Littérature scientifique sur le sujet « Ship Island Canal »

In the first months of 44 ce, the Roman emperor Claudius, after spending as few as sixteen days in Britain, returned to Rome to celebrate his triumph. On his journey back to Rome, he stopped near the mouth of the Po river to take a cruise, as Pliny the Elder describes: The Po is carried to Ravenna by the Canal of Augustus; this part of the river is called the Padusa, formerly called the Messanicus. Nearby it forms the large harbour Vatrenus; from here Claudius Caesar, when celebrating his triumph over Britain, sailed out into the Adriatic, in what was more a domus than a ship. Pliny describes a vessel that was less a boat than a floating domus, a somewhat ambiguous word which denotes a structure ranging in size from a modest house to a palace. The cruise, like his time in Britain, was short, and yet this cruise was a part of meticulously planned campaign, a campaign not just for conquest but also for Claudius’ reputation. Aulus Plautius, the experienced commander and suffect consul of 29 ce, had been sent ahead with the army, and Claudius’ freedman Narcissus was also on hand to oversee the invasion. The Roman army achieved initial successes and then halted until the emperor could arrive to command the final assault on the stronghold at Camulodunum (Colchester). While Claudius only spent around two weeks in Britain, his journey to and from the island took six months. Claudius travelled to Britain with a huge entourage, including senators, relatives, and even elephants. This was a mammoth undertaking, and one that seems to have very carefully planned, to ensure military success and a positive reputation for a new emperor of still uncertain legitimacy.

Sondolmok is a waterway for ship passage located in Sinan-ri, Daegot-myeon, Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do. In the Goryeo era, it was called Chakryang(窄梁) or Geubsumun(急水門), and it was recorded as Sondolhang(孫乭項) or Sonseokhang (孫石項) in the literature from the Joseon era. Regarding the place name of Sondolmok, the following legend has been passed down. In the process of the king moving to Ganghwa Island(江華島) for safety from the war during the Goryeo era, Son Dol, who was a boatman, was killed under a false accusation. At the moment of his death, a wind caused by his resentment blew and people called it the Sondol Wind(孫突風), and the custom of performing an ancestral rites to comfort his soul on October 20, the anniversary of his death, has been passed down up to now. Although Sondolmok has been mentioned in many past literatures, research and analysis to compile them have been limited. It is estimated that Sondolmok was called by its present name from the late Joseon era. Afterwards, Yeojidoseo(輿地圖書) introduced its origin, and Joseon era's novels, through their own historical demonstration, offered various opinions, such as claiming that the origin was merely a legend. Nevertheless, the legend of Sondolmok seems to have been steadily passed down by the local people, and it has been established as a culture by modern times. Sondolmok reappeared on the stage of history due to its characteristic topography. In the early Joseon era, construction of a canal was considered to avoid the waterway of Sondolmok, and by the late Korean Empire, it was regarded as an important point of defense of the region. As shown in above, Sondolmok's image was formed in various ways through ancient poetry that sang this place. It is expected that the above results make a small contribution to revealing the historical and cultural value of Sondolmok.

ABSTRACT On January 12, 2007 the MIV TONG CHENG, a 485 ft. Chinese flag break bulk vessel loaded with cargo and 130,000 gallons of oil, en route to the Panama Canal, notified Coast Guard Sector Honolulu that it had suffered damage to its #2 cargo hold and the hold was full of seawater. Located 700 miles from the nearest port (Honolulu), the vessel'S pumps were unable to keep up with the flooding, and with 26 personnel on board, the vessel advised it was diverting to Honolulu for emergency repairs. As the vessel proceeded toward Honolulu, its decreasing speed, the presence of two additional cargo ships in escort and the discovery of an oil sheen trailing the vessel raised significant concerns over the threat this posed to Hawaii. At stake in allowing the vessel a safe haven were the pristine shorelines of the Hawaiian Islands and potential crippling of the port'S vital lifeline to commercial marine traffic, its only source of sustenance. A myriad of issues had to be addressed as the vessel made preparations to come into Honolulu Harbor and a multi-agency, international Unified Command was established. The Unified Command, using the Incident Command System, managed the various contingencies from search and rescue of the crew if the ship were lost, to the potential discharge of 130,000 gallons of fuel. A risk-based decision process was employed to weigh the off-shore response challenges against the near-shore risks while taking into account the remoteness and sensitive marine environment of the Hawaiian Islands. This paper provides insight into the dynamic and complex response and the incident management teams decisions regarding allowing this vessel in distress to enter a critical and environmentally sensitive port. The vessel was successfully repaired and allowed to depart Hawaii. This case is a classic example of proper decision making and risk balancing for a critical safe refuge request.

SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BAHÍA SEBASTIÁN VIZCAÍNO, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO With support from the Oceanographic Ships H05 “Altair” and H03 “Alexander von Humboldt” of the Mexican Navy, 37 samples were collected using a Van Veen sediment dredge in Ranger Bank, Sebastian Vizcaino Bay, and around Punta Canoas of Cedros Island, on the west coast of Baja California. The distribution of sediments, grain size, composition of organic carbon and carbonate content, and phosphates were determined. Two major areas of sedimentation were identified: (a) the Ranger Bank, where oxidative and dynamical processes occur within a limestone dominated environment, and coal with high concentrations of organic matter with medium size sand (Ф = 1.0 to 2.1); b) the northeast portion of Sebastian Vizcaino Bay where the size of the sediments range from very fine to coarse grain (Ф = 0.2 to 3.7); there a high concen- tration of phosphates (maximum 22.3 %) occurs, with biogenic material consisting mainly of organic detritus, such as diatomaceous material, phosphorite from fish and other organisms. This can be considered a zone where incipient formation of phophoritic material is generated and formation of future marine phosphorite occurs. The prevailing material in Keller Canal, located between Cedros and Nativity islands consists of coarse grains because of the strong currents that remove the fine material, whereas in the central-western portion of the bay abundant and very fine sand and mud occur, which are associated with low speed near the center of rotation of an anticyclonic semipermanent flow that characterizes water movement in the Bay.

SEDIMENTOLOGY OF BAHÍA SEBASTIÁN VIZCAÍNO, BAJA CALIFORNIA, MÉXICO With support from the Oceanographic Ships H05 “Altair” and H03 “Alexander von Humboldt” of the Mexican Navy, 37 samples were collected using a Van Veen sediment dredge in Ranger Bank, Sebastian Vizcaino Bay, and around Punta Canoas of Cedros Island, on the west coast of Baja California. The distribution of sediments, grain size, composition of organic carbon and carbonate content, and phosphates were determined. Two major areas of sedimentation were identified: (a) the Ranger Bank, where oxidative and dynamical processes occur within a limestone dominated environment, and coal with high concentrations of organic matter with medium size sand (Ф = 1.0 to 2.1); b) the northeast portion of Sebastian Vizcaino Bay where the size of the sediments range from very fine to coarse grain (Ф = 0.2 to 3.7); there a high concen- tration of phosphates (maximum 22.3 %) occurs, with biogenic material consisting mainly of organic detritus, such as diatomaceous material, phosphorite from fish and other organisms. This can be considered a zone where incipient formation of phophoritic material is generated and formation of future marine phosphorite occurs. The prevailing material in Keller Canal, located between Cedros and Nativity islands consists of coarse grains because of the strong currents that remove the fine material, whereas in the central-western portion of the bay abundant and very fine sand and mud occur, which are associated with low speed near the center of rotation of an anticyclonic semipermanent flow that characterizes water movement in the Bay.

The harbour area of Sidi Youssef in Kerkennah islands is characterized by specific anthropogenic pressures linked to fishing activities. To study the functional diversity of benthic macro invertebrates, 10 stations located around the port and along the ship canal were sampled by SCUBA diving. Collected invertebrates were identified, counted and preserved. For the functional organization of the community, the most common biodiversity indices and functional groups were assessed at each station, and main physical and chemical parameters were measured. Results showed that the main apparent anthropogenic stress, that could lead to negative impacts on the studied area, was related to dredging/harbour activities. Suspension feeders, consisting essentially of polychaetes, which may be disturbed by water turbidity, dominated the stations farthest from the port, where the intensity of harbour activities is obviously reduced. On the contrary, carnivores dominated inside the port, possibly benefiting from fish scraps discarded at the area, while stations close to the port appeared to be more balanced trophically. The applied biotic indices showed that the area is in good ecological status, except of the navigation channel and the port entrance, which were slightly degraded.

A 62-year-old man consulted for recurrent episodes of vertigo lasting from seconds to several minutes. The vertigo was variably described as spinning, lateral swaying, and a feeling of being “unsure of his position in space.” These episodes were noted to have begun when the patient was still in his 20’s. Standard pure tone audiometry revealed a mild-to-moderate downsloping mixed hearing loss in the left ear. Bithermal caloric testing indicated the presence of a significant left-sided peripheral vestibular loss. Due to the fact that the vertigo episodes presented relatively early in life, the possibility of a congenital inner ear malformation was considered as a cause for his symptoms. Computerized tomographic (CT) imaging of the temporal bone was performed. This clearly showed the left horizontal semicircular canal lacking a central bony island. (Figure 1 and 2) The cochlea, superior and posterior semicircular canals, vestibular and cochlear aqueducts, and ossicular chain were grossly normal. A malformation of the horizontal or lateral semicircular canal is one of the most common inner ear malformations, as it is the last vestibular structure to be formed during inner ear embryogenesis. As such, it may occur in isolation or may be associated with other vestibular, cochlear, or middle ear malformations.1,2 Although vertigo and dizziness are symptoms to be expected in such a condition, existing data indicates that it may be totally asymptomatic, or it may also present as a sensorineural, conductive, or mixed type of hearing loss.1,3 Radiologic imaging is of prime importance in diagnosing such conditions, especially when auditory and/or vestibular symptoms manifest early in life. This case perfectly illustrates the need for such studies, as the patient went undiagnosed for more than forty years! No definitive statements can be gleaned from existing medical literature with respect to treatment. However, in patients with debilitating vestibular symptoms, management with modalities that selectively target the vestibular system, but spare the auditory system, such as vestibular neurectomy and trans-tympanic aminoglycoside therapy appear to be reasonable options. References Johnson J, Lalwani AK. Sensorineural and conductive hearing loss associated with lateral semicircular canal malformation. Laryngoscope 2000 Oct;110(10):1673–1679. DOI:10.1097/00005537-200010000-00019 PMID: 11037823 Casselman JW, Delanote J, Kuhweide R, van Dinther J, De Foer B, Offeciers EF. Congenital malformations of the temporal bone. In: Lemmerling M, De Foer B, editors. Temporal bone imaging. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2015, pp. 120-154. Kim CH, Shin JE, Lee YJ, Park HJ. Clinical characteristics of 7 patients with lateral semicircular canal dysplasia. Res Vestib Sci 2012;11(2):64-68.

In the Garden of EdenThe covers of the first three volumes of Kuml show photographs of fine Danish antiquities. Inside the volumes have articles on the Stone Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in Jutland, which is to be expected as Kuml is published by the Jutland Archaeological Society. However, in 1954 the scene is moved to more southern skies. This year, the cover is dominated by a date palm with two huge burial mounds in the background. In side the book one reads no less than six articles on the results from the First Danish Archaeological Bahrain Expedition. P.V. Glob begins with: Bahrain – Island of the Hundred Thousand Burial Mounds, The Flint Sites of the Bahrain Desert, Temples at Barbar and The Ancient Capital of Bahrain, followed by Bibby’s Five among Bahrain’s Hundred Thousand Burial Mounds and The Well of the Bulls. The following years, reports on excavations on Bahrain and later in the sheikhdoms of Qatar, Kuwait and Abu Dhabi are on Kuml’s repertoire.However, it all ends wit h the festschrift to mark Glob’s 60th anniversary, Kuml 1970, which has three articles on Arab archaeology and a single article in 1972. For the past thirty years almost, the journal has not had a single article on Arabia. Why is that? Primarily because the character of the museum’s work in the Arabian Gulf changed completely. The pioneers’ years of large-scale reconnaissance and excavations were succeeded by labourous studies of the excavated material – the necessary work preceding the final publications. Only in Abu Dhabi and Oman, Karen Frifelt carried on the pioneer spirit through the 1970s and 1980s, but she mainly published her results in in ternational, Englishlanguage journals.Consequently, the immediate field reports ended, but the subsequent research into Arab archaeology – carried out at the writing desk and with the collections of finds– still crept into Kuml. From 1973 , the journal contained a list of the publications made by the Jutland Archaeological Society (abbreviated JASP), and here, the Arab monographs begin to make their entry. The first ones are Holger Kapel’s Atlas of the Stone Age Cultures of Qatar from 1967 and Geoffrey Bibby’s survey in eastern Saudi Arabia from 1973. Then comes the Hellenistic excavations on the Failaka island in Kuwait with Hans Erik Mathiesen’s treatise on the terracotta figurines (1982), Lise Hannestad’s work on the ceramics (1983) and Kristian Jeppesen’s presentation of the temple and the fortifications (1989). A similar series on the Bronze Age excavations on Failaka has started with Poul Kjærum’s first volume on the stamp and cylinder seals (1983) and Flemming Højlund’s presentation of the ceramics (1987). The excavations on the island of Umm an-Nar in Abu Dhabi was published by Karen Frifelt in two volumes on the settlement (1991) and the graves (1995), and the ancient capital of Bahrain was analysed by H. Hellmuth Andersen and Flemming Højlund in two volumes on the northern city wall and the Islamic fort (1994) and the central, monumental buildings (1997) respectively.More is on its way! A volume on Islamic finds made on Bahrain has just been made ready for printing, and the Bronze Age temples at the village of Barbar is being worked up. Danish and foreign scholars are preparing other volumes, but the most important results of the expeditions to the Arabian Gulf have by now been published in voluminous series.With this, an era has ended, and Moesgård Museum’s 50th anniversary in 1999 was a welcome opportunity of looking back at the Arabian Gulf effort through the exhibition Glob and the Garden ef Eden. The Danish Bahrain expeditions and to consider what will happen in the future.How then is the relation ship between Moesgård Museum and Bahrain today, twenty-three years after the last expedition – now that most of the old excavations have been published and the two originators of the expeditions, P.V. Glob and Geoffrey Bibby have both died?In Denmark we usually consider Bahrain an exotic country with an exciting past. However, in Bahrain there is a similar fascination of Denmark and of Moesgård Museum. The Bahrain people are wondering why Danish scholars have been interested in their small island for so many years. It was probably not a coincidence when in the 1980s archaeologist and ethnographers from Moesgård Museum were invited to take part in the furnishing of the exhibitions in the new national museum of Bahrain. Today, museum staff from Arab countries consider a trip to Moesgård a near-pilgrimage: our collection of Near East artefacts from all the Gulf countries is unique, and the ethnographic collections are unusual in that they were collected with thorough information on the use, the users and the origin of each item.The Bahrain fascination of Moesgård Museum. was also evident, when the Bahrain minister of education, Abdulaziz Al-Fadl, visited the museum in connection with the opening of the Bahrain exhibition in 1999.Al-Fadl visited the museum’s oriental department, and in the photo and film archive a book with photos taken by Danish members of the expeditions to the Arabian Gulf was handed over to him. Al-Fadl was absorbed by the photos of the Bahrain of his childhood – the 1950s and 1960s – an un spoilt society very different from the modern Bahrain. His enthusiasm was not lessened when he saw a photo of his father standing next to P.V. Glob and Sheikh Salman Al Khalifa taken at the opening of Glob’s first archaeological exhibition in Manama, the capital. At a banquet given by Elisabeth Gerner Nielsen, the Danish minister of culture, on the evening following the opening of the Glob exhibition at Moesgård, Al-Fadl revealed that as a child, he had been on a school trip to the Danish excavations where – on the edge of the excavation – he had his first lesson in Bahrain’s prehistory from a Danish archaeologist (fig. 1).Another example: When attending the opening of an art exhibition at Bahrain’s Art Centre in February 1999, I met an old Bahrain painter, Abdelkarim Al-Orrayed, who turned out to be a good friend of the Danish painter Karl Bovin, who took part in Glob’s expeditions. He told me, how in 1956, Bovin had exhibited his paintings in a school in Manama. He recalled Bovin sitting in his Arabian tunic in a corner of the room, playing a flute, which he had carved in Sheikh Ibrahim’s garden.In a letter, Al-Orrayed states: ”I remember very well the day in 1956, when I met Karl Bovin for the first time. He was drawin g some narrow roads in the residential area where I lived. I followed him closely with my friend Hussain As-Suni – we were twentythree and twenty-one years old respectively. When he had finished, I invited him to my house where I showed him my drawings. He looked at them closely and gave me good advice to follow if I wanted to become a skilful artist – such as focusing on lines, form, light, distance, and shadow. He encouraged me to practice outdoors and to use different models. It was a turning point in our young artists’ lives when Hussein and I decided to follow Bovin’s instructions. We went everywhere – to the teahouses, the markets, the streets, and the countryside – and practised there, but the sea was the most fascinating phenomenon to us. In my book, An Introduction to Modern Art in Bahrain, I wrote about Bovin’s exhibitions in the 1950s and his great influence on me as an artist. Bovin’s talent inspired us greatly in rediscovering the nature and landscape on Bahrain and gave us the feeling that we had much strength to invest in art. Bovin contributed to a new start to us young painters, who had chosen the nature as our main motif.”Abdelkarim Al-Orrayed was the first Bahrain painter to live of his art, and around 1960 he opened a studio from which he sold his paintings. Two of his landscape watercolours are now at Moesgård.These two stories may have revealed that Bahrain and Moesgard Museum have a common history, which both parts value and wish to continue. The mutual fascination is a good foundation to build on and the close bonds and personal acquaintance between by now more generations is a valuable counterbalance to those tendencies that estrange people, cultures, and countries from one another.Already, more joint projects have been initiated: Danish archaeology students are taking part in excavations on Bahrain and elsewhere in the Arabic Gulf; an ethnography student is planning a long stay in a village on Bahrain for the study of parents’ expectations to their children on Bahrain as compared with the conditions in Denmark; P.V. Glob’s book, Al-Bahrain, has been translated into Arabic; Moesgård’s photos and films from the Gulf are to become universally accessible via the Internet; an exhibition on the Danish expeditions is being prepared at the National Museum of Bahrain, and so forth.Two projects are to be described in more detail here: New excavations on Bahrain that are to investigate how fresh water was exploited in the past, and the publication of a book and three CDs, Music in Bahrain, which will make Bahrain’s traditional music accessible not just to the population of Bahrain, but to the whole world.New excavations on BahrainFor millennia, Bahrain was famous for its abundance of fresh water springs, which made a belt of oases across the northern half of the island possible. Natural fertility combined with the favourable situation in the middle of the Arab Gulf made Bahrain a cultural and commercial centre that traded with the cities of Mesopotamia and the IndusValley already in the third millennium BC.Fresh water also played an important part in Bahrain’s ancient religion, as seen from ar chaeological excavations and Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets: A magnificent temple of light limestone was built over a spring, and according to old texts, water was the gods’ gift to Bahrain (Dilmun).Although fresh water had an overwhelming importance to a parched desert island, no studies have been directed towards the original ”taming” of the water on Bahrain. Therefore, Moesgård Museum is now beginning to look into the earliest irrigation techniques on the island and their significance to Bahrain’s development.Near the Bahrain village of Barbar, P.V. Glob in 1954 discovered a rise in the landscape, which was excavated during the following years. It turned out that the mound covered three different temples, built on top of and around each other. The Barbar temple was built of whitish ashlars and must have been an impressive structure. It has also gained a special importance in Near East research, as this is the first and only time that the holy spring chamber, the abzu, where the god Enki lived, has been un earthed (fig. 2).On the western side of the Barbar temple a monumental flight of steps, flank ed on both sides by cult figures, was leading through a portal to an underground chamber with a fresh water spring. In the beautiful ashlar walls of this chamber were three openings, through which water flowed. Only the eastern out flow was investigated, as the outside of an underground stonebuilt aqueduct was found a few metres from the spring chamber.East of the temple another underground aqueduct was followed along a 16-m distance. It was excavated at two points and turned out almost to have the height of a man. The floor was covered with large stones with a carved canal and the ceiling was built of equally large stones (fig. 3).No doubt the spring chamber was a central part of the temple, charge d with great importance. However, the function of the aqueducts is still unknown. It seems obvious that they were to lead the fresh water away from the source chamber, but was this part of a completely ritual arrangement, or was the purpose to transport the water to the gardens to be used for irrigation?To clarify these questions we will try to trace the continuations of the aqueducts using different tracing techniques such as georadar and magnetometer. As the sur roundings of Barbar temple are covered by several metres of shifting sand, the possibilities of following the aqueducts are fine, if necessary even across a great distance, and if they turn out to lead to old gardens, then these may be exposed under the sand.Underground water canals of a similar construction, drawing water from springs or subsoil water, have been used until modern times on Bahrain, and they are still in use in Iran and on the Arabian Peninsula, especially in Oman, where they supply the gardens with water for irrigation. They are called qanats and are usually considered built by the Persians during periods when the Achaemenid or Sassanid kings controlled Arabia (c. 500 BC-c. 600 AD). However, new excavation results from the Oman peninsula indicate that at least some canal systems date from c. 1000 BC. It is therefore of utmost interest if similar sophisticated transportation systems for water on Bahrain may be proven to date from the time of the erection of the Barbar temple, i.e. c. 2000 BC.The finds suggest that around this time Bahrain underwent dramatic changes. From being a thinly inhabited island during most of the 3rd millennium BC, the northern part of the island suddenly had extensive burial grounds, showing a rapid increase in population. At the same time the major settlement on the northern coast was fortified, temples like the one at Barbar were built, and gigantic ”royal mounds” were built in the middle of the island – all pointing at a hierarchic society coming into existence.This fast social development of Dilmun must have parallelled efficiency in the exploitation of fresh water resources for farm ing to supply a growing population with the basic food, and perhaps this explains the aqueducts by Barbar?The planned excavatio ns will be carried out in close cooperation between the National Museum of Bahrain and Aarhus University, and they are supported financially by the Carlsberg Foundation and Bahrain’s Cabinet and Information Ministry.The music of BahrainThe composer Poul Rovsing Olsen (1922-1982) was inspired by Arab and Indian music, and he spent a large part of his life studying traditional music in the countries along the Arabian Gulf. In 1958 and 1962-63 he took part in P.V. Glob’s expeditions to Arabia as a music ethnologist and in the 1970s he organised stays of long duration here (fig. 4).The background for his musical fieldwork was the rapid development, which the oil finds in the Gulf countries had started. The local folk music would clearly disappear with the trades and traditions with which they were connected.” If no one goes pearl fishing anymore, then no one will need the work songs connected to this work. And if no one marries according to tradition with festivity lasting three or sometimes five days, then no one will need the old wedding songs anymore’’.It was thus in the last moment that Rovsing Olsen recorded the pearl fishers’ concerts, the seamen’s shanties, the bedouin war songs, the wedding music, the festival music etc. on his tape recorder. By doing this he saved a unique collection of song and music, which is now stored in the Dansk Folkemindesamling in Copenhagen. It comprises around 150 tapes and more than 700 pieces of music. The instruments are to be found at the Musikhistorisk Museum and Moesgård Museum (fig. 5).During the 1960s and 1970s Rovsing Olsen published a number of smaller studies on music from the Arabian Gulf, which established his name as the greatest connoisseur of music from this area – a reputation, which the twenty years that have passed since his death have not shaken. Rovsing Olsen also published an LP record with pearl fisher music, and with the music ethnologist Jean Jenkins from the Horniman Museum in London he published six LP records, Music in the World of Islam with seven numbers from the Arabian Gulf, and the book Music and Musical Instruments in the World of Islam (London 1976).Shortly before his death, Rovsing Olsen finished a comprehensive manuscript in English, Music in Bahrain, where he summed up nearly twenty-five years of studies into folk music along the Arabian Gulf, with the main emphasis on Bahrain. The manuscript has eleven chapters, and after a short introduction Rovsing Olsen deals with musical instruments, lute music, war and honour songs of the bedouins, festivity dance, working songs and concerts of the pearl fishers, music influenced front Africa, double clarinet and bag pipe music, religious songs and women’s songs. Of these, eighty-four selected pieces of music are reproduced with notes and commented in the text. A large selection of this music will be published on three CDs to go with the book.This work has been anticipated with great expectation by music ethnologists and connoisseurs of Arabic folk music, and in agreement with Rovsing Olsen’s widow, Louise Lerche-Lerchenborg and Dansk Folkemindesamling, Moesgård Museum is presently working on publishing the work.The publication is managed by the Jutland Archaeological Society and Aarhus University Press will manage the distribution. The Carlsberg Foundation and Bahrain’s Cabinet and Information Ministry will cover the editing and printing expenses.The publication of the book and the CDs on the music of Bahrain will be celebrated at a festivity on Bahrain, at the next annual cultural festival, the theme of which will be ”mutual inspiration across cultural borders” with a focus on Rovsing Olsen. In this context, Den Danske Trio Anette Slaato will perform A Dream in Violet, a music piece influenced by Arabic music. On the same occasion singers and musicians will present the traditional pearl fishers’ music from Bahrain. In connection with the concert on Bahrain, a major tour has been planned in cooperation with The Danish Institute in Damascus, where the Danish musicians will also perform in Damascus and Beirut and give ”masterclasses” in chamber music on the local music academies. The concert tour is being organised by Louise Lerche-Lerchenborg, who initiated one of the most important Danish musical events, the Lerchenborg Musical Days,in 1963 and organised them for thirty years.ConclusionPride of concerted effort is not a special Danish national sport. However,the achievements in the Arabian Gulf made by the Danish expeditions from the Århus museum are recognised everywhere. It is only fair to use this jubilee volume for drawing attention to the fact that the journal Kuml and the publications of the Jutland Archaeological Society were the instruments through which the epoch-making investigations in the Gulf were nude public nationally and internationally.Finally, the cooperationon interesting tasks between Moesgård Museum and the countries along the Arabian Gulf will continue. In the future, Kuml will again be reporting on new excavations in the palm shadows and eventually, larger investigation s will no doubt find their way to the society’s comprehensive volumes.Flemming HøjlundMoesgård MuseumTranslated by Annette Lerche Trolle

Artykuł prezentuje fenomen atrakcji – spektakli „bitew morskich” przygotowywanych często dla Stanisława Augusta Poniatowskiego, spośród których pięć zostało szerzej omówionych. Najwcześniejsza „bitwa” została zorganizowana przez stolnika koronnego Augusta Moszyńskiego (1731─1786) w podwarszawskim Zwierzyńcu na Młocinach 27 sierpnia 1765 r. w pierwszą rocznicę rozpoczęcia sejmu elekcyjnego. Kolejne odbyły się 22 lipca 1783 r. u Aleksandry Ogińskiej (1730-1798) w Siedlcach i 8 września 1784 r. w Łopatyniu nieopodal Pińska, należącym do Mateusza Butrymowicza (1745-1814). Jedno z najbardziej okazałych widowisk miało miejsce w Nieświeżu, w dobrach Karola Radziwiłła „Panie Kochanku”. Wieczorem, 19 września 1784 r., król śledził dwugodzinne przedstawienie połączone z iluminacją – „bitwę morską”, w której udział brało 30 okrętów. Zaprezentowano obronę Gibraltaru, nawiązując do historycznej bitwy, która rozegrała się 13 września 1782 r. Wieczorem 7 września 1791 r., w rocznicę elekcji, nastąpiło otwarcie Teatru na Wyspie w Łazienkach, projektu Jana Christiana Kamsetzera (1753-1795). Jedną z atrakcji była iluminacja batów i kanału. W kolekcji Fundacji Zbiorów im. Ciechanowieckich w Zamku Królewskim w Warszawie zachowały się cztery rysunki Jeana-Pierre’a Norblina de la Gourdaine’a (1745-1830) przedstawiające to widowisko. Przedstawienia „bitew morskich” miały przede wszystkim charakter rozrywkowy. Dodatkowo widowiska takie, jak to z 1791 r., poza fascynacją antykiem, wskazywało na treści propagandowe przypominające o dążeniach Stanisława Augusta mających na celu wzmocnienie państwa, również w obszarze odbudowy polityki morskiej. Spectacles of the "sea battles" put on for Stanisław August Poniatowski The article presents one of many attractions – the spectacles "sea battles" that were specifically organized for Stanisław August. Here five of them are presented widely. The earliest took place on 27th August 1765. It was held on the first anniversary of the beginning of the electoral parliament in August Moszyński's (1731─1786) estate Zwierzyniec of Młociny (near Warsaw). Another one on22th July 1783, at Aleksandra Ogińska’s (1730─1798) domain in Siedlce and on 8th September 1784 in Łopatyń near Pińsk, belonging to Mateusz Butrymowicz (1745─1814). One of the most magnificent show took place in Nieśwież, in Karol Radziwiłł "Panie Kochanku" (1734─1790) estate. In the evening, on 19th September 1784, the king spent a two-hour spectacle combined with illumination ─ a "sea battle" with participation of 30 ships. It showed the defense of Gibraltar referring to the historic battle which took place on 13th September 1782.In the evening, 7th September 1791 on the anniversary of the election, the Theatre on the Island (Teatr naWyspie) in Łazienki was open, designed by Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer (1753─1795). One of many attractions prepared for that day was the illumination of the bateau and the canal. The event waspicturedon four drawings by Jean-Pierre Norblin de la Gourdaine (1745─1830) (collection of the Ciechanowiecki Foundation at the Royal Castle in Warsaw). The performances of "sea battles" were primarily of an entertaining nature. In addition, such shows as in 1791, apart from the fascination with antiques, pointed to the propaganda content of the actions of Stanisław August who aimed at strengthening the state also in the background of maritime policy.

This concluding chapter draws together, and reflects upon, the themes and strands that have emerged in the volume as a whole. In addition, however, it examines the relationship between islands and empire during a time of unprecedented change in maritime transport, as new steam technology began to free ships, navies, and trading companies from the constraints hitherto imposed upon them by winds and tides. It looks at the ways in which the nodal points of Britain’s overseas network of islands changed as voyage patterns altered, and it considers the effect that this had upon the distribution of imperial outposts and possessions. The chapter concludes with a brief consideration of how the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869—perhaps the most widely heralded symbol of the transition from the age of sail to the age of steam—affected longstanding relationships between islands and far-flung imperial possessions.

This paper proposes a simulation-based method to estimate collision risk for a ship operating in a two-lane canal. According to rule 9 of the Colreg-72 navigation rules, in a narrow canal, a vessel shall keep as near to the wall that lies on its starboard side. However, a busy harbor entered through a narrow canal still presents impact hazards. Certain conditions in a two-lane canal, such as a head-on situation in the straight part of the canal during an overtaking maneuver and large curvature of a turning maneuver in the bend part of the canal, could lead to accidents. In the first condition, the ship alters its own course to the port side to overtake another ship in the same lane but the course altered is too large and hits the wall of the canal. In the second condition, the target ship may take an excessively large turn on the bend part of the canal, causing collision with the ship on the opposite lane. Collision risk is represented as the risk of damage to the ship structure and includes the probability of impact accident and severity of structural damage. Predictions of collision probabilities in a two-lane canal have been developed based on a simulation of ship maneuvering using a mathematical maneuvering group (MMG) model and automatic identification system (AIS) data. First, the propeller revolution and rudder angle of the subject ship are simulated to determine safe trajectories in both parts of the canal. Second, impact accidents are simulated for both conditions. The ship’s speed, and current and wind velocity are randomly simulated based on the distribution of the AIS and environment data for the research area. The structural consequences of the impact accident are measured as collision energy losses, based on the external dynamics of ship collision. The research area of the two-lane canal is located at the Madura Strait between the Java and Madura islands in East Java of Indonesia, as shown by the red line in Figure 1. A project for developing a new port and dredging a new two-lane canal to facilitate an increase in the number of ship calls is currently underway in the research area. Figure 1 shows the ships’ trajectories plotted using the AIS data as on January 1, 2011. The trajectories are mostly seen to be coming out of the canal, confirming that it is shallow and needs to be dredged.