Articles de revues : « Shell tool »

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He, Geng Huang, Xian Li Liu et Fu Gang Yan. « Research on the High-Efficiency Turning Tool for Rough Machining of Large Hydrogenated Cylindrical Shell Forging ». Key Engineering Materials 567 (juillet 2013) : 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.567.53.

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The large hydrogenated cylindrical shell is an important part of petrochemical pressure vessels. From the macroscopic aspects, the influence that the surface defects of the large hydrogenated cylindrical shells forging blank has on the high efficiency machining was analyzed in the paper firstly. Then, through the chemical point of view, the new chemical components of the shells material were known, and the shells material physical properties were also dissected. The phenomenon of compatibility between the Co element which is in tools material and the siderophile element of the 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel which is the material of the large hydrogenated cylindrical shell was found. Therefore, the technical performance requirements of the heavy-duty turning tool which is to achieve the goal of high efficiency cutting were put forward. Through researching the chemical and the physical properties of the shell, the new high-efficiency turning tool was designed from the aspects of the tools material and the tools geometric structure. Finally, the comparative test between the new heavy-duty turning tool which was named XF8 and the YT5 tool which was being used in factory was made, and by way of comparing both the service life and the chip-breaking performance of XF8 with YT5s, the test results showed that the XF8 met the requirements of high-efficiency heavy-duty turning, and the feasibility of the tools design scheme was further verified.

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van Berkel, J., U. Kaymak, G. Kulawksi, T. Weisenborn et M. White. « Gas field planning tool ». Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 80, n^o 1 (avril 2001) : 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600022204.

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AbstractGas Field Planning Tool (GFPT) was developed in 1990 by the Shell Group of Companies to fill the need for a tool for gas field planning and development using deterministic subsurface and surface models. Main initiators were Shell Canada, NAM (the Netherlands), Shell Expro (UK) and BSP (Shell Brunei), as these companies are major gas producers.Shell Companies now have several years experience with using the GFPT. Application ranges from simple single field models to corporate-level models with a large number of gas reservoirs and wells. Shell companies now using GFPT models are Shell Expro (UK), BSP (Brunei), SSB (Malaysia), Shell Canada, SPDC (Nigeria), SDA (Australia), Woodside (Australia), PDO (Oman), NAM (the Netherlands), New Business Development (e.g. Lunar Project) and in future also Shell Egypt.NAM currently has a GFPT model for the Anjum field in Friesland and for the Ten Arlo field in the north of Holland.GFPT is currently being migrated to an HFPT (Hydrocarbon Field Planning Tool), which can also be used for planning of condensate, oil and water developments and for control of hydrocarbon compositions in the network using PVT de-lumping at the well head (e.g. for LNG plants) and optimisation techniques (linear, non-linear or based on bean-back lists).

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Savazzi, Enrico. « Theoretical shell morphology as a tool in constructional morphology ». Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 195, n^o 1-3 (14 février 1995) : 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/195/1995/229.

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Wu, Ming Yang, Bo Wang, Yao Nan Cheng, Y. Tian, Yong Bin Gao et F. G. Yan. « Study Chip Breaking Experimental and Optimal Design of Tool for Machining Cylindrical Shell Material ». Materials Science Forum 800-801 (juillet 2014) : 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.197.

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Large cylindrical shells are widely used in many areas of aerospace, petroleum chemical industry and nuclear power, etc. The main material of large cylindrical shells is 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V. In the process of heavy-duty cutting cylindrical shell material, the removal rate is high, and machine condition is rough, because the viscosity of big cylindrical shell material, the large chips not easy to be broken, and the tool and workpiece often entangled affect the machining efficiency. Researh and development to apply heavy cutting under the condition of high performance cutting tool has great practical significance, because of at the same time for heavy cutting tool is less in china. This paper uses the cutting performance experiment aiming to cylindrical shell material used in different three-dimensional groove blades and studies the range of different blades broken chips and the influence of three-dimensional groove on breaking effect. The chips form of cutting cylindrical shell material is summarized. And chip-breaking groove of the best performance is optimized. The paper designs of the new heavy-duty vehicles blade well and vertfies the good effect of the new heavy-duty cutting the breaker by the results of 3 d finite element simulation. The paper provides basis for designing heavy-duty cutting.

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Darma, R., et A. Amri. « A Simple Candlenut Shell Carbonization Tool ». IOP Conference Series : Materials Science and Engineering 506 (15 avril 2019) : 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/506/1/012052.

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Verdegaal, S., S. R. Troelstra, C. J. Beets et H. B. Vonhof. « Stable isotopic records in unionid shells as a paleoenvironmental tool ». Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 84, n^o 4 (décembre 2005) : 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600021211.

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AbstractStable oxygen and carbon isotope studies were performed on unionid shells from Rhine and Meuse rivers. Results show that the characteristic isotopic signature of each river is well documented in the shells with average δ18O values of ∼9.00‰ for the Rhine specimens and of 6.5‰ for the Meuse unionid. The average δ18O values of the shell material corresponds to the average δ18O of the to rivers and thus identifies Rhine or Meuse sedimentary sequences. All δ18O records show distinct seasonality, which may be used to reconstruct past riverconditions

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O'Day, Sharyn Jones, et William F. Keegan. « Expedient Shell Tools from the Northern West Indies ». Latin American Antiquity 12, n^o 3 (septembre 2001) : 274–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971633.

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Our work in the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos, Haiti, and Jamaica has revealed significant patterning in apparently unretouched molluscan shell objects. In the present paper we conclude that repetitive patterns in shell breakage, especially of queen conch (Strombus gigas), reflect the specific manufacture of forms for use as expedient tools. Expedient tools exhibit only primary modification in which a portion of the source material is removed and shaped, but there is no specific evidence for the preparation of a work edge. Alternatively, expedient tools may display no modification of the raw material except that produced through use. We hypothesize that through controlled breakage large S. gigas and other mollusk shells were modified to create numerous smaller pieces for everyday domestic activities. The key factor here is human intent. Experiments clearly demonstrate that controlled breakage of adult shells produces predictable fragments. Among these are forms that occurred in prehistoric sites throughout the West Indies; many of these forms also exhibit signs of use wear. This type of regional comparison and analysis is important for all archaeologists who work in coastal settings. It is only through such general studies that the sample size is sufficient to facilitate a more complete reconstruction of the aboriginal tool kit.

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Melaibari, Ammar, Ahmed Amine Daikh, Muhammad Basha, Ahmed Wagih, Ramzi Othman, Khalid H. Almitani, Mostafa A. Hamed, Alaa Abdelrahman et Mohamed A. Eltaher. « A Dynamic Analysis of Randomly Oriented Functionally Graded Carbon Nanotubes/Fiber-Reinforced Composite Laminated Shells with Different Geometries ». Mathematics 10, n^o 3 (27 janvier 2022) : 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10030408.

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The present study demonstrates the free vibration behavior of composite laminated shells reinforced by both randomly oriented single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and functionally graded fibers. The shell structures with different principal radii of curvature are considered, such as cylindrical, spherical, elliptical–paraboloid shell, hyperbolic–paraboloid shell, and plate. The volume fraction of the fibers has a linear variation along the shell thickness from layer to layer, while the volume fraction of CNTs is constant in all shell layers and uniformly distributed. The fiber-reinforced elements are distributed with three functions which are V-distribution, O-distribution, and X-distribution in addition to the uniform distribution. A numerical analysis was carried out systematically to validate the proposed solution. A new analytical solution is presented based on the Galerkin approach for shells and is exploited to illustrate the influence of some factors on the free vibration behavior of CNTs/fibe-reinforced composite (CNTs/F-RC) laminated shells, including the distributions and volume fractions, various boundary conditions, and geometrical properties of the reinforcement materials. The proposed solution is shown to be an effective theoretical tool to analyze the free vibration response of shells.

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Shiyekar, S. M., et Akshaya Awari. « Static Stress Analysis of Functionally Graded Cylindrical Stiffened Shells ». Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022 : Themes 1-2 1, n^o 1 (19 décembre 2022) : 1847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.727.

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In this paper, a study on bending performance of functionally graded (FGM) cylindrical shells under transverse mechanical load is presented. Computational and analytical tools are used to study the behavior of FGM cylindrical shells under bending. Analytical modeling is based on first order shear deformation theory (FOST) and a finite element computational tool ABAQUS is used to model the FGM cylindrical shell. Material properties are estimated by power law index. Results from computational tools for isotropic and FGM cylindrical shells with various boundary and loading conditions are validated with literature and present FOST. Stiffened FG cylindrical shells with cutouts are analyzed. The FGM circular cylindrical shells subjected to an internal pressure with various arrangements of stiffeners are also analyzed and von – Mises stresses are also studied.

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Agapov, Vladimir P., et Alexey S. Markovich. « Investigation of the accuracy and convergence of the results of thin shells analysis using the PRINS program ». Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 17, n^o 6 (30 décembre 2021) : 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2021-17-6-617-627.

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The theoretical foundations of compatible finite elements construction for static and dynamic analysis of single-layer and multilayer shells are discussed. These finite elements are implemented in the PRINS computer program. The paper presents verification tests to investigate the accuracy and convergence of the results of calculating various shells using these finite elements. Shell structures are widely used in various fields of technology - construction, mechanical engineering, aircraft construction, shipbuilding, etc. Specialists on the design and calculation of such structures need a reliable and accessible tool for the practical problems solving. Computer program PRINS can be one of such tools. It can be effectively used by engineers of design and scientific organizations to solve a wide class of engineering problems related to the calculations of shell structures. The paper describes the finite elements of the shells, implemented in the PRINS program. The results of verification calculations are presented, which confirm the high accuracy of this program.

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Pavliuchenko, Pavlo, Marco Teller, Markus Grüber et Gerhard Hirt. « A Semianalytical Model for the Determination of Bistability and Curvature of Metallic Cylindrical Shells ». Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing 3, n^o 1 (27 février 2019) : 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmmp3010022.

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Bistable metal shells with a fully closed unfolded geometry are of great interest as lightweight construction parts which could be transported without housing and unfolded at the construction place. In order to achieve the effect of bistability in metallic shells, residual stresses with a specific distribution along the shell thickness are necessary. These residual stresses can be introduced in bending processes. The tools with specific bending radii are used to influence the curvature of the shell in the different stable states and thus determine whether a completely closed profile can be achieved. In addition to the forming process, the shell thickness and the shell material have an effect on the achievable geometries and stability. In order to manufacture bistable metallic cylindrical shells from different materials and shell thicknesses, it is necessary to be able to determine a promising process sequence and corresponding bending radii in advance. For this reason, this article presents a semianalytical model for the calculation of bistability and final curvatures. This model is applied to an incremental die-bending process using two bending operations with bending radii of 6 to 12 mm and a 0.2 mm thick steel shell of grade 1.1274 (AISI 1095). The calculation results show that bistability cannot be reached for all combinations of the two bending radii. Moreover, the model indicates that a bistable and fully closed shell is only achieved for a bending radii combination of R1 = 6 mm and R2 = 6 mm. With the aim of model verification, experiments with a closed-die incremental bending tool were performed. Calculated and experimental results show good correlation regarding bistability and curvature. In addition, X-ray diffraction measurement of the residual stresses shows a good qualitative agreement regarding the calculated and experimental results.

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Wang, Yu, Chaoliang Guan, Yifan Dai et Shuai Xue. « On-Machine Measurement of Profile and Concentricity for Ultra-Precision Grinding of Hemispherical Shells ». Micromachines 13, n^o 10 (13 octobre 2022) : 1731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101731.

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The profile and concentricity of hemispherical shells affect the frequency split and quality factor of hemispherical resonators. To compensate for machining errors caused by tool wear and tool setting, an on-machine measurement (OMM) method for the profile and concentricity of hemispherical shells in ultra-precision grinding was developed without the removal of workpieces from the machine tool. The OMM utilizes an inductive lever probe to test the inner and outer surfaces of the shell. A standard sphere is utilized to calibrate the relative position of the inductive lever probe at the two different work positions. To enhance the test accuracy of the OMM, a zero-position trigger-sampling method for the inductive lever probe was developed. It was verified to achieve a stable repeatability accuracy of 0.04 μm when using the OMM to realize a single-point sampling. Hemispherical shells were tested using the proposed OMM method. The concentricity test’s accuracy was verified to achieve accuracy better than 1 μm using a coordinate measuring machine and a standard sphere. The accuracy was 0.26 μm for testing the profiles of the hemispherical shell. The proposed OMM system was integrated with an ultra-precision machine tool. It is hoped that this method can help realize the integration function of machining-measurement-compensation.

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Liu, Xian Li, M. Liu, Hai Ying Han, W. T. Li et Jing Li Zhang. « Construction of Typical Shell Ring Cutting Database System ». Advanced Materials Research 102-104 (mars 2010) : 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.102-104.771.

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According to the process characteristics of shell ring, the cutting parameters have been optimized by adopting appropriate boundary conditions at different machining stages and the optimal cutting parameters have been achieved. The objective function and constraints boundary have been stored into the database, which form basic data structures of database. Cutting parameters have been obtained for new type tools using rule-based reasoning approach. According to the characteristics of large number of changing tool for shell ring, tool life prediction is designed, which is very favorable for large shell ring processing. In addition, on-site processing recorded video will be added to the database by multi-media technology, which achieves the diversity of data structure.

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Yamashita, Minoru, et Zubair Bin Khalil. « Deformation Behavior of Press Formed Shell by Indentation and Its Numerical Simulation ». Journal of Engineering 2015 (2015) : 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/453931.

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Deformation behavior and energy absorbing performance of the press formed aluminum alloy A5052 shells were investigated to obtain the basic information regarding the mutual effect of the shell shape and the indentor. Flat top and hemispherical shells were indented by the flat- or hemispherical-headed indentor. Indentation force in the rising stage was sharper for both shell shapes when the flat indentor was used. Remarkable force increase due to high in-plane compressive stress arisen by the appropriate tool constraint was observed in the early indentation stage, where the hemispherical shell was deformed with the flat-headed indentor. This aspect is preferable for energy absorption performance per unit mass. Less fluctuation in indentation force was achieved in the combination of the hemispherical shell and similar shaped indentor. The consumed energy in the travel length of the indentor equal to the shell height was evaluated. The increase ratio of the energy is prominent when the hemispherical indentor is replaced by a flat-headed one in both shell shapes. Finite element simulation was also conducted. Deformation behaviors were successfully predicted when the kinematic hardening plasticity was introduced in the material model.

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Xu, Ming, Bao Feng Li et Hua Li Su. « Study on Fine-Boring and Countersinking Processing Technology of Automotive Differential Shell ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 163 (avril 2012) : 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.163.273.

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The differential is one of the key components of the car. It is a difficult process for differential shell to countersink and bore finely the I-typed hole. Combined with the compounded machine tool, precision countersink and fine boring process on the hole of differential shells was achieved under fixing once to reduce a number of clamping assembly error. It solved the fine-boring and countersinking processing problem of differential shell I-typed hole and improves processing efficiency and quality products.

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He, Geng Huang, Xian Li Liu, Fu Gang Yan, Y. S. Z. Hai et M. Li. « Research on the Application and Design of Special Tools of the Hydrogenated Cylindrical Shell ». Advanced Materials Research 188 (mars 2011) : 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.188.450.

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Both the heavy cutting process and the importance of the chip control are discussed. Through analyzing the characteristics of the rough machining of the hydrogenated cylindrical shell, both the structure and the material of the turning tool for rough machining are designed. To test and verify the feasibility study on them, the contrast experiment between the new-type turning tool and the reference substance in cutting the 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel which is the material of hydrogenated cylindrical shell is made, then the service life and the chip-breaking performance of the tool are compared. Finally, the technical reference to design the new-type turning tools is summarized.

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Kreft, Oliver, Michelle Prevot, Helmuth Möhwald et Gleb B Sukhorukov. « Shell-in-Shell Microcapsules : A Novel Tool for Integrated, Spatially Confined Enzymatic Reactions ». Angewandte Chemie International Edition 46, n^o 29 (16 juillet 2007) : 5605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200701173.

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Wendt, Jobst. « Shell directions as a tool in palaeocurrent analysis ». Sedimentary Geology 95, n^o 3-4 (mars 1995) : 161–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(94)00104-3.

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Ahalt, Stanley C., Prakoon Chen, Cheng-Taou Chou, Suresh Kuttuva et Thomas E. Little. « The neural shell : A neural network simulation tool ». Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 5, n^o 3 (mai 1992) : 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0952-1976(92)90002-2.

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BEIRÃO DA VEIGA, L., et C. LOVADINA. « AN INTERPOLATION THEORY APPROACH TO SHELL EIGENVALUE PROBLEMS ». Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 18, n^o 12 (décembre 2008) : 2003–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202508003273.

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The asymptotic behavior of the smallest eigenvalue in linear shell problems is studied, as the thickness parameter tends to zero. In order to cover the widest range of mid-surface geometry and boundary conditions, an abstract approach has been followed, and the Real Interpolation Theory has been used as main tool. A result concerning the ratio between the bending and the total elastic energy is proved. Furthermore, an example of application to cylindrical shells is detailed.

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Andersson, Jenny. « Ghost in a Shell : The Scenario Tool and the World Making of Royal Dutch Shell ». Business History Review 94, n^o 4 (2020) : 729–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680520000483.

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This article examines the history of the Royal Dutch Shell scenarios, from the first horizon scan exercise in 1967. It proposes that forward-looking scenarios were integrated in planning at Shell as tools for managing uncertainty in global time and space relations of oil after 1967. Specifically, the article proposes that Shell strategically used the scenarios to respond to arguments, emanating both from OPEC and from the Club of Rome, of oil as a limited resource. Shell used the scenarios to create images of a future oil market dominated by innovation, creativity, and sustainable solutions.

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Meier, Pamela. « Foil tape—a simple, versatile tool for turtle shell repair ». Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 37, n^o 1 (29 novembre 2021) : 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v37.111.

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The repair of shell fractures in turtles is often delayed due to the time, labor and resources involved in many current shell repair methods, resulting in increased stress, handling and recovery time for the patient. This article introduces a new repair technique using aluminium foil tape combined with cyanoacrylate glue, which allows quick, simple and long-lasting closure of fresh shell injuries. Strips of malleable but inelastic foil tape are cut to size and positioned across the fracture at critical junctures, then glued in place on either side of the wound and burnished down to conform to surface irregularities and insure consistent adhesion. This technique is non-invasive, requires no curing time and can be customized for a wide range of turtle sizes and injuries, either as a stand-alone method or a preliminary stabilization tool. In the author’s experience, it has proven to be consistently effective at reducing fractures and staying in place until removal, when it is easily peeled off with no residual damage. The speed, ease and endurance of the foil tape method may encourage more widespread repair of fresh shell fractures and, in so doing, optimize recovery time and results for chelonian patients.

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Li, Hao, Yu-Ping Wang, Jie Yin et Gang Tan. « SmartShell : Automated Shell Scripts Synthesis from Natural Language ». International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 29, n^o 02 (février 2019) : 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194019500098.

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Modern shell scripts provide interfaces with rich functionality for system administration. However, it is not easy for end-users to write correct shell scripts; misusing commands may cause unpredictable results. In this paper, we present SmartShell, an automated function-based tool for shell script synthesis, which uses natural language descriptions as input. It can help the computer system to “understand” users’ intentions. SmartShell is based on two insights: (1) natural language descriptions for system objects (such as files and processes) and operations can be recognized by natural language processing tools; (2) system-administration tasks are often completed by short shell scripts that can be automatically synthesized from natural language descriptions. SmartShell synthesizes shell scripts in three steps: (1) using natural language processing tools to convert the description of a system-administration task into a syntax tree; (2) using program-synthesis techniques to construct a SmartShell intermediate-language script from the syntax tree; (3) translating the intermediate-language script into a shell script. Experimental results show that SmartShell can successfully synthesize 53.7% of tasks collected from shell-script helping forums.

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Brandt-Olsen, Cecilie, Paul Shepherd et Paul Richens. « Harmonic form-finding for the design of doubly-curved shells ». Engineering Computations 37, n^o 3 (19 octobre 2019) : 1073–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-12-2018-0557.

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Purpose Shell structures are highly efficient and are an elegant way of covering large uninterrupted spaces, but their complex geometry is notoriously difficult to model and analyse. This paper aims to describe a novel free-form shell modelling technique based on structural harmonics. Design/methodology/approach The method builds on work using weighted eigenmodes for three-dimensional mesh modelling in a computer graphics setting and extends it by specifically adapting the technique to an architectural design context. This not only enables the sculpting of free-form architectural surfaces using only a few control parameters but also takes advantage of the synergies between eigenmodes and structural buckling modes, to provide an efficient means of stiffening a shell against failure by buckling. Findings The result is a flexible free-form modelling tool that not only enables the creation of arbitrary doubly curved surfaces but also allows simultan. The tool helps to assist in the design of shells at the conceptual stage and encourages an interaction between the architect and engineer. A number of initiatives, including a single degree of freedom design, boundary constraints, visualisation aids and guidelines towards specific spatial configurations have been introduced to satisfactorily adapt the method to an architectural context. Originality/value The tool helps to assist in the design of shells at the conceptual stage and encourages an interaction between the architect and engineer. A number of initiatives, including a single degree of freedom design, boundary constraints, visualisation aids and guidelines towards specific spatial configurations have been introduced to satisfactorily adapt the method to an architectural context. This paper includes a full case study of the iconic British Museum Great Court Roof to demonstrate the applicability of the developed framework to real-world problems and the software developed to implement the method is available as an open-source download.

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Gargano, A., et G. De Gregorio. « Realistic shell model and nuclei around 132Sn ». EPJ Web of Conferences 232 (2020) : 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202023204006.

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This contribution reports on a shell-model study of nuclei in the 132Sn region employing a realistic effective interaction derived from the CD-Bonn nucleon-nucleon potential renormalized through the use of the Vlow−k approach. We shall focus on some selected results for nuclei with a few valence particles and/or holes with respect to 132Sn, namely Sn isotopes with N > 82 and 130Te, which have, in part, been discussed in previous papers. Results are compared with experiments, and predictions that may provide guidance to future experiments are also discussed. It is the aim of this contribution to underline the importance of studying 132Sn neighbours to acquire a deep understanding of nuclear structure, that may be very useful also in other physics fields, and to show that the realistic shell model is a very effective tool to conduct these studies.

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Yudha, Donan Satria, Fidelis Triki Sadewa Aritona et Rury Eprilurahman. « Characteristics of Shell Bone as an Identification Tool for Turtle Species (Reptiles : Testudines) in Java, Borneo, and Sumatra ». Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 5, n^o 1 (14 avril 2020) : 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.47227.

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There are 42 species of turtles; including sea turtle, freshwater turtle, tortoise, and softshell turtle (Reptilia: Testudines) living in Indonesia today. Turtles have economic values for quite a long time and it has led to illegal trade such as smuggling of carapace and plastron bones. Identification is needed to find out more details about the turtle species. Turtles have shells as unique features with different characteristics on each species. Shell’s identification usually relies on the shape of carapace and plastron. The purpose of this research is to understand turtle shell morphological characters and determine the diagnostic characters of each species. We conducted visual observation on specimen collections from the Laboratory of Animal Systematics, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada and Museum of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The result shows that each turtle species have their own unique shell bone’s characters, therefore it can be used to determine each turtle species of Indonesia.

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Habchi, M., S. M. Mesli, M. Ziane et M. Kotbi. « Solvation structure of the Chloride Lithium-ion pair at the supercooled state from Hybrid Reverse Monte Carlo simulation combined to neutron scattering ». Revista Mexicana de Física 66, n^o 3 May-Jun (1 mai 2020) : 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.66.258.

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A detailed analysis of the hydration shells of the 9.26 molal LiCl aqueous solution at the intermediate metastable thermodynamic state between the liquid (300 k) and the glass (120 k). The structural modelling of the LiCl6H2O at the supercooled-liquid state is conducted employing the Hybrid Reverse Monte Carlo (HRMC) simulation in combination with the neutron scattering data. The obtained pair distribution functions and the running coordination number are used as interpretive tools to examine the repartition of the water molecules around ions of lithium and chloride. HRMC represents a powerful tool to get provide detailed information on the hydration shell structures through the obtained pair correlations.

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Němec, Tomáš, et Michal Horsák. « Specific damage recognised on land snail shells as a tool for studying predation intensity : differences related to habitat and predator types ». Contributions to Zoology 88, n^o 3 (24 septembre 2019) : 277–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-20191402.

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Shell formation is the main defensive strategy against predation for the majority of snails. Therefore, various predators have had to develop a variety of techniques how to overcome this barrier. As shells can persist in a calcium-rich environment for a long time, specific external or internal traces on shells left by predators indicate whether and who killed the snail. Based on litter samples collected at 30 sites of five different habitat types, the intensity and type of predation were assessed. The minimal predation rate varied between 0.0 and 21%, with an average of 8%. The highest rate was observed at limestone steppes, on average 15%. Beetles were found to be the most common predators of snails; however, predation by snails was more common in calcareous fens. Predation by some vertebrates and dipteran flies was also recognised. To test the role of mouth barriers as a means to reduce predation by carabid beetles that break the shell from an aperture, we analysed the predation rate separately on adult and juvenile shells using 24 populations of the steppe snail Granaria frumentum (Draparnaud, 1801). As expected, carabid beetles chiefly preferred juveniles compared to adult shells (Wilcoxon test, p < 0.001). On the contrary, the parasitoid fly Pherbellia limbata (Meigen, 1830) and Drilus beetles preferred adults. We found that predation by carabid beetles positively increased with prey abundance (R2 = 42.8%, p = 0.021), while no relation was observed for the parasitoid (p = 0.703), likely due to their feeding specialisation.

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Krivenko, Olha, Yurii Vorona et Andrii Kozak. « Finite element analysis of nonlinear deformation, stability and vibrations of elastic thin-walled structures ». Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, n^o 107 (29 octobre 2021) : 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2021.107.20-34.

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Thin-walled shell-type structures are widely used in various branches of technology and industry. Such structures under operating conditions are usually exposed to various loads, including thermomechanical ones. Real shell structures, as a rule, have a complex shapes. To increase reliability, reduce material consumption, for technological reasons, they are designed as inhomogeneous systems in thickness. This causes a great and constant interest of engineers and designers in the problems of investigating the behavior of elastic thin-walled shell structures. The work is devoted to the method of analysis of geometrically nonlinear deformation, stability, post-buckling behavior and natural vibrations of thin elastic shells of complex shape and structure under the action of static thermomechanical loads. The unified design model has been created on the basis of the developed universal spatial finite element with introduced additional variable parameters. The model takes into account the multilayer material structure and geometric features for structural elements of the thin shell. The shells can be reinforced with ribs and cover plates, weakened by cavities, channels and holes, have sharp bends in the mid-surface. Such a uniform formulation made it possible to create a unified finite element model of the shells with an inhomogeneous structure. It is shown on a number of problems that the method presented in this article is an effective tool for analyzing geometrically nonlinear deformation, stability, post-buckling behavior and natural vibrations of thin elastic shells of an inhomogeneous structure under the action of static thermomechanical loads.

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Kostuyk, EkaterinaVladimirovna, Nikita Andreevich Shevchuk et Maria Valerievna Denisova. « COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE PROCESS OF DEEP DRAWING OF SHELLS FROM ANISOTROPIC MATERIALS ». Globus : technical sciences 8, n^o 2(43) (19 mai 2022) : 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2713-3079-43-2-3.

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This article presents research on improving the technological process of manufacturing the shell of the PV-PD-N cartridge. To do this, the technological process of manufacturing the part is analyzed and the main characteristics of the shell material affecting the quality of the manufactured part are investigated. The results of computer modeling of the process of deep drawing of shells with thinning from anisotropic materials, including changes in the geometry of the tool and the coefficient of friction, are presented. The results of the analysis of a numerical experiment using the constructed model are obtained. At the conclusion of the work, recommendations are given to reduce festoon formation in the technological process.

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Sonoda, Kohei, Akira Asakura, Mai Minoura, Robert W. Elwood et Yukio-P. Gunji. « Hermit crabs perceive the extent of their virtual bodies ». Biology Letters 8, n^o 4 (29 février 2012) : 495–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0085.

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A flexible body image is required by animals if they are to adapt to body changes and move effectively within a structurally complex environment. Here, we show that terrestrial hermit crabs, Coenobita rugosus , which frequently change shells, can modify walking behaviour, dependent on the shape of the shell. Hermit crabs walked along a corridor that had alternating left and right corners; if it was narrow at the corner, crabs rotated their bodies to avoid the wall, indicating an awareness of environmental obstacles. This rotation increased when a plastic plate was attached to the shell. We suggest that the shell, when extended by the plate, becomes assimilated to the hermit crab's own body. While there are cases of a tool being assimilated with the body, our result is the first example of the habitat where an animal lives and/or carries being part of a virtual body.

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Liu, Xiao, Yufei Jiang, Lawrence Wu et Dinghao Wu. « Natural Shell ». International Journal of People-Oriented Programming 5, n^o 1 (janvier 2016) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpop.2016010101.

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Scripting is a widely-used way to automate the execution of tasks. Despite the popularity of scripting, it remains difficult to use for both beginners and experts: because of the cryptic commands for the first group, and incompatible syntaxes across different systems, for the latter group. The authors introduce Natural Shell, an assistant for enabling end-users to generate commands and scripts for various purposes. Natural Shell automatically synthesizes scripts for different shell systems based on natural language descriptions. By interacting with Natural Shell, new users can learn the basics of scripting languages without the obstacles from the incomprehensible syntaxes. On the other hand, the authors' tool frees more advanced users from manuals when they switch shell systems. The authors have developed a prototype system and demonstrate its effectiveness with a benchmark of 50 examples of popular shell commands collected from online forums. In addition, the authors analyzed the usage of Natural Shell in a lab study that involves 10 participants with different scripting skill levels. Natural Shell effectively assists the users to generate commands in assigned syntaxes and greatly streamlines their learning and using experience.

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Karas, S. I., S. O. Kolganov, S. B. Kochetkov, M. B. Arzhanik et E. E. Kara-Sal. « A Software Shell for Remote Creation and Use in the Educational Process of Digital Simulations of Diagnostics and Treatment of Patients ». Virtual Technologies in Medicine 1, n^o 3 (17 septembre 2021) : 157–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46594/2687-0037_2021_3_1356.

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The widespread introduction of virtual computer simulations (VCS) in the educational process is limited by the tools’ market for their development. The created software shell consists of three functionally different modules: creating and editing video conferencing; use of videoconferencing; monitoring of the educational process. The developed software shell has remote access and can become the main tool for the repository of virtual computer simulations. Currently, videoconferencing in the field of cardiology has been created as a potential digital base for practical clinical studies and accreditation.

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Muhammad, Juandi, Joko Risanto et Gimin. « Temperature Characteristics of Post-Harvest Technology Equipment Based on Biomass Waste Energy Using the Internet of Things Telecontrol System ». Journal of Physics : Conference Series 2049, n^o 1 (1 octobre 2021) : 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2049/1/012023.

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Abstract Technological innovations based on the internet of things have been designed, this technology is very suitable to deal with New Normal conditions (Covid 19). This internet of things-based technology tool has been tested on a laboratory scale to produce a prototype tool, which is ready to be implemented on an industrial scale. Biomass-based post-harvest technology innovation with the internet of things system, Stages of research methods to achieve goals. The first stage is to design a technological innovation design, to design an internet of things work system, to test the results of the tool design on a laboratory scale. The results of the characteristic test of this technological tool using coconut shell biomass waste with variations in the number of shells, 6, 8, 10 and 14. The results of the temperature characteristics in the drying chamber show that there is a linear relationship between the maximum temperature results produced and the number of coconut shells. Temperature results data can be viewed via an Android phone or based on the Internet of Things (IoT).

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Béguinot, Jean. « Covarying Shell Growth Parameters and the Regulation of Shell Shape in Marine Bivalves : A Case Study on Tellinoidea ». Journal of Marine Biology 2014 (2014) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/519510.

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Specific parameters characterising shell shape may arguably have a significant role in the adaptation of bivalve molluscs to their particular environments. Yet, suchfunctionally relevantshape parameters (shell outline elongation, dissymmetry, and ventral convexity) are not those parameters that the animal may directly control. Rather than shell shape, the animal regulates shell growth. Accordingly, an alternative,growth-baseddescription of shell-shape is best fitted to understand how the animal may control the achieved shell shape. The key point is, in practice, to bring out the link between those two alternative modes of shell-shape descriptions, that is, to derive the set of equations which connects thegrowth-basedshell-shape parameters to thefunctionally relevantshell-shape parameters. Thus, a preliminary object of this note is toderivethis set of equations as a tool for further investigations. A second object of this work is to provide an illustrative example of implementation of this tool. I report on an unexpected negative covariance between growth-based parameters and show how this covariance results in a severe limitation of the range of interspecific variability of the degree of ventral convexity of the shell outline within the superfamily Tellinoidea. Hypotheses are proposed regarding the constraints possibly at the origin of this limitation of interspecific variability.

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Träbert, E., S. B. Hansen, P. Beiersdorfer, G. V. Brown, K. Widmann et H. K. Chung. « L-shell spectroscopy of Au as a temperature diagnostic tool ». Review of Scientific Instruments 79, n^o 10 (octobre 2008) : 10E313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2953443.

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Simos, N., et C. Chassapis. « A Boundary Integral Approach to Attachment/Spherical Shell Interaction ». Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 119, n^o 4 (1 novembre 1997) : 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842323.

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In pressure vessel applications, the accurate evaluation of the state of stress in the vicinity of nozzles or rigid attachments is of vital importance to the structural integrity of the vessel. Consequently, a number of investigations have paid attention to the problem and, through analytical and numerical approaches, provided information concerning the effect of system parameters, such as shell curvature and attachment geometry, on stress concentration and effective shell stiffness. While analytical solutions have only been able to provide information to axisymmetric problems, finite element approaches have been widely used as an attractive alternative. In evaluating the latter, one can identify the high computational cost that accompanies analyses dealing with complex systems. In this study, the performance of a boundary integral scheme is assessed as a possible analytical and/or numerical tool in dealing with spherical shells interacting with attachments. Such method hopes to achieve a close to analytical solutions representation of the stress state in the vicinity of the attachment that is accompanied by significant reduction in the computational cost. To achieve this, a set of integral equations, which satisfy the edge constraints, are reduced to a system of algebraic equations. These integral equations utilize singular solutions obtained for deep (nonshallow) spherical shells, which in turn are more representative of the shell domain. Explicit comparisons, on the basis of representative shell-attachment interaction problems, between the finite element and boundary integral computational techniques are conducted in order to assess the performance and efficiency of the new method. Finally, shell stiffnesses in the form of insert translations and rotations are presented in dimensionless form.

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Silva, Frederico Martins Alves da, Augusta Finotti Brazão et Paulo Batista Gonçalves. « Influence of Physical and Geometrical Uncertainties in the Parametric Instability Load of an Axially Excited Cylindrical Shell ». Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/758959.

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This work investigates the influence of Young’s modulus, shells thickness, and geometrical imperfection uncertainties on the parametric instability loads of simply supported axially excited cylindrical shells. The Donnell nonlinear shallow shell theory is used for the displacement field of the cylindrical shell and the parameters under investigation are considered as uncertain parameters with a known probability density function in the equilibrium equation. The uncertainties are discretized as Hermite-Chaos polynomials together with the Galerkin stochastic procedure that discretizes the stochastic equation in a set of deterministic equations of motion. Then, a general expression for the transversal displacement is obtained by a perturbation procedure which identifies all nonlinear modes that couple with the linear modes. So, a particular solution is selected which ensures the convergence of the response up to very large deflections. Applying the standard Galerkin method, a discrete system in time domain that considers the uncertainties is obtained and solved by fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Several numerical strategies are used to study the nonlinear behavior of the shell considering the uncertainties in the parameters. Special attention is given to the influence of the uncertainties on the parametric instability and time response, showing that the Hermite-Chaos polynomial is a good numerical tool.

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Zhou, Li Qun, Xia Chun Huang et Cai Ming Fu. « Sixth Drawing Process Analysis for Electrodeposited Nickel Coating Battery Shells ». Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (novembre 2010) : 1206–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.1206.

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A finite element method is used to simulate the sixth drawing process of nickel coating battery shells. The material’s mechanical parameters are tested and shown and the forming tool parameters are given. The Belytschko-Wong-Chiang shell elements are used and the kinematical work hardening model is adopted for the sheets. The stress-strain field in the components in the forming processes is obtained. The nickel coating yielded at the drawing process, the effective plastic strain reached 0.3769-0.7524. The coated sheet does not delaminate in the bonding interface during the deformation process. This study can aid the production of coating battery shells.

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Walter, Johannes, Gary Gorbet, Tugce Akdas, Doris Segets, Borries Demeler et Wolfgang Peukert. « 2D analysis of polydisperse core–shell nanoparticles using analytical ultracentrifugation ». Analyst 142, n^o 1 (2017) : 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6an02236g.

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A tool for the 2D analysis of polydisperse core–shell nanoparticles using analytical ultracentrifugation is presented. It allows for the accurate determination of sizes and densities of sub-10 nm particles, thereby revealing important information on their core–shell structure.

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Amri, A., L. Lindawati et F. Fitriani. « Ash content of candlenut shell charcoal produced by candlenut shell carbonization tool using a vertical multi chambers ». IOP Conference Series : Earth and Environmental Science 644, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2021) : 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/644/1/012074.

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Sanchez-Ballester, Noelia M., Gaulthier Rydzek, Amir Pakdel, Anjaneyulu Oruganti, Kotone Hasegawa, Masanori Mitome, Dmitri Golberg, Jonathan P. Hill, Hideki Abe et Katsuhiko Ariga. « Nanostructured polymeric yolk–shell capsules : a versatile tool for hierarchical nanocatalyst design ». Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, n^o 25 (2016) : 9850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta03311c.

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Ritterbush, Kathleen A., et David J. Bottjer. « Westermann Morphospace displays ammonoid shell shape and hypothetical paleoecology ». Paleobiology 38, n^o 3 (2012) : 424–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/10027.1.

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The Westermann Morphospace method displays fundamental morphotypes and hypothesized life modes of measured ammonoid fossils in a ternary diagram. It quantitatively describes shell shape, without assumption of theoretical coiling laws, in a single, easy-to-read diagram. This allows direct comparison between data sets presented in Westermann Morphospace, making it an ideal tool to communicate morphology. By linking measured shells to hypothesized life modes, the diagram estimates ecospace occupation of the water column. Application of this new method is demonstrated with Mesozoic data sets from monographs. Temporal variation, intraspecies variation, and ontogenetic variation are considered. This method can address hypothetical ecospace occupation in collections with tight stratigraphic, lithologic, and abundance control, even when taxonomy is in dispute.

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Raitzsch, Markus, Claire Rollion-Bard, Ingo Horn, Grit Steinhoefel, Albert Benthien, Klaus-Uwe Richter, Matthieu Buisson, Pascale Louvat et Jelle Bijma. « Technical note : Single-shell δ11B analysis of Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi ; using femtosecond laser ablation MC-ICPMS and secondary ion mass spectrometry ». Biogeosciences 17, n^o 21 (10 novembre 2020) : 5365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5365-2020.

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Abstract. The boron isotopic composition (δ11B) of benthic foraminifera provides a valuable tool to reconstruct past deep-water pH. As the abundance of monospecific species might be limited in sediments, microanalytical techniques can help to overcome this problem, but such studies on benthic foraminiferal δ11B are sparse. In addition, microanalytics provide information on the distribution of δ11B at high spatial resolution to increase the knowledge of biomineralization processes, for example. For this study, we investigated the intra- and inter-shell δ11B variability of the epibenthic species Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, which is widely used in paleoceanography, by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and femtosecond laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS). While the average δ11B values obtained from these different techniques agree remarkably well with bulk solution values to within ±0.1 ‰, a relatively large intra-shell variability was observed. Based on multiple measurements within single shells, the SIMS and LA data suggest median variations of 4.8 ‰ and 1.3 ‰ (2σ), respectively, while the larger spread for SIMS is attributed to the smaller volume of calcite being analyzed in each run. When analytical uncertainties and volume-dependent differences in δ11B variations are taken into account for these methods, the intra-shell variability is estimated to be on the order of ∼3 ‰ and ∼0.4 ‰ (2σ) on a ∼20 and 100 µm scale, respectively. In comparison, the δ11B variability between shells exhibits a total range of ∼3 ‰ for both techniques, suggesting that several shells need to be analyzed for accurate mean δ11B values. Based on a simple resampling method, we conclude that ∼12 shells of C. wuellerstorfi must be analyzed using LA-MC-ICPMS to obtain an accurate average value within ±0.5 ‰ (2σ) to resolve pH variations of ∼0.1. Based on our findings, we suggest preferring the conventional bulk solution MC-ICPMS over the in situ methods for paleo-pH studies, for example. However, SIMS and LA provide powerful tools for high-resolution paleoreconstructions, or for investigating ontogenetic trends in δ11B.

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Forner-Escrig, Josep, Nuria Navarrete, Roberto Palma, Damiano La Zara, Aristeidis Goulas, David Valdesueiro, J. Ruud van Ommen, Leonor Hernández et Rosa Mondragón. « Numerical analysis of mechanical reliability of multi-coated phase change materials ». E3S Web of Conferences 321 (2021) : 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202132102019.

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Nanoencapsulated phase change materials (nePCMs) are nowadays under research for thermal energy storage purposes. NePCMs are composed of a phase change core surrounded by a shell that confines the core when molten. One of the main concerns of nePCMs when subjected to thermal processes is the mechanical failure of the passivation shell initially present in commercial metallic nanoparticles. In order to overcome this issue, multi-coated nePCMs, based on the synthesis of an additional coating by atomic layer deposition, appear to be as a candidate solution. With the objective of studying the influence of the composition and thickness of the additional nePCM shells on their probability of failure, a numerical tool combining a thermomechanical finite element model with phase change and Monte Carlo algorithms is developed. This tool also allows including the uncertainty of material and geometrical properties into the numerical analysis to account for their influence in the mechanical performance of nePCMs. In the present work, the mechanical reliability of SiO2 and Al2O3 coatings on Sn@SnOx nanoparticles is assessed by considering both deterministic and probabilistic failure criteria and Al2O3 coatings appear to have a better mechanical performance than their SiO2 counterparts.

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Siva, Pidathala, et Vallabhaneni Balakrishna Murthy. « Numerical simulation of a composite shell for underwater application using CFD and FEA ». E3S Web of Conferences 309 (2021) : 01185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130901185.

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In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to use fiber-reinforced composite material in place of metal for a shell used for underwater applications which is majorly subjected to hydro-static pressure. The study comprises the use of popular numerical techniques such as finite volume and finite element methods. CFD tool ‘ANSYS fluent’ which works based on finite volume method is used for the fluid flow simulation to get the forces acting on the structure. Structural analysis is performed for the imported loads from CFD result onto the structure with one-way fluid-structure coupling. FEM tool ‘ANSYS static structural which works based on finite element method is used for obtaining deformations and stresses in the shell. A sufficient number of iterations are made to get convergence of the numerical solution. Alternatives such as increasing the shell thickness and/or providing stiffeners to the shell are suggested to replace the metallic structure with FRP composites.

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Kumar, Pawan, Shahariar Sarkar, Pushpendra P. Singh et P. K. Raina. « Spin-tensor decomposition : A useful tool for shell model effective interaction ». EPJ Web of Conferences 223 (2019) : 01029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201922301029.

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The spin-tensor decomposition is employed to construct a new interaction, named CKHeN, for 0p-shell. This new interaction is used to calculate the ekective single-particle energies of π0p1/2 and π0p1/2orbitals in Li isotopes, and the level structures of 7,8,9Li isotopes. The calculated level structures are found in good agreement with experimental data.

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Liu, Han Lian, Xiang Lv, Chuan Zhen Huang et Hong Tao Zhu. « Experimental Study on Intermittent Turning 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V Steel with Coated Cemented Carbide Tool ». Advanced Materials Research 500 (avril 2012) : 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.500.128.

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In order to improve the machining efficiency and tool life in manufacturing process of hydrogenation reactor shell components, the cutting performance of quadrate GC4235 coated carbide tool in intermittent turning 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel was investigated, the optimal cutting parameters were obtained. The empirical mathematical models of relationships among the amount of metal removal, tool life, cutting force and cutting parameters were established. The failure mechanism of the GC4235 carbide coated tools for turning 2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V steel at lower speed intermittent turning was abrasive wear and the coating peeling; however coating peeling and substrate adhesive wear were the main failure forms at the higher speed.

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Claassen, Cheryl. « Quantifying Shell : Comments on Mason, Peterson, and Tiffany ». American Antiquity 65, n^o 2 (avril 2000) : 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694068.

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AbstractMason et al. recently revived a debate as to the suitability of shell weights or shell MNI, with several interesting points. Among the points they raised are two with which I take exception: that MNI is always better than weight, and that relative percentages are the analytical tool of choice.

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Zheng, Kaikui, Youxi Lin, Weiping Chen et Lei Liu. « Numerical simulation and optimization of casting process of copper alloy water-meter shell ». Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, n^o 5 (mai 2020) : 168781402092345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020923450.

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The water-meter shell has a complex-structured thin-walled cavity, and it can cause casting defects such as shrinkage and misrun. On the basis of structural analysis of a water-meter shell, a three-dimensional model and a finite element model of the water-meter shell were constructed using the SOLIDWORKS and ProCAST software as a modeling tool and a casting numerical simulation tool, respectively. Three processes associated with the bottom gating system without a riser, a step gating system with a preliminary riser, and a step gating system with an optimum riser were successively numerically simulated. The mold-filling sequence, temperature distribution, liquid-phase distribution during solidification, and shrinkage distribution of these three processes are discussed here. The numerical simulation results indicated that optimization of the casting process and the rational assembling of the riser led to the shrinkage volumes at the inlet position, regulating sleeve, and sealing ring of the water-meter shell decreasing from 0.68 to 0 cm3, 1.39 to 0.22 cm3, and 1.32 to 0.23 cm3, respectively. A comparison between model predictions and experimental measurements indicated that the castings produced by the optimized process had good surface quality and beautiful appearance, without casting defects, demonstrating that numerical simulation can be used as an effective tool for improving casting quality.

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