping and followed by uncontrolled burning. Citing the deep-rooted consequences, open dumping should be absolutely abandoned and scientific interventions should be aggressively exercised to reclaim the municipal brownfields. The present research work undertook the judicial task of assessing the comparative feasibility of biomining and scientific capping as a technology selection for reclamation of about a decade old 120 million tons of waste chunk laying at Jawahar Nagar dump yard. Primary dump samples were collected from various locations, considering depth as a variable. While leachate and groundwater samples were collected from Malkaram lake and preinstalled borewells receptively. Additionally, the ambient air quality and noise level also been ascertained within the buffer zone. The blended representative solid sample was segregated using a 70 mm mesh size trommel into organic and inorganic fractions. The organic fraction was composted using a lab-scale aerobic static pile composting (ASPC) while the trommel reject was processed as refuse derived fuel (RDF). Evidently, the compost lagged quality and depicted nutrient deficiency. While the burning of RDF produced siloxane gas, significantly due to elevated silicon level in the primary waste. Furthermore, due to the prolonged leaching tenure and seasonal dilution, the concentration of legacy leachate was relatively weaker. Borewell samples collected from a depth of 20 feet also portrayed minor contamination up to 500 meters horizontal radius. The issue of leachability can solely be resolved with the capping of the existing dump and the end product quality derived from the biomining process is highly questionable. Thus, handling such large quantity capping is a befitting option over biomining for Jawahar Nagar dumpsite. INTRODUCTION Presently, in India due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, the generation of MSW has been increasing tremendously and also expected to continue a similar trend in the future (Scott, 1995; Bhat et al., 2017; Sethurajan et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2018). Annually, the comprehensive urban MSW generation in India is more than 62 million tons. Metro cities are the mammoth contributor of the entire chunk and waste production had already reached an alarming figure of 50,000 tonnes/day. While the waste generation from the tier 2 cities is also rigorously escalating and presently contribute up to 20,000 tones/day (Sharma et al., 2018). A study conducted by the central pollution control board (CPCB) revealed MSW generation in India is increasing at a distressing rate of 5 % per annum with a sharp escalation in the quantities of domestic hazardous waste (Sharma et al., 2018). With major financial constraints, inefficacy of collection, treatment, and disposal incurs further reasons to worry. So far India has miserably failed to set up wholesome source segregation and collection method. Presently, the country spends more than 60% of its annual waste management budget only in collection. Besides, only 20% or less of the collected materials are scientifically handled and treated. Citing the statistics, it is evident that the majority of the MSW is simply gets dumped on the low laying grounds located somewhere on the outskirts of the cities. The precipitation, infiltration, surface water runoff, bird menace, rodent interference etc. triggers the vulnerability of waste and leads to mal odor, ground and surface water contamination, human and environmental health deterioration (Jayawardhana et al., 2016). Further, the perseverance of the inorganic and inert fractions leads to soil contamination, poses a fire threat, and also may incur carcinogenicity and acute toxicity among the animals (Mir et al., 2021). There are numerous techniques for the reclamation and remediation of the dumpsites, includes processes such as capping and closure, in-situ vitrification, sub-surface cut-off walls, and waste biomining (Chakrabarti and Dubey, 2015; Thakare and Nandi, 2016). Waste biomining is a stable way to get rid of the entire range of problems associated with open dumping and reclaim valuable land (Kaksonen et al., 2017). There are several instances including reclamation of Mumbai Gorai dump yard by IL & FS Environment, 70 – 80 years old 12,00,000 tons of dump clearance by Nagar Nigam Indore within a minute span of 3 years and many more. But the process of biomining is highly sensitive and case-specific. The success of the process solely depends on factors such as characteristics of the waste, efficacy of the effective microorganism culture, acceptability of the processed end product at the local market etc. (Jerez, 2017; Banerjee et al., 2017; Venkiteela, 2020). Contrarily, though the scientific capping is not an end-to-end solution but still advisable in the cases where the quantity of waste is gigantic, land scarcity is prevalent, no nearby industries to consume the end products etc. Mehta et al. (2018) have also supported the above claim based on the assessment of locations specific MSW dump reclamation case studies. While in another Nagpur-based case study conducted by Ashootosh et al. (2020) reported the superiority of the biominingprocess over simple land capping due to the favorability of the local conditions. Capping eliminates the environmental interference and thereby reduces biosphere contamination and leachate generation. Further, it captivates rodent and vector breeding and thereby curtails the spreading of communicable diseases and improves aesthetics. But right consolidation through compaction and execution is utmost necessary in the above case. As non-compaction and faulty sloping will easily lead to heavy settlement and slope failure (Berkun et al., 2005; Al-Ghouti et al., 2021). The present study has been pursued with the primary objective to run a techno-commercial assessment between scientific capping and biomining. While the secondary objective was to ascertain the level of contamination and propose mitigative measures. MATERIALS AND METHODStudy Area Spanning over 350 acres of a precious piece of land at the outskirts of Hyderabad city, Jawahar Nagar dumping yard was brutally utilized by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) for open dumping for a prolonged tenure of 10 years. It housed nearly 12 lakh metric tons of heterogeneous solid and domestic hazardous waste and continues polluting until 2015, until the Ramky group was offered to cap the legacy dumping and scientifically handle the site. The present study has been facilitated at Hyderabad Municipal Solid Waste Limited, formerly known as Jawahar Nagar dump yard to analyze and assess the feasibility of bio-mining as handling and management alternate to the existing practice of scientific capping. The epicenter of processing and disposal facility is lying approximately on the cross-section of 17°31'24.45"N and 78°35'23.37"E. As per the contract, the comprehensive legacy dumping to be capped in three phases over about 150 acres of area and Ramky has significantly entered the phase two of the operation only within a span of five years by successfully capping more than half of the legacy footprint. Sampling Methodology The waste pile was divided into three layers namely, base, middle, and top. A uniform amount of sample was collected from the successive layers of all five different corners which cover north, south, east, west, and central of the garbage pile. Sampling inspections were performed using a manual auger besides large samples were collected using a JCB excavator. The top six-inch layer of the pile was removed to avoid any contamination while collecting the samples and 5-10 kg of sample was collected from each of the locations. Further, intermediate and bottom layer samples were collected by digging a 500 mm diameter hole through the heap. A composite was prepared by a homogenized blending of all the fifteen grub samples. The blend was distributed into four equal quadrants and the top and bottom quadrants were eliminated diagonally while the left-over quadrants were mixed thoroughly. This process was repeated until a sample of the required bulk of 20 kg is obtained. Surface and subsurface water samples from borewell were collected in and around the facility. Piezometric monitoring borewells located near the landfills were utilized for the subsurface sample collection. While a rainwater pond turned leachate lake named Malkaram was determined as the primary source for leachate collection. Buffer samples were collected from Ambedkar Nagar, the nearby colony exiting at a distance of only 300 meters. Lab-scale Experimentation The representative sample was characterized for composition and further screened through a 70 mm mesh size trommel. The trommel permeate was considered as the organic fraction while the reject was mostly inorganics and inert. The organics were subjected to ASPC. The quantity of the air required is arrived using the method delineated below (Figure 1). MSW Pile size: 2m x 0.5m x 0.5m Volume of pile: 0.5 m3 Average Density of MSW: 620 Kg/m3 Weight of pile: 310 Kg Nitrogen required for matured compost: 9300 mg/kg dry : 9300 X 310 mg : 2.88 x 106 mg : 2.88 Kg Total air required: 2.88 x 100/76 [as Nitrogen in air is 76% by weight] : 3.79 Kg of dry air : 3.79/1.225 m3 [@ 15 deg C density of air 1.225 kg/m3] : 3.1 m3 This air is to be supplied for 100 min / day for 0.5 m pile Air flow rate required: 3.1 x 60/100 = 1.86 m3/h (for practical purpose a flowrate of 2 m3/h was maintained). The maturation period was considered as 28 days and post-maturation, the stabilized material was further cured for 24 hours and screened using 12 mm and 4 mm trommel respectively to obtain the desired product quality and particle size. Whereas, the trommel reject was evenly spreader on the copper trays and dried in an oven at 1050C for 2 hours. The dried material was micronized to the size of 50 mm or below using a scissor and inert such as glass, sand, stone etc. were segregated manually (Mohan and Joseph, 2020). Concurrently, a bench-scale capped landfill prototype was built using the below-mentioned procedure to evaluate the factors such as settlement and slope stability. A 30 mm thick low permeable soil was laid on the top of the waste, followed by a 60 mm layer of compacted clay liner (CCL). Each join between successive liner material was closely monitored. A 1.5 mm thick HDPE liner was placed on the top of the CCL. A 285 GSM geotextile membrane was placed as the successive above layer followed by a 15 mm thick drainage media layer. A further layer of geotextile membrane was placed on top of the drainage media for better stabilization, grip, and strength. The top vegetative soil layer of 45 mm thickness was laid off on top of the geotextile media and St. Augustine grass was rooted (Cortellazzo et al., 2020; Ashford et al., 2000). 2.4 Sample Analysis pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Turbidity of the samples were analyzed using pH, EC-TDS, and Nephelometer of Mettler Toledo. The pH meter was calibrated with the buffer solution of 4.0, 7.0 & 9.12 at a controlled temperature. EC-TDS meter was calibrated with 0.1 M KCL having 12.8 mS/cm of conductivity. Nephelometer was calibrated with Formazine solution of 10 & 100 NTU. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), (mg/L) was performed using the gravimetric method at 1800C in the oven. Titrimetric parameters such as Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 (mg/L), Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L), Chloride as Cl- (mg/L), Calcium as Ca2+ (mg/L), Residual Free Chlorine (RFC), (mg/L) were analyzed using APHA (American Public Health Associations) method, 23rd Edition, 2017. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L) and Ammonical Nitrogen (mg/L) were performed through distillation followed by titration with H2SO4 as a titrant. Sulphide as S2- was done with the Iodometric method after distillation. Each titrimetric parameter was analyzed in triplicate after standardizing the titrant with required reagents and crossed checked by keeping a check standard. Sodium as Na (mg/L) and Potassium as K (mg/L) were performed using Flame Photometer. The photometer was calibrated with different standards from 10 to 100 (mg/L) standard solutions. The leachate sample was diluted enough to get the value within the standard range and cross-checked with check standards at the same time. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), (mg/L) was performed using the open reflux method for 2 hours at 1500C in COD Digestor. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), (mg/L) was performed using the alkali iodide azide method for 3 days. The samples were kept in a BOD incubator at 270C for 3 days. It was kept in duplicate to have a check on quality control. Sulphate was analyzed by the gravimetric method instead of turbidimetric or through UV-Visible spectrophotometer as its concentration was found more than 40 mg/L. Nitrate as NO3- was analyzed after filtration at 220-275 nm, while Hexavalent Chromium as Cr6+ was analyzed at 540 nm in the UV-Vis. Parameters like Cyanide as CN-, Fluoride as F-, and Phenolic Compounds were gone through a distillation process followed by UV-Vis. The distillation process ensures the removal of interferences presents either positive or negative. For the parameters like Total Iron or Ferric Iron, the samples were digested properly with the required reagents on the hot plate before analyzing in UV-Vis. For the metal analysis the water samples were digested at a temperature of 1000C using aqua regia as a media. The samples were digested to one-fourth of the volume on a hot plate. The recommended wavelengths as per APHA 3120 B were selected for each of the metals. The standard graph was plotted for each of the metals before analysis and crossed checked with the check standard at the same time. Parameters such as bulk density and particle size were performed through the certified beaker and sieve. The percentage of moisture content was estimated using the oven by keeping the compost sample for 2 hours at 1050C. C/N ratio was estimated through CHNS analyzer keeping sulfanilamide as a check standard. The analysis was performed by extracting the desired component in the desired solution prescribed in the method followed by converting the same from mg/L to mg/Kg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An exhaustive bench-study has been pursued and real-time samples were collected and analyzed for all possible parameters to determine the pros and cons attributed to both processes. The investigation begins by collecting the samples and concluded by impact assessment studies inclusive of the buffer zone. Both solid, liquid, and gaseous samples were precisely investigated to opt for the best solution. A detailed finding of the investigation is summarized below. Primarily, the representative solid sample was characterized through a manual separation process and the results are portrayed in Figure 1. Compost Characterization ASPC of the organic fraction has resulted in a recovery of 46.7% of the initial load. While 53.3% of the influent mass were inert and barely degradable fraction contributes to reject, the rest 4.1% is miscellaneous process loss. The processed compost was extensively analyzed including for metal contamination and the same is tabulated in Table 1. The value of C/N ratio, OC, TN, K2O, P2O5, and NPK evidently portrays the shortcoming in terms of nutrient availability. Though it is highly enriched in organic carbon and thus the same can be effectively utilized as a soil preconditioner. Ayilara et al. (2020) also reported a similar finding, where the city compost sourced from MSW lagged major plant nutrients. RDF Characterization Processed trommel rejects constitute cloth, rexine, leather, jute, paper, plastics, coir and other inert contributed to RDF. The fraction of inert was as high as 37.2% of the overall RDF mass and it mostly constituted glass and sand. The combined weight of sand and glass fragments contributed 73.5% of the total inert, while the rest was stone and small brickbats. The higher level of silicon associated with the presence of glass and sand yielded siloxane and triggered the possibility of kiln corrosion. A detailed RDF analysis report is enclosed in Table 2. The values explicitly portray the quality of RDF is moderately lower and higher salts concentration is extremely prevalent. With relatively lower NCV and such high salt concentration, the above specimen will certainly pose a corrosion threat to the kiln and shall be either neglected as kiln feed or can be utilized after dilution with Grade III RDF quality. Further, such high ash generation will also induct high transportation and landfill charges. Leachate Characterization The Malkaram leachate lake is the end result of prolonged, slow, and steady mixing of the legacy leachate through the existing fissure cracks in the sheath rock bottom profile. Apparently, the concentration of leachate is significantly lower due to the dilution. Samples were analyzed in triplicates and the mean value is tabulated here in Table 3. The metal concertation and rest of the parameter values are well within the secondary treatment influent range, except for TDS. Thus, a modular aerobic biological treatment unit such as moving bed biofilm bioreactor (MBBR) or membrane bioreactor (MBR) would be a well-suited pick. However, a reverse osmosis (RO) system needs to be installed to get rid of the high TDS content. The permeate of RO can be reused back into the system. Whereas, the reject can be converted into dried powder through forced evaporation mechanisms. The higher concentration of salts in RDF collaterally justifies the elevated TDS level in leachate. In a leachate impact assessment study performed by El-Salam and Abu-Zuid (2015) the reported BOD/COD ratio of 0.69 is greater than double the value of 0.301 reported in Table 3. Though the difference in both the values are quite high, it is relatable and justifiable by the huge age difference of the source waste. The primarily characterized data is of a fresh leachate generated from regular MSW, while the later one is from a decade old waste that barely has any unstabilized organic content. Groundwater Contamination The obvious reason for downward leachate infiltration and osmotic movement facilitates groundwater contamination. Both surface and subsurface water samples were collected within the dump yard and the buffer zone and analyzed using the standard methods. The results are portrayed in Table 4. The slightly alkaline pH of the borewell sample is an indication of the ongoing anaerobic process. The dissolved oxygen value of 3.5 mg/L further validates the correlation. Higher TDS and hardness values are self-indicative of elevated salt concentration in source waste. Eventually, the same interfered with the RDF quality. Positively in the case of all the parameters, a successive decrement in pollution concentration has been spotted from dump ground towards the buffer zone. In a similar study conducted by Singh et al. (2016) at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh the reported concentration of the parameters is significantly higher than reported in Table 4. The basic reason behind variation is the dissimilarities of the local soil profile. The sandy and clay loam soil profile of Varanasi allows a greater rate of percolation and infiltration. While the bottom sheath rock profile at Jawahar Nagar permits the only a minute to little percolation rate. The difference in percolation rate is directly correlated to the concentration levels in this case. Contrarily, Kurakalva et al. (2016) have reported much-elevated pollutant concertation both in ground and surface water for a study conducted at the same site in 2016. The higher concentration is relatable to the fact of the non-closure of the open dump back then. Capping activity had at Jawahar Nagar gained its pace 2018 onwards and capping for the primary section of 70 acres got concluded only during mid of 2019. Due to the decrement in runoff and percolation, the quality of both surface and subsurface water has improved drastically. Impact Assessment The odor and groundwater contamination are two of the primary issues that triggered a massive public agitation initially. The root causes of both the issues are identified as rainwater percolation and anaerobic digestion respectively. Eventually, the completion of the capping process would resolve both the problems effectively. Other non-tangential impacts include nausea; headache; irritation of the eye, nasal cavity, and throat; diarrhoeal diseases; vector-borne disease, cattle toxicity etc. Scientific capping can easily cater as the wholesome solution for all (Cortellazzo et al., 2020). Yu et al. (2018) had performed an extensive study to comprehend the relativity of respiratory sickness and MSW borne air pollution. The study made a couple of dreadful revelations such as gases released due to the anaerobic digestion of MSW such as methane, hydrogen sulphide, and ammonia incur detrimental impact on Lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). While SO2 was reported as the lung capacity and functionality reducer. Further, a gender-specific study executed by the same research group revealed, air pollution impacts more severely on male children than the female and retards immune functions. Presently, the area of 351 acres has been developed as Asia’s one of the largest state of the art municipal solid waste processing and disposal facility by Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited. This ensured zero dumping and no further environmental interventions. As legal compliance, the facility monitors the quality of groundwater and ambient air quality in and around the facility on monthly basis to assure the biosafety. The variation in concentration of various monitoring parameters between 2012 to 2020 is summarized in Figure 2. The concentration of each of the parameters are showcased in ppm and a standard equipment error was settled at 3% for respirable dust sampler and multi-gas analyzer (Taheri et al., 2014). Despite all parameter values have gradually increased except for methane, the facility still managed to maintain them well under the regulatory limits. The decrement in methane concentration is directly correlated to the practice of aerobic composting and aeration-based secondary treatment that prevented the formation of the anaerobic atmosphere and henceforth methane generation. While for the rest of the parameters the increment in values is quite substantial and predictable due to the sudden escalation in MSW generation in the past decade in correlation with Gross domestic product (GDP) enhancement. The observed and interpreted impacts due to the elevated pollutant level are in-line with the georeferenced findings reported by Deshmukh and Aher (2016) based on a study conducted at Sangamner, Maharashtra. CONCLUSION The study critically analyzed and investigated every techno-environmental and socio-economic aspect correlated to open dumping. The bench-scale experimentation revealed the efficiency of the single liner scientific capping is fair enough to eliminate any further rainwater infiltration, however, it has no control over the generation of leachate due to the inherent moisture. Internal moisture related issue was anyhow compensated with pertinent compaction prior to dispose of the waste. Contrarily, both the products derived through the biomining process namely, compost and RDF lagged quality due to scantier nutrient content and higher salt and silicon content respectively. Besides, impact assessment studies concede the pollutant concentration in groundwater in and around the plant has drastically diminished post-July 2019 due to the partial completion of waste capping. It also abetted lowering the dust and odor issues relatively in the surrounding. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to sincerely acknowledge GHMC, Hyderabad Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Limited, and Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited for enabling us to pursue the sample collection and other necessary onsite activities. Further, the authors would like to register profound acknowledgment to EPTRI for supporting us with the essential experimental facilities. REFERENCES Sharma, A., Gupta, A.K., Ganguly, R. (2018), Impact of open dumping of municipal solid waste on soil properties in mountainous region. 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İngiliz istihbaratının askeri konularda uzman personeli olan askeri ataşeler, İstanbul’daki İngiliz Sefareti’ne bağlı olarak 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren periyodik olarak raporlar hazırlanmıştır. Bu raporlardan 1909 senesine ait klasörde, yakın dönem Türk tarihi açısından hala gizemini koruyan son derece kritik iki olayın kayıtları bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede, Londra’daki The National Arvhives’da, Dışişleri Bakanlığı (Foreign Office) tasnifinde yer alan ve Türkçe literatürde ilk defa yayınlanan 1909 tarihli İngiliz askeri ataşe raporları üzerinden 31 Mart Vakası ve Hareket Ordusu’nun İstanbul kuşatması ele alınmaktadır. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra anayasal düzen ve meşruti monarşinin muhafızı olarak İstanbul’a gönderilen ve 31 Mart Vakasını ateşleyen unsurlar arasında bulunan avcı taburlarının eylemleri, Hareket Ordusu’nun İstanbul kuşatması ve Payitaht’ın ele geçirilmesi Albay Herbert Conyers Surtees’in (1858-1933) raporlarında, oldukça canlı tasvirlerle ortaya konulmaktadır. Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in otuz üç yıllık saltanatını sona erdiren, Mahmud Şevket Paşa ile İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti’ni iktidarda söz sahibi hale getiren bu olayların raporlardaki ele alınış tarzından dönemin İngiliz persperktifine dair önemli ipuçları elde etmek mümkündür.

Popular historical films strive to capture the audience who create emotional bonds with the past by providing the audience the historical experience they imagined. On the other hand, the worldviews and likes of audiences are not constant and may undergo changes in parallel with historical developments. Popular historical films shot in anticipation of the box office bear the imprint of the expectations of the majority of the target audience. The aim of this article is to explore the transformation of historical representations of films and the reasons for the change by analyzing three Turkish-made historical films describing the handover of the city of Constantinople from the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire: The Conquest of Istanbul (Aydın Arakon, 1951), Conquest 1453 (Fatih Aksoy, 2003), and Love Under Siege (Ersin Pertan, 1997). In this article, proceeding from the idea that a historical film is a form of audiovisual historiography, it will be argued that the historical representations of films are mainly related to the target audience that transform in line with the social and political changes, and the production process.

Öz Restorasyon nedeniyle özlediğimiz şu günlerde Kız Kulesi’ni Osmanlı kitaplarında ve yapılarında aramak, her biri farklı ellerin ve bakışların izini taşıyan birbirinden oldukça farklı İstanbul tasvirlerini karşımıza çıkarmıştır. Osmanlı coğrafyasına yayılan geniş örneklem alanında yüzyıllar içinde yapılan bu nakışlardaki Kız Kulesi figürleri; tasarım, teknik ve gerçeklik açısından incelenmiştir. Bu figürler topografik kent tasvirleri, kalem işi ve duvar resimlerinde İstanbul tasvirleri başlıkları altında ayrı ayrı incelenerek kronolojik çerçevede meydana gelen değişim ve gelişim özellikleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. İnsan elinin değdiği hayalle gerçeğin birbirine karıştığı her sanat eserinde olduğu gibi güzellik hissini oluşturan o karışımı anlatma gibi zorlama bir çabadan ziyade ilham kaynağı olan ve İstanbul gibi bir şehrin simge yapısı Kız Kulesi’ni sanat gerçekliği ve güzelliğiyle sunmak ana hedefi teşkil etmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Osmanlı, kalem işi, İstanbul tasvirleri, kız kulesi Abstract A contemporary look at the Maiden's Tower in Ottoman books and buildings, which we miss due to the restoration, revealed quite different depictions of Istanbul, each of which bore traces of several hands and eyes. This study examined the Maiden's Tower depictions in those embroideries, which had a long history and spread over a broad region in the Ottoman Empire. The figures were assessed in terms of design, technique, and reality and categorized under the headings of topographic urban depictions, hand-drawn illustrations, and wall paintings of Istanbul. The chronological changes in those figures were also described in this endeavor. Just like any attempt to describe an artwork's imaginary and realistic aspects, our primary intention was to depict the Maiden's Tower, a unique and inspirational symbol of Istanbul, with its artistic reality and beauty. Keywords: Ottoman, hand-drawn artwork, Istanbul depictions, Maiden's Tower

Bebek semtinin simge yapılarından Bebek Camisi, 1725’te Bebek köyü kurulurken kırma çatılı, L plan şemalı bir köy camisi niteliğinde inşa edilmiştir. 1913 yılında ise bu cami yıkılarak yerine farklı bir plan şemasıyla, kubbeli, kâgir, revaklı, dikdörtgen planlı yeni bir cami, Mimar Kemalettin Bey tarafından tasarlanarak inşa edilmiş olup bu cami günümüzde de varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Boğaziçi’nin önemli kültür varlıklarından Bebek Camisi’nin inşasından günümüze geçirdiği değişimi gözler önüne sermektir. Bu kapsamda, Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Arşivi belgeleri, eski fotoğraf, gravür ve haritalar, Vakıflar 1. Bölge Müdürlüğü Arşivi’nde yer alan, caminin geçmiş dönem onarımlarına ilişkin dosyalar ve günümüz fotoğrafları kullanılmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, günümüzde ayakta olan Bebek Camisi’nin 1960 yılı onarımında, o dönemde yapılan pek çok eski eser onarımında görüldüğü gibi, çimento esaslı malzemeler ile onarıldığı, özgün alçı revzenlerin sökülerek çimento ile yenilendiği, sıvalarda ve harçlarda çimento kullanıldığı, bu sebeple ve deniz kenarında konumlanması sebebiyle tuz kristallenmesi (çiçeklenme) probleminin yapının genelinde görüldüğü tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra plan şemasında yapılan değişiklikler de caminin özgünlükten uzaklaşmasına sebep olmuştur. 2019-2022 restorasyonuyla yapının planı özgün haline getirilmiş, olumsuz tuz etkisi ve diğer problemler giderilerek cami onarılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, bir Cumhuriyet dönemi yapısı olan Bebek Camisi ile sembolize edilmekte olan Bebek semtinin tarihinin aslında çok daha eskiye dayanmakta olduğu ve günümüzde görülen Bebek Camisi’nin yerinde 18. yüzyılda, kırma çatılı bir caminin olduğu gözler önüne serilmek istenmiştir. Hangi döneme ait olursa olsun kentin geçmişinde yeri olan kültür varlıkları korunmalı, özüne uygun malzeme ve tekniklere restore edilerek gelecek kuşaklara aktarılmalıdır.

Bu araştırmada Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna romanı dış ve iç yapı unsurları açısından ele alınmış, böylece romanın yapı ve izleksel özellikleri anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan doküman incelemesi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen veriler ise içerik analizi tekniği ile çözümlenmiştir. Beş yüz sayfadan oluşan ve Buket Uzuner tarafından yazılan Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna romanı postmodern tarzda yazılmıştır. Romanın dış yapı unsurları romanın kimliği ve isimden içeriğe başlıkları altında değerlendirilmiştir. Romanın iç yapı ve izlek incelemesi ise olay, bakış açısı ve anlatıcı, zaman, mekân, kişiler ve izleksel kurgu başlıkları altında yapılmıştır. Metinde anlatılan olaylar iki yönde ilerler. Biri Tuna’nın çocukluktan otuzlu yaşlara kadarki aşk hikâyesidir, diğeri ise yedi yıllık iç savaşta Tuna’nın asker olarak yaşadıklarıdır. Kitabın sonunda bu iki olay bir noktada kesişir ve olayların iç yüzü ortaya çıkar. Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna romanında çoğulcu bakış açısı kullanılmıştır ve hem kahraman bakış açısına hem de hâkim bakış açısına yer verilmiştir. Romanda betimleme, iç monolog, bilinç akışı, özetleme, montaj ve mektup gibi birçok anlatım tekniği kullanılmıştır. Romandaki olayların zamanı 1990’ların karışık toplumsal ve siyasal ortamıdır. Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna romanının mekânı Tuna’nın doğum yeri olan İstanbul Kuzguncuk’tur. Romanın başkarakteri Mavi Tuna’dır. Romandaki izleksek kurgu ise kişiler, mekân ve simge temelindeki zıtlıklarla açımlanmaya çalışmıştır.

Mimaride temsil nesnesi olan kutsallıklar zamanla değişip, dönüşmektedir. Bu süreçte korumanın rolü değişimin kontrol altında tutulmasıdır. Zamanla ihtiyaçlar ve dönemsel siyasi hareketler doğrultusunda değişen Taksim meydanının önemli kırılma noktalarından biri 20. yüzyılda yaşanmıştır. Bu dönem Cumhuriyet ilan edilmiştir ve tüm dünyada yaygınlaşan modernizm akımı Türkiye’de etkisini göstermiştir. Bu kırılmanın temsili olan Atatürk Kültür Merkezi (1977-İstanbul) modernist hareketin etkileriyle yapılan Cumhuriyet Döneminin simge yapısı olarak kent belleğinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. AKM Türkiye’deki önemli değişimlerine şahit olmuştur ve bunların bir nesnesi haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında yeni AKM’nin temsiliyet sorunu, özgünlüğü gibi konular koruma bağlamında ele alınıp, gelecekteki yerine dair sorgulamaların yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Taksim meydanı ve yeni AKM’nin sınırlı ve kontrollü yeni halinin birbirini destekleme durumu ve AKM’nin yıkılıp yeniden yapımının, benzer örneklerle karşılaştırılarak tartışılması amaçlanmıştır. Yeni bir ulusun inşası ile doğan AKM’nin Cumhuriyetin yüzüncü yılındaki temsiliyeti ve yüz sonraki temsiliyetine dair sorgulamalar, yapının gelecekteki yeri için önemlidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, temsiliyet ve koruma kavramları AKM bağlamında sorgulanmıştır. Kamusal alan ve kültür yapısı ilişkisi AKM ve Taksim Meydanı üzerinden ele alınmıştır. AKM’nin koruma değerleri ortaya çıkarılmıştır. AKM’nin dünü, bugünü ve geleceği arasında bir bağ kurularak yapı ele alınmıştır. Dünyadaki benzer süreçleri geçiren, benzer örnekler ile karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalara dair değerlendirmeler sonuç bölümünde açıklanmıştır. Yerinde gözlem ve kullanıcı deneyimi ile alanın işlevsel ve fiziksel durumu gözlemlenmiştir. Literatür araştırması sonucu elde edilen bulgular AKM’nin dünü, bugünü ve yarını bağlamında, Taksim Meydanı ile ele alınmıştır. Kavramsal sorgulamaların fiziksel karşılıkları ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Dünyadaki benzer uygulamalar kategorilendirilerek karşılaştırılmıştır. Ancak yeni ve eski Atatürk Kültür Merkezi’nin arasında geçmişe, günümüze ve geleceğe dair bir diyalog kurulabilirse, yapının yaşatılmasının ve gelecek nesillere aktarılmasının mümkün olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

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